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Water Supply Sanitation Irrigation Electric Power Supply Markets Buildings

Volume B

The Good and The Bad

PNPM Mandiri Oversight Working Group

OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE (O&M

)

INFRASTRUCTURE

1

4-Water Supply 5–Sanitation 6-Irrigation 7-Electric Power Supply 8-Markets 9-Buildings

The Good and The Bad

Volume B

OPERATIO

NA

L & M

AIN

TENA

NCE (O

&M

)

INFRASTRUCTURE

2

The Good and The Bad Operational & Maintenance (O&M) Infrastructure

The Good & The Bad: Operational & Maintenance (O&M) InfrastructureVolume B

Writer: Ekart Hartmann and Heinz Unger

Editor: Octaviera Herawati, Vivianti Rambe, Richard Gnagey

Photos by:Ekart Hartmann

Design & Lay Out:Agus Wiyono

Published by:PNPM Support Facilities (PSF)Jalan Diponegoro No. 72Jakarta 10310Phone : (62-21) 3148175 (hunting)Fax : (62-21) 31903090Website : www.worldbank.org

3

PREFACE

The Development of infrastructure is one of the important things to provide access to the community for improving their incomes and welfares to fulfill their needs. In some remote areas, for example, women do not need to walk several kilometers

anymore, as they used to do, just to get clean water for cooking and drinking, because public hydrants which provide clean water have been built near their houses.

In other thing, constructing infrastructures, in many cases, are not easy and cheap. Therefore, it is necessary to get a special attention so that they can be functioning well especially for the long term period. Besides the accurate calculation, selecting proper materials, as well as monitoring during the construction works, there is an activity aimed to make the lifespan of infrastructure longer than as designed. It is called Operational and Maintenance (O&M) activity. Usually, the O&M team is established by communities and the members are also from the community itself. It is expected that through this activity, the self-belonging sense of community will be improved. Furthermore, in order to make the O&M team succeed in executing the tasks, it really depends on the cooperation of community especially the users.

Once the O&M team is selected, they will get trained by a field consultant or facilitator. The training usually takes only few days where not every material will be given in detail. As a result, only certain infrastructures can be maintained while the others will be left untouched. Moreover, the background of each O&M members who are usually non-engineers will create another problem in terms of repairing the infrastructure when they found the damaged infrastructures.

This book contains lot of photographs showing the good and bad infrastructure in relation with O&M activity. For the bad things, there are some explanations on how to repair it so that it can function again properly. The book is basically made for those who have relation with the O&M activity, especially small scale infrastructure. The book can be used as both training materials and guideline book for the O&M team to implement the operational and maintenance infrastructures.

Finally, we hope that this book can be used properly for the community benefits in order to maintain as well as to educate villagers so that the infrastructures that have been built can be well functioned to give a big impact for improving community’s welfare.

4


ACKNOWLEDGES

Thank you for all parties who have participated and assisted in making this book available. Special thanks for:

• Providingpicturesandphotographs:

- Juliana Wilson, Richard Gnagey, Mike Ponsonby (WSLIC-2), Gary Swisher (WASPOLA), Mark Hayton (MHPP-GTZ and Entec Inc.), Ilham Abla (WSIMP), Kumala Sari & Evi Hermirasari (P2KP), Norman Van Hoff (Bali International Consulting Group), Ekart Hartmann, Heinz Unger, Martin Donat (Bioengineering Techniques), Hans Teindl (Geotechnik), and graphic designer.

- Consultants and facilitators of KDP/PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan PPK

- Staff of National Management Consultant (NMC),

- Staff and consultants of WSLIC-1 & 2

- Jakarta Green Monster (wetlands)

- USDA Bioengineering Guidebook and Manual

• Providingideas,inputs,andcomments:

Scott Guggenheim, Victor Bottini, Sentot Satria, Octaviera Herawati, Citra Lestari, Fazlania Zain, Vivianti Rambe, Richard Gnagey - secara khusus telah memberikan banyak ide terhadap buku-buku prasarana PPK/PNPM, Faray Muhamed, Mike Ponsonby, Nina Shatifan, Mark Hayton, Gerhard Fischer, Timotheus Chiaradia, Alfred Lambertus, Gary Swisher, Roger Montgomery, Peter Horne

5

CONTENTS

Volume B

Preface ....................................................................................................... 3

Acknolwledgment .......................................................................................... 4

4. Water Supply .............................................................................................7

5. Sanitation ................................................................................................47

6. Irrigation ................................................................................................. 69

7. Electric Power Supply ...............................................................................87

8. Markets .................................................................................................. 113

9. Buildings ................................................................................................125

6


7

WATER SUPPLY

INFRASTRUCTURE

4

The Good and The BadOperational & Maintenance (O&M)

8


Leaves can block the flow of water into the collection basin

Why is there a problem ?

• Leaves fall into the creek and are carried to the inlet of the collection basin

• The inlet or even the conveyance pipe will be blocked

• The water supply system will not work

HowcanIfixit?

• Put a bar screen in front of the inlet to collect the leaves & floating matter

• An upright screen should be installed about 50cm upstream from the inlet ( A vertical screen is preferable a horizontal screen laid right over the inlet trough).

• IMPORTANT: The accumulated leaves must be removed regularly

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

To collection basin

Inlet is full of leaves

Put an upright bar screen in front of

inlet

Leaves

9

The inlet basin should be kept as clean as possible


• Water quality in the inlet will deteriorate when there are plants, other vegetation and debris in the inlet

• The inlet basin must be so clean that one can see the bottom

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean the inlet basin from all vegetation, debris and earth on a regular basis

• If possible build a cover over the basin (if it is not too large)

• Install a screen at the basin outlet into the conveyance pipe

• Check cleanliness periodically and clean

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

Earth, grass and debris

A fine screen at water inlet

10


A well is NOT a compost pile


• Decaying vegetation will affect the quality of the water, especially taste and smell

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove any vegetation and other materials as soon as possible from around the well

• Educate users in this regard, i.e. to keep the area of the well always clean

Leaves in a dug well

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

11

The inlet / outlet basin is full of settled sand – acting like a catch basin


• Sand will plug the outlet and will get drawn into the pipe, thereby reducing the volume of flow through the conveyance pipe

• Sand in flowing water also will, over time, scour the pipe

HowcanIfixit?

