the global market for graphene and 2d materials · the global market for graphene and 2d materials...

The Global Market for Graphene and 2D Materials

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Table of contents

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................... 43

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................... 45

Two-dimensional (2D) materials..................................................................... 45

Graphene........................................................................................................ 46

Short term opportunities.............................................................................. 48

Medium-Long term opportunities............................................................... 48

Remarkable properties................................................................................ 49

Global funding............................................................................................. 50

Products and applications......................................................................... 51

Production.................................................................................................... 54

Market drivers and trends........................................................................... 56

Production exceeds demand................................................................. 56

Market revenues remain small................................................................ 58

Scalability and cost................................................................................. 59

Applications hitting the market.............................................................. 61

Wait and see?........................................................................................... 62

Asia and US lead the race...................................................................... 63

Competition from other materials........................................................... 63



Market and technical challenges............................................................. 64

Inconsistent supply quality...................................................................... 64

Cost............................................................................................................ 66

Product integration.................................................................................. 66

Regulation and standards....................................................................... 66

Lack of a band gap................................................................................. 67

PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS................................................................. 67

Categorization................................................................................................. 69

GRAPHENE........................................................................................................ 71

3D Graphene............................................................................................... 75

Graphene Quantum Dots........................................................................... 76

Properties...................................................................................................... 76

CARBON NANOTUBES VERSUS GRAPHENE................................................. 78

Comparative properties................................................................................. 80

Cost and production...................................................................................... 82

Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids........................................................... 84

Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene....................... 85

OTHER 2D MATERIALS...................................................................................... 87



Phosphorene.................................................................................................... 89

Properties...................................................................................................... 90

Applications................................................................................................. 91

Electronics................................................................................................. 92

Thermoelectrics......................................................................................... 92

Batteries..................................................................................................... 92

Photodetectors......................................................................................... 93

Recent research news................................................................................. 93

Silicene............................................................................................................. 94

Properties...................................................................................................... 95

Applications................................................................................................. 97

Electronics................................................................................................. 97

Photovoltaics............................................................................................ 99

Thermoelectrics......................................................................................... 99

Batteries..................................................................................................... 99

Sensors..................................................................................................... 100

Recent research news............................................................................... 100

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)...................................................................... 101

Properties.................................................................................................... 102



Applications............................................................................................... 102

Electronics............................................................................................... 103

Photovoltaics.......................................................................................... 104

Piezoelectrics........................................................................................... 104

Sensors..................................................................................................... 105

Filtration................................................................................................... 105


Hexagonal boron nitride.............................................................................. 108

Properties................................................................................................. 109

Applications............................................................................................... 110

Electronics............................................................................................... 110

Capacitors and fuel cells....................................................................... 110


Germanene................................................................................................... 111

Properties.................................................................................................... 112

Applications............................................................................................... 113

Electronics............................................................................................... 113


Graphdiyne................................................................................................... 115

Properties.................................................................................................... 116



Applications............................................................................................... 116

Batteries................................................................................................... 116

Separation membranes......................................................................... 117

Photocatalysts........................................................................................ 117

Electronics............................................................................................... 117

Photovoltaics.......................................................................................... 118

Graphane...................................................................................................... 118

Properties.................................................................................................... 119

Applications............................................................................................... 119

Electronics............................................................................................... 120

Hydrogen storage................................................................................... 120

Stanene/tinene............................................................................................. 121

Properties.................................................................................................... 121

Applications............................................................................................... 122

Electronics............................................................................................... 122


Tungsten diselenide....................................................................................... 123

Properties.................................................................................................... 124

Applications............................................................................................... 124



Electronics............................................................................................... 124


Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2........................................ 126

Properties.................................................................................................... 127

Applications............................................................................................... 127

Electronics............................................................................................... 127

C2N.................................................................................................................. 127

Properties.................................................................................................... 128

Applications............................................................................................... 129

Electronics............................................................................................... 129

