THE GENERAL PAGE 2

Wargamers' WargamingPoll - Results

"-A_v~a~lo~n~H~I_·I_1_P_h_I_·I_o_so_p_h_Y~_P_ar_t_2_2----,11;he ~VA~ON *HIL~ m~rJ.:!ll~U:.8 losing venture published hi·monthly

pretty close to the first di.ly of January,March, May. July, September, and Novem·1M,.

The General is edited and published byThe A~afon Hill Company <I/most solely forthe cultural edification of the serious gameiJficionado. It also helps sell OUf merchan­dise, too.

Articles from subscribers are consideredfor publici/tion at the whim and fancy ofmembers of our erudite editorial staff andcompany baseball team. To merit considera·tion, articles must be typewritten double­spaced and not exceed 1,000 words. Ac­companying examples and diagrams must bedrawn in black or red ink. Payment foraccepted articles is made according to thedictates of the voting subscribers.

A full-year subscription costs $4.98 (over·seas subscribers add $6.00 to cover airmiJil)Back issues cost $UJ(} each: out-ot-stockissues are Vol. 1, No's. 1,2,3,4,6; Vol. 3,No. I: Vol. 4, No.4.

Printing - oh . .. say 17/JOO give or takea few thousand.

To facilitate correspondence, we suggestthat alf envelopes to Avalon Hi/{ be markedin the lower lelt·hand corner as folfaws:

Purchases of The General: SUbscriptionDept.

Purchases of games, play·by·mail kits, andgame parts: Order Dept.

Questions concerning play: Rll$l!arch &Design Dept.

Articles for publication: Editor-in.chief.Requests for Brochures: Advertising Dept.Requests for Parts Lists: Parts Dept.Letters to the Editor: Editor-in.chief.Miscellany: Marketing Dept.

coo.,!?>, '970 TO. A••lon H;II Comp.n.e.",,,,o.........I.nd. P';n'''' 'n USA

COVER STORYby Gary Gygax

[liustrated by Don Lowry

Where did wargaming originate? When did thismania begin? Your guess is probably as good asthe next fellow's. Perhaps the Egyptian boardgames involving captures are the earliest recordedexamples found of warfare abstracted to a formalgame, In any event. the prehistory of wargamingis rather sketchy. Edward Falkener's book GamesAncient and Oriental and flow 10 Play Them. aswell as Henry A. Davidson's A Shorl History ofChess (1949), are tecommended as sources forfurther research if anyone desires to pursue thestudy. However, the first attempt at actualsimulation of battle, with its various componentarms, has been established as being Charuranga.the first Chess game!

Professor Duncan Forbes in his History ofChess (1860) expands upon earlier work by Cox,

(continued page 3)

While results from Contest No. 36 containinherent biases, enough "satisfactory" informa­tion has been gleaned to be worthwhile to thepolicy-makes of this magazine.

The Wargamers' Wargaming poll, devised by theIFW, was run in several wargaming newslettersand magazines. Results published here only re­flect those submitted through Contest No. 36 andmay vary considerably from those that would bereported by the other periodicals.

The staff of this magazine is grateful for thelarge turnout. Already, the results have influencedthe content of this issue; witnesseth the propor­tionately high number of articles this monthdealing with "Battle Plans." For it was thiscategory of question NO.9 that was voted mOSI

preferred by subscribersThis comes as a great surprise. Especially since

we had been gravitating away from this type ofarticle in favor of more historical articles, only tofind that this category placed no better than 5thamong the seven,

"Let me make one thing perfectly clear," toparaphrase an already infamous remark, "we'regoing to give subscribers of The General whatthey want to read, not what we think they oughtto read," cleverly expostulates Vice President A.Eric Dott. "We're not going to lise 71/C Generalas a sounding board for our own opinions andprejudices," he continues. "We're proud of thefact that we steer clear of editorializing. After all,if its to be a magazine for the people then let itbe by the peop[e."

Here, then, is how all seven categorics rankedin their order of preference: Battle Plans, TacticalArticles, Variants, New Rules, Historical Ac­counts, Technical Data, and Humor. Future issuesof this magazine will contain an editorial-mix inprecisely this order.

Much of the popularity of an article quiteobviously depends on who writes it. Results toquestion NO.6 produced a few surprises notablythe fact that 76 different authors were mention­ed. We didn't realize we even had that manycontributory authors. Within the broad field,Alan Augenbraun emerged "triumphant" garner­ing an impressive 15% of the votes cast. Asurprising 13% went to George Phillies; surprisingin that very few of his articles have evenappeared in The General. His pull was obviouslyaffected by his recent series, "D-Day Thesis,"which was a reprint from his original PanzerfaustMagazine manuscript.

Let's hear more from you, George.Jared Johnson (9%), James F. Dunnigan (8%)"

S!Sgt Lou Zocchi and Gary Gygax (7% each),Donald Featherstone (6%) rounded out thosedeserving singular attention. The voting signifiedthat subscribers had not limited their selectionsto those contributing only to this magazine.

Heading the list of those who made up theremaining 35% were Scott Duncan, T. Fowler,J.E. POllrnelle, and Myron Brundage among theother 69 selectees.

As to which magazines were the best in ques­tion No.5, a captive bias was so prevalent as tomake the results rather meaningless. But for the

record, The Generai received 34%, S&T 27%, TheInternational \'largamer 12%, Panzerfaust [0%,SICL Month[y 7%, D-Elim 6%, eleven otherscollectively 4%.

These figures can be misleading, What actuallydid the survey author mean by "Best WargamingMagazine?" Interpretation is wide open in thisarea. All magazines mentioned provide a service.But becuase the circulation of each varies, abetter evaluation could have been made by equa­ting responses to actual readership. Unfortunate­ly, these facts were not at our disposal.

Just as nebulous was the response to questionNo.4 which asked for selection of the best club.While the response overwhelmingly favored theIFW (60%) this response must be qualified by thefact that it happens to be the largest of aU thewargame organizations.

The relatively low (18%) tag on Spartan Inter­national must reflect organizational problemsWithin, and not an indictment of its leadership.For it is their leader, Russell PowelL who far andaway led the pack for question No. 2 in detel'­mining the person who "did the most towardsfurthering the hobby in 1969." His 26% wasalmost double that of the second in line. Second,third and fourth places went to IFW leaders; BmHoyer (15%), Gary Gygax ([0%), and Len La­kofka (7%) respeetivcly. James F. Dunnigan, thepower behind s&T, garnered 5% with an addi·tional 12% split evenly among S!Sgt. Lou Zocchi,Jared Johnson, Phjl Pritchard, and Don Green­wood. The remaining 25% was split among 20others.

It was not surprising that honors iJ1 questionNo. I (the individual who has done the most tofurther wargaming over the past five years) feUagain to Russell Powell (28%). Our own belovedMarketing Director placed second with [4% (andhe doesn't even do anything but write letters)giving some indication of the bias that ereeps intoany captive-type survey. Subscribers weren't shorton memory in selecting former S&T editor ChrisWagner (now in wargam obscurity) at 9%. Zocchiand Hoyer followed with 8% each as did Dun­nigan and Gygax with 5% each. Seventeen othersaccounted for the remaining 23%.

Our staff at this time would like to express ourgratitude to the above mentioned for their in­vo[vement in the art of wargaming. Too bad sofew must do so much. We earnestly hope thatmany, many more will take an active part inspreading the gospel. Wargaming is still very muchin the infancy stage of exposure. It requiresdiligent pursuit by the game fanatics themselves.No one else is going to do it.

And speaking of the game fanatic, it came asno surprise that not one subscriber is engaged ineither the "Diplomacy only," or "Miniaturesonly" catagories iisted under question No.8. Nordid "Diplomacy and Miniatures" get a single vote.Neither was the 42% response to the "Avalon Hillonly" category a surprise. Significant, however, isthe comparison between "AH & Diplomacy" at31% and "AH & Miniatures" at only 14%. Wewould have guessed it to be the other wayaround. Those engaged in all three totaled 13%.

PAGE 3Of greater significance was what they played.

QuestiOll No. 7 asking for the "best single war­game" listed Blitzkrieg at the top by 24% of therespondents. Anzio in second place at 21% madeno sense to us at all. The reg-eard analysis reflectsa lower-than-average "Friend's Recommendation"rate of only 16% for Anzio compared to 30% forBlitzkrieg. Considering the fact that Anzio showsup a substantial 8% below the AH median for allgames each at 24%, we were amazed that Anziowas even mentioned in the poll. Perhaps itsrelative newness contributed to this astoundingstatistic. A more plausible explanation might befound in analysing the personality of the sur­vey-respondent himself. It is now apparent thatsubscribers to The General are nOl the typicalwargamer. We think the subscriber is one whorevels in complexity at any cost. Further evidenceof this adjudgement is in the fact that the mostcomplex game of all, 1914, received 6% of the"best game" votes while perfonning at a below

Cover Story -coll/illuedfrompage2

substantiating the claim that the first form ofChess was invented in India. Forbes establishedthat eha/uranga was the grandaddy of them alLAlthough many poople have asserted that Chesswas discovered in places ranging from SouthAmerica to China, there is no real evidence onwhich to base their claims. Persia, one of themost serious contenders for the honor of havinginvented Chess has been ruled out by all COTfr­

petent authorities of the history of the game. AsDavidson says: "lranologists concede Persialearned the game from India." Even their namefor Chess, Chafr(JIlg, or Sha/ranj, is a graft wordforeign to the Persian language. Both Forbes andH.J.R. Murray, in his monumental study Historyof Chess (1913). detail the evidence for thevarious claimants and dismiss all but Ihe Hinducontention. A brief outline of the game theyinvenled will be of interest to modern wargamers,for such may reveal the thinking behind the firstattempt at battle gaming, and the conceptsbehind it may be observable in wargaming today.