• If there is sand in the raw water, it must be removed regularly as it builds up

• Preferably, and if there is a lot of sand, a settling chamber should be created by adding a wall (bricks) between the inlet and the outlet pipe to create chamber for settling any sand

• The sand will settle out in the first chamber, and clear water flows over a notch in the wall to the outlet chamber

Half the pipe diameter is blocked by sand

Remove sand

Clear water flows to outlet chamber

Build a wall with a notch

New water level in future settling

chamber

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

12


These pipes have been exposed by washouts or were never covered


• Pipes, especially PVC pipes that are not covered risk being damaged or broken and they are obstacles to people as well

• PVC pipes will become brittle and crack if exposed to sunlight (UV-light)

• The earth cover will prevent damage and keep the water cool

HowcanIfixit?

• Dig a trench underneath the exposed pipe and lay the pipe deeper

• The depth of a pipe trench should not be less than 50cm

• Alternatively, cover the pipes with a minimum of 30cm earth material

• Repair leaking or broken pipes with proper repair sleeves

• Use fittings for pipe bends

Pipe cover is washed out

Pipes taped to be tight

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

13

We must not waste water


• Leaked water is lost water from consumption, and if pumped, it is also a waste of energy & fuel

• Ponding water attracts mosquitoes breeding

• Never bend straight pipes (it stresses the pipe to much) but use fittings for making a bend

HowcanIfixit?

• Replace broken pipe by a new one as soon as possible

• For a river or road crossing use a steel sleeve pipe to protect the pipe against too much stress and any damage

• Check pipeline periodically for leaks and, if any, make prompt repairs

Use a steel sleeve pipe for a stream crossing

Replace bent pipe with a suitable fitting

Ponding water

Leaking pipe

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

14


These pipes were laid in an irrigation canal - for convenience


• Pipesmustbecoveredbyaminimumof50cm

• Pipes inanopencanalorditchcaneasilybedamagedbyearthslideorfloodordebris.Also,thereisexposuretoUV-light

• Ifcleanwaterpipesarelaidinaditchtherecanbecrosscontamination HEALTH RISK

• PVCpipeswerebentalongtheditchalignmentcausingstressonthepipe

HowcanIfixit?

• Checkthepipelinemoreofteniflaidintheopenandnotcovered

• Cleanoutcanal,straightenoutpipealignmentandfixthepipesontheground

THE BETTER SOLUTION IS:

• Digatrenchandburythepipes

• Replacethebentpipesectionswithsuitablefittings

Straight PVC pipes are bent

Pipe damaged by small landslide

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

15

Pipe has to be straightened and protected by covering


• When fully exposed, especially PVC pipes along roads they are at great risk

• Pedestrian, vehicles and animals can easily damage the pipes

HowcanIfixit?

• Reconstruct the exposed sections of the pipeline as soon as possible

• Cover the exposed sections with concrete

• In the meantime check pipe more often for damage

1. Use fittings for change of directions and bury pipeline under the road surface (min 50cm)

2. Also, encase the pipe in concrete for protection

Not covered at all – not even straight

This is a straight line

Pipe will soon break here

Two vertical bends

Horizontal bend

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

16


Good maintenance is needed for all elements of the system


• Standing water combined with dirt & soil will slowly ruin equipment

• The system can NOT be operated without all valves in good working order

HowcanIfixit?

• Build a concrete manhole around valves and install a lockable cover

• Replace rusted air valve with a new one

This air valve is covered with rust

Soil, dirt and water all over the valves

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

17

Install inlet pipe through tank cover

All PVC pipes are exposed, not fixed and not supported


• Pipes must not move pipe joints will leak and water is wasted

• Manhole in the tank cover slab is for inspection only, if left open pollution could enter

• Dirty walls and loose pipes indicate poor maintenance

HowcanIfixit?

• Fix the pipes with suitable clamps & supports to the tank wall

• Make a hole into the tank cover slab and insert inlet pipe

• Patch the hole and seal

• Clean the tank walls periodically and paint them

Clean wall and paint

Fix inlet pipe to tank wall and foundation

Fix outlet pipes to foundation

Remove inlet pipe from the tank top and close manhole cover

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

18


This tank was poorly built and is poorly maintained


• Faucets are missing on the outlets

• Overflow discharges onto the slab – no drainage to a ditch

• Outlet pipes are placed higher than overflow

• Cover has been left partially open risk of dirt or pollution entering

• Informal garbage dump beside the “clean water” tank

HowcanIfixit?

• Re-install ALL outlet pipes lower (about 60cm above slab)

• Install faucets on the outlets pipes

• Build a curb around the slab and a drainage channel to the nearest ditch

• Fix cover safely with a lock and install a ventilation pipe

• REMOVE GARBAGE FROM the vicinity of the tank – HEALTH RISK!

No faucets

Outlet pipes to high

Overflow splashes on slab

Tank capacity

Cover is partly off

Garbage

No curbs

No drainage -- water flows everywhere

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

19

Filthy “clean water” system components give bad image to KDP


• Overflow pipe is to small to discharge the incoming water

• Water runs down the walls and destroys the plaster and eventually the tank

HowcanIfixit?

• Make overflow pipe a bigger diameter or add a second overflow pipe (overflow pipe should be twice diameter of inlet pipe

• Make sure overflow runs to a proper drainage ditch

• Check plaster for cracks repair cracks

• Clean the walls and paint

Filthy tank walls

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

20


Tank and reservoirs for “clean water” system must be very clean


• Filthy tanks impact the water quality a lot HEALTH RISK

HowcanIfixit?

• Inspect the interior of tanks regularly (through the inspection manhole)

• Clean the tank bottom AND the walls periodically, and as needed

• Flush with clean water and pump or scoop out

Clean floor and walls

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

21

Cracks in the slab, probably caused by uneven settlement


• Cracks in concrete slabs indicate uneven settlement

• Water can seep through the cracks and saturate the base of the slab, potentially causing even more settlement

• The cracked slab will eventually break up

HowcanIfixit?

