the globalisation of swedish marriage fields thomas niedomysl*, john Östh** and maarten van ham***...
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The Globalisation of Swedish Marriage Fields
Thomas Niedomysl*, John Östh** and Maarten van Ham***
*Institute for Futures Studies, Sweden**Uppsala University, Sweden
***University of St Andrews, UK
Points of departure
• Marriage fields – the geographical area where people meet to partner – traditionally tend to be relatively small and local Bossard (1932); Coleman and Haskey (1986); Bozon and Heran (1989)
• Increasing levels of Globalisation: global connectivity, integration and interdependence in all spheres of society Harvey (1989); Amin and Thrift (1997); Appadurai (1996); Dicken et al. (1997); Held (2000)
Does this lead to a Globalisation of Marriage fields?
Aim
Explore whether a globalisation of marriage fields can be said to exist
Special attention paid to:
A) Geographical differences (countries of origin)
B) Demographical differences (sex and age)
C) Socio-economic differences (education)
Theoretical background
Theories of intermarriages between natives and foreigners (Klein 2001)
A. Opportunity structures/structural factorssize of the group of foreign groups of society
the proportion of male and female in the foreign groups of society
other subdivisions of the marriage market
B. Cultural factors
C. Individual factors
Theories of marriages (Kalmijn 1998)A. Preferences of marriage candidates
socioeconomic resources
cultural resources
preferences and homogamy
B. Third partiesgroup identification
group sanctions
C. Marriage marketsThe logic of numbers
The geography of groups
Local marriage markets
Case study of Sweden
Two reasons why Sweden is a particularly well suited country for exploring the existence of a globalisation of marriage fields:
1) Unique longitudinal population dataDatabase that covers all immigrants to Sweden 1990-2004 containing various geographic-, demographic and socioeconomic information about each individual, with possibilities to link data for families
2) One of the worlds most globalised countriesAccording to Dreher (2002) Sweden has been in the top three of the worlds most globalised countries for the last thirty years or so
Some background data
Immigrants who married or cohabit with a SwedeN = 43 862 (9 %)
Globalisation
Number of immigrants to Sweden 1990-2004
N = 485473
Same country of origin/cultural backgroundN = 3 694 (9 %)
Different country of origin/cultural backgroundN = 40 168 (91 %)
We only look at immigrants who marry a native Swede whose parents were born in Sweden (thus excluding all “culture marriages”)
Immigration to Sweden 1990-2004
1990 N = 32713 2004 N = 38376 Increase by 17 %
Globalisation?0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Immigrants
3%
5%7%
22%
25%10%
10%
1%
18%
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
Year
To
tal n
um
be
rs
Nordic countriesWestern Europe Eastern Europe AfricaMiddle eastSoutheast and other AsiaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaAustralia and Pacific
Immigration to Sweden 1990-2004
”Immigrant partners” to Sweden 1990-2004
8%
9%7%
10%
20%16%
18%
2%
12%
1990 N = 2519 2004 N = 3449 Increase by 37 %
Globalisation…?0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
N married immigrants to Sweden
Total immigrants Married immigrantsNordic countries 18% 12%Western Europe 10% 16%Eastern Europe 25% 20%Africa 7% 7%Middle east 22% 10%Southeast and other Asia 10% 18%North America 3% 8%South America 5% 9%Australia and Pacific 1% 2%
100% 100%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
Year
To
tal n
um
be
rs
Nordic countriesWestern Europe Eastern Europe AfricaMiddle eastSoutheast and other AsiaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaAustralia and Pacific
”Immigrant partners” to Sweden 1990-2004
”Immigrant partners” men and women 1990-2004
11%
7%
9%
19%
11%
24%
4%
3%
12%
Men marryingnative Swedish
women
6%
10%
5%
9%
11%
2%
26%
29%
1%
Women marryingnative Swedish
men
”Immigrant partners” to Sweden 1990-2004Nordic countries
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
Western Europe
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
Eastern Europe
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
Africa
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
Middle east
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
Southeast and other Asia
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
”Immigrant partners” to Sweden 1990-2004South America
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
North America
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
Australia and Pacific
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
World
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Total
women to Swedish men
men to Swedish women
Comparing age structures for men and women from different types of regions
Swedish men (left) marrying Swedish women (right) (mean age diff 0 years, median diff 1 year).