ClIO/uranga, or "four arms" [of the anny I, wasplayed on an 8 x 8 square board, albeit un­colored, by either two players just as modernChess is, or it was a four party game played bytwo teams as shown in Figure 1 below. There is

, J H S• "~ " d d d d

• "~ "

OJ ~,

OJ .,p p p p OJ ~,

S H E K OJ .,•.,..

Figura 1.

average "Friend's Recommendation" rate of 22%by purchasers at large (reg card analysis). In viewof the later situation one would not expect 1914to have been mentioned) much less 7th best at6%.

Blitzkrieg's first place finish did make sense. Asdid Battle of the Bulge in third place. (13%)followed in order by Stalingrad {l2.5%1, AfrikaKorps (8%), Waterloo (7%), 1914 (6%) andD-Day (3%). Seven others split the remaining4.5%.

The brand new title Kriegspiel was not men­tioned. Mainly because no one's got it yet (noteven Avalon Hill after the first nm came andwent.) Actually, Kriegspiel did get one vote, butthat was from the designer.

It would be newsworthy at this junction tostate why Kriegspiel was designed like it was.There is an old axiom in the industry that "youstick with a winner." And after all these years ofbeing on the market - 10 to be exact - Football

considerable argument as to which of these twoforms is the older and therefor the original, bUIForbes presents a strong case in support of thelatter, and Murray - at least in part - backs himup. Assuming that the four player game is theprimeval form, further consideration of it willundertake to bolh explain its play and reinforcethe assumption that it is the original Oless game.

Partners set up their forces diagonally fromeachother, Red (R) in the lower left corner andYellow (YJ in the upper right corner alliedagainst Black (oj in the lower right corner andGreen (g) in the upper left corner. Each forceconsisted of eight men: the King, Hast! (Ele­phant), Ashwah (Horse), Roka (Ship) - lalerRa/ha (Chariot), and Pedarum (four footmen orPawns). The King Elephant, and Horse had movescorresponding to the King Rook, and Knight ofmodern Chess, except that no Castling wasallowed, Kings could stand next to eachother,and they could be taken just as any other man.The Ship, or Chariot, is the subject of muchdebate and will be covered later. The Pawnsmoved as do Chess Pawns, but lacked the twosquare opening move, the ability to capture enpasson/. and Queened in a more restrictedmanner. Upon reaching the eighth rank the Pawnbecame the piece in front of which it originallystood. Thus, the Elephant's Pawn became anElephant when it completed its march across theplaying field. It can be seen that the value ofeach Pawn differed greatly depending on itsstarting position. It is doubtful that the King'sPawn was allowed to become a King unless thearmy to which it belonged had already lost itssoverign. There is speculation that the King'sPawn, upon reaching Ihe eighth rank, became apiece of half the strength of the King, or it stoodawaiting the eventual loss of the King so that itcould assume that role. In any event, Ihe loss ofthe King and the King's Pawn wilt be dealt with abit further on.

Because parts of India were flooded duringmajor portions of the year, much value wasplaced upon the ships that formed an arm of themilitary. Keeping this in mind, it is not incon-

THE GENERALStrategy continues to reflect the highest "Friend'sRecommendation" rate (31%) of any game inthe line. To those who were lucky enuff to getaholt of a copy of Kriegspiel know that it isFootball Strategy under anotJwr guise. A COTfr­

plete, introspective analysis of the why's andwherefore's of designing Kriegspiel the way wedid will unfold in the next episode of The AvalonHill Philosophy.

To those who will be with us for another issue,look for the behind the scenes expose entitled"The Matrix Matrimony." In the meantime, yeolde marketing statistician would welcome com­ments and theories relative to the discussion ofthe Wargamers' Wargaming PolL We particularlyinvite an exchange of analyses among all otherorganizations who ran this same survey in theirrespective newsletters.

gruous to have a piece called the Ship on thebattle field. It is probable that when Chafl/rangaspread 10 parts of the subcontinent where suchflooding was uncommon that the piece waschanged from a Ship to a Chariot, for thatvehicle also formed a major arm of a typicalancient Indian army. The move of the Ship isvariously claimed to be: A) two squares diagonal­ly, leaping over Ihe interposing square and anyman thereon; B) one square diagonally or straightahead; or C) two squares orthogonally, leapingover the interposing square and any man thereon.These moves are diagramed in Figure 2

A ,A

, ,

, ,S

, ,

A 'A

, ,"

";S, ,, ,

C,,

C - -8 - - - -c,

cFigure 2.

THE GENERAL PAGE 4

$oQk-offJ Qt' gJ'rfJter t/IQt one cluuiot llgfJif/J/ 6 E/ep/IQflts is flot QI/owed •.

exchanges of captured King for captured King. Itseems unlikely that such would often take place.especially considering the betlina involved. How­ever. the weaker player of a team could havesought to restore his stronger ally. $0 if the Kingof !tis partner's force had been captured it mayalso have been allowed for the surviving monarchto travel to the seat of power of his aUy (King'ssquare) and assume command of any men remain­ing. Of course, seeing as how any men on theboard were subject to capture. there may nothave becn much to take ovcr. But if the ally'sKing's Pawn was still on the field he couldadvance it to the Queening rank and restore hispartner to play!

The earliest documentation of ChfJllIralJgtJ'sexistance in India is circa 600 c.E. About acentury later it arrived in ~Tliia in the basic formthat we know as Chess today. but with thediff~nees already noted in the forelOini para­graphs. The game wu simply two-player (Ju".

"'wrga. The spread of Chess. ~stward andwestward, is quite interesting to study. Davidson'sbook contains an excellent map on the insidecover which diagrams and dates this movement,and Mumy IOCS 10 great lengths establishing thetimes of arrival of Chess in various countries.Over the ages Chess has been forbidden as asinful passtime, frowned upon as frivolous. andthe like. Players have been mocked. scorned, orworse ... sound familiar? Regardless of when andhow the game spread to the rest of the world. weshould all be aJad it did. Finally, in the Nine­teenth Century a large Chess and variants follow­ing developed. and much literature was produced.Most certainly, Chess is the oldest true wargameand gavc: impetus to the eventual desi&n of thebanle pmes we play today. Hats off to the gnndold game of kirt&S!

The preceding has been compiled by Gill)'Gypx at the requcst of 1be General As thereader will note, much research·in..(lepth has lOneinto the presentation of the discourse. AvalonHill grants permission for the reprinting of thisarticle wholly or in part providing the credit line,"reprinted from The General, Vol. 7, No. I" isincluded.

-----_.....------. -_ .._--

9 Y 9 Y

b R b R

Y 9 Y 9

b R

Y ,b R b R

Y 9 Y 9

R b R b

No. RQjah

Figure 4.

typical of warpminl today. For example, inboard games a 1-3 attack cannot possibly succeedin eliminating the defender. and in ancient min­iature games a chariot is helpless before theelephant.

Gambling certainly played a part in the pme.Each man had a monetary value when captured,and an additional (often large) wager was at timesstaked on the outcome of the game. Now no onewould C3re to haurd the loss of his Rl\.iahdom onthe play of a bumblilli partner, so a provisionwas made whereby a partner could capture hisally's King and then assume command of the nowleaderless forces. Forbes speculates that this wasone of the factors which lead to the amalgama­tion of the four separate forces into two armiesand a single commander for each. The excessKing was then relegated to the position of advisorand halved in power (commandina either thedi.a&onals or the Qrthogonals, one square permove). This is a line of reasoning whi<:h ha5 110

little merit.Returning to the four player version apin,

consider oDCe more the King's Pawn. It may bethat if it stood upon the eighth rank at the timeits King was taken the Pawn could be givenimmediately as ransom for the captured soverign,regardless of whether the captor was enemy orally. Chess histories mention a number of possible

, s

1/ •~

Figure 3.

All four of these pieces could cover only halfof the playing area, and each Ship commandsonly a maximum of five spaces, with a totalmovement possibility of only eight squares. Alimited piece indeed. Note the areas of "dryland" where no Ship could move shown in Figure4. Unlike most versions of tbess. ChfJturonga mayalso have limited the capture potential of themen. There is evidence poiMing to the possibilitythat while Pawns and Ships could take and betlllten by eachother. and they could be C3ptUre4by the other pieces, they could not take Horses,Ekpbants or Kings. This line of thinkina is

The first of these moves., move A), is the mostlikely candidate, for it is the one Ihal COITICSdown 10 us as the move of the C'ume', Bishopof the Medieval European Chess pmc. This moveis also seen as the move of the Elephant (Pi/) inK'Vcnl varieties of Asian Chess pme~ In order toreconcile the move Wilh the Elcphanl of o.utur­Qnga which moved IS a modern Rook. it ishelpful 10 undersland that al some lime duringthe development of Ihe game. when the twopartners' forces were combined into a singlearmy, the Chariot and Elephant changed posi­tions. Ilowtver, they kept their names - lhenames originally associated wilh the sqllafC uponi.vhich they stood at the start of play. The piecemovina like the Rook became the Rutha. orChariot, while the 0/ Plf (Europeanized as Alpin,or Fool), the Elephant. look on the hoppingmove which was originally that of the Ship orChariot.

Move B) is seen in some Asian forms of Chess,parti<:ularly in the Japanese pme Shogi. wheR' ilis the property of Ihe Silver General The mainclaim for this move beinl later Issociated withthe Elephant is that the five $paces possible tomove to represent the four feet and the trunk ofthe beast. This a weak claim It best.

