the global energy architecture performance index 2016...

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The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index 2016: Methodological AddendumTable of contents

1. Context ........................................................................................................................................... 22. Definition and framework ............................................................................................................... 23. Indicators: Selection criteria and profiles ....................................................................................... 44. Aggregation of individual indicators: Overview .............................................................................. 45. Indicators weight: Approach and rationale ..................................................................................... 66. Methodology reviews ..................................................................................................................... 67. Indicator Metadata ......................................................................................................................... 88. Raw data per country ................................................................................................................... 15

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1. Context Since 2011, the World Economic Forum has been working on the New Energy Architecture (NEA) initiative in collaboration with Accenture to better understand the changes underway in the global energy system, and how to enable the transition to a more affordable, sustainable and secure energy architecture. A core part of this work has been the development of the Energy Architecture Performance Index (EAPI). A core principle behind the EAPI is to provide open access to the methodology, metadata and sources used in a transparent manner (as far as this is possible from a data confidentiality perspective). The aim of this document is to provide further detail on the methodology behind the EAPI for all relevant stakeholders to access, to deepen their understanding of the index. 2. Definition and framework The Forum’s global indexes are tools that inform and support policy-making, decision-making and communication efforts on a wide range of issues. Like every global index produced by the Forum, the EAPI is a composite indicator, as defined by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in their Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators.1 A composite indicator, or index, is a compilation of individual indicators into a single indicator on the basis of an underlying framework. Composite indicators are used to measure and compare the performance of countries and other geographic entities (e.g. regions) on a specific concept. The EAPI measures and compares the energy system performance of different countries based on 18 indicators across three sub-indices (or “baskets”), corresponding to the three imperatives of the energy triangle (Figure 1): 1. Economic growth and development: this sub-index measures the extent to which a country’s

energy architecture adds or detracts from economic growth and development (six indicators). 2. Environmental sustainability: this sub-index measures the environmental impact of energy

supply and consumption within a country’s energy architecture (six indicators). 3. Energy access and security: this sub-index measures the extent to which a country’s energy

supply is secure, accessible and diversified (six indicators).

1 OECD (2008) Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators, Methodology and User Guide.

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Figure 1 – The Energy Architecture Performance Index

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3. Indicators: Selection criteria and profiles The EAPI tracks output-oriented indicators to measure the energy system performance of different countries. The distinction between “input” and “output” indicators is critical. Input indicators measure human or financial resources specifically deployed for a particular energy project or programme, whereas output indicators measure the quantity of energy-related goods or services produced and the efficiency of energy production. All 18 EAPI indicators were selected against the following key principles: • Use of only output data – measuring either output-oriented observational data (with a specific,

definable relationship to the sub-index in question) or a best available proxy, rather than estimates.

• Reliability – utilizing reliable source data from renowned institutions. • Reusability – sourcing data from the same providers on an annual basis, thus facilitating updates

of the data. • Quality – selecting data that represents the best measure available, given constraints. • Completeness – using data of adequate global and temporal coverage: data has been

consistently treated and checked for periodicity to ensure the EAPI’s future sustainability. Table 1 provides details for each of the selected indicators, including the energy system objective it contributes to (either positively or negatively), what it measures and the weight attributed to individual indicators within each basket (or sub-index). It should be noted that the current set of indicators the EAPI measures is by no means definitive, as the methodology could evolve to include and exclude certain components. 4. Aggregation of individual indicators: Overview The computation of a composite indicator like the EAPI involves multiple levels of aggregation. The overall EAPI score (i.e. the most aggregated level) for an individual country is the result of an aggregation of values from the three sub-indices, which themselves consist of an aggregation of underlying values from across each of their six indicators. A set of normalization methods are applied to individual indicators in order to aggregate them – these include min-max, standardization and percentile rankings. To ensure the index produces policy-relevant insights and rankings, any targets used are derived from accepted policy documentation or expert judgements. When an indicator is missing data for a particular year, the latest available data point is used to avoid extrapolation. A country is included in the final list of countries if it has no more than three missing data points in total, with no more than one missing data point across each of the three sides of the energy triangle. Of course, reality and the statistics that represent it cannot be assumed to converge in perfect harmony, and the statistical results of the analysis need to be set in context in order to generate a better understanding of real-world situations.

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Table 1 – Indicator profiles Energy system objective Measure (of) Indicator name Indicator weight

Econ

omic

gro

wth

an

d de

velo

pmen

t Intensity Energy intensity, GDP per unit of energy use (PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent) 0.25 Supports/detracts from growth

Cost of energy imports (% GDP) 0.125 Value of energy exports (% GDP) 0.125

Affordability Degree of artificial distortion to gasoline pricing (index) 0.125 Degree of artificial distortion to diesel pricing (index) 0.125 Electricity prices for industry (US$ per kWh) 0.25

Envi

ronm

enta

l su

stai

nabi

lity

Ratio of low-carbon fuel sources in the energy mix Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use, incl. biomass) 0.2

Emissions impact

CO2 emissions from electricity production, total gCO2/kWh 0.2 Methane emissions in energy sector (metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent)/total population 0.1 Nitrous oxide emissions in energy sector (metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent)/total population 0.1 PM2.5, country level (micrograms per cubic metre) 0.2 Average fuel economy for passenger cars (l/100 km) 0.2

Ener

gy a

cces

s an

d se

curit

y Level and quality of access Electrification rate (% of population) 0.2 Quality of electricity supply (1-7) 0.2 Percentage of population using solid fuels for cooking (%) 0.2

Diversity of supply Diversity of total primary energy supply (Herfindahl index) 0.1 / 0.2 2

Self-sufficiency Import dependence (energy imports, net % energy use) 0.2

Diversification of import counterparts (Herfindahl index) 0.1 / 0 3

2 For the indicator on diversity of total primary energy supply, net exporters are given a weight of 0.2 (since they are not scored for the indicator on diversification of import counterparts), whereas net importers are given a weight of 0.1 to form a mini-index for diversity of supply. 3 The indicator on diversification of import counterparts only applies to net importers: for these countries, a weight of 0.1 is used (for net exporters, a weight of 0 is used).

