the german speech area in europe
TRANSCRIPT
The German Speech Area in Europe
Language maintenance and language shift
Downes (1998: 62)
Alsace: key dates
� 1648: France acquires Alsace from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia.
� 1789 French Revolution: Alsace supportive.
� 1815 Restoration of monarchy: integration of bourgeoisie.
� 1871 The newly created German Empire annexes Alsace and part of Lorraine. German sole official language.
� 1911 Autonomy of Alsace-Lorraine as a state within the Empire.
� 1919 Alsace and Lorraine returned to France by the Treaty of Versailles and integrated into centralised state. French sole official language.
� 1940-1945 Alsace incorporated into Third Reich. Rigorous suppression of French language.
� 1945 Alsace restored to France. French sole official language; initially no German teaching permitted in schools.
South Tyrol: key dates
� 1919: Tyrol south of the Brenner ceded to Italy� 1922: Mussolini comes to power: German progressively banned, and Ettore Tolomei’s
ideologies implemented� 1923-39: significant inward migration of Italian speakers to industrial area� 1939: ‘Option’: South Tyroleans given choice of becoming Italian or relocating to
Germany� 1946: South Tyrol remains Italian, but Gruber-de Gasperi agreement provides for
autonomy� 1948: Statute of Autonomy; regarded as inadequate by German speakers� 1969: ‘Paket’ package deal agreed after years of negotiation between Austria and Italy
(and several terrorist attacks and some violence) , leading to:� 1972: revised Statute of Autonomy� 2001 Third Statute of Autonomy: additional autonomous powers and measures to
promote power-sharing
South Tyrol: Key provisions
� Power-sharing in provincial legislature
� ‘Sprachgruppenzugehörigkeitserklärung’
� posts in public administration shared in proportion
� equal status for all three languages
� separate schools for German and Italian speakers, with the other language taught compulsorily
� knowledge of both major languages required in public employment
� 1997 establishment of Free University in Bolzano/Bozen
Language shift and language maintenance
� bilingualism
� domain & domain allocation
� minority language restriction
� the linguistic market
� political and legal factors
� language legislation and language planning
� language dominance
� ethno-cultural factors
� attitudes to language & language loyalty
� social meaning
� ideologies of contact
Selected bibliography
� Gardner-Chloros, Penelope (1991), Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg. (Oxford Studies in Language Contact). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
� Gardner-Chloros, Penelope (1997), 'Code-switching. Language selection in three Strasbourg department stores'. In: Coupland, Nikolas and Jaworski, Adam (eds.), Sociolinguistics. A Reader and Coursebook. London: Macmillan, pp. 361-375.
� Hinderling, Robert, and Eichinger, Ludwig M. (eds.) (1996), Handbuch der mitteleuropäischen Sprachminderheiten. Tübingen: Narr.
� Hogan-Brun, Gabrielle (ed. (2000), National Varieties of German outside Germany. A European Perspective. Oxford, etc.: Peter Lang.
� Hogan-Brun, Gabrielle and Wolff, Stefan (eds.), Minority Languages in Europe. Frameworks, Status, Prospects. Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
� Judge, Anne (2000), 'France: “one state, one nation, one language”'. In: Barbour, Stephen and Carmichael, Cathie (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 44-82.
� Pooley, Tim (2000), 'Sociolinguistics, regional varieties of French and regional languages in France'. Journal of French Language Studies 10, 117-157.
� Vassberg, Liliane (1993), Alsatian Acts of Identity. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.� Wolff, Stefan (2003), Disputed Territories. The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict
Settlement. New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. � Wolff, Stefan (ed. (2000), German Minorities in Europe. Ethnic Identity and Cultural Belonging.
Oxford: Berghahn Books.