Finally. there appears to be lillie evidence formove C) as that of the Ship. The only regulargame that it is seen in is Great Chess. We candismiss it from consideration entirely. It is aSlrong possibility that moves were originallydetermined by casting a die. This would reneetthe unpredictability of units during baltic. Wherea man moved was at the player's option, butwhich man was to be moved was subject tocharoce. Thus, we note the following regarding theShip: Although each traveled on a different set ofsquares. and so could never meet. if aU four Shipsarne toaether in the center of the board the lastone movinl in captured the other three! Such anunlikely happening can best be explained by thesugestion of movement determination by dicinS.The move is illustrated in Fiaure 3

PAGE 5 THE GENERAL

SPARTAN INTERNATIONAL (SICL)

Club of the Month

This is all fine and darKI)'. but what reallymakes Spartan International go is the fact thatmembers actually benefit. even financially, fromthe services provided. For example. between theperiod of January 1969 to January 1970. therewere a total llumber of 22 tournaments with cashpri~es lotaling S579.44. trophies and medalSawarded valued al $250.00. Equating this withIhe total cost of entry fees charged. $18.25. ittakes no mental giant 10 realize how beneficialmembership has been. In add ilion. there havebeen a 100al of seven tournaments exclusivel)'provided to the SICL members onl)'_ Cash prizes.trophies. and medals awarded totaled approxi­mately $200.00 and at no COSI 10 SICL members.

There's more. Their monthl)' publication.Spartan International. runs 24 PIllCS of phOlo­offset material supplemented b)' the ··GladiatorReport", a varying-sized monthl)'. plus the"Chronicle" appearing im'gularly with informa­tion such as ballot results and specialized newsthat is sent free to the Spartan members.

The SICL mamtains a point s)'stem for reflect·ing work contributions to Sparta. Althoudt arank carries no meaning as far as authorit)' goes.it does show how much a person is doing for therest of the members. The SICL al50 maintainsskill rating s),stem for the gamer. which iscompiled from his won-loss fecord in Spartancompetition onl)'.

These are reasons enough to have selectedSpartan International as the 'x:lub of theMonth". Further reasons are renecled b)' thenumber of new member.> joining the ranks ofSpartan while maintaining their own activilies inorgani~ations such as the IFW. St. John's Uni­versity Military Strategy Club. and members ofPouhron Press.

While California based. plans are currently inoperation 10 organize Spartan groups all over theUnited St~tes. Inrormalion on this as well asgeneral facts On the organization itself arc avail­able from Russell Powell, 5820 John Avenue,Long Beach. California.

Not content to merely reach a level of equilib­rium, Sparta is continuing to expand the scope oftheir services and to this end welcomes increasedmembership.

B(J(Ufilig /ht sunllY climes of "baja" Gdifomia.Spartan convenlions often spill OI'Cr into th.. OUf­dOQl'S. Pain rings by Dan Hof/baller (foreground)fpifomize fhf \YUiely of mfmbeT-in(eresrs Qndfalfllts /Iull .,-au fhe Dub of fhe Month.

Sparta founder RlUSell Powell. (righf) looks on ~n·sively during typicQI trophy awards nrtmony.He/ping chair the event Is Bob Wilson afrO alldDall HoffbaUff.

tan International operates on five levels ofadmillistration:

phOlOS P. Pritchard. T. I/lirwood

J) BOARD OF DlRECroRS - with ultimutecontrol over the entire organization,

2) CHARTER FOUNDER'S OFFICECharter Founder post is filled b)' Russel Powellwho acts as a liaison between the board and therest of the SICL His office includes the servicesof records-keeping, publicaliOllS, tournaments,conventjons, and rules arbitration. Assisting himin his tasks arc the Advi50rs - the hardest-work.ing, mOSl dedicated people in Ihe organi7.ation.They carr)' out special assignments and spotchecks,

3) INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION _ de­tennining policy. subject to Board approval.

overseas administrators. makes sure projects runsmoothly,

4) NATIONAL COORDINATING COM­MllTEE - Coordinates and controls Ihe Confer.enees as directed by the Commission. Personalservices, common to all conferences. such asirtdividual game matChing, is handled throuJlt thislevel,

5) CONFERENCES - group of people (25-50)in a certain geographic location. Cufrentl)' thereare three: Los Angeles. Pacific, and Allantic.Officers in charge of these bodies carry out mostof the personal contacts in the SICL

These last three levels each consist of fourposts - Affairs, for lateral control of each levelOf conference. Personnel. Public Relalions. andProcedure.

Referring to the "Spartan International Month·Iy", the journal of Spartan International, aprominent review maguine Sialed. "This issue is50 much belleT in appeannce. lay-oul, andcontents lhan the previous issues that it's hard torecognize it 1I5 the same ma,wne retitled (wasformerly SNCL Monthly)."

This objeo::livc appnisal from an independentthird ~rty would lead one to believe lhal theSpanan International has finally come of age.

They would, of ooune, be correct in Ihis sunnise.All has not been rosy within "Sparta" - it hashad many failures and set-backs since its incep­tion (OUT years ago. Spokesman Dan HofThauerreadily admits that. "there hne been argumentsand feuds with other organizationl, failures wilhpcl'!lOnnel and Sl::rvices. periodic major reorganiza­tions and the like."

When an organiution finally cornes to termswith itself and is able to publici)' Te<:oanke itsproblems, it is axiOmatic that is is finall)' on Iheright road 10 ils goal - "to advance andprofessionalize wargarning competition to a levelcomparable with Master's Chess.. We can count onthe fingers of one hand the actual number ofwargame clubs activel)' and sincerel)' pursuing theconviction that such a goal is altainab1e. ForSpartan International much of the road has beenstrewn with rocks - the)' have orten beenaccused of bribing people with lavish expenditure,have been accus..-d of eng.1ginll in petty bickeringwith other clubs and org;lnizatiolls. and have evenbeen accused of setting up n dictatorial methodof operation."

Charter Founder. Russell I'owell. has been themain target of much personal abuse. It is to hiscredit that he has been able to absorb thebrickbats without lening it affect lIis originalconvictions. Despite the man)' verbal storms,Powell has continued to build a responsible,persollalized organiz.ation for the advancement ofwargaming both as a hobb)' and as a sport.

"The members count more in the SICL Ihanany olher single faclor," relales Hoffbauer. ''Thatis why the functions of the lower three levels ofSpartan administration - inlernational, nationalarKI conferences - are primaril)' 10 maintain anincreased communicalion wilh the members. Theessential services of publie:ttions, tournaments,arbitrations, etc. all operate within the CharterFounder's office. These can be performed b)' arelalivel)' small number of dedicated, talentedpeople. The grass-roolS response to the ran.ll: andfile so tremendousl), absent in olher postalgroups. musl be nrried out b)' a IlTler structureof administrators well atuned to the needs,desires. and problems of each and everymember," Hoffbauer continues.

In order 10 implement their philosoph)', Spar·

/

THE GENERAL PAGE 6advance more than one square, put one stack atMM25.

The remaining nine units should attack 28/109al 5-1. If you get to advance three or more, put astack at MM27, surrounding the unit in Clervaux.

..L

Plan of the Month(

thereby delaying the 2nd, 9th, and l06th Infan­try Divisions from reaching the breaklhroughpoint. To do this, put three infantry units cachon 557 and 558. One unit on 557 should attack2/38 at I-I; the other two, along with two from558, should attack 99/361 at 2-1. lbe oneremaining unit at 558 should attack 99/393 &395 at 1-2. Presto! You have blocked that road.

Three infantry units should attack the 14thCav., and the heavy armor should take care ofthe 106/422 & 423.

""Two infantry units should be moved to PPI9,so as to cut the vital 51. Vith-Clervaux road. Thesix heaviest armored units should be put at 0024and 0025, attacking 28/110 at 6-1. If you get to

Summary

As you can see, if all has gone well theAmericans are virtually paralized, and can get nohelp 10 the stricken center for a good number ofturns. Clervaux will be surrounded, most of the9th Annored engaged, and vital roads blocked.

The majority of the 99th and the l06thInfantry Divisions will also be engaged.

If you keep driving from the first turn,without letting up for a moment, even airpowerand reinforcements will be unable to stop youronslaught.

Excepl for minor attacks designed to tie downas many American units as possible, ignore theNorthern and Southern routes. Drive West to LaRoche, then wheel Northwest to Meuse crossingsat Andenne and Namur, thereby cutting off Spa.

Keep driving hard from the beginning and youmight have Christmas in Antwerp.

Kevin Thomason5516 So. Hoover Ave.Whittier, California 90601

Hit Hard andKeep Driving.

by Kevin Thomason

•

by John Ellsworth

Realismand Play-balance

Contrary to what most German commanders inthe Bulge will tell you, yOUT primary concern onthe first few turns should not be to destroy asmany units as you can - rather, it should be toopen a gap to leI your Panzcrs through.

Obviously, the best way to do this is to blockthe roads so no troops can be rushed to thestricken area. Doing this is no problem, as youmall sec.

The American set-up leaves one gap whichshould be used as the German breakthroughpoint. This is the area between NN23 and 0017.To exploit this gap, however, roads must beblocked and troops must be tied up so that noreinforcements can be brought up to plug thegap. The following is what to do to accomplishtllis on the first tum:

South

Four of the nine infantry divisions allotted tothe South should attack the 4/8 and the 4/12,each at I-I. With a little luck, this should blockthat road, thereby preventing the 4th Divisionfrom reaching the battle for the First few crucialturns.

The remaining five southern units, plus oneinfantry unit from the East, should attack lhe9{CCR at 3-1. The 3rd Parachute Division, alsofrom the East, should be moved to RR29 toattack the 9fCCB at I-I. These attacks will notonly block the Vainden-Diekirch road, but ifyou're lucky and you rolled an engaged for eitherof them you will have tied up desperately neededannored units.

North

In the North, your main objective should be to

block the Monschau-Elscnborn-St. Vith road,

Most wargamers today are divided into twocamps; the Realists and the Play-Balance buffs. Inthis article I will attempt to realistically incorpor­ate play-balance in STALINGRAD and GUADAL­CANAL. As you will see, some of these ideashave been around before and some have not.

Starting with STALINGRAD: the worst partabout this game is the ease with which a goodRussian player can win. In the real campaign.surprise was complete. Therefore, a First ThrnSurprise Table is certainly realistic.