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5. Indicators weight: Approach and rationale Within the overall aggregated EAPI score, each of the scores across each of the three baskets receives equal priority and weighting. This reflects the fundamental principles that the imperatives of the energy triangle are of mutual importance and are interlinked. To bring greater balance to the energy triangle and enable an effective transition to a new energy architecture, it is important that policy-makers look to the long term, providing a more stable policy environment based on an in-depth understanding of the trade-offs they are making. Where possible, decision-makers should aim to take actions that result in positive net benefits for all three of the energy triangle’s imperatives. Within each sub-index, each indicator is allocated an equal weight (Table 1), with the exception of the following indicators: • Economic growth and development: the super gasoline and diesel indicators combine to form

a mini-index within the economic growth and development basket; this mini-index is allocated equal weighting with the other indicators. Within the same basket, the indicators for fuel imports and exports as a share of GDP are also combined to form a mini-index, which is also allocated equal weighting with the other indicators.

• Environmental sustainability: the nitrous oxide emissions and methane emissions indicators are combined to form a mini-index within the environmental sustainability basket; this mini-index is allocated equal weighting with the other indicators.

• Energy security and access: the score for the energy imports indicator (for countries that are net importers) is combined with the score for the diversification of import counterparts indicator to form a mini-index, which is allocated equal weighting with the other indicators.

Indicators that correlate closely, or do not apply to certain countries, or run orthogonally to each other, are diluted to prevent double-counting of scores.

6. Methodology reviews We aim to keep the methodology consistent with previous years' reports for year on year comparison. However, minor adjustments are made to reflect issues such as data discontinuation and improvements to the model. 2015/2016 Methodology review The key adjustments for this year's report are: • PM 10 replaced by PM 2.5: The model now includes PM 2.5 instead of PM 10 as a result of

methodology improvement since PM2.5 is a more serious health concern than PM10. Smaller particles can travel more deeply into our lungs and cause more harmful effects.

• Fuel prices distortion: The distortion formula is now based on a fixed range around the optimal price, thereby excluding outliers that were previously included in the data set. As a consequence, countries that offer highly subsidized fuels or highly taxed fuels are ‘penalized’ more. Fuel prices included in a range between optimum price and 10% above the optimum price are considered by the model as free from distortion.

• Change in data source for “Population using solid fuels”: Data is now sourced from the World Bank, the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) database from the World Health Organisation and the Global Household Energy database instead of the UN Statistics Division of The Millennium Development Goals Database. However the differences remain limited (±5%)

• Normalization: minor adjustments have been made in normalization scores.

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• Extreme values removed: Electricity price for Italy and N2O emissions for Finland have been removed following reviews of PX-Web databases of the Italian electricity company ENEL and of Statistics Finland's.

• Normalization: minor adjustments have been made in normalization scores. 2014/2015 Methodology review As part of the 2014/2015 updates to the EAPI, the model has been recalibrated, and the normalization approach for PM10 and weightings for some of the indicators have been revised. This recalibration represents an improvement to the EAPI model and does not affect the key messages from the previous year’s report. Due to this recalibration, comparisons with previous editions of the EAPI are not presented in the 2015 Global Energy Architecture Performance Report. 2013/2014 Methodology review Following the launch of the EAPI 2013, a review process was initiated in 2013/2014 to identify areas for improvement within the index methodology and identify new, pertinent data sets. Interviews with members of the Expert Panel and other relevant stakeholders highlighted the following areas:

• Adjustment to the indicator for monitoring CO2 emissions. In the first edition of the EAPI, the CO2 emissions indicator used total CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production to derive a per capita measure. Using a per capita denominator for emissions, however, could distort a country’s emissions data by basing it on population size. The new indicator for CO2 emissions calculates a score based on the total CO2 emissions from electricity generation per kWh produced. This alternative indicator reflects a country’s power-generating mix and contribution to GHG emissions, and supports the debate on the climate implications of a transition to cleaner and more efficient sources of power.

• Inclusion of a new indicator monitoring methane emissions. According to the IEA

analysis “Redrawing the Energy-Climate Map”, the energy sector was responsible for 3.1 Gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon dioxide-equivalent methane emissions, making it the second-largest contributing sector. Energy-sector methane emissions are primarily due to inefficiencies in the upstream practices of flaring and venting. Policies and industry regulation to lower methane emissions could significantly contribute to reaching the climate goal of limiting temperature increase to 2°C through 2020.

• Inclusion of a new indicator to monitor diversity in counterparts. A country’s energy

security can be defined by its supply of natural resources. However, some importing countries have been more or less able to establish themselves within the global or regional energy trade market, affecting the security of their energy supply. Their security may be comparatively at risk depending on the number of trade partners they rely on and how their energy demands are spread among the partners. Using the Herfidhal index methodology, the model assigns a score based on the number of trade partners of each importing country, and the spread of import quantities across these partners.

No changes were made to the overall aggregation methodology for the index.

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7. Indicator Metadata EAPI Indicator Rationale Latest

data Sources Time

series Full description URL

GDP per unit of energy use (PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent)

Provides an indication of the efficiency of energy use, and whether there is an opportunity to improve energy availability by reducing energy intensity.

2012 World Bank; World Development Indicators

2006 - 2012

Energy use per PPP GDP is the kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use per constant PPP GDP. • Energy use refers to use of primary energy before

transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

• PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2005 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a dollar has in the United States.

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.GDP.PUSE.KO.PP

Fuel imports (as % of GPD, adjusted for LCU, US$ at current prices)

Provides an indication of the extent to which the energy sector has a negative impact on growth. Import bill is calculated based on the import of fuels (mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials) as classified under the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3, Eurostat.

2014 World Trade Organization (WTO); Statistics Database

2000 - 2014

Fuel imports, US$ at current prices. • Fuel imports include mineral fuels, lubricants and

related materials as classified under the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3, Eurostat.

• GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports, calculated using today’s dollar value.

http://stat.wto.org/StatisticalProgram/WSDBStatProgramHome.aspx?Language=E

Fuel exports (as % GDP, US$ at current prices)

Provides an indication of the extent to which the energy sector has a positive impact on growth. Export bill is calculated based on the export of fuels (mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials) as classified under the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3, Eurostat.