Filtration................................................................................................... 130

Photocatalysts........................................................................................ 130

Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.......... 131

GRAPHENE SYNTHESIS................................................................................... 133

Large area graphene films........................................................................... 133

Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets.............................. 134

Production methods...................................................................................... 136

Production directly from natural graphite ore........................................ 138



Quality........................................................................................................ 139

Synthesis and production by types of graphene....................................... 140

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs).............................................................. 141

Graphene nanoribbons............................................................................ 142

Large-area graphene films........................................................................ 144

Graphene oxide flakes (GO).................................................................... 145

Pros and cons of graphene production methods...................................... 146

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD).......................................................... 147

Exfoliation method..................................................................................... 148

Epitaxial growth method.......................................................................... 149

Wet chemistry method.............................................................................. 149

Micromechanical cleavage method...................................................... 151

Green reduction of graphene oxide....................................................... 152

Plasma......................................................................................................... 153

Recent synthesis methods............................................................................. 154

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) and University of Western Australia 154

Graphene Frontiers.................................................................................... 154

MIT and the University of Michigan.......................................................... 155

Oak Ridge National Laboratory/University of Texas/General Graphene 156



University of Florida/Donghua University.................................................. 157

Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) and Case Western Reserve University 157

Trinity College Dublin................................................................................. 157

Sungkyunkwan University and Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) 158

Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Chonbuk National University and KRICT 158

NanoXplore................................................................................................ 159

Carbon Sciences Inc................................................................................. 159

California Institute of Technology............................................................. 159

Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology.......... 160

Oxford University......................................................................................... 160

University of Tokyo...................................................................................... 160

Synthesis methods by company.................................................................. 162

GRAPHENE MARKET STRUCTURE.................................................................. 165

REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS................................................................ 169

Standards....................................................................................................... 169

Environmental, health and safety regulation............................................ 170

Europe......................................................................................................... 170



United States.............................................................................................. 171

Asia.............................................................................................................. 172

Workplace exposure..................................................................................... 173

PATENTS AND PUBLICATIONS...................................................................... 173

Fabrication processes................................................................................... 174

Academia...................................................................................................... 174

Regional leaders............................................................................................ 175

TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL................................................................ 180

GRAPHENE INDUSTRY 2013-2016....................................................... 181-226

END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS.................................................... 226

Graphene production volumes 2010-2025................................................. 228

Graphene producers and production capacities.................................... 230

ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS................................................................. 239

TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS........................................ 240

MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................... 240



ITO replacement for flexible electronics............................................... 240

Wearable electronics market growing................................................. 244

Touch technology requirements........................................................... 246

MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY................................................................ 246

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS................................................................. 248

CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 252

Competing materials............................................................................. 252

Cost in comparison to ITO...................................................................... 252

Problems with transfer and growth....................................................... 253

Improving sheet resistance.................................................................... 254

PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................... 256

CONDUCTIVE INKS.......................................................................................... 258


Increased demand for printed electronics.......................................... 258

Limitations of existing conductive inks.................................................. 259






TRANSISTORS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUITS...................................................... 267

MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS................................................................ 268

MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................. 269

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS............................................................. 270

CHALLENGES........................................................................................... 271

PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................... 274

MEMORY DEVICES...................................................................................... 276




PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................... 281



PHOTONICS................................................................................................. 283

Optical modulators................................................................................ 283

Photodetectors....................................................................................... 284

Plasmonics............................................................................................... 286

Challenges.............................................................................................. 287

POLYMER COMPOSITES.................................................................................. 288


Improved performance......................................................................... 289

Multi-functionality.................................................................................. 291

Growth in wind energy market............................................................. 291



CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 296


AEROSPACE.................................................................................................... 298




Safety....................................................................................................... 298

Reduced fuel consumption and costs................................................. 298

Increased durability............................................................................... 299

Multi-functionality.................................................................................. 299

Need for new de-icing solutions............................................................ 300

Weight reduction.................................................................................... 301