To use this table, merely move the combatresults over two columns. Thus, a I-I attackbecomes 3-1, etc. This table is used only by theGermalls and only on the first turn. It creates amassive disorganized withdrawal, and the Russianwill be hard pressed to win. When you computean exchange with this table, use Ihe normalcombat factors of the Germans.

Guada1canal is a different story. Here, theproblem is that the side that lost in real life winsall the time in the game. To remedy this, I adjustthe point system.

Revised Point System

Japanese:2 points for artillery withill range of Hender­

00"7 points for each turn the Japanese occupy

Henderson

3 points for completely destroying a U. S. UnitUnited States:3 points for each turn the U.S. occupy

Henderson2 points for completely destroying a Japanese

Unit.

You will notice that by using this system,much lower scores will result. This results in amuch closer game. AU.S. unit worth 15 before isworth 3 now. A Japanese unit worth 8 before isnow worth only 2. While this system affects bothsides, il is more beneficial to the U.S. Try it andsee!

For added complications, try thisU.S., Japanese: instead of giving all units thesame vallie, lise the size as the guide.When you completely destroy a battalion, yougel 3 points.When you completely destroy a regiment, you get3 points.When you complete!y destroy a company, yougel 2 points.When you completely destroy a section, you getI point.I Find that these changes really help the only 2All games with really serious problems.

John Ellsworth528 CountrysideWheaton, Ill. 60187

"Care and Feeding"of Regiments

by Geoff K. Burkman

vsPAGE 7

OffenseTht' author of this fillt urllclt chQst to remai"

Ill/onymous - probably nol by chOlct. Ollrimmtdialt Impulu Will" to c/olm this lor ou,..gll'B_ Will/hI! "0./ ali/hoT. pltUSl stand up.

In regard to Mr. Henderson's article. '"TheStrategy of Defense" (Nov-~c '69). I feel lhalthe author hils overrated and oventated the castfor the defense. A 10Iai defensive poslUre shouldonly be adopted when one cannot lake theoffensive with a reasonable hope of sue<:tss. The~eordon" defense advocated in the article pvesthe opponent fint option to apply the principlesof wn. It Jives the attacker the choice ofobjectives. cnablina: him to apply maximum com­oot power at the point of hb choosinll withouthinderance from the defender. He is able toJmI;ntain freedom of Iction and maneuverability.He is able 10 make Of break coollel at will. Them3jor wCilkness of the cordon dcrcn~ is that itlacks flexibilily and is vulnenble to penetntionand envelopment. Napoleon's ca.mpaign again!il:Beaulieu in Ihe sprin& of 1796 ilJustnlles theinherent weakness of this type of defense.Napoleon himself rarely fOlJlht a denfensivebattle (Leipzig in lSI] for example).

After conceding Ihe initialive to the oppone:nt(Blue). Mr. Henderson outlines a basic defensivestrategy which meril$ some crilical observations.The first major weakness of this plan is Ihedeployment of his forces along the FEBA. (Iheriver running North·Soulh). They alll up againstthe FEBA. trace and alll concentrated at twomajor and two minor points on that trace.Because of the river the defenders have nosecurity area forward of the FEBA. and thus Bluehas an unrestricted capability for lateral move­ment along the river line. On the other hand. theproximity of Red's North.soulh road to the river(adjacent to it) is a major weakness. A single Rlueunit crossing the river can easily cut the Red'slateral line of communic:ltions. Fllrther. the pre­sense of an East·West river in the middle of theboard splits the Red defensive line into twosegments (resulting in a Napoleonic "DoubleBattle" situation). The concentration of Redforces at the four points is a viOlation of theprinciple of mass. Blue could easily assign a fewunits to fix three of those concentrations inposition and bring overwhelminll mass to crushthe fourth for a "defeal in detail" and asubsequent "manoeuvre su les derrieres." The two

flank. elements are especially vulnerable becaliSCof their small size and relative isolation from theblilk of the Red forces.

A second major error in the Red defense planis in the area of counlerattacks. Unless youdetermine that a counlerattack is 10 be thedecisive battle. never allack with "all a availablercsourccs." Attack with only those elementsrequired to meet the silu:llion. Determine inadvance where and how much of a penetrationyou can stand and counlerattack only tho:se youcannot accept. There is a great danger in com­mittinl your reserve to a countenllack too soon.Whal would you do if Ihe force you hadcounterattacked proved to be a diversion ""ilh themain allack. to fall somewhere else? With yourreserve cornmincd. there isn't much you could

Defensedo. Napoleon's maneuvers to the enemy's flankand rear were largely predicated on Ihe assump­tion Ihat the enemy had already commitled hisreserves.. Napoleon is reputed to have said the"God is on the side of Ihe last reserve." Thereare nOI eoough units in mo!il: games to man astrong line and !il:iIl have a respeclable reserve(generally one-third to onc-quarter of tOlal!il:rength).

If Ihe nuclear war option is beinl used. theconcenlrations used by Mr. Hendef50n would bevery tempting nuclear taIJels. This is especiallytrue of Ihe mobile reserve force which could bedeslroyed or neutnlized in supporl of an allackon one: of Ihe other concenlntions. OfrlCiaJmilitary doctrine: states that units fighting undernuclear conditions will be widely dispersed untilmassing just prior to the attack.. Under suchconditions. a defense in depth would be muchmore appropriate.

The most potent "weapons" of the GermanAnny in Anzio are its regiments. These hardylittle devils are able 10 add extra points to thedefenses. absorb extra losses in battle, and facili·tate the reinforcement of a weak line much moreefficiently.

Do It The Easy Way

There will come a lime when the German musthold a line with every unit he can spare, and stillbe able to "repl" his forccs at will. When aregimented unit is below strength. don't send itback a square to "repl"' and try to hold withtrash. Instead, break the division down to itsappropriately weakened regiments and send Olleof those regiments back to "repl." Repeat theprocess, interchanging regiments for "reilling"until the unit is back on ils feet.

Two Twirps Beat a Bruiser

Often the German player will find it adl'3n'tagtous to break a division down, even though itmay all stay on the same square. For instance.the logical breakdown for "HC- as a 4-5·12 istwo 2·3-12 regiments. Ihus adding an exira faclorto the defenses. In Ihe inleresls of rcalism, IsUli&eSI thai if a breakdown can be made exactly,that such a breakdown be required.

The Caw: of Tile Missing Poinl

The two medium strength PC divisions. 29thand 90th. are very handy when it comes tocollnterallacking. Notice thaI when Ihl'$t unllSsplit into regiments they are then only worth twoSlacking points each. in!il:ead of their normal

THE GENERAL

Finally. the attacker must keep in mind theprinciple of the objeclive. From FM 100-5. FieldService Regulations: Operations. "Every militaryoperation must be direcled toward a decisive.obtainable objective. The destruction of theenemy's armed forces and his will to fight is theultimate military objective of war." All move­ments must be directed to the "bloody decision."

Defense is fine in il$ place. but a all·arounddefense gives the initiative to the opponent. Ifdefense is 10 be u:sed, Ihan defend in one area 10

allack in another (applying the principles ofMass. Economy of Force and Maneuver). On thedefense make use of spoiling attacks. feints. raids.retrograde movemenls and deceptive maneuveato conceal your inlenlions (principles of Surprise.Security and Economy of Force). Only offensiveaction can achieve decisive =Its. The force Ihattakes the initiati,·e. that gains and maintainsQOntacl ....ith lhe enemy and is able 10 developtile siluation to his advanlage through the soundapplicalion of the principles of war. will achievefinal victory.

three when in division Slat liS. The optionalstacking rule neally negates this advantage. but ifYOll find a sucker Allied player who'll lise thissystem, SUpplllSS your snickers, and slaughter him.

A Lot Plus Two Equals More

There arc other advantages to breaking up adivision and leaving the regiments on one square.Such breakdowns will result in the addition ofsteps to the square. In most divisions (except allof 4th Para and part of 'HG") each rcgiment hasa reduction countcr and an inverted step. Thus asquare with 15th PC (a 6'step force) will convertto a 9'step force if regiments arc used.

"Repl" That Armor With Infanlry

The "HG" division is unique in the game. as itbreaks down from a "pure" armor division to anarmored regiment and two PC regiments. whichcan be reinforced with infanlry "repls." So. whenlIermann needs Iroops, blllak him down, "repl"those PC regiments. and then combine him intoarmor again.

lasl Words

It is Irue; the use of regiments will Iil"<:atlyaffeci the game. Regimenting capabilitie~ ~ould

be reslricted 10 September and Oclober of 1943,Ihe fial month of Ihe second invasion. and anylime a hole is crealed in Ihe Allied line:. Also.never let the Allies have Italian Morale unless youlei regiments full-time.

Geoff K. Burkman715 Myrtle AvenueTerrxc Park. Ohio 45174

THE GENERAL PAGE 8

by Bruno Sinigaglio

j

I

you canuse thishalF Ofthe 17 inch,.ide sheetto '~'rlte

:.>tt'Jcks,etc.

-

15 minutes, but it's worlh ii, because the systemis simple and precise. To accomplish the above,consult Figure 3 and the direClions that follow.

(a). Place your 12" ruler down the length ofthe ship counter, and mark the points where theruler intercepts the two nearest axis. In figure 3,the two nearesl axis are the EW and NW·SE. Theruler is represented by the broken line. Point A isthe EW intercept, and point B is the NW-SEintercept. The bow of the ship counter is labeledpoint C.

HEasy as Pi"Jutland PBM

T,....-t--I"'I------'~=--·,-+L

''f,.'

_LFiture 2

Jutland PBM sheet

On your 11" by 17" pad, draw a circle 4-1/2inches in radius, and then draw in primarydirection lines (see figure 2).

graduations should not be covered. Now label the18" ruler to the same scale that the AH rangcfinder is gradualed (3/4" equals 1000 yards).Your new range fmder will be easier to use, andit will be accurate to a distance of 83.3 yards(1/16" equal to 83.3 yards).