2014 World Trade Organization (WTO); Statistics Database

2000 - 2014

Fuel exports, US$ at current prices. • Fuel exports include mineral fuels, lubricants and

related materials as classified under the Standard International Trade Classification, Revision 3, Eurostat.

• GDP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports, calculated using today’s dollar value.

http://stat.wto.org/StatisticalProgram/WSDBStatProgramHome.aspx?Language=E

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EAPI Indicator Rationale Latest data

Sources Time series

Full description URL

Gasoline - level of price distortion through subsidy or tax (Index 0 -1)

Fuel subsidies are a burden on country economies and encourage wasteful fuel use. Aligning fossil fuel pricing with world market price would clearly foster greater economic and energy efficiency, reducing the burden on country finances. Fossil fuel taxation is powerful a revenue tool for, most notably, the transport sector. But too high taxation burdens the consumer and drives inflation as costs rise for transporting goods around a country, and revenue generated from taxation may be elastic over the long-term as consumers adjust their consumption in light of higher prices. We therefore propose that a high tax rate (within the 4th quartile) is the optimal pricing mechanism for driving economic growth, on a global basis and excluding consideration of other externalities associated to fossil fuel consumption.

2014 Data published from World Bank, based on GIZ data. Deutschen Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ); International Fuel Price Series

2008-2014

Price per liter of gasoline-fuel in US cents. All prices relate to November 2014 data. All pricing data related to GIZ database. Score derived from level of a country's deviation from a threshold price, set as the median point in the Very High Taxation boundary per fossil fuel, per year. For Brent crude Price Trends and Exchange rate data, thresholds and median point calculations, see 'Subsidy Data' tab.

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EP.PMP.DESL.CD/countries http://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/Fachexpertise/giz2013-en-ifp2013.pdf

Diesel - level of price distortion through subsidy or tax (Index 0 -1)

2014 Data published from World Bank, based on GIZ data. Deutschen Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ); International Fuel Price Series

2006-2014

Price per liter of diesel-fuel in US cents. All prices relate to November 2014 data. All pricing data related to GIZ database. Score derived from level of a country's deviation from a threshold price, set as the median point in the Very High Taxation boundary per fossil fuel, per year. For Brent crude Price Trends and Exchange rate data, thresholds and median point calculations, see 'Subsidy Data' tab.

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EP.PMP.DESL.CD/countries http://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/Fachexpertise/giz2013-en-ifp2013.pdf

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Sources Time series


Electricity prices for industry (US$ per kWh)

Energy consumption is strongly correlated to GDP, and lower energy prices are key drivers of economic growth, with electrical generation and other energy efficiencies good proxies for the Solow residual, describing technological progress. We therefore utilize this data as an indicator of low energy prices having a positive impact on growth. Subsidy data is unavailable across this data point, meaning that electricity prices must be assumed to be the product of a liberal energy market pricing mechanism at an aggregate level though, in reality, a larger portion of some countries' bills may be determined by political or regulatory decisions warranting subsidy, and a smaller share depending on the actual supply and demand.

2014 Energy Information Agency (EIA)

2000 - 2014

Energy end-use prices including taxes, converted using exchange rates. Price includes state and local taxes, energy or demand charges, customer service charges, environmental surcharges, franchise fees, fuel adjustments, and other miscellaneous charges applied to end-use customers during normal billing operations. Prices do not include deferred charges, credits or other adjustments, such as fuel or revenue from purchased power, from previous reporting periods.

n/a – data provided by EIA

Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use, incl. biomass)

Alternative and nuclear energy production reduces reliance on fossil fuels, which produce greenhouse gases and pollute the atmosphere. Inclusion of this indicator supposes that nuclear energy is safer than fossil fuels, environmentally.


2013 Clean energy is noncarbohydrate energy that does not produce carbon dioxide when generated. It includes hydropower and nuclear, geothermal, biomass and solar power, among others.


CO2 emissions from electricity production (total gCO2/kWh)

Carbon dioxide emissions from electricity and energy production contribute to climate change and ensuing environmental degradation.


2013 CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the sum of three IEA categories of CO2 emissions: (1) Main Activity Producer Electricity and Heat which contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or


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Sources Time series


privately owned. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. For the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (summary) file, emissions from own on-site use of fuel in power plants (EPOWERPLT) are also included. (2) Unallocated Autoproducers which contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and "other" sectors. (3) Other Energy Industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the Industrial Processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category.

Nitrous-oxide emissions in energy sector (metric tons of CO2 equivalent /

Nitrous oxide is both an ozone-depleting compound and greenhouse gas, and is now the largest ozone-depleting substance emitted through human activities. It is one of a group of highly reactive nitrogen oxides (NOx).

2010 World Bank, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency

2010 Energy processes produce nitrous-oxide emissions through the combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels.

http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

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Sources Time series


total population) NO2 forms quickly from emissions from cars, trucks and buses, power plants, and off-road equipment. In addition to contributing to the formation of ground-level ozone, and fine particle pollution, NO2 is linked with a number of adverse effects on the respiratory system.

(PBL). Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)

Methane emissions from energy sector (metric tons of CO2 equivalent / total population)

Methane emissions act as greenhouse gases, with adverse results on climate.

2010 World Bank, European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL). Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)

2010 Methane emissions from energy processes are emissions from the production, handling, transmission, and combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels.

http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

PM2.5, country level (micrograms per cubic meter)

Suspended particulates contribute to acute lower respiratory infections and other diseases such as cancer. Finer particulates lodge deep in lung tissue, causing greater damage than coarser particulates.


2013 Population-weighted exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution is defined as the average level of exposure of a nation's population to concentrations of suspended particles measuring less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter, which are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing severe health damage. Exposure is calculated by weighting mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 by population in both urban and rural areas.

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3

Average fuel economy for passenger cars (l/100km)

The transport sector is one of the most important areas requiring attention in improving environmental sustainability. Over 50% of oil use around the world is for transport, and nearly all the recent and future expected growth in that use comes from increased transport activity (IEA). Fuel efficiency directly affects emissions causing


2011-2012

Measure of the average litres of gasoline equivalent used per hundred kilometres driven, indicating the efficiency of a country's transport system. Passenger cars in this instance need to stand as proxy for the entire transport sector, given the paucity of global data across this indicator for both light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle fleets.