• Widen the crack (2cm) for a better connection

• Clean out stones and dust

• Pour mortar (plaster) into the crack to seal

• After a few days the slab can be used again

Water can seep through cracks

Slab around tank

Cracks

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

22


Exposed house connections and water meter


• Water meter measure the water consumption of a user, therefore the protection of this expensive precision instrument is important

• Persons passing or children playing could easily damage the instruments

HowcanIfixit?

• Dig a hole with a clear opening about 60x40cm, and about 30 – 50cm deep, around the water meter

• Build a concrete manhole (walls only) around the meter with the top edge about 10cm above ground level

• Cover manhole with a lockable lid (steel or concrete)

Unprotected water meters

Pipe not covered

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

23

The condition of these outlets indicates poor O&M – right under the PPK logo!


• A lot of water is wasted through a faucet that’s always open

• No faucet is installed on the center pipe this outlet cannot be used

• The only working faucet left is dripping and wastes water too

• The usefulness and benefits of this hydrants are greatly reduced

• The surface should be cleaned and the walls should be re-painted for hygienic reasons

HowcanIfixit?

• Install faucets on the pipe outlets and repair the seal on the third faucet

• Clean concrete surfaces regularly and paint them periodically

No faucet mounted – water

is wasted

Outlet pipe is plugged

Faucet is dripping

Wall needs new paint

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

24


A variety of faucets – none of them working properly


• Despiteimprovisedplugswaterisstillrunning WATER WASTAGE

• A broken faucet prevents the community from getting any water

HowcanIfixit?

• Replace plugged pipe ends with new faucets as soon as possible

• Replace broken faucet

• Educate people, and especially children to take more care of the faucets; show them how to use the faucets properly

Note: When replacing faucets buy a type that is very strong & functional

Plugged with a wooden stick

Water is still leaking out

Water is still running

A broken faucet

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

25

Free-standing pipes do not replace well-built hydrants


• Free-standing, unprotected pipes can break easily, especially with the heavy use they tend to get

• If there is no concrete slab around the stand pipes; this will cause water to pond POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK

HowcanIfixit?

• Build a concrete post / column around the standpipe

• Build a concrete slab with curbs and a drain connection to a ditch or a soakaway pit

A few rocks do not give much support

Steel pipe as a freestanding

standpipe

Freestanding PVC pipe as

a stand pipe

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

No proper slab at standpipe

26


This situation indicates very poor O&M


• Water is wasted because of a missing faucet (=kran)

• Overflow from tank discharges directly onto slab

• Wastewater must be discharged to nowhere

• The splash pad surface must be cleaned regularly

• Garbage must not be thrown away of near to hydrant

HowcanIfixit?

• Install a working faucet on the pipe

• Extend overflow pipe to a drainage ditch or soak away pit

• Clean & scrub slab surface and paint the walls for clean appearance this should be done periodically

• Remove garbage and educate community to use waste disposal bins

Limpahan tidak dialirkan secra

langsung ke drainasi Air & Sampah

JANGAN DICAMPUR

Air mengalir ke area pembuangan

sampah!

Lantai tidak bersih

Kran tidak terpasang – hanya pipa

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

27

A record of monthly payment of water user fee

Whyisitagoodexample?

• Payment for water consumption is necessary to collect funds for (i) the O&M team, and (ii) for buying spare parts, like faucets

• Good records for the customer and those kept by the O&M team (community management group) are equally important

• Transparency of payments is very important

• Water user fees must be fair and equitable and should also be progressive

Notes:

1. With a progressive tariff, households that use a lot of water pay proportionally more per unit of water.

2. If there is household supply, it is much better to use household water meters

Costumer name Village & Dusun name

Month Date of payment Amount Signature

WATER SUPPLy

User Fees

28


This water source is protected against entry by animals unauthorized persons

Whyitisagoodexample?

• The fence around this spring capture demonstrates well, how the valuable water can be protected

• Beware that the door is locked and only authorized person get the key

• The stability of the fence has to be checked periodically

NOTE:

The capture water tank should be covered to prevent dead leaves and fruits from falling into it.

Leaves and fruits from this tree are dropping into the

open tank

Fence around spring capture Filter and

reservoir Overflow

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

29

Well equiped and maintained well


• Fetching water from a deep dug well is a difficult job wheels for the bucket make it easier

• Waste water is drained off properly

• Cleanliness is important around a “clean water” well

Slab with curbs

Shed

Dua rodaTwo Wheels

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

30


The connection between gutter and pipe must be leak-tight


• No debris or leaves in the gutter to block the flow into the inlet pipe

• Roof and gutter are kept clean from leaves, dust and debris

NOTE:

Clean tank at least once a year – before the rainy season

Keep inlet clean

A leak-tight connection is important no waste

Rainwater reservoir

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

31

Sand & sediment from the river intake will settle in the chambers


• Sand must be settled out because it can damage the pipe material

• Sand can also plug the pipes, decreasing the flow volume and reduce the available water supply

• Remove sand and sediment in the chambers periodically

3 chambers for Sedimentation

Cover protects against leaves &

dust

Water enters outlet pipe

WATER SUPPLy

Water Sources

32


Trenches for a pipeline


• Remove all vegetation and also trees along the pipeline route BEFORE pipe laying begins

• Trench must be well shaped during excavation, and the pipe should be strung out along the trench, ready to be laid

Trench looks good

Remove vegetation before pipelaying

Trench cross

section

Min. depth 50cm

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

33

An ingenious pipe crossing support – somewhat makeshift, but low cost


• Even steel pipe must be supported across spans wider than 2 meters

• This pipe is adequately supported by the tree trunk which spans the creek

• The pipe must be fastened well to the “beam” and the fastener must be checked periodically, especially after floods

NOTES:

• The crossing could be improved by using two tree trunks with the pipe fastened on top.