Julland playing board

Before two people can play mail, they need agood playing board. It's easy to make a goodboard without drawing' a symmetrical he)(agon.On your piece of cardboard draw a circle 12-1/2inches in radius, and then draw in primarydirection lines (see figure I). Include a concentriccircle 4.5" in radius for night lighting.

An action filled game like Jutland should havea simple and precise system for play by maiL Thesystem described below fulfills both of theserequirements.

An old hand Of warguming, Bruno Sinigaglio 1$a past master at Play·by·Maii. His group boasts awon.fo51 record approoching the 100 &; a markalthough, he confided, "we aft! on the Ihroes ofour first defeat." Taking advantage of the closeproximity of his Penns Grove, New Jersey home10 the All factory In Baltimore (a scant 60 milesdistance) Bruno i.I often found at Ihe factorypicking up various AH odds and ends. He nowholds the dLII/nct/on of ownillg Ihe very firstKrlegspiel game to come ofl the init/iM assemblyline. He afro holds Ihat distinction with Anzwpurportedly among his !allOrite garrres. Despite hispt=/on lor being "first in line," he has '101

abandoned the older games. Here's how he hasadapted Jurland /0 Play-by·Maii in its simplest oflenru .

Equipment needed

I. A square of cardboard, 30" by 30".2. A compass for drawing circles.3. One 18" ruler, and one 12" ruler.4. Adhesive tape.5. A pad of paper, at least 9" by 9". A very

good size to use is 11" by 17". The II" by17" pad is available in most stationaryslOres.

PLAY BY MAIL PROCEDURE

STEP I. You must first determine tile exactposition and direction of each ship on theJutland playing board. This may take from 5 to

As you can see, the PBM sheet scale is 9"equal to 36,000 yards. Therefore, 1/4" equals1,000 yards, and 3/16" equals 750 yards or thelenglh of one ship counter. Since PBM sheets areonly good for one tum, you will Ilave to make acouple every tum. However, this is simple as Pi ifyou have a compass.

Figure I

As you can see, the scale utilized is 3/4"equals 1000 yards. This is the same scale utilizedby the AH range finder. In addition, Ihe diameterof the circle is 36,000 yards, which equals thedistance across one hex.

Jutland range finder

In order to play by mail, you need a rangefinder more accurate than the one supplied byAH. This is very easy to make. Take yoursdhesive tape and cover the inch numbers (I to18) printed on your 18" ruler. The 1/16"

-+--""- - - - -

PAGE 9 THE GENERAL

-i" .. 1000 yds..

Witmer's suggestion of making a fifty degreebroadside detennination card is simple and histor­ically accurate.

t, = \=bSCN

QA.. Boooyds08" 7()(X) ydsAC" 4000 yds

Bruno SinigagJio20 East Pittman StreetPenns'Grove, New Jersey 08069

Figure 4

•

unfair advantage in that he can maneuver hisships after the Gcrman player has moved. It isn'tdifficult to jot down your maneuvering planssimultaneously, and then maneuver according tothem. Alternatively, players should take turnsmaneuvering fIrSt.

Broadsides in Jutland are unrealistic. Richard

(b). Measure distances OA, OB, and AC withyour premade 18 inch range finder. It is notnecessary to measure these distances to an ac­curacy of 83.3 yards (1/l6"), Reading to anaccuracy of 3/32" is desired (3/32" equals 125yards); however, an accuracy of 3/16" will suffice(3/16" equals 250 yards).

(e). Assume that Ihe following measurementswere taken for Ihe ship counter in frgure 3,

OA=6" '" 8,000 yards..08=5-1/4"" 7,000 yards.AC>3" = 4,000 yards.

STEP 2. It is now time to transfer the shiponto the PBM sheet. This should be fairlyobvious. On the EW axis mark point A using theappropriate scale (1/4" equal to 1,000 yards).Now mark point B on the NW-SE axis. Using apencil, lightly connect points A and B 10 fonnline AB. On line AB, measure 4,000 yards frompoint A and mark point C. Now draw a dark line750 yards long (3/16") from point C towardspoint B, and put an arrowhead on point C.Figure 4 is an illustration of step 2. A numeralhas been placed next to the darkened' 3116" lineto facilitate ship identification,

STEP 3. After all ships have been transferredto the PBM sheet, list attacks and firing ranges,and stocks for each attack.

IJ

REALISM IDEAS

In order to obtain an actual scale, AH suggestsstacking ships three high. This represents a mini­mum average interval between ships of 633 yards.A more realistic way would be to stack ships twohi&ll, and have no interval between stacks. Thisrepresents an average interval between ships of1050 yards (AH recommends 1000 yards inBattle Manual).

In playing Jutland, the British player has an

How toReduce Units Quickly

or, (Guadalcanal made easy).by Davidson & Drayner

'igute3

/

The major reason for Guadalcanal's lack ofpopularity is that ii's just 100 much trouble tokeep track of which units have been weakcned.uaving the original unit on the board andplaying with it as if it is weakened is extremelyconfusing. Furlhennore keeping track of its Irueslrength is a very ledious, involved process.

The (SRT) goes a long way towards solvingthis problem. Unfortunately the time involved infinding the correct substitute, and in switchingthe units on and off Ihe board causes a seriousdelay in the game, and irritation for the players.

Obviously the desirable situation would be toleave the original unit on the board and mark itsnew combat value. Unfortunately most wargarners are reluctant to mark their units as theyare unable to use them again. This would tend tobecome very expensive.

We believe we have hit upon a way ofovercoming this problem. The solution lies inbeing able to mark and rcmark the counterwithout ruining it, We were able to accomplishthis by covering the counters with clear scotchtape, which can be wrillen on with a nylon tipfelt pen (red or black work best). This produces arecognizable number which can easily be rubbedoff by a finger, damp cloth or kleenex.

This technique has many valuable applications.For cxample in Guadalcanal a unit (4-4) which

has becn weakened by artillery fire can bcmarked over with its ncw reduced strength (3-4)with a nair pen. The marking (3-4) can be erasedand remarked should the unit incur any furtherlosses. This can be done indefinitely with nodamage to the counter and takes only a smallamount of time depending on how neatly you markthe unit. This technique may be applied withequal ease to (SRT) games (i.e. 1914). Theoriginal unit can be remarked accordinll to itsnew strength instead of taking time to replace itwith its correct substitute. Earlier games notoriginally designed for use with (CRT) or (SRT)can easily bc adapted by use of the method i.e.Waterloo, and Arika Korps as il would require nonew units. This could open new possibilities ofrealism for the owncrs of these games.

A set of counters can be covered quickly byputting 1/2" magic transparent scotch tape (thisis the only kind that can be written on) over theunit designation side and trimming the edges witha razor blade (1/2" does two sides for you). Thistakes under an hour as it took two of us 20minutes to convert 155 counters for Waterloo.This small investment in time is repaid manytimes over.

Allcn DavidsonDavid DraynerNew College, Saratoga Fir.

THE GENERAL PAGE 10

by S. C. Griffin

Strategic Bombing the Key

Ste~n GnffinBox 127Stillwater. Okla. 74074

advantage is of lesser importance than it wouldbe for BiI; Red. With insufficient close-ranile airb.ases and the added burden of necessary maxi­mum dispenement. Big Red must prote<:t ilSadvancina spearheads from Blue air-interdicleddelays and strategic punishment wilh eXlensiverighter protection while also allowing logisticsupply for i\5 own TAC and SAC missions. It is acase of eatins the cake and having it too. Toprovide adequate air defense the "'.,.R units musttake priority. This necessitates that the bombersbe based farther in the rear and sadly out ofrang. The inverse would result in the ncar samedilemma plus the BAF with virtual control of theair. A happy median would result in the ineffec·tiveness of both air priorities.

The element of tactical and strategic surprise isalso reduc«t by the strategic air inlerdiCli~ threat.Great Blue. in its initial position of "KinS's X".can through the usc of dual-movement deploy~

ments and efficient expenditul'l: and use ofmovement factors and roadways camouflage andde.emphasize the direction. slren,th. and scope ofi\5 initial blitz. Blue. unlike Red. can prediCl with100 per cenl accuracy the exact mo~ment

requirements that a given unit needs to reach ilSpre-planned objective. Blue units can thus bedispersed into fake garrison or 1l1ulti-objectivepositions at the outer limits of their particularcombat radii. Ground units apparently and logic­ally stationed for internal defense llnexpe<:tedlyat H-hour capture the nearer buffer cities whileunits apparently deployed for that allack bypassit and penetrate deeper to more advance ob­je<:tives.

Big Red. however. can not count upon theclearance of the vital roadways of its invasionavenues of advance. A single well-placed inter­dicti"e air strike can so slgnifJUntly alter move-­ment requirements that efficiently detailed planscause unites to suffer fatal delays in re:achinginitial objectives. Traffic bolllenecks quicklybuild up tempting concentrations which inviteadditional strat and nuke allacks resulting inmovement paralysis and heavy losses.

This dilemma forces the Red command struc­ture into shorter-sighted, more general plans fordcployment. I'I~nned paT!icipating-auack unitswill most always invol~ litlle movement and bevery close at hand. The result is a lowering offl&hting strength and efficiency. reduction ofcombat radii. and the abandonment of surprise asa integral factor. Except for extensive use of seazones as invunerable air bases and avenues ofaUack (The use of sea zones incur serioustime-consumin, deportation procedu....s andlimited capacity and efficiency) Blue lntellil;encecan thus foresee enemy intentions in time foradequate modifications, reinforcement. and re­deployment.

In Blitzkrieg, with armies so very similar.fIghting efficiency and strategic application ofinn3te advantages is the mod to victory. Judici·olls-employcd slrategic airpower can create thefatal Achill~s hcel in the Red military machine.Coupled wilh the first-strike advantage. strategicbombing is the key to early victory. If Big Redsurvives the opening phases militarily intact. adreadful war of anrition is likely to continue.Personally I like war short and sweet.