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Sources Time series


pollution by affecting the amount of fuel used, Measuring the average litres of gasoline equivalent used per hundred km driven indicates the efficiency of a country's transport system. Passenger cars in this instance stand as proxy for the transport sector.

Electrification rate (%)

Over the last few years, there has been international focus on the issue of access to energy. High global energy and food prices have shown the impact on both the global economy and the world’s poor. In addition to the UN General Assembly adopting ‘Sustainable Energy for All’ as an annual theme, the UN Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change has called for the adoption of a goal of universal access to modern energy services by 2030.

2012 World Bank; Sustainable Energy for All

2012 Access to energy, together with energy security is one of the key themes of EAPI 2016

http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=sustainable-energy-for-all

Quality of electricity supply (1-7)

2014 World Economic Forum; Executive Opinion Survey

2012-2014

Survey response to: "How would you assess the quality of the electricity supply in your country (lack of interruptions and lack of voltage fluctuations)?" [1 = insufficient and suffers frequent interruptions; 7 = sufficient and reliable]

www.weforum.org/gcr

Percentage of population using solid fuels for cooking (%)

The number of people who use traditional biomass, such as wood and manure, is projected to rise from 2.7 billion today, to 2.8 billion in 2030. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) and IEA it is estimated that household air pollution from the use of these traditional sources of biomass in stoves with inadequate ventilation would lead to over 1.5 million premature deaths per year in 2030. Combatting this problem will mean universal access to clean cooking facilities for 2.8 billion people with

2012 United Nations Statistics Division; Millennium Development Goals Database

2012 Access to energy, together with energy security is one of the key themes of EAPI 2016

http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/

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Sources Time series


additional cumulative investment of some US$ 56 billion required in the next 20 years, or US$ 2.6 billion every year (IEA).

Energy imports, net (% of energy use)

The security of a country’s primary energy supplies may be threatened if it is reliant on a high proportion of imports (especially if these are concentrated among relatively few trade partners). A high import ratio within a country’s total percentage of energy used indicates an exposure to supply shocks and price spikes in commodities, and risks stemming from political decisions that might restrict trade with energy suppliers.


2012-2013

Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.IMP.CONS.ZS

Diversity of TPES (Herfindahl index)

Energy resilience rather than independence is more aligned with energy security.


2013 The Herfindahl index is used here as a measure of the size of fuel-type consumption in relation to a country’s total energy industry. The score represents the sum of the squares of the total primary energy supply types of the different country’s being analysed within the energy industry, where the energy shares are expressed as fractions. The result can range from 0 to 1.0, moving from a large number of individual energy sources to a single-source supply. In this case, increases in the score indicate a decrease in diversity and vice versa. The formula is as follows: H = N ∑ si 2 where si is the fuel mix share of the fuel i in the overall mix and N is the number of fuels. Then, to normalize: H = (H-1/N)/(1-1/N) The normalized result can range from 0 to 1.0


Diversity of TPES (Herfindahl index)

Having a variety of import counterparts means market risk diversification including exposure to supply shocks,

2014 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

2014 Data presents merchandise trade by trading partner and product based on SITC, Rev.3 commodity classification (the most detailed level is two digit),

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/

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Sources Time series


tariffs and price spikes in commodities, and risk stemming from political decisions that might restrict trade with energy suppliers. A diverse import portfolio can mitigate these potential risks.

(UNCTAD); UNCTAD Statistics - International Trade in Goods and Services

expressed in thousands of dollars. Herfindahl Indexation scores countries based on number of trade partners and distribution of trade (US$ value) across trade partners. Herfindahl Index methodology: as above.

8. Raw data per country * C designates confidential information sourced from the International Energy Agency (IEA) that cannot be distributed publicly

Country / Economy

GD

P per unit of energy use (P

PP

US

$ per kg of oil equivalent)

Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G

asoline - Level of Price

Distortion through subsidy or tax

(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion

through subsidy or tax (Index 0 -1)

Electricity P

rices for Industry (U

S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket

Alternative and nuclear energy (%

of total energy use, incl. B

iomass)

Nitrous oxide em

issions in energy sector (m

etric tons of CO

2 equivalent per capita)

CO

2 emissions from

electricity production, gC

O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy

sector (metric tons of C

O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM

25, country level (microgram

s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E

conomy for passenger

cars (l/100km)

Environmental Sustainability

Basket

Electrification rate (%

)

Quality of E

lectricity Supply (1-7)

Percentage of population using solid

fuels for cooking

Energy im

ports, net (% of energy use)

Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)

Diversification of Im

port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)

Energy Access and Security B

asket

Energy Architecture Perform

ance Index

Best scores by indicator in 2016 19.75 0,12% 61% 1.00 1.00 0.22 0.76 94% 0.003 0 0.001 6 c 0.90 100% 6.8 0% -

818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

Albania 13.52 6% 5% 0.84 0.87 n/a 0.65 38.3% 0.02 0 0.27 16 c 0.80 100% 4.7 38% 20% 0.34 0.36 0.69 0.71

Algeria 10.81 1% 29% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.43 0% 0.01 517 1.01 19 c 0.56 100% 4.0 0% -210% 0.45 0.12 0.76 0.58

Argentina 8.98 2% 1% 1.00 0.95 0.05 0.69 10% 0.04 371 0.39 9 c 0.59 100% 2.6 1% 6% 0.33 0.14 0.72 0.67 Armenia 7.42 7% 1% 0.91 0.80 n/a 0.47 27% 0.01 171 0.67 18 c 0.71 100% 4.8 7% 73% 0.36 0.42 0.71 0.63

Australia 7.73 2% 4% 0.85 0.91 0.06 0.64 6% 0.17 798 2.00 6 c 0.40 100% 6.3 0% -167% 0.21 0.10 0.88 0.64

Austria 11.48 4% 1% 0.96 0.98 0.14 0.64 33% 0.09 164 0.26 15 c 0.74 100% 6.6 0% 63% 0.13 0.12 0.88 0.75

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Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

Azerbaijan 10.98 0% 35% 0.83 0.44 n/a 0.68 2% 0.01 469 1.21 21 c 0.57 100% 4.9 7% -329% 0.46 0.16 0.79 0.68