• People must be prevented from using a pipe crossing as a bridge install barrier or use barbed wire to block access onto pipe

Tree trunk is used as beam to

support pipe

Pipe is tied to the tree trunk

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

34


Good protection for buried valves on a pipeline


• The valve is protected against mechanical damage and also against tampering or operation by unauthorized people

• You have to use the customized key to operate the valve

• Only the designated operators have a valve key for system operation

Key for valve operation

Concrete protection for shut-off valve

WATER SUPPLy

Pipelines

35

A well maintained tank


• The tank is nice painted

• The place around is clean and proper

• The tank is separated from the public area by a stone wall

Good aeration for the water in tank

Cleanliness around tank

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

36


The fence prevents entrance of animals and children


• The area around reservoir shall has to be kept clean of waste

• The “step-over” entrance prevents animals and small children from entering the area around the tank

Step over the fence – no gate

Fence around reservoir

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

37

Manhole covers should only be removed for inspection and maintenance purposes


• The manhole on the tank top must always be closed (and locked) to prevent dust and debris from falling into the tank

• Open it for inspection only

• Make sure the handles on the cover are in good shape a concrete lid is very heavy!

• Lock the cover or use “heavy weight” covers to prevent unauthorized use

A rusting steel cover but it is safely locked

Different types of concrete covers

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

38


There are various ways to protect meters, valves and controls

Whyaretheygoodexamples?

• Meters and valves for water supply are expensive and important for the operation

• They must be well protected a manhole with a lockable cover is the best solution

• A good maintenance program must check the proper functioning of these devices periodically

Manhole without cover, but the valve wheels were removed for safety reasons

Water meter in manhole

Air valve in manhole with cover

Water meter with cover Valve chamber

WATER SUPPLy

Tanks & Reservoirs

39

Overall, a very well maintained hydrant


• Solid concrete pillar for faucet is in good shape

• Faucet looks like it is working well

• No wastewater ponding outside the slab because of the curb

• Drainage outlet to ditch is on the far, less used, side of the standpipe

• A protective fence to keep out animals and children

• General cleanliness of the area

Solid curbs around slab

Wastewater drainage outlet

Faucet is OK

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

40


Different types of properly working and well maintained faucets


• No matter which type of faucet you use – check the seal and the turning ability of the handle these are the main elements of a faucet that’s easy to maintain

Different types of faucets

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

41

A fence protects the hydrant area, mainly from animals (good fo clothes drying, too)


• A fence keep animals out of the hydrant area prevents contamination and also nuisance

• A fence prevents children from getting in, and into trouble

• Small kids cannot play and damage or break the faucets

• One can use the fence for drying clothes too (should one, though?)

No gate, just a “step-over” to keep animals out Fence around hydrant

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

42


There are ifferent ways to drain away, and dispose of, wastewater


• The hydrant is located close to ditch and soak away

• It is better that waste water does not flow long ways to have it discharged

NOTE: The wastewater (“grey water”) could also be used productively to water a nearby house garden or a field – a form of recycling of water.

Ditch

To soak-away pit

Water drains to soak-away

Water drains to ditch

WATER SUPPLy

Hydrants

43

Water Supply

WATER SOURCE

• Take water sample for laboratory testing every 6 months

• Check for bacteria (Fecal coliform) using H2S strip

• Check integrity of watershed area (no disturbance)

• Implement watershed management & protection program

• Check intake screen and sand / sediment trap

• Inspect pump(s), if any, for service and repair needs

PIPELINES

• Inspect full length of pipeline(s) and valves, esp. for leaks

TANKS & RESERVOIRS

• Inspect tanks and related piping for cracks, leaks and overflow

HYDRANTS

• Check public hydrants for:

o all faucets working

o any leakage

o proper drainage of wastewater to drain or pit

• Check house connections, if any, for:

o all faucets working

o any leakage or water wastage

o proper drainage of wastewater to drain or pit

o working water meter

Key O&M Items for MONITORING

44


Key ACTICITy Items for GOOD O&M

Water Supply

WATER SOURCES

• Take water sample, do check for physical parameters and take for testing at DepKes laboratory (see following page)

• If any problems with water quality, investigate and take remedial action

• Stop any damaging activities like forest clearing, in watershed

• Repair protective fencing and structures around spring

• Clean out intake screens and sand / sediment trap monthly

• Service and repair pump(s), if any on the system

PIPELINES

• Repair leaks in pipes, preferably using pipe clamps

• Cover pipe where it is exposed to protect it

• Repair or replace air or drain valves

TANKS & RESERVOIRS

• Repair any leaks in piping associated with tanks

• Repair cracks in tanks & reservoirs, plaster and re-paint

• If sand and sediment has accumulated in tank, empty tank and clean out. Afterwards disinfect (with chlorine) and flush

HYDRANTS

• Repair or replace faucets that do not work or are missing

• Repair leaks in pipes

• Fix or build concrete pad with curb around hydrant, and build drain to a soakaway pit, or other suitable wastewater disposal

45

BEFORE USING A NEW WATER SOURCE TAKE A SAMPLE FOR TESTING

MINIMUM KEy PARAMETERS

FOR WATER TESTING

Notes:

If high turbidity then sandfiltershouldbeused

Nitrates may indicate other pollution such as

bacteria, animal waste or fertilizer

TESTING TO BE DONE By DEPKES KABUBATEN LABORATORy

PARAMETER REMARKS

TOTAL COLIFORM

<10 MPN (or use H2S strip as indicator)

pH between 6.5 and 8.5

ARSENIC <0.01mh/L (only in groundwater in some region)

NITRATE <10 mg/L in groundwater – health risk for babies

TESTING DONE By COMMUNITy / FACILITATOR

PARAMETER REMARKS

TASTE salty, bad, other

ODOUR foul, rotten, other

COLOUR visual test

TURBIDITY visual test (or <1.0 NTU by lab) – proxy for TSS test

TEMPERATURE using thermometer

A

B

Have the water tested – it’s for yOUR HEALTH

C

WATER SUPPLy

ABC of Water Testing

46


47

SANITATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

5


48


The entire toilet shows very poor maintenance – not a very attractive place for users


• Nobody likes to use a dirty toilet

• There is no incentive to keep the toilet clean

• Germs thrive in such an environment HEALTH RISK

HowcanIfixit?