Composites.............................................................................................. 303

Coatings.................................................................................................. 304


AUTOMOTIVE.................................................................................................. 307

MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS..................................................................... 308

Environmental......................................................................................... 308

Safety....................................................................................................... 309

Lightweighting........................................................................................ 309



Cost.......................................................................................................... 309



Composites.............................................................................................. 311

Lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles.......................... 312


BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE......................................................................... 315


Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy........................................ 316

Shortcomings of chemotherapies......................................................... 317

Biocompatibility of medical implants................................................... 317

Anti-biotic resistance.............................................................................. 318

Growth in advanced woundcare market........................................... 318



Cancer therapy...................................................................................... 321

Medical implants and devices............................................................. 324



Wound dressings..................................................................................... 325

Biosensors................................................................................................. 326

Medical imaging.................................................................................... 328

Dental...................................................................................................... 329

CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 329


COATINGS....................................................................................................... 332


Sustainability and regulation................................................................ 332

Cost of corrosion..................................................................................... 333

Improved hygiene.................................................................................. 335

Cost of weather-related damage........................................................ 336



Anti-corrosion coatings.......................................................................... 342

Anti-microbial......................................................................................... 345

Anti-icing................................................................................................. 346



Barrier coatings....................................................................................... 348

Heat protection...................................................................................... 350

Anti-fouling.............................................................................................. 352

Wear and abrasion resistance.............................................................. 354

Smart windows........................................................................................ 355


FILTRATION AND SEPARATION......................................................................... 357


Need for improved membrane technology........................................ 357

Water shortage and population growth.............................................. 357

Contamination....................................................................................... 358

Cost.......................................................................................................... 359


PROPERTIES AND APPLICTIONS................................................................... 359

CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 363




ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION................................. 366

BATTERIES..................................................................................................... 367




CHALLENGES........................................................................................... 374

SUPERCAPACITORS..................................................................................... 374


Problems with activated carbon.......................................................... 376



Challenges.............................................................................................. 379

PHOTOVOLTAICS......................................................................................... 380






FUEL CELLS................................................................................................... 383

MARKET DRIVERS...................................................................................... 383



Challenges.............................................................................................. 386

LED LIGHTING AND UVC............................................................................. 386

Market drivers and trends...................................................................... 387

Market size............................................................................................... 388

Properties and applications.................................................................. 388

OIL AND GAS............................................................................................... 388







SENSORS.......................................................................................................... 398


Increased power and performance with reduced cost.................... 398

Enhanced sensitivity.............................................................................. 399

Replacing silver electrodes.................................................................... 400

Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market.............. 400

Improved thermal stability..................................................................... 400

Environmental conditions...................................................................... 401



Infrared (IR) sensors................................................................................. 405

Electrochemical and gas sensors.......................................................... 405

Pressure sensors........................................................................................ 407

Biosensors................................................................................................. 408

Optical sensors........................................................................................ 411



Humidity sensors...................................................................................... 411

Acoustic sensors...................................................................................... 411

Wireless sensors........................................................................................ 412

Challenges.................................................................................................. 412


3D PRINTING.................................................................................................... 415


Improved materials at lower cost......................................................... 416



CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 418


ADHESIVES...................................................................................................... 420


Thermal management in electronics................................................... 421



Environmental sustainability.................................................................. 421




LUBRICANTS..................................................................................................... 424


Cost effective alternatives..................................................................... 424

Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency................... 424

Environmental concerns........................................................................ 424



CHALLENGES............................................................................................... 427


TEXTILES........................................................................................................... 428




Growth in the wearable electronics market........................................ 428

PROPERTIES AND APPLICATONS.................................................................. 429

Conductive coatings............................................................................. 431


GRAPHENE PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................... 433

Producers and types of graphene produced matrix................................. 433

Graphene industrial collaborations............................................................. 436

COMPANY PROFILES 438-585

TABLES

Table 1: Consumer products incorporating graphene................................... 47