Swedish women (right) marrying men from high income country (left) (mean age diff -1.7 years, median diff 0 years).
Swedish men (left) marrying women from high income country (right) (mean age diff 2.7 years, median diff 2 years).
Swedish men (left) marrying women from low income country (right) (mean age diff 11.0 years, median diff 9 years).
Swedish women (right) marrying men from low income country (left) (mean age diff -1.4 years, median diff 0 years).
Immigrantfrom high incomecountry
Immigrantfrom low incomecountry
Immigrant men Immigrant women
Note: country divisions according to the World Bank
Age differences per region between immigrant men and
women marrying a Swede, 2004.
Swedish men marrying women from Swedish woman marrying man from Mean age diff. Median age diff. Mean age diff Median age diff. Sweden 0.0 years 1 year 0.0 years 1 year Nordic countries 2.7 years 2 years 2.1 years 2 years Western Europe 3.8 years 3 years 1.9 years 2 years Eastern Europe 9.5 years 8 years - 0.4 years 1 year Mid and northern Africa 13.0 years 11 years -2.4 years -1 years Northern Africa and Mid. East 4.6 years 4 years -2.0 years 0 years Southeast and other Asia 11.2 years 10 years -0.1 years 3 years North America 1.2 years 1 years 2.8 years 2 years South America 6.7 years 4 years -0.3 years 0 years Australia and the Pacific 0.0 years 1 years 1.4 years 1 years
Educational levels per region among immigrant men and women marrying a Swede, 2004. %ages.
Swedish men marrying immigrant women with Compulsary school Upper secondary school Post-secondary, tertiary Nordic countries 8% 41% 50% 99% Western Europe 13% 39% 48% 100% Eastern Europe 11% 27% 62% 100% Mid and South Africa 20% 39% 41% 100% Northern Africa and Middle East 26% 51% 23% 100% Southeast and other Asia 36% 18% 45% 99% North America 5% 30% 65% 100% South America 8% 36% 56% 100% Australia and the Pacific 2% 41% 56% 99%
Swedish woman marrying immigrant man with Compulsary school Upper secondary school Post-secondary, tertiary
Nordic countries 11% 37% 43% 101% Western Europe 10% 32% 59% 101% Eastern Europe 20% 45% 35% 100% Mid and South Africa 14% 40% 46% 100% Northern Africa and Middle East 24% 35% 41% 100% Southeast and other Asia 20% 54% 27% 101% North America 4% 31% 65% 100% South America 11% 43% 46% 100% Australia and the Pacific 8% 32% 61% 101%
Educational levels per country type among immigrant men and women marrying a Swede, 2004. %ages.
Swedish men marrying immigrant women with Compulsary school Upper secondary school Post-secondary, tertiary Low income country 14% 23% 63% 100% Middle income country 26% 18% 56% 100% High income country 15% 43% 42% 100%
Swedish woman marrying immigrant man with Compulsary school Upper secondary school Post-secondary, tertiary
Low income country 16% 33% 51% 100% Middle income country 22% 31% 47% 100% High income country 15% 44% 41% 100%
Educational distances between couples, 2004.
Swedish men marrying immigrant women Low income country Middle income country High income country Immigrant much more educated 11% 9% 5% Immigrant more educated 25% 30% 25% Equally educated 40% 38% 60% Swede more educated 20% 20% 9% Swede much more educated 4% 4% 1% Swedish women marrying immigrant men Low income country Middle income country High income country Immigrant much more educated 8% 9% 5% Immigrant more educated 28% 30% 29% Equally educated 40% 36% 53% Swede more educated 17% 21% 11% Swede much more educated 7% 5% 1%
Summary
Total volumes only some support for globalisation…
However, marriage related migration much more support
Volumes are somewhat similar between men and women
Large geographical differences in terms regions of origin
Age differences in particular for Swedish men
Immigrants tend to have a high level of education
Further research
More in-depth on the characteristics of these couples
What happens to them after arriving to Sweden?
Questions or comments?