• Brush the filth off the floors & walls using a steel brush

• Check plaster if it needs repairing

• Paint walls and floor with a waterproof paint in an attractive color

• Educate people to keep the toilet clean and / or assign somebody to clean toilets regularly

Walls and basin are dirty

SANITATION

MCK

Toilet is filthy

Floor looks like it never has been cleaned

49

The entire washing area should be clean


• Water is being wasted through the permanently open pipes

• Filthy walls can harbor germs and these are a RISK to HEALTH

HowcanIfixit?

• Install new faucets to save water (Use a model that doesn’t break easily)

• Brush & clean the walls with an steel brush

• Repair plaster if needed

• Paint walls with a waterproof paint

• Keep the tile floor looking nice & clean

• Educate & assign people to keep the washing area clean and explain how to use faucets properly

SANITATION

MCK

Filthy walls

BUT floor tiles are clean & neat

No faucets

50


Good ventilation for toilets

Walls and floor need cleaning

Ditch close to the wash place is good

The condition of the floor and walls shows very poor maintenance


• A place for washing clothes should be very clean

• Germs can thrive in a filthy environment HEALTH RISK

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean the walls and floor using a steel brush

• Check plaster for cracks and repair as needed

• Paint walls and floor with waterproof paint in an attractive colour

• Educate people to keep the place clean and / or assign somebody to clean the area on a regular basis

SANITATION

MCK

51

Effluent from septic tank should be NOT discharged to an open ditch


• Effluent from septic tanks is only partially treated and still contains bacteria it will pollute the water in the ditch

• Bacteria in the water pose a RISK for HEALTH

• Because there is no access manhole, the condition of this septic tank cnnot even be inspected

HowcanIfixit?

• Add a leachfield or pit to the existing septic tank for disposal of effluent

• Install a covered inspection / access manhole in the existing septic tank

• Cover any open polluted ditches

NO access manhole

Ventilation pipe

Polluted ditchPartially treated

effluent

SANITATION

Septic Tank

52


A septic tank is NOT a garbage dump


• Sludge will accumulate at the bottom of the septic tank and must be removed periodically

• There is no access to the septic tank the tank can NOT be inspected

• The sludge level in the tank must be checked at least once a year

• The tank cannot be cleaned our or pumped out when needed

HowcanIfixit?

• First remove the garbage

• Break a hole in the septic tank ceiling and install an access manhole with a lockable cover.

NOTE: Manhole dimension according to pump out equipment size

Garbage on top of septic tank

Vent pipe is too short & no cover

NO manhole for access & inspection

SANITATION

Septic Tank

53

This pond poses a HEALTH RISK


• Partially treated septic tank effluent contains bacteria HAZARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH

HowcanIfixit?

• Build a leachfield or pit to receive and dispose of the effluent

• Add flowing water to the pond to dilute the pollution

Effluent pond

Effluent outlet from septic tank

SANITATION

Septic Tank

54


Garbage dumped at the edge of a pond


• This waste dump is very close to a pond that is the water source for the nearby MCK

• Uncontrolled waste dumping near surface water will pollute the source HEALTH RISK

WaterandwastemustNOTmix

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean up the area

• Establish a safe waste disposal area away from any water sources

• Educate the community to dispose waste properly

Uncontrolled waste disposal

Pond

SANITATION

Waste

55

Uncontrolled waste dumping blocks roadside ditch


• Waste thrown into the roadside ditch will eventually block the ditch

• The road could get flooded

• Garbage belongs to the waste dumping area

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean the ditch and dispose the waste properly in a dump area

• Educate the community where to dispose waste

Ditch is dry

Flow of water is blocked

Clean waste from this area

Roadside ditch

SANITATION

Waste

56


A ditch, stream or creek is NO garbage dumping area


• Uncontrolled waste dump areas are a serious pollution risk for surface and groundwater PUBLIC HEALTH RISK

• A polluted water source cannot be used anymore

WaterandwastemustNOTmix

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean this area as soon as possible

• Establish a garbage disposal area that is safe and can be covered

• Educate people to dispose waste properly

Uncontrolled waste disposal

Polluted water

Ditch

Polluted water

SANITATION

Waste

57

A neat looking, clean and well equiped toilet


• The floor tiles and toilet bowl are perfectly clean

• Everybody likes to use a clean & attractive toilet

• A clean toilet is the best proof of good maintenance

Scoop for mandi

Clean& full water basin

Brush & cleaning agent

Clean toilet bowl

SANITATION

MCK

58


A freshly painted basin indicates good maintenance BUT the floor could use some paint too


• Basin got a fresh coat of waterproof paint

• Faucet is still working

• Generally neat and clean appearance

Water storage basin

Working faucet

SANITATION

MCK

59

Maintenance in porgress and evidence


• Fresh paint does not cost a lot and makes the place look like new

• The community will like to use this MCK and is more likely to keep it clean

• A neat and clean appearance makes a big difference

Freshly painted doors

Wall is being painted

SANITATION

MCK

60


An attractive, because well maintained facility


• Fresh paint makes the place look great and doesn’t cost too much

• If the place is clean to start with the community will take care of it and keep it clean

• A clean and neat appearance makes the MCK attractive & appreciated

Sign for gender

Attractive colours on wall, doors and

edges

Clean floor

SANITATION

MCK

61

A good-looking septic tank with the necessary appurtenances


• This septic tank shows a ventilation pipe AND an access manhole

• The manhole is very important to inspect the sludge level and to give access for pumping out (=desludging) the tank

• A manhole also gives access to remove any inside formwork

Access manhole cover - not yet

finished

Ventilation pipe

SANITATION

Septic Tanks

62


Desludging has to be done when sludge level has built up more than halfway in the first chamber


• Sludge settles in septic tank and must be pumped out by a vacuum tanker periodically this forms part of periodic maintenance