•

i18ainst the Red military timetable. Contrary 10

some popular strategems. the temporary andinefflcielll effectiveness of an employment ofvital SAC airpower apinst enemy and p~nemycities makes city-bombing of secondary im­portance when considered with the impact of airinterdiction during this crucial period of rapidfield movement and unopposed armoredadvances. It is during this period that objectivesare most orten secured by default or beingmerely "firstest with the mostest"' than by majorconfrontation.

Emphasis should then be placed upon thereduction of Red's offensive nexibility, mobility.and momentum, and therefore. Ihe general dis­ruption of Red's timetable and logistic nelwork.Target girts of high concentrations of enemyaircr.lfl or ground forces should nol be ignored ~spared the devastatinl effe<:t of strategic air­power. Certainly as battlerteld situalions chaneeand target opportunities open. tactics and pri­orities should also be amended, for the adapt­ability of SAC in exploiting negligence andweakness is one of its greatest assets.

The lightning·like crippling power of Iona-rangenuke and conventional bombing gives the first­striker a tremendous tactical and psycholoaicaladvantage. The mere possibility of an initialstrategic strike in any sector necessit~tes majordeployment modmcations of enemy auack for­mations and reduces the reliability of pre-plannedinvasion direClives.

To analyze the stl'1ltegic paralysis and dilemmathat effectively employed SAC can create, oneshould examine the tactical techniques andstrategic possibilities open [0 Great Blue due toits initial invunerability.

Without the threat of initial bomber auack$,Gre3t Blue can safely and effe<:tively concentrateils bomber forces in tactically superior locationsover the nonnal security margin of eight or nineair unit factors per city square. Bomber disperse­ment is a calculated risk in which air auackreadiness is inversely proportional to the safetygained from enemy strat or nuke allacks. It l11~lst

be assumcd that givcn a concentrated prioritytarget and a determined 31l3eker. a single if notmore enemy SAC factors could logically pene­tl'1lte the air defense screen. Thus the purpose ofdispenement is to make each individual target asunwonhwhile as possible such that ilS deslructionwould not entail a crippling blow in a singleanack.

Due to Greal Blue's mitial high concentrationof prime aIr 10pSllC capacity. this favorable

In Blilurieg. :IS in any armed conflicl, theadvantage of siriking the initial blow is ine§lim­able when seen with the broad s!"C'clrom ofslTllegic and tactical advantages il inherentlyproduces. In laking the initiative by blitz. GreatBlue can with a judicious employment of air­power and emdent application of mobile groundforces decisively defeat the enemy and unlock lhedoor to an early Red capitulation.

In lightning warfare, the importance of air­power can no! be under-estimated. Effectivestrategic and tactical IISC of Blue aiTpower canparalyze Big Red's countcr-offensive and reaction­ary forces, as well as, releasing Blue's armoredspearheads for the lightning advances so charac­teristic of true blitz.kriq.

Althouah the air forces of Grell! Blue and BigRed are equal in quantity and quality, thepotenlial deployment and lopographical locationsof cily/air b.ases provide a f.warable imb:aJa~ forBlue.

The relative concentrated positions of Blue airlnses within range of initial objectives allows thefullest efficiency and use of Olue TAC and SACair arms during the initial wrns. Unlike Big Redwith only five widely·scattered city squares ofany oper~tion~l value, Great Bil,e has a mutually­supporting triangle of bases, (s-25, v-B, 0p-29)in the south ~nd a flanking tri-eity cluster (pq-16)in the north.

This initial Blue superiority in concentrated airlogistic capacity permits a farther-reaching utiliza­tion of air power while also permitting m3llimumdispenement without range penalties. This initialimbalance and decisive Blue advantage must beo:.o;plolted immediately. IS it is possibly neutraliz­ed upon Red's occupation of its buffer statecities. This superiority can however be countedon up to the third tum (lSi wm, capture; 2nd.dcploy; lrd, utilize) and later. depending uponBlue's quick success in the fleld and the speed inwhich Blue air units can shift to the moreforw~rd occupied bases without a drop in effi­ciency.

There are several important functions that theBlue Air Force must serve during the openingphJSes, In the traditional tactical air sl1pport role,the shorter·rangal TAC and available MDM air­craft should be employed in capturing the le»erimportant. "backwash"· cities (u-II, m-14. x-27)in which a more permanent utilization andlocation of ground forces are not needed. Thispre~nts a drain-away of striking power and astraggling or slowing of the advancing columns.The farther-....aching SAC units should be directed

PAGE 11 THE GENERAL

Question Box IKRIEGSPIEL:Q. You state in Game I instrucfion that ··No!quare may iKIk1 more Ih.an one unit - slackingof units on the same square is not allowed:' Myquestion is can I supply wagon be placed on aunit for prole<:tion as is the case in AfrikaKorpsT'A. Yes. In this case, the supply wagon retreauwilh the combat unit and can be captured only if(I) the combat unit is elim AND (2) attacker3dYanCe$ inlO sq conlainil1& the supply waaon.

Q. In game II under the heading of Advancc::sand Retreats - "Ignore .U ternin movementrestriction. Instead, consider all terrain u deartern.in when ordered 10 advance or retreat."Therefore, can an armored infantry go through arorest square or a mountain square?A. No. Advances thai were prohibited before arestill prohibited. Advances are nO!: slowed down,however.

Q. To capture. nuclear launch area must Iremain in that square (e:t.mple JJ-I J) until thecoo of the tum or ean I simply pass rightthrough the square 10 capture il?A. Remain until end of tum.Q. If I just captured his rocket launch area (onlet's say tum 4) may I fire the rockeu that Icaptured on tum 4, or must I wait until tum 5?If after I leave his rocket launch area which I justcaptured, and he now recaptures his rocketlaunch area by placina: a unit there are the~maining rockets which were not destroyed orshot oil by me - his or mine?A. Wait until tum 5. Yours - you move themimmediately to your launching site.

Q. I have just captured H4 and released myprisoners. My question is what if my capital cityis in enemy hands - can [ reactivate my prisonersat another cily or what?A. You must wail until YUlir capital is back inyour hands.

Q. Under air power in Gamc two - air powerfactors may only ny once, attack and thcn aredestroyed. [s tllis truc? Or can they be usedagain?A. They may be used only once.

Q. If my opponent controb my prisoner squareH-4 does this mean that whenever I am foreed tolake prisoners that they are automaticaUy re­activated in my opponenU capital city?A. No. Keep them in your dead pile until youroppolIC:nt moves off H-4. On a following tum hecan move back on and release his prisoners.Q. Can Replacement [actors alld air power fao­tOIS combine to fonn replacement factors?A. No.Q. I have a unit on GG8. Can my opponenttravel by sea from 008 throll&h GG8 and landon beach squar-c 11101A. y~

Q. Under "FortirK:ltions" you state Ih.at a fort}.rJCd unit docs IIOt have to retreat. My question isif the allacker call Blilzltriel can he advance 45quart:S (or go in some other direction) when thefortirlCd unit docsn't retreat?A. y~

Q. Can a paratroop move into a eity in one tumand still ny thai tum?A. No.Q. Does this apply to sea movement too?A. Yes.Q. Can a supply wll&on ny with a paratroop orcan Ihey travel long distances by sea with aspecial forces units?A. No. They cannot ny, but they can move 10squares over lUIy temtin (including seas).

Q: May a surrounded unil use the abandonposition or flghtinl wilhdrawal cards!A: Yes.

Q: Under Game 2 Rules, may paratroops be usedto free prisoners (even though il would be behindenemy lines); where would they start?A: Yes. Stan at normal place.

Q: May paratroops be used to capture missileoenten; (behind enemy lines); and where wouldthe missiles be placed?A: Yes. Home missile center.

Q: If Sl'C'cial Forces Units are on a coastal citysquare, can they invade any beach square, even ifIhe beach squares are '1a1 connected to the cityby waler squares?A: YC$.

Q: When troops are on mountains durinl snow,do they have a wne of control?A: Yes.

Q: May Mountain Units retreat or advance fromthese squares during snow afler battle?A: No.

Q: Are troops in general allowed to advance orretreal after combat through otherwise illegalsquares because of weather and, or terrain?A: No.Q: If the inferior side wanted to call his Olrponent to a round-table, why would the Olrponent ever choose other than Option O?A: Situation at hand often dictales a beller dealwitll options A. B and particularly D.

Q. May rockets be fired when no allacks areallowed?A: No.

Q: What is to prevent someone from refusing toleave the enemy country if he is negotiated to doso. but he is behind and knows that tile otllerperson will eventually wish to forfeit 8 units tocontinue the game?A. He is required by rules to abide by tile rullnlfor al least two turns as stated bottom page 12.Q: Ir you currently hold Ihe enemy's prisoner ofwar camp and some of your forces surrender, doyou just gd them rilbt back the next tum onyour capital city?A: No. The enemy must re<:apture the prisonerof war camp and then you recapture it to freeprisoners.

BULGE:

Q. Can Gennan units reach S5-9 on the 16 AMtum?A. Yes. They Sian on UU-8. move to TT-9, andtake the road to SS-9.

Q. Do IIC:W units entering from edge squares likeHH, I, alld 7 enter at the road bonus rate?

A. Ycs.

D·DAYQ. Can Allied units go beyond the 17"5Quaresupply limit?

A. Only paratroop units can.

ALL GA.o\tES WITHZONES OF CONTROLQ. Can one rriendly unit move into an enemywne of control (and allacJr. no unit) while asecond friendly unit attacks the enemy unir?

A. No. All units in enemy wnes of controlMUST allacJr. some enemy unit.

BLITZKRIEG:Q. Can FTRs inlc«:ept paratroops?A. No.

Q. Can FfRs intercept bombers alolll theirflight path or only at the ta~et?

A. Only at the target.Q. Can paratroops 10 to sea?

A. No.

Q. Can paratroops be air transported and thenjump 20 jCJuart-S from the terminal city in thesame tum?A. No.

Q. If I attack a unit with one combat faclor at3-1 odds, isn'l that an Automatic Victory, sincethe defender must be eliminated?A. No. Automatic Victory is DEFINED as beingS·I or 6-1 odds if the defender has no retreat, or7·1 or beller in any circumstancC$.