Table 2: Graphene target markets-Applications, stage of commercialization and potential addressable market size...................................................................................................... 53

Table 3: Graphene producers annual production capacities...................... 56

Table 4: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 57

Table 5: Graphene types and cost per kg....................................................... 61



Table 6: Categorization of nanomaterials........................................................ 70

Table 7: Properties of graphene........................................................................ 78

Table 8: Comparative properties of carbon materials.................................... 82

Table 9: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes. 84

Table 10: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025............................................................................. 86

Table 11: Electronic and mechanical properties of monolyaer phosphorene, graphene and MoS2. 92

Table 12: Recent phosphorene research news................................................ 94

Table 13: Recent silicene research news........................................................ 101

Table 14: Recent Molybdenum disulfide research news.............................. 107

Table 15: Recent hexagonal boron nitride research news........................... 112

Table 16: Recent germanane research news................................................ 115

Table 17: Recent stanene/tinene research news.......................................... 124

Table 18: Recent tungsten diselenide research news................................... 126

Table 19: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials. 132



Table 20: Large area graphene films-Markets, applications and current global market. 134

Table 21: Graphene oxide flakes/graphene nanoplatelets-Markets, applications and current global market........................................................................................................... 135

Table 22: Main production methods for graphene....................................... 137

Table 23: Graphene synthesis methods, by company................................. 163

Table 24: Graphene market structure............................................................. 166

Table 25: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............. 176

Table 26: Leading graphene patentees........................................................ 178

Table 27: Industrial graphene patents in 2014............................................... 179

Table 28: Market penetration and volume estimates (tons) for graphene in key applications. 228

Table 29: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230

Table 30: Graphene producers and production capacity (Current and projected), prices and target markets.......................................................................................................... 231

Table 31: Graphene in the electronics and photonics market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size...................................................................... 240

Table 32: Comparison of ITO replacements................................................... 244



Table 33: Graphene product and application developers in transparent conductive films. 257

Table 34: Comparative properties of conductive inks.................................. 260

Table 35: Opportunities for graphene and 2D materials in printed electronics. 262

Table 36: Graphene product and application developers in conductive inks. 266

Table 37: Graphene product and application developers in transistors and integrated circuits. 275

Table 38: Graphene product and application developers in memory devices. 282

Table 39: Graphene properties relevant to application in optical modulators. 285

Table 40: Dispersion of graphene in polymers................................................ 291

Table 41: Graphene in the polymer composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 292

Table 42: Addressable market size for carbon nanomaterials composites. 293

Table 43: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites. 294

Table 44: Graphene product and application developers in the composites industry. 297

Table 45: Graphene in the aerospace market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 303



Table 46: Graphene product and application developers in the aerospace industry. 306

Table 47: Graphene in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.............................................................................. 311

Table 48: Graphene product and application developers in the automotive industry. 314

Table 49: Graphene in the biomedical and healthcare markets-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size..................................... 320

Table 50: Graphene properties relevant to application in biomedicine and healthcare. 321

Table 51: Graphene product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry. 331

Table 52: Graphene in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 339

Table 53: Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings........... 341

Table 54: Graphene product and application developers in the coatings industry. 355

Table 55: Graphene product and application developers in the filtration industry. 364

Table 56: Graphene in the energy market-Applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 367

Table 57: Comparative properties of graphene supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. 378



Table 58: Graphene product and application developers in the energy industry. 392

Table 59: Graphene in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size.................................................................................................... 398

Table 60: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors.............. 403

Table 61: Comparison of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and graphene biosensor. 410

Table 62: Graphene product and application developers in the sensors industry. 413

Table 63: Graphene properties relevant to application in 3D printing....... 418

Table 64: Graphene product and application developers in the 3D printing industry. 419

Table 65: Graphene properties relevant to application in adhesives........ 422

Table 66: Graphene product and application developers in the adhesives industry. 423