• An access manhole to insert hose is essential for septic tank cleaning

• Partially treated effluent should be piped to a leachfield or pit

• A septic tank with two chambers will generally clean wastewater more effectively

Inlet for wastewater

Oulet for effluent

Septic tank under construction

Septic tank with two separate chambers

Oulet for effluent – to leachfield or pit

Vacuum tanker truck pumping out

Inlet for wastewater from toilets

Sludge

SANITATION

Septic Tanks

63

Waste separation at the household level allows recycling and also saves valuable resources


• Waste, not separated and collected will be an environmental problem

• Collect the waste in separate containers WET & DRY for recycling

• Train and assign people to be responsible for waste collection & disposal

wet (organic) waste for composting,

DRY waste (paper, glass & metal) for recycling

Paper

Organic

Plastic

SANITATION

Waste

64


This is a suitable container for waste disposal


• A well built & conveniently located waste container gives the community the opportunity for proper waste disposal

• Educate the community how and where to dispose their garbage

• Also educate the community about the damage to the environment caused by uncontrolled waste disposal

• Roads, public areas and the natural environment are NOT dumping areas

SANITATION

Waste

65

Waste collection must be supported by community


• Start waste collection in your home and its vicinity

• A clean environment starts at home

• Educate the community to collect waste in their own neighbourhood

• Organize and make waste collection service available to the community

SANITATION

Waste

66


Sanitation

MCK

• Thoroughly clean MCK and disinfect floors periodically

• Repair water supply, especially defective or missing faucets

• Repair floor and wall tiles, if any

• Clean and paint walls after repairing plaster

• Clear sediment and blockages from wastewater drains

SEPTIC TANKS

• Repair leaks in septic tanks

• Repair leaks in inlet or outlet pipes

• Repair inspection / access manholes on septic tank

• Repair vent pipes on top of septic tank

• Build new leachfield (or drainfield) if existing field is plugged

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMEN

• Repair and / or replace missing “public” waste baskets

• Organize the community to provide their own waste baskets

• Organize and implement a waste clean-up day by the community, to be held once or twice a year

• Arrange for emptying waste from community container or dumpsite

Key ACTIVITy Items for GOOD O&M

67

Sanitation

MCK

• Check MCK for

o general cleanliness of entire facility & surroundings

o working water supply

o proper wastewater drainage to drain or pit

SEPTIC TANKS

• Inspect septic tank for:

o signs of leakage

o overflow (because it is full why?)

o level of sludge build-up at bottom of tank using the inspection manhole

o proper effluent disposal to leaching field or pit

• Check all drainage ditches, including covered ditches for:

o general cleanliness and no sand or sediment

o no blockage from garbage

o discharge to major drain, stream or fields

WASTE

• Check for general cleanliness – no garbage scattered

• Check that waste containers available:

o in public areas

o at household level

• Check that assigned garbage dumping area available to community


68


69

IRRIGATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

6


70


A devastated weir and a channel inlet with no control


• It is impossible to operate weir with so much debris on the structure

• It is necessary to be able to control the flow into the channel

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all debris and vegetation from the weir structure

• Check more often for debris on structures and remove

• Consider installing a gate or other control (stop logs) at channel inlet

Debris is all over the structure

No gate into channel

IRRIGATION

Weirs & Structures

71

Sediment and waste have built up at this structure


• Sediment reduces the cross section and flow capacity of the channel

• Garbage will block the channel and interfere with the gate operation

• The quality of the water suffers from the garbage in the channel

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all debris, sediment and waste and dispose of away from site

• Check entire system regularly for waste and sediment deposits

Garbage deposits

Accumulated sediment

IRRIGATION

Weirs & Structures

72


Debris partially blocks flow over the gate


• Debris decreases the flow of water

• Debris will also interfere with the operation of the gate itself

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove debris regularly and dispose of it away from channels

• Inspect for accumulated debris more often

Debris on top of gate

IRRIGATION

Gates

73

A lot of debris has accumulated in this distribution chamber


• Debris will interfere with use of stop logs and cause them to leak

• Debris will interfere with operations of any downstream gates

• Water flow capacity is decreased by the accumulated debris

• Debris could be carried into smaller channels and cause blockages

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove debris on a regular basis and dispose of it in designated area

• Inspect all channels, chambers and gates periodically for debris

• Investigate possible source of high debris loads

Debris blocks the flow

IRRIGATION

Channels

74


The flow of water can easily be blocked by shrubs, leaves and sediment


• Irrigation channels must never be blocked

• Farmers rely on full supply of irrigation water during the growing season

• Uncontrolled vegetation will slowly decrease channel capacity, and may even affect water quality

HowcanIfixit?

• Clean the channels periodically from all vegetation

• Remove accumulated sediment

• The best time for maintenance is before planting and after the harvest

Shrubs hanging into the channel

Sediment covers the invert

Leaves and sediment

IRRIGATION

Channels

75

Bank failure and channel blockage suggest poor maintenance


• Obstructions can change the direction of flow

• The deflected flow could erode earth banks of channels

• The failed section of the channel bank has not been repaired yet

• Obstructions, if not removed, may also block the flow

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove the tree trunks and any other objects in the channel

• Repair the failed bank section, and protect earth bank with bamboo

• Check all channels for any obstructions periodically

Tree trunks blocking the channel

Bank has collapsed already

Bank was washed out

Original edge of channel bank

Water flow

IRRIGATION

Channels

76


A blockage from a landslide was not removed and another slide is starting


• Earth slide material in the channel reduces the flow capacity the channel

• Maintenance has not removed the partial blockage

• Another slide is starting on an instable, unprotected earth bank

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove all blockages from slides and other causes – inspect more often during the rainy season

• Place large rocks at the toe of the bank to reduce eroding force of the water flow, especially in outside bends of the channel

• If bank cannot be stabilized, the best solution will be to build a concrete wall at the right bank

Earlier slide partially blocks channel

New land slide zone

Loose rocks slid into channel

Water line

IRRIGATION

Channels

77

A serious break in the channel wall


• Most of the flow will be lost through such a crack and water is wasted

• The farmers will be short of water and crops may fail

• Sediment can enter the channel and decrease its capacity

Note:

It is important to find out the reasons for the failure of that wall,

i. e. whether it is uneven settlement, excessive earth pressure, poor quality concrete or construction work, an earthquake, or other

HowcanIfixit?