Q. Can airborne units move after landing inwoods and mounlains?A. Yes, subject to regular movement restric­tions. of course.

Q. Are the beaches north and south of citiesB13·31 and RRR-S4 considered as two separatebeaches?A. Yes, in both cases.Q. How do aircraft get Automatic Victory?A. If they participate in an attack tactically. ittakes S-I or 6-1 wnr (with no rctrcat) or 7·]otherwise. If they participate strategically (noground units), it is necessary to achieve 7·[ oddsfor Auto Victory.

Q. Ir I attack a unit of one defense factor at3·1 odds, do r have Automatic Victory, since thedefender is bound to be eliminated entirely?A. No. Automatic Victory is defined lIS bei",achieved at S-l or 6-1 wnr. or 7-1 or beller inany circumstances.

WATERLOO:

Q. Are allacks at worse than 1-6 allowed!A. Yes.Q. Exactly where may French units stan thelame?A. They may start on IT-IS, 55-1S, RR·IS,RR-14, QQ-IS, PP·IS, 00--16, 00-15, PP-14,PP·13 and on the road to and includillllJ·13.Q. Exactly where may Prussian units start thepme!A. They may start on row EE or north of EE,and ON or east of Y-26, Z·2S, A AA-2S, BB-24,CC-24, 00-23, and £.E..23.

THE GENERAL

Artillery

at

PAGE 12

Official Avalon Hill Game Clubs...The clubs listed below supplement the initial listing made in the Jan-Feb 1968 issue. Only those

organizations Iistina at least 4 members are shown. Subscriben looking for new dubs art urged tocontact thene listed here and in previous issues.

Richard D. ThurstonROllte 2, Box 2643-5Spanaway, Washington 98387

units in contact with Ihe enemy; Ihis may resultin uneven exchanges.

The following special rules apply to all artilleryunits whether firing al Ion, or short range.

7. Artillery units cannot retreat under anycircumstances. (Such retreat would involve aban­donment of Ihe guns and loss of all fU1'po.....er.) Aresult which would demand relreat of anilleryunit in an enemy lOne of conlrol would meanelimination of the unit.

8. Artillery units ca.n not cross the side of asquare which consists entirely of woods. Theycan enler a partially wooded square bUI onlythrough a side which is at least partially openterrain. They can mOye on a road through woodsbut cannot leaye the road.

9. Artillery units can not fire through awholly·wooded side of a square, either at short ortong range.

10. Artillery units cannot advance after combat,regardless of whcther the combat was long-rangeor short rangc.

For PBM. long-range artillery attacks are in­dicated by llSleriU. (.) next to the firing unit.

Long range artillery may fire across a riYer.Dcfendin, units are not doubled apinst suchaHacks. This does not affect the nonnal doubtinll&3inst around unil atlack from ri~r squares. InC1SCS where long-range firing is combined withlTOUnd attack, apply the whole CF of the Ionr­T1.n&e arlillery to Ihe allack strength and doublethe defending unit's strength.

Defendin, units located on hilltop squaresretain their doubling against long-range anilkryfire if the unit is firing across a slope square. Thehilltop doubling. for all attackin, units is re­moved if the defending unit is under ground orarli1lery atlack from an open terrain square side.

Waterlooby Rk:hard D. Thurston

One of Napoleon's greate5! assets in his longstring of victories was his understanding of andskill in deployment of his artillery. Unfortunate­ly, this asset is denied to the would-be "Boney"by All's limitation on artillery range. At the sametime, the vcry real limitations of Napoleonic~ra

artillery are not well portrayed in the game ofWATERLOO. We are frequently trealed 10 thespectacle of the Imperial Guard Field Artillerylaunchilli an assault on a hilltop position alld.being successful, chal'/les onto the hilltop, pre­sumably dragging their cannon behind them! 8)'modifyinl rhe rules slightly. I believe that ameasure of realism can be returned withoutdestroying the play balance, (in fael the slia.hladvantage il gives 10 the French compensates forthe normal small PAA advantage).

Basically, this collmu of r«:ogniling the longerrange capability of anillery. My primary rule istmt an artillery can fire, at half iu normalCombat Factor, into squares located one squartrtmoved from its nonnal lone of control, effec­tively living artillery a 2-square range as opposedto its AH range of I square. This 2-square firingwill be termed "long-range" firing hertafler.Short ranee firing will be conducted in the samemanner as normal combat. Long range fire maybe conducted in one of two ways; fiT'$t as anadditional 50urce of firepower in regular combat,secondly as a totally separate action. Whenconducted as part of a ground attack, half thecombat factors of the long range artillery firing isadded to the attack strength. When long rangeartitlery is firing on its own, half the CF ismatched with the defensive strength of the unitunder attack.

The following limitations apply to long ranleartillery only:

1. Long range artillery firing without groundsupport may not be conducted at odds of lessthan 1-2.

2. Lonl range artillery may not be fired fromriver squares.

3. Long range artillery fire may be conductedover the heads of friendly forces unlC$S thesefliendly fOr<:e$ are on a sklpe square.

4. Lonl ranee firing may not be conducted bya unit in an enemy lOne of control.

5. Lonl rar\&C artillery units ne~r take casual­ties when attacking. If a unit firing at long range:rolls a "A Elim" oc "A Back 2", this counts as"no rtsult". An exchange result is converted to a"Y.t-D Elim". A roll of "0 back 2" al50 counts as"no result". When using a decimal system CRT.(see my "Combat Results - Equilibrated" in theMar-Apr 1970 General). the attacker casualtiesare ignored and no retreats required.

6. When long range firing is conducted alongwith ground atlack in the same battle, attallacker casualties are taken from the ground

Ala.an Elite1431 Oxford DriyeAr.cho...., AIa.a 99503Dennis Halt - Prel.

Strategic Games Sociely645 E. UniversilyTucson, Arizollil 85705Hans Hettey - Prel.

United World Army4777 Versailles Pk.Fremont, Cat. 94538Craig Mitts - Pres.

Clauswitz ClUb1001 HackberryVandenberg AF8, Cat. 93437Phillip Supasa - Pres.

2ndSS Panzer Diy., Das Reich3661 Haven CircleColo. Spriogs, Colo. 80917Mike McClellan - Pres.

Kampfgruppe Pieper219 Middaugh Rd.Clarendon Hilts, lIt. 60514Tom Sobottke - Pres.

ICD304 S. Fr.mklin St.Decatur, Ill. 625218i1l Owen - Pres.

The Nikedh Zumboorak Korps228 Collen Dr.Lombard. ttt. 60148Harry Geldon - Pres.

Juggernaut305 N. GoodwinUrballil, til. 61801Jeff Stein":' Pres.

The Western Front210 Duk.e of Kent LanlApt. 104Cockeysville, Md. 21030Mike Lincoln - Pres.

Newton Wargame Society83 Eldredge 51.NeWlon. Mass. 02158Steve Hawks - Pres.

The Tenlh legionRoom 225 - Abbot HaltM.S.U.E. Lansing, Mich. 48823Mic:hacl A. Cox - Pres.

Stonewall 8rigade101 N. KnisLu~, Minn. 56165David Hauge - Pres.

The Strategists191 MerrittBergenfield, N.J. 07621No Pres.

II Confederate States of America523 Margaret DriveStatesville, N. CarolinaNo Pres.

A.H.S.O.H.454 Karl DriyeZanll$Ville, Ohio 43701Jac Carney - Pres.

Les Guerries904 College 51.Norman, Okla. 73069Joseph Ryan - Pres.

The Dunedainclo Jo MacGregorApt. F, 424 Waup DriYIISatet Cottege. P,. 16801Paul J. Hom - Pres.

Zhukov's Staff1629 Canty LaneCharleston, S. Carolina 29407Stephen Paul Herchak - Pres.

742nd Tank 8attalion4545 SunriseEI Paso, TexIS 79904Robert Olinski - Pres.

The LaSI Alliance3219 N. AimEI Paso, TexIS 79925Paul 8rent - Pres.

21st PanzlII"6028 South CoryCudahy. Wise. 53110Mike Diehl - Pres.

71st Nehelwerfer Brigade5329 MorniogsideGreendale, Wise. 53129Mark Nies - Pres.

l

Please prinf or type your advertisemeof 00 me spaces provided below, maximum(including your name and address) 3S words per ad.

THE GENERAL

OPPONENTS WANTED ADVERTISEMENT

PAGE 13---------------,

Club Registration I

All Avalon Hill clubs ~ urged to !'e9isterollil;:i;tlly with The General. Those submitting thefollowing form will be listed in the nel<t issue.

Club Name _

Mailing Address _6

2

o

3

10

4

11

•12

6

13

7

14

City State Zip'6 17 18 10 20 21

Name of Newsletter of Magilzine (if any)

22 23 24 26 27 28

Total Membership _

President's SiptlJre _

IQleck One: I

_This is II first-time registration.

_This is an address change, only.

This 1$$08'$ E\ftt1?1

Don't forget to vote on what you consider arethe three best articles in this issue ... record yourtelectiol1$ where provided on the Contest Entry81ank below.

SubscriberDiscount

The coupon below is for the benefit of thefull-year subscribt!r. As soon as you have aocumu'lated 4 such coupons, you are entitled to II $1.00discount applied to the purchase of any AvalonHill merchandise: including gilmes, play-by-mailkits, parts, and copies of The General. Eac::hcoupon is worth 25 cen15. However, to be validyour orc;!« ITMJst be accomp;II1ied by II minimumof 4 coupons ($1.00·s worth) PflI' order. Ofcoune, you may serKI aloog .,y number ab<M:the 4 minimum. No photostats please ...

GOOD TOWARD THE PURCHASE OF ALLAVALON HILL PROOUCTS

2S, 2S,SAVE THIS COUPONGOOD TOWARD THE: PURCHASE:

OF ALL AVALON HILLPRODUCTS

July·Aul 1910

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All ads are inserted as a free service to full-yeu subscribers. Only one ad persubscriber per issue is allowed. Ads will nOf be repeated from issue to iuue,however, subscribers may re·submh fhe same ad, or new ads, for each succeedingissue. Ads received affer fhe 15th of fhe month preceding publication will appearin fhc following issue. No ads will be aecepfed unless printed on this form.

Contest No. 38The Mapsheet below shows a hYPQthetical situation in a Kriegspiel game. It is the start of Black's

move in this tactical problem, Avalon Hill has already taken Blacl<'s turn in what we consider the mostlogical move to make. Your job is to duplicate what you think we did. Here's all you have to do:simply move the Black units to wherevef you think we have moved them, doing $0 simply by writingthe following symbols in the propel" squares: JG·1 representing the JG·I unit; B-17 tor the Blakbutte _17 paratroop unit; E· 9 and E-10 for the two Elitegruppe Special Forces units. Rationalize your movein 25 words or leu. then return the entire Mapsheet postmarked no later than August 16, 1970. Tencontestanu coming closest to matching Avalon Hill's move will be declared gilt certificate winners. Tieswill be resolved according to best 25-word or less rationales. Make sure you al$lO list what you feel arethe three best articles in this Issue.

I~T~h~;'~;'~':"'~·~"";-;'~~~~~""'~;"~~~-====:::======================: Headlines of 3 Best Articles: i Name ~ _

: : Addre.6,,~ _

t !City, ,State _

THE GENERAL PAGE 14

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PAGE 15 THE GENERAL

."

TWO-Uf'SMANSHIP. S&T has done it 89i1in.Now they've given subscribers two free gamesinstead 01 the usual one with each issue. May·June features the tear·away-games tilled "Flightof the Goeben," and "Chicago, Chicago." Howdo they manage to do it aI!, you ask.. Easy, Justrun"'<lown their lineup of editorial credits andyou'll see that they've corralled just about all the

CONGRATS TO RICHARD SIDORSKY, whoreplaces Damian Housman as president of St.John's MSC - not because Hou$mlln's leam failedto pickup a victory at Wll$t Poinl, but because heis heading for Air Reserve duty. Sidorsky bf"ingsto the presidency a driving zeal for getting thingsdone. Presently ltlending Pace College as aMarketing Major, Sidorsky took time off to"work the booth" for Avalon Hill during thenational Stationel'"Y Trade Show held during Mayat the New York Coliseum, He is also a sevenyear ~eran of warvaming and Wils one of theoriginal lhree who formed the Military StrategyClub.

top wargaming talent around. The staff is headedby Art Director Red Simonsen, whose graphicconlributions .re nothing short of superb. Stelfeditors listed include Lou Zocchi, Dave Williams,and Lafry RuMicki - all venerable A.... lon Hiltdevotees. listed as the company "astrologer" isPhil Ortwles the man who brings order out ofadminstrative chaos. James Dunnigan fans whofear he is out of the picture because of theabsence of his name, take heart: near the bottomof lhe credit list we see, "Choreography - BusbyBerkeley," Ahah; that's him, "Berkeley" andDunnigan philosophies are symonyrnous.."Busby" comes from Buzz Busby, the staccalicVillage Rockabilly entertainer whose stock intrade is thai he never stands still. James F,Dunnigan is one who never stands still. It is hisindefatigable efforts that really makes S&T go.Write to Poultron Press, Box 396, New Vorl<;10009 and see for yourself, , ,

WARGAMER'S NEWSLETTER, that gran·daddy of all wargame publications, gave thepofeel answer to those who find ways to Chastiseus for supporting the hobby, "Terrible as warmay be," Quoting from Donald Featherstone'sbrilliant editorial, "it hilS the saving grace ofarousing such admirable QUalities in man asnobility, courage, self-sacrifice, fortitl.lde, humor,and devotion - all of which go a long waytowards wiping out the baser aspects of humanconflict." Featherstone, by this recital, does notdefend war per se. All he is saying is that war hasbeen "an inevitable reflection of the lailings ofhuman nature for as long as man has existed"and it is simply unrealistic, $Ometimes I'Iypocriti·cal, to essume Ihat if we Slop talking about warthat it might go away. More aboul this malureapproach to wargaming is available by wrilingdirect to Wargamer's Newsleuer, 69 Hill Lane,Southamption, Hampshire, England, SOl SAO. ayearly subscription costing only $5.00postpaid ...

LAST CHANCE to register for the majorSummer tournaments: the 3rd annual long Beach(California) convention is set for August 15·16,featuring naval miniatures, armor miniatures,Napoleonics, Diplomacy, and Btitz Module ses·sions before noon, followed by an afternoon of"free" gaming. The Saturday's events close withan informal lecture on the history of wargamingscheduled lar into the night. Sunday's activitieswill fealure much of the preYious day's activitiesplus "infantry street fighting" added to themorning session; play of A.... lon Hill's StockMarket \lilme to the afternoon _ion, An ex­planatory brochure may be obtained from Spar·un International (sponsor) through RussellPowell, 5820 John Avenue, long Beach, Cali­fornia , .. Ihe 3rd annual Lake Geneva conventionfollows one week later. The sening of the August22·23 meet is the Horticultural Hall located inIhis beautiful $l.Jmmer resort area. Beginning at7:30 A.M., Saturday, AugUSl 22, Ihe highlypublicized conwnlion kicks off wilh • DawnPatrol game of "Fight in the Skies," followed byan a{lOflda that will keep the tourists' pacequickening, Register with President len Lakofka,IFW, 1806 N. Richmond Street, Chicago, Illinois60647. There you have it. Two consecutiveweekendS of wargaming ecstacy ..

,.photo R. Sidorsky

"NOT BAD FOR A FIRST TURN MOVE,"echoes the cadets in one of their 12 victorioll5malches over 51, Johns. Unfortunately the cadelSal50 lost 12 matches as the two"'<lay rematchbetween West Point and St. Johns MilitaryStrategy Club (see May.Ju!'18 70 General) endedin a 12·12 draw, To the cadets' credit, however,was their fantastic comeback from a O~ deficit,(Translation: St. John's blew a 6-0 lead,l Al theclose of the first day. Ihe score stood at 7-7, Onthe following day, with the lead changing handsthree times, lime ran out al the 12-12 deadlock.Correspondent Richard Sidorsky, who will replaceDamian Housman as guiding light of the St.John's MSC, looks 10 bigger and bener college­sponsored wargame mlIlches. Those desiring totest the superiority of the men from St. John'sneed only drop Sidorsl<y • line to: St, John'sMSC, Dean of Students Office, Box 56, Grarn:lCentral and Utopia Parkways, Jamaica, N.Y.11432, ..

ALL SPORTS DIGEST is to sports fanaticswhat TM General is to the military buffs. ButASD is branching out and broadening theireditorial policy to include the military field.Their April iSSlle included a book review ofYoung and Lawford's "Charge, or How to PlayWar Games." Every isosue features a two-eolumnreport on A....1on Hill Games and wargaming inGeneral. Gary Gygax, lhe veritable editorial wont,house, has his $.02 worth in a COYer $lory fortheir June issue. II you're a sporn game nut, andreally dig the BLM sports games, you wouldknow all about this popular magazine, BUI wilhits broadening inlerests. ASD would appeal nowto all teenagers and adull table-lop strategists.Sample copies go for $.60 first copy, $.30 eachadditional copy; a~ailable from Editor Keith T,Henricksen, 4532 London Road, Duluth, Minn.55804 , .. (Sorry 'bout that, Gary, but $.60divided by 1/30 the space· $.02.)

FOR SALE AND TRADE Opponents Wanted8fe con$picuous by their absence in Ihis issue.The section grew too large. Thus _ had 10 cutout all wch material $0 that the column couldbetter be PUI to the use for which i, WISorigil'lilily intended. To the many hundreds of5Ub$cribers whose "For Sales" were deleted wecan only $ilY. "sorry 'bout that, fellow, "but wewarned you."

ANOTHER GREAT PATTON BOOK hits thebookstands; "When the Third Cracked Europe" isGeneral Paul D. Harkins' account of the infamousgeneral's part in the Battle of the Bulge. Incooperation with the Army Times PublishingCompany, this brand new book is another in thee~cellent series of military books put out by TheStackpole Company, Cameron & Kelker Streets,Harrisburg, Penna. 17105. Write them today forcomplete inlo on their entire series ...

LITERARY KUDOS to Dooald COQ$'WeIl, SanFrancisco, for .ward winning "11.1y ... 1, II;Other .uthors whose literary efforn merited gift

ce-nificates W8n!, in order: lILt H.rry Roach,USAF, for "For Want of a HOfSl!$hoe Nail;"Larry CUSlead 01 Calgary, Canada, for "InvadeBelgium or Switzerland?; "R.B. Springer ofIrvington, New York, for "On the Trail;" .ndTyrone 80mba of Bowmanstown, Penna., for"Plan of the Month."

CONTEST 37 WINNERS were led by John J.Van De Graaf, Jr. (what better name for IU-Boat commander] whose torpedoes blasted thedestroyer with four direct hits. The destroyer hadmoved into squares 04 and N4; other contestantswhose torpedoes made contact in those squareswere: Hank Helley, Tucson, Arizona; PaulHutchins, Needham, Mass.; Jay Leone, San Fran.ciSCXI; Baron August, Aliquippa, Pa.; lllWrl!flC8

Burman, Baltimore; Rick Talbot, Cedar Rapids,Iowa; Kazimien: Rybak, Waterbury, Conn.; BobPeterson, Homewood, llIillOis; and TyroneBomba, Bowmarntown, Pa.... 56.00 gift oenifi·cates to the skillful ten have been awarded.

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