Table 67: Applications of carbon nanomaterials in lubricants.................... 425

Table 68: Graphene product and application developers in the lubricants industry. 427

Table 69: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials........................................................................................................................ 430

Table 70: Graphene producers and types produced.................................. 433

Table 71: Graphene industrial collaborations and target markets.............. 436



FIGURES

Figure 1: Global government funding for graphene....................................... 51

Figure 2: Global market for graphene 2010-2025 in tons/year....................... 58

Figure 3: Graphene layer structure schematic................................................ 72

Figure 4: Graphite and graphene..................................................................... 73

Figure 5: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. 74

Figure 6: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite................................................................................................... 80

Figure 7: Phosphorene structure........................................................................ 90

Figure 8: Silicene structure.................................................................................. 95

Figure 9: Monolayer silicene on a silver (111) substrate................................... 97

Figure 10: Silicene transistor................................................................................ 98

Figure 11: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide.......................................... 102

Figure 12: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor. 104



Figure 13: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge................................................................... 105

Figure 14: Structure of hexagonal boron nitride............................................ 109

Figure 15: Schematic of germanene............................................................... 112

Figure 16: Graphdiyne structure...................................................................... 115

Figure 17: Schematic of Graphane crystal..................................................... 119

Figure 18: Crystal structure for stanene........................................................... 121

Figure 19: Atomic structure model for the 2D stanene on Bi2Te3(111)......... 122

Figure 20: Schematic of tungsten diselenide................................................. 124

Figure 21: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulphide....................... 126

Figure 22: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal............................................................................................................ 128

Figure 23: Graphene synthesis methods......................................................... 138

Figure 24: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium............................ 143

Figure 25: Roll-to-roll graphene production process...................................... 155



Figure 26: Schematic of roll-to-roll manufacturing process........................... 156

Figure 27: Microwave irradiation of graphite to produce single-layer graphene. 161

Figure 28: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2014............ 176

Figure 29: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for graphene........................... 180

Figure 30: Global production of graphene, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014. 230

Figure 31: Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) using graphene electrode. 243

Figure 32: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 × 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel............................................................................... 247

Figure 33: Graphene electrochromic devices. Top left: Exploded-view illustration of the graphene electrochromic device. The device is formed by attaching two graphene-coated PVC substrates face-to-face and filling the gap with a liquid ionic electrolyte............. 250

Figure 34: Flexible transistor sheet.................................................................... 251

Figure 35: The transmittance of glass/ITO, glass/ITO/four organic layers, and glass/ITO/four organic layers/4-layer graphene.............................................................................. 255

Figure 36: Vorbeck Materials conductive ink products................................. 261

Figure 37: Graphene printed antenna........................................................... 264



Figure 38: BGT Materials graphene ink product............................................. 265

Figure 39: Schematic cross-section of a graphene base transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right)................................................................................... 269

Figure 40: Graphene IC in wafer tester........................................................... 271

Figure 41: Stretchable CNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics. 278

Figure 42: A schematic diagram for the mechanism of the resistive switching in metal/GO/Pt. 281

Figure 43: Hybrid graphene phototransistors.................................................. 286

Figure 44: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market. 339

Figure 45: Heat transfer coating developed at MIT....................................... 341

Figure 46: Water permeation through a brick without (left) and with (right) “graphene paint” coating........................................................................................................................ 350

Figure 47: Degradation of organic dye molecules by graphene hybrid composite photocatalysts. 363

Figure 48: Skeleton Technologies ultracapacitor........................................... 375

Figure 49: Zapgo supercapacitor phone charger......................................... 377

Figure 50: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode.................... 383



Figure 51: GFET sensors...................................................................................... 407

Figure 52: First generation point of care diagnostics..................................... 409

Figure 53: Graphene Field Effect Transistor Schematic................................. 410

Figure 54: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament. 417

the global market for graphene and 2d materials · the global market for graphene and 2d materials...

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