• Improve foundation if necessary

• Clean the crack from any loose material, fill it with concrete, and finish with plaster (Note: Repairs should be done in the dry season when channel is not in use)

Broken wall

IRRIGATION

Channels

78


A well maintained weir with turnout structure


• No debris and no waste

• Gate looks in good condition

• No cracks in the walls

IRRIGATION

Weirs & Structures

79

A clean and tidy division box structure


• The structure and channels are clean and free of debris

• The gates steel guides look freshly painted (Note the hndles on the gates)

• No uncontrolled vegetation in the vicinity of the structure

• Thos division box structure shows good maintenance

Free of any vegetation

Simple gates

Clean channels

IRRIGATION

Weirs & Structures

80


A well maintained dropstructure


• No debris or waste in the channel

• The walls are in good condition

• The steep upstream earth bank (left side) is protected with bamboo staves against bank erosion

IRRIGATION

Weirs & Structures

81

Turning and moving parts of a gate have to be lubricated


• All turning and sliding parts of gates must be well greased

• Grease keeps rust away and makes operation easier gates don’t get stuck

Grease here

IRRIGATION

Gates

82


Well maintained gates


• The gates are free of any debris and can operate well

• The gate on the right can be locked no tampering by unauthorised person is possible

• The gate on the left is painted with rust protection

• The gates show a reasonably good standard of maintenance

Free of debris

IRRIGATION

Gates

83

Well maintained channels BUT vegetation encroachment should be checked


• The channels are free of obstructions

• Banks are in very good condition

• These channels show a good standard of maintenance

Encroaching vegetation

IRRIGATION

Channels

84


Two good examples for well maintained irrgation channels

Whyaretheygoodexamples?

• The channels are free of any waste, debris, or encroaching vegetation

• Water can flow without any obstructions

• These channels show a high level of maintenance

The channel is clean

Free of debris

IRRIGATION

Channels

85

Irrigation

WEIRS & STRUCTURES

• Check dam, weir or impoundment structure for:

o cracks and structural problems

o leaks or downstream seepage

o debris, especially if blocking overflow spillway

o scouring and washout at downstream side

GATES

• Check intake and bar screens

• Check gates for proper functioning and locks

CHANNELS

• Check all channels for:

o erosion damage

o washout and bank slides

o cracked and broken sections

o debris and blockages

o sediment deposits on channel inverts


86



Irrigation

WEIRS & STRUCTURES

• Repair cracks in dam, weir or other structural elements

• Repair leaks in structures

• Clear off and remove debris from weir overflow & spillway

• Repair river bed downstream from weir if scouring – place new riprap and boulders

INTAKE AND GATES

• Clean bar screens san trap (if any) regularly

• Grease and repair gates, and replace locks if missing

CHANNELS

• Clean out debris and sediment

• Remove blockages

• Repair channel banks where eroded or washed out

• Build channel bank protection where needed

• Repair concrete or masonry work lined channels

87

ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY

INFRASTRUCTURE

7


88


Unhealthy diesel exhaust fumes pollute the operatoring environment


• Polluted air poses a HEALTH RISK for the operator and attendant

HowcanIfixit?

• Extend the exhaust pipe through the wall of the shed

NOTES:

1. Make sure that exhaust pipe does not cause air pollution to any adjacent community members.

2. Also check that noise level from diesel engine is muffled

Exhaust pipe ends inside the shed

Exhaust pipe in the shed – polluted air!

ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLy

Generators

89

Proper setup and installation of electrical equipment requires special knowledge


• Wiring and equipment outside the cabinet is dangerous

• Nothing should be attached to the electrical panel

• Wiring should be clear and simple

• Electricity is dangerous when not installed properly although it is not always obvious

HowcanIfixit?

• Install equipment and wiring correctly inside the cabinet and keep it closed and locked at all times

• Use electrical specialist when needed

• Train and assign person to look after the electrical system

• Educate the community about the dangers of tampering with wiring

Clothes line fixed to electrical panel

Poorly installed wiring

Most equipment is outside the cabinet

Circuit breaker jammed with a nail


Generators

90


Turbines need absolut clean water to work properly


• Water used for hydro power must be clean and free from all debris

• Debris, loose stones and sand will damage and even wreck the turbine

• Repair or replacement of the turbine can be very costly

HowcanIfixit?

• Keep the bar screen clean and free of all debris

• Check the screens daily or more often, depending on debris load

Bar screen to inlet is completely plugged

Inlet gate

Inlet channel to mini turbine


Mini Hydro

91

The belt from turbine to generator moves at very high speeds and is dangerous


• Rotating belts are very dangerous to anybody working in close to fast-moving equipment – accidents can happen easily

• Safety precautions, including protective cages, should be in place when the turbine is running

HowcanIfixit?

• Observe all safety regulations and procedures before starting any work in the vicinity of the turbine

• Remove protective cage only when turbine has been stopped and replace before starting turbine running again

Generator drives without protective cages

Rotating belt

Work close to rotating belts!


Mini Hydro

92


Cover should be opened for service work only


• Open electrical wiring and equipment is a hazard to the operator

HowcanIfixit?

• Close cover before starting the turbine

• Observe all safety regulations and procedures

Electrical wiring and equipment is fully exposed

Protective cage over rotating equipment


Mini Hydro

93

Examples of improper and dangerous wiring


• Blown fuses must NEVER be bridged (=bypassed) by wires RISK OF FIRE OR SERIOUS DAMAGE TO EQUIPMENT

• Faulty or improper connections are dangerous and may cause short circuits and power failures

• Faulty wiring also presents a risk of fire

HowcanIfixit?

• Use approved fuse to replace blow or missing fuses

• Train assigned person(s) to take care of electrical equipment and check it

• Educate the community about the dangers of improper electrical work

• Get simple electrical manual or advice from local electrician

• Install all wiring according to electrical regulations and standards

This is NO proper connection

Approved connections

Fuses bridged by wires

Connection with cable shoes only


Distribution System

94


Some very unsafe wiring


• Connection box is left open RISK TO LIFE

• Wires are not insulated and improperly connected

• Open wiring is especially dangerous for outsiders and children

HowcanIfixit?

• Replace bare, damaged and faulty wiring and connections

• Use cover on connection box

• Educate community about risks of live electricity

Uninsulated cables

No clamps to connect wires

The cover is missing

Some animals like to gnaw on insulation

material


Distribution System

95

Wires are not supposed to carry the weight of light bulbs or fixtures


• The weight of light fixtures may, over time, cause a connection to fail

• Exposed wiring could be dangerous when changing light bulbs

• Unused electrical outlets, wires and other equipment could be confusing and must be removed

HowcanIfixit?

• Fix bulbs and fixtures to the ceiling or wall separate from electrical wires

• Train and assign a person to take care of electrical systems and equipment

• Warn the community about the risks and dangers of live electricity

Wires in duct is OK

Unused outlet and wiring

Light bulbs on wires only


Distribution System

96


Improperly fixed electrical poles and cables


• A leaning may fall over and endanger people’s lives and also interrupt the power supply

• Power poles must be vertical – a leaning pole will stress the cables

• Faulty insulation can cause electrical shock and injuries to people

• Improperly fixed cables cause short circuits and interrupt supply

HowcanIfixit?

• Set poles upright and fix firmly in the ground – with concrete

• Use proper insulators for fixing power cables to the poles

• Use clamps to fix cables to the poles

Do not twist cable around pole

Pole may fall over

Plastic bags as isolation!


Distribution System

97

Good record-keeping and transparency is important for book keeping


• Every payment is recorded by customer, amount and date

• The customer has a user card on which his monthly payments are recorded

• The financial records of the village electricity business are kept in another separate record book. Accumulated savings are kept in a bank account.

• Such a payment and record system can be used for water supply system operations a well

Record of payments

User card


Organization

98


Operation and Maintenance of a system is not free of charge


• Money is needed for:

o routine service work, such as oil and grease

o occasional repairs

o purchase of spare parts

o the operator, assistants and labourers, and

o eventually for replacement of the major components of the system

• Collect user charges from the beginning to have funds available when needed

• Bumdes, koperasi or lembaga or similar not-for-profit organization should manage the system

Payment of users are recorded in this book

Receipt for user’s payment


Organization

99

Transparence is very important for managing a community enterprise


• Every payment is registered in a book and shows every user how much s/he has paid and how the funds are being used the money

• Such a system can also be used for operating a water supply system

Templates for good financial record keeping


Organization

100


Exhaust fumes will be vented out of the shed


• Exhaust fumes from diesel engine will be vented to the outside

Exhaust pipe to be extended to outside

Hole for exhaust pipe already cut

into the wall

A generator shed under construction


Generators

101

Switch board panel in accordance to electrical good practice


• The cabinet is fully equipped and the wiring is neatly and clearly arranged

• Whenever possible power ducts should be embedded in walls and covered with plaster

• There should be warning signs

Power supply for wall outlet under plaster

Neatly arranged wiring in cabinet


Generators

102


Warning signs, safety messages and operating manuals


• If the operating instructions and manuals are available, the assigned operator will know how to operate, service and repair the equipment

• Operators and their assistants will know and respect the safety instructions

Read manuals and safety instructions


Generators

103

Solar panels collect the energie of the sun


• Solar panels are an alternatively solution to gain energy

• The construction of solar panel facilities are still expensive, but the gained energy is free of charge

• Solar Panels are recommended for areas (small islands)of less water to power a Mini Hydro Turbine or the transportation of gasoline is expensive

• Keep the solar panels always clean

Switch board

Solar panels


Generators

104


Only fine-grid bar screens are suitable for turbines


• The bars are very close together to prevent any debris from passing through and damaging the turbine

• The bar screen is well arranged to make cleaning and removal of screenings easy

• There is no debris flowing in the channel, which leads to the turbine

• The bar screen must be kept clean check often

This bar screen is good for mini hydro Turbines


Mini Hydro

105

The turbine belt transmission needs a cage for safety reasons


• All rotating parts, i.e. the belt and the drive shafts, are protected to prevent accidents and injuries

• The electrical wiring and equipment mounted on the generator is covered

NOTE: Safety messages and warning signs should also be used

Cage for transmission

Electrical wiring is well covered


Mini Hydro

106


Electric cabinets are well equiped and installed. Wiring is tidy and out of the way


• All wiring is tidy and fixed to the wall

• The electrical cabinets and control panels are well arranged and allow simple and safe operation of the system

• The risk for health is minimized

Neat wiring fixed to the wall

All controls in the cabinets and neat

panels


Mini Hydro

107

A reliable distribution network with strong poles and good cable connections


• The pole is made of steel and needs little maintenance

• The connection clamps are approved and assure reliable distribution

Solid metal power pole

Approved cable connection


Distribution System

108


Exterior street lights must be protected against rain


• All outdoor lamps have to be protected against rain

• Use energy-saving fixtures – they are more expensive but they last much longer and use less power more lights

ElectricityandwaterdoNOTmix

Some types of lamp shades


Distribution System

109

Keep children safe from electrical equipment


• Broken cables or other electrical devices are a HEALTH RISK

Do not let children play with electrical equipment


Distribution System

Light is out of reach for children

110


Electric Power Supply

ORGANIZATION

• Check record of payment

• Check financial record book and bank saving account

• Check spare parts on stock and the expecting needs

GENERATORS

• Check diesel engine for service and repair needs

• Check muffler and exhaust (to the outside) for proper functioning

• Check solar panels

MINI HYDRO

• Check intake gates and bar screens

• Check penstock for leaks, cracks or damage

• Check turbine, including inside housing, for debris and wear

• Check shaft and bearings

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• Check electrical power distribution lