The Global Hunger Organizations

Who’s Who & Who Does What?

Types of Organizations

• Advocacy vs. Operations?

• Motivation & Mandate?

• Government or Non-Government– Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

or – Private Voluntary Organization (PVO)

Types of Organizations

• Local, Regional, National, &/or International?

• Bilateral vs. Multilateral?

• Funding Models & Sources?

US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National

• Faith &/or Community-based:–Bread for the World–Churches/Religious Institutions• Christian• Buddhist• Hindu• Islamic• Etc.

US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National

• Faith &/or Community-based that are also operational:– Soup Kitchens– Food Banks–Community Service & Outreach

US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National

• Secular (non-faith based):

–Hunger Project–Alliance Against Hunger–ONE

US Advocacy GroupsLocal, Regional, &/or National

• Advocacy plus Operations:– Stop Hunger Now (NC) –Numana (KS)–Campus Kitchens– East Alabama Food Bank– Feeding America

(America’s Second Harvest)

Motivation & Mandate

• Government vs. NGO:

–US Safety Net Programs

– State/County/Municipal Programs

–American Red Cross

Governance & Management

• NGOs–Board of Directors

• Foundations–Private (Family) • Gates Foundation

–Corporate (Private Sector)

Governance & Management

• Bilateral –Government–Civil Service

• Multilateral–Member States -> Board of

Directors

International/GlobalLocal, Regional, &/or National

• NGOs–Red Cross• International Federation with

individual chapters by country – IFRC• ICRC (International

Committee of the Red Cross)

International/GlobalLocal, Regional, &/or National

• Large Scale Advocacy/Operational NGOs (US Based)– CARE– World Vision– Save the Children– Catholic Relief Services– Mercy Corps– Salvation Army

Specialty NGOs• Non-US but with US Chapters/Offices– Medicines sans Frontieres (MSF)– Action Contre le Faim (ACF)– Oxfam– Grameen Bank– Aga Khan Foundation– Islamic Relief

– Lutheran World Federation– Church World Service

US & Global Funding & Resources

• Governmental Agencies– Food Aid, Assistance, &/or Cash– Taxpayers & Government Resources

• NGOs– Mainly Private Resources– Fundraising– Some Government Funding

Fundraising & Accountability

International - Bilateral

• Key Developed Countries (i.e. First World)– USAID (US)– CIDA (Canada)– DFID (UK)– JICA (Japan)– European Union– AUSAID (Australia)

Resources & Funding - Bilateral

• Food Aid & Cash– Traditional food surplus countries• US, Australia, Canada, Europe

–New Players• DFID, JICA, Saudi Arabia• Cash for local/regional purchase

Multilateral UN-Specialized Agencies

• Many pre-date UN – League of Nations

• World Ministries– ILO, WHO, FAO

• Assessed Contributions• Director General – Separate Governance

• General Assemblies

UN Multilateral -Financial

• Bretton Woods Institutions– IMF–World Bank

Multilateral - UNDevelopment/Relief Operations

• Voluntary Programs/Funds

– UNICEF (Children & Mothers)– UNFPA (Population)– UNDP (Development)– UNCHR (Refugees)– WFP (Food)

Multilateral - UNDevelopment/Relief Operations

• Operational, field-based

• Voluntary, “pay as you go”

• Executive Director (SG Appoints)

• Executive Boards

MultilateralResources & Funding

• Food &/or Cash– Primarily from bilateral donors• i.e. UN Member States

• Some donors work/contribute to both bilateral & multilateral organizations– US, Canada, EU, UK– More bilateral-South Korea– More multilateral-Nordics

Role of the Private Sector

• Ever increasing & complementary support to bilateral/multilateral operations:– WFP & TNT– YUM Brands– Unilever– Vodafone– Eriksson

Role of National Groups/Organizations in Developing Countries

• Governmental Agencies– Health, Education, & Agriculture– Capacity-Support from

bilaterals/multilaterals

• Local NGOs– Usually poorly funded– Capacity support from International

NGOs, plus from bilaterals/multilaterals

Operations in Developing Countries

• Complementarity of Mandates

– Local hunger advocacy– Operational NGOs working with

international agencies (NGOs, bi- & multilateral)• HIV/AIDS awareness• Nutrition• Etc.

Comparative Advantage of Operations

• WFP supplies/programs food through local & international NGO operations

• Advantage– Strong local presence– Cost effectiveness of local operations– Knowledge on the ground

Issues & Considerations

• Competition between international & local NGOs– Funding issues– Overhead– Roles– Cost– Presence of international staff

Issues & Considerations

• NGOs relationship with the local government

• NGOs motives are suspect for some host governments

• NGOs vs. Bilateral/Multilaterals– Issues of Control

Faith-based Groups

• All faiths & religions have a “help the poor and feed the hungry” value/mandate

• Proselytism (to proselytize)– Missionary work

• Cultural & National Pride sensitivity

Faith-based Groups

• Real or perceived priority for NGO operations in-country

• Concern of religious conversion can become an issue

Key Objective for Bilateral & Multilateral Organizations

• National & Local Sustainability• Government &/or local NGO takeover

of development programs– School Feeding– MCHC– FFW & general relief operations at times

of emergencies– Local safety net programs

Key Objective for Bilateral & Multilateral Organizations

• Priority focus on both government at all levels & local NGO community

– Building local implementation capacity

– Development of policy capacity– Vulnerability Assessment Mapping

(VAM)

ExamplesBangladesh, China, & India

• Disaster Relief:– Often bi & multilaterals have little to

teach these Governments & their local NGOs

– Role of donors is to support with resources & technical assistance when burden is overwhelming• i.e. serious floods in Bangladesh• i.e. earthquakes in China (foreign

rescue teams; food aid)

ExamplesBrazil, China, Viet Nam

• Development Activities/Programs:– Phasing Out – SFP in 21 countries– Health Clinics – Community outreach– Infrastructure works accomplished• Rural Roads• Irrigation• Fish Ponds• Health Clinics• Schools built & functioning

1960’s 10 Largest Aid Recipients

• Today these countries are the 10 largest trading partners of the US– South Korea– Brazil– Indonesia– Philippines– Taiwan– Egypt