Bahrain 4.34 16% 34% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.16 0% 0.03 760 2.43 44 c 0.24 98% 6.2 0% -57% 0.70 0.81 0.73 0.38 Bangladesh 12.93 2% 0% 0.91 0.56 n/a 0.63 27% 0.01 581 0.08 48 c 0.43 60% 2.7 89% 18% 0.32 0.17 0.45 0.50 Belarus 5.34 16% 16% 0.70 0.71 n/a 0.36 6% 0.08 279 0.11 14 c 0.62 100% n/a 0% 87% 0.41 0.95 0.66 0.54 Belgium 8.28 14% 10% 0.74 0.88 0.13 0.49 28% 0.06 197 0.14 19 c 0.72 100% 6.2 0% 71% 0.18 0.33 0.83 0.68 Benin 4.40 4% 1% 0.67 0.74 n/a 0.40 56% 0.01 723 0.11 27 c 0.61 38% 1.7 94% 45% 0.44 0.12 0.32 0.44

Bolivia 7.09 4% 19% 0.38 0.24 n/a 0.39 15% 0.02 394 1.01 11 c 0.59 91% 4.4 24% -136% 0.29 0.16 0.72 0.57

Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.38 10% 3% 1.00 0.99 n/a 0.45 12% 0.03 764 0.38 14 c 0.52 100% 4.3 58% 32% 0.40 0.32 0.62 0.53

Botswana 14.05 8% 0% 0.70 0.72 n/a 0.57 23% 0.03 1456 0.25 10 c 0.56 53% 2.7 38% 39% 0.28 0.98 0.45 0.53 Brazil 10.93 2% 1% 0.88 0.67 0.16 0.59 41% 0.04 134 0.22 16 c 0.70 100% 3.8 6% 11% 0.18 0.10 0.79 0.69

Brunei Darussalam 7.79 2% 56% 0.12 0.00 n/a 0.45 0% 0.04 620 10.81 9 c 0.43 76% 5.2 0% -379% 0.64 0.53 0.73 0.54

Bulgaria 6.24 12% 7% 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.54 32% 0.04 452 0.21 16 c 0.66 100% 4.3 11% 36% 0.12 0.47 0.76 0.65 Cambodia 7.70 6% 0% 0.95 0.87 n/a 0.51 70% 0.02 379 0.10 20 c 0.69 31% 3.1 89% 28% 0.50 0.30 0.33 0.51 Cameroon 8.42 7% 8% 0.86 0.78 n/a 0.52 71% 0.01 214 0.13 21 c 0.78 54% 2.4 78% -12% 0.41 0.57 0.40 0.57 Canada 6.02 3% 7% 0.79 0.80 0.10 0.57 29% 0.20 159 1.27 12 c 0.61 100% 6.5 0% -73% 0.13 0.46 0.88 0.69 Chile 10.08 6% 0% 1.00 0.73 0.10 0.60 31% 0.03 480 0.25 18 c 0.60 100% 5.5 7% 64% 0.18 0.22 0.81 0.67

17

Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

China 5.23 3% 0% 0.79 0.73 n/a 0.45 12% 0.04 665 0.61 54 c 0.42 100% 5.3 45% 13% 0.42 0.05 0.71 0.53

Colombia 17.89 2% 10% 0.71 0.69 0.10 0.74 24% 0.01 182 0.29 13 c 0.67 97% 5.0 14% -294% 0.15 0.63 0.84 0.75

Congo. Rep. 14.51 2% 39% 0.76 0.56 n/a 0.76 63% 0.02 251 0.95 14 c 0.76 42% n/a 75% -818% 0.37 0.12 0.55 0.69

Costa Rica 13.62 4% 0% 1.00 0.84 0.11 0.68 51% 0.02 81 0.06 9 c 0.76 100% 5.6 6% 48% 0.22 0.76 0.75 0.73 Cote d'Ivoire 4.69 8% 8% 1.00 0.81 n/a 0.44 74% 0.01 511 0.19 20 c 0.72 56% 3.9 81% 1% 0.51 0.80 0.39 0.52 Croatia 11.38 7% 3% 0.91 0.95 0.10 0.63 17% 0.04 231 0.54 14 c 0.67 100% 5.6 8% 56% 0.20 0.14 0.82 0.71 Cuba 19.75 5% 0% 1.00 0.83 n/a 0.74 13% 0.02 900 0.07 11 c 0.49 100% n/a 7% 52% 0.61 0.82 0.62 0.62 Cyprus 12.63 7% 1% 0.95 0.91 0.19 0.58 7% 0.03 644 0.01 16 c 0.57 100% 5.4 0% 95% 0.85 0.23 0.65 0.60 Czech Republic 7.38 6% 2% 0.91 0.94 0.12 0.55 27% 0.14 468 0.50 17 c 0.62 100% 6.4 0% 28% 0.14 0.23 0.88 0.68 Denmark 14.02 2% 2% 0.66 0.80 0.10 0.67 28% 0.10 233 0.22 11 c 0.70 100% 6.7 0% 4% 0.14 0.16 0.91 0.76 Dominican Republic 15.78 6% 1% 1.00 0.84 0.21 0.62 14% 0.02 583 0.08 12 c 0.56 98% 2.6 9% 89% 0.37 0.26 0.64 0.61

Ecuador 11.19 7% 13% 0.29 0.01 0.06 0.49 10% 0.01 349 0.23 14 c 0.60 97% 4.6 4% -99% 0.72 0.42 0.68 0.59 Egypt. Arab Rep. 11.22 3% 2% 0.54 0.00 n/a 0.42 4% 0.02 441 0.38 36 c 0.52 100% 3.5 0% -5% 0.39 0.14 0.71 0.55 El Salvador 10.91 7% 1% 0.75 0.67 0.16 0.51 54% 0.02 238 0.06 13 c 0.72 94% 4.9 21% 47% 0.26 0.44 0.71 0.65 Eritrea 9.24 0% 0% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.32 78% 0.01 857 0.10 25 c 0.63 36% n/a 64% 22% 0.61 0.33 0.38 0.44 Estonia 5.77 9% 7% 1.00 1.00 0.12 0.54 15% 0.10 749 0.75 9 c 0.57 100% 5.6 12% 8% 0.44 0.33 0.76 0.62 Ethiopia 2.55 7% 1% 0.63 0.55 n/a 0.29 94% 0.02 1 0.12 18 c 0.88 27% 3.1 98% 5% 0.84 0.75 0.19 0.45

18

Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

Finland 6.72 6% 3% 0.75 0.81 0.10 0.53 52% n/a 181 0.17 7 c 0.78 100% 6.7 0% 46% 0.09 0.37 0.87 0.73 France 9.82 3% 1% 0.82 0.92 0.13 0.60 52% 0.05 71 0.56 14 c 0.80 100% 6.5 0% 46% 0.19 0.07 0.88 0.76 Georgia 8.27 9% 0% 0.86 0.87 n/a 0.48 31% 0.02 85 0.45 16 c 0.75 100% 4.9 46% 70% 0.14 0.21 0.71 0.65 Germany 11.33 4% 1% 0.81 0.96 0.18 0.58 20% 0.07 449 0.18 15 c 0.63 100% 6.4 0% 62% 0.12 0.13 0.87 0.70 Ghana 9.39 0% 12% 0.70 0.68 n/a 0.59 47% 0.02 273 0.13 27 c 0.69 64% 2.2 83% 2% 0.33 0.40 0.43 0.57 Greece 11.83 9% 6% 0.69 0.92 0.14 0.56 11% 0.06 647 0.15 15 c 0.60 100% 5.2 0% 60% 0.22 0.17 0.81 0.66 Guatemala 9.69 6% 1% 0.65 0.56 n/a 0.46 67% 0.03 290 0.12 12 c 0.73 79% 5.4 63% 26% 0.41 0.59 0.56 0.58 Haiti 4.08 10% n/a 0.79 0.60 0.17 0.41 81% 0.01 601 0.09 13 c 0.69 38% 1.6 92% 18% 0.65 0.63 0.23 0.44 Honduras 6.57 10% 0% 0.82 0.68 n/a 0.39 49% 0.02 271 0.06 9 c 0.71 82% 4.0 51% 52% 0.34 0.74 0.54 0.54 Hungary 10.09 9% 3% 0.97 0.91 0.12 0.58 28% 0.03 276 0.22 16 c 0.73 100% 5.7 11% 55% 0.14 0.31 0.81 0.70 Iceland 2.52 5% 1% 0.78 0.76 n/a 0.36 90% 0.04 0 0.01 7 c 0.90 100% 6.7 0% 11% 0.48 0.27 0.81 0.69 India 7.93 9% 3% 0.73 0.57 0.08 0.51 28% 0.02 791 0.10 47 c 0.49 79% 3.7 64% 31% 0.21 0.07 0.61 0.53

Indonesia 10.97 5% 6% 0.58 0.31 0.06 0.56 34% 0.02 761 0.28 15 c 0.64 96% 4.1 41% -106% 0.14 0.13 0.71 0.64

Iran. Islamic Rep. 5.69 0% 13% 0.08 0.00 n/a 0.30 1% 0.03 559 1.07 32 c 0.36 100% 5.0 0% -38% 0.42 0.08 0.76 0.47

Iraq 10.71 1% 38% 0.13 0.23 n/a 0.53 1% 0.02 1034 0.54 33 c 0.29 100% n/a 1% -244% 0.73 0.39 0.75 0.52

Ireland 15.68 4% 1% 0.73 0.77 0.17 0.64 7% 0.06 435 0.45 8 c 0.65 100% 6.4 0% 81% 0.25 0.44 0.80 0.70 Israel 10.55 4% 0% 0.76 0.60 0.12 0.56 5% 0.04 694 0.14 26 c 0.50 100% 6.1 0% 74% 0.23 0.34 0.81 0.63 Italy 13.69 4% 1% 0.57 0.65 n/a 0.58 18% 0.05 319 0.12 18 c 0.67 100% 5.9 0% 77% 0.18 0.08 0.84 0.70

19

Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

Jamaica 8.37 16% 2% 0.77 0.71 n/a 0.39 17% 0.03 637 0.05 11 c 0.56 93% 4.5 12% 82% 0.63 0.30 0.62 0.52 Japan 10.18 6% 0% 0.98 0.74 0.19 0.53 5% 0.06 569 0.03 16 c 0.56 100% 6.4 0% 94% 0.23 0.10 0.84 0.64 Jordan 9.57 17% 0% 0.88 0.49 n/a 0.40 2% 0.01 639 0.13 26 c 0.39 100% 5.3 0% 96% 0.67 0.28 0.68 0.49

Kazakhstan 4.91 1% 29% 0.47 0.33 0.04 0.57 1% 0.08 432 2.80 14 c 0.54 100% 4.6 10% -120% 0.26 0.54 0.78 0.63

Kenya 5.63 7% 1% 0.83 0.72 n/a 0.42 82% 0.02 279 0.20 11 c 0.82 23% 3.7 84% 18% 0.50 0.30 0.35 0.53 Korea. Rep. 6.34 12% 4% 0.99 0.99 0.06 0.55 16% 0.08 513 0.15 29 c 0.52 100% 5.7 0% 83% 0.17 0.09 0.84 0.63

Kuwait 7.75 0% 61% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.46 0% 0.07 727 3.81 49 c 0.18 98% 5.3 0% -401% 0.44 0.12 0.83 0.49

Kyrgyz Republic 3.96 17% 2% 0.59 0.44 n/a 0.22 28% 0.00 95 0.05 18 c 0.74 100% 2.9 27% 58% 0.21 0.76 0.61 0.53 Latvia 9.76 7% 3% 1.00 1.00 0.12 0.61 39% 0.08 154 0.88 12 c 0.72 100% 5.6 6% 47% 0.19 0.25 0.81 0.71 Lebanon 10.44 10% 1% 0.61 0.41 n/a 0.38 4% 0.02 713 0.03 24 c 0.39 100% 1.6 0% 97% 0.88 0.10 0.53 0.43

Libya 8.42 0% 49% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.46 1% 0.03 573 2.66 28 c 0.48 100% 2.8 0% -406% 0.58 0.46 0.73 0.55

Lithuania 9.76 18% 12% 0.98 1.00 0.12 0.57 20% 0.04 145 0.57 14 c 0.71 100% 5.6 0% 79% 0.23 0.63 0.76 0.68 Luxembourg 12.43 6% 0% 1.00 1.00 0.10 0.68 5% 0.16 275 0.28 15 c 0.62 100% 6.6 0% 97% 0.46 0.47 0.75 0.68 Malaysia 8.03 11% 16% 0.36 0.34 n/a 0.32 5% 0.03 693 0.77 14 c 0.49 100% 5.8 0% -9% 0.24 0.14 0.82 0.54 Malta 17.68 17% 7% 0.81 0.87 n/a 0.64 2% 0.01 729 0.00 14 c 0.56 100% 4.5 0% 99% 0.96 0.10 0.61 0.60 Mexico 10.98 3% 3% 0.67 0.67 0.12 0.59 10% 0.03 506 0.34 12 c 0.60 99% 4.7 15% -19% 0.29 0.65 0.74 0.64 Mongolia 7.11 11% 12% 0.65 0.62 n/a 0.38 3% 0.04 692 0.37 8 c 0.49 90% 3.7 63% - 0.54 0.66 0.60 0.49

20

Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

365% Morocco 12.14 10% 1% 0.98 0.75 n/a 0.54 10% 0.02 642 0.05 17 c 0.57 100% 5.4 3% 91% 0.43 0.10 0.75 0.62 Mozambique 2.50 10% 9% 0.99 0.83 n/a 0.37 91% 0.01 12 0.21 7 c 0.90 20% 2.9 96% -51% 0.60 0.24 0.27 0.51 Namibia 12.79 6% 1% 0.71 0.76 n/a 0.57 23% 0.06 57 0.06 8 c 0.74 47% 5.4 55% 79% 0.56 0.44 0.46 0.59 Nepal 5.87 7% 0% 0.92 0.69 n/a 0.42 84% 0.02 2 0.06 46 c 0.67 76% 1.9 80% 16% 0.63 0.94 0.33 0.48 Netherlands 10.05 15% 13% 0.56 0.80 0.12 0.51 6% 0.05 395 0.34 17 c 0.64 100% 6.6 0% 10% 0.27 0.10 0.88 0.68 New Zealand 8.41 4% 1% 0.88 0.75 0.09 0.59 39% 0.07 155 0.34 9 c 0.75 100% 6.1 0% 16% 0.10 0.10 0.90 0.75 Nicaragua 7.93 9% 0% 0.80 0.69 0.19 0.44 60% 0.02 344 0.07 7 c 0.72 78% 4.0 54% 44% 0.26 0.35 0.58 0.58

Nigeria 6.80 2% 14% 0.25 0.51 n/a 0.42 82% 0.01 412 0.23 30 c 0.72 56% 1.4 75% -103% 0.63 0.12 0.35 0.49

Norway 10.12 1% 18% 0.48 0.58 0.05 0.65 39% 0.07 14 2.68 6 c 0.74 100% 6.7 0% -472% 0.22 0.11 0.95 0.78

Oman 5.65 2% 52% 0.03 0.09 n/a 0.40 0% 0.04 570 5.48 30 c 0.27 98% 6.1 0% -188% 0.66 0.14 0.77 0.48

Pakistan 9.22 6% 0% 0.59 0.66 n/a 0.45 40% 0.02 416 0.23 46 c 0.49 94% 2.1 59% 23% 0.18 0.26 0.59 0.51 Panama 16.43 1% 0% 0.61 0.52 0.14 0.65 25% 0.02 252 0.03 7 c 0.66 91% 4.8 15% 78% 0.42 0.44 0.66 0.66 Paraguay 9.50 6% 7% 0.96 0.80 0.05 0.66 82% 0.03 0 0.21 14 c 0.81 98% 3.3 42% -51% 0.34 0.25 0.63 0.70 Peru 15.35 3% 2% 1.00 0.81 0.08 0.75 23% 0.01 253 0.13 13 c 0.65 91% 4.7 35% -8% 0.21 0.28 0.70 0.70 Philippines 13.89 5% 1% 0.69 0.49 n/a 0.56 39% 0.01 577 0.07 9 c 0.63 88% 4.0 54% 43% 0.11 0.12 0.67 0.62 Poland 9.40 4% 2% 1.00 1.00 0.10 0.64 9% 0.11 635 1.10 17 c 0.55 100% 5.5 0% 28% 0.28 0.55 0.78 0.66

21

Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

Portugal 13.03 6% 2% 0.75 0.92 0.16 0.60 25% 0.05 274 0.14 10 c 0.74 100% 6.1 0% 75% 0.17 0.09 0.85 0.73

Qatar 7.21 0% 54% 0.00 0.12 n/a 0.47 0% 0.05 497 22.63 38 c 0.25 98% 6.4 0% -481% 0.95 0.10 0.78 0.50

Republic of Moldova 4.59 9% 0% 0.83 0.80 n/a 0.38 10% 0.02 375 0.52 17 c 0.61 100% 4.4 9% 96% 0.34 0.30 0.70 0.57

Romania 10.42 4% 2% 0.96 0.87 0.12 0.63 27% 0.03 341 0.61 17 c 0.67 100% 4.5 21% 22% 0.10 0.31 0.77 0.69 Russian Federation 4.55 0% 17% 0.47 0.43 0.05 0.55 9% 0.05 368 2.98 14 c 0.58 100% 4.8 1% -76% 0.27 0.11 0.79 0.64

Saudi Arabia 7.32 0% 38% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.40 0% 0.04 727 1.90 54 c 0.21 98% 6.2 0% -212% 0.48 0.17 0.82 0.48

Senegal 7.36 12% 3% 0.89 1.00 n/a 0.44 48% 0.01 561 0.14 41 c 0.57 57% 3.1 61% 44% 0.35 0.16 0.49 0.50 Serbia 6.37 7% 1% 0.99 0.90 n/a 0.49 13% 0.04 660 0.43 16 c 0.53 100% 4.6 31% 25% 0.26 0.40 0.71 0.58 Singapore 16.32 37% 22% 0.97 0.80 0.12 0.68 3% 0.02 456 0.26 17 c 0.55 100% 6.7 0% 98% 0.44 0.06 0.81 0.68 Slovak Republic 8.48 8% 4% 0.84 0.94 0.16 0.52 33% 0.08 190 0.18 16 c 0.73 100% 6.2 0% 61% 0.10 0.56 0.82 0.69 Slovenia 9.06 8% 4% 0.83 0.89 0.12 0.56 37% 0.07 315 0.60 14 c 0.72 100% 6.1 4% 47% 0.10 0.14 0.87 0.71 South Africa 4.71 7% 3% 0.81 0.81 0.02 0.56 14% 0.04 926 0.59 14 c 0.53 85% 2.9 13% -19% 0.42 0.15 0.62 0.57 Spain 13.24 5% 2% 0.94 0.98 0.15 0.65 28% 0.05 247 0.07 12 c 0.74 100% 6.2 0% 71% 0.14 0.07 0.87 0.75 Sri Lanka 16.26 6% 0% 0.88 0.56 n/a 0.64 54% 0.01 336 0.03 17 c 0.66 89% 4.9 74% 47% 0.32 0.20 0.60 0.64 Sudan 8.76 1% 2% 0.48 0.25 n/a 0.43 68% 0.02 190 0.20 27 c 0.77 33% n/a 72% -3% 0.43 0.13 0.39 0.53 Sweden 8.93 4% 3% 0.80 0.79 0.08 0.61 70% 0.13 35 0.14 7 c 0.80 100% 6.5 0% 29% 0.13 0.15 0.89 0.76 Switzerland 17.24 2% 1% 0.86 0.81 0.13 0.72 48% 0.05 37 0.15 18 c 0.76 100% 6.8 0% 52% 0.15 0.16 0.88 0.79

22

Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

Tajikistan 8.35 28% 11% 0.93 0.81 n/a 0.46 58% 0.00 2 0.07 20 c 0.82 100% 3.2 31% 26% 0.32 0.21 0.67 0.65 Tanzania 4.88 9% 0% 0.90 0.83 n/a 0.39 86% 0.02 502 0.16 9 c 0.78 15% 2.6 96% 10% 0.70 0.35 0.23 0.47 Thailand 7.30 13% 3% 0.90 0.56 0.08 0.48 19% 0.05 510 0.35 22 c 0.53 100% 5.2 24% 40% 0.19 0.11 0.78 0.60 Togo 2.85 11% 1% 0.87 0.91 n/a 0.34 82% 0.02 173 0.27 25 c 0.78 31% n/a 95% 20% 0.66 0.11 0.30 0.47 Trinidad and Tobago 2.06 12% 35% 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.35 0% 0.03 652 9.46 9 c 0.42 100% 5.4 0% -

107% 0.82 0.14 0.70 0.49

Tunisia 11.76 9% 6% 0.56 0.36 n/a 0.43 11% 0.02 443 0.43 16 c 0.62 100% 4.8 0% 27% 0.33 0.14 0.79 0.61 Turkey 12.15 5% 1% 0.63 0.73 0.13 0.57 12% 0.04 429 0.21 17 c 0.63 100% 4.5 4% 74% 0.16 0.12 0.79 0.66

Turkmenistan 2.57 1% 38% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.29 0% 0.02 851 3.86 42 c 0.35 100% n/a 0% -166% 0.59 0.12 0.77 0.47

Ukraine 3.15 11% 2% 0.79 0.80 n/a 0.31 22% 0.03 364 1.05 15 c 0.64 100% 4.6 4% 30% 0.19 0.25 0.79 0.58 United Arab Emirates 7.92 1% 27% 0.17 0.33 n/a 0.45 0% 0.02 600 2.81 41 c 0.28 98% 6.6 0% -

188% 0.61 0.18 0.80 0.51

United Kingdom 12.89 3% 2% 0.73 0.66 0.16 0.60 15% 0.04 455 0.21 11 c 0.66 100% 6.6 0% 43% 0.16 0.10 0.89 0.71 United States 7.67 2% 1% 0.43 0.63 0.07 0.54 17% 0.20 482 0.68 11 c 0.50 100% 6.4 0% 15% 0.15 0.15 0.89 0.64 Uruguay 13.78 3% 0% 0.81 0.86 0.10 0.69 47% 0.04 124 0.20 7 c 0.73 100% 5.8 1% 60% 0.30 0.14 0.81 0.74 Uzbekistan 2.95 2% 8% 0.66 0.71 n/a 0.42 2% 0.01 465 0.90 26 c 0.56 100% n/a 12% -18% 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.55

Venezuela 7.04 0% 15% 0.00 0.00 n/a 0.32 12% 0.03 248 0.82 13 c 0.61 100% 1.9 6% -161% 0.35 0.35 0.68 0.54

Vietnam 6.84 6% 6% 0.68 0.57 n/a 0.42 34% 0.02 353 0.47 25 c 0.59 99% 4.1 49% -7% 0.12 0.21 0.69 0.57

23

Country / Economy

GD


PP

US


Fuel Imports (%

GD

P)

Fuel Exports (%

GD

P)

Super G



(Index 0 -1)

Diesel - Level of P

rice Distortion


Electricity P


S$/kW

h)

Economic G

rowth and

Developm

ent Basket



iomass)

Nitrous oxide em


etric tons of CO


CO

2 emissions from


O2/kW

h

Methane E

missions from

Energy


O2 equivalent

per capita)

PM


s per cubic m

eter)

Average Fuel E


cars (l/100km)


Basket


)

Quality of E



fuels for cooking

Energy im


Diversity of TP

ES

(Herfindahl index)


port Counterparts

(Herfindahl Index)


asket


ance Index


818% 0.09 0.05 0.95 0.79

Yemen. Rep. 13.20 1% 17% 0.38 0.38 n/a 0.59 1% 0.02 748 0.10 36 c 0.32 48% 1.5 32% -118% 0.73 0.29 0.40 0.44

Zambia 5.80 5% 0% 0.90 0.95 n/a 0.49 88% 0.02 2 0.19 12 c 0.89 22% 3.3 83% 9% 0.55 0.35 0.33 0.57 Zimbabwe 2.55 8% 0% 0.99 1.00 n/a 0.41 66% 0.02 417 0.08 9 c 0.76 40% 1.9 70% 7% 0.37 0.18 0.41 0.53

the global energy architecture performance index 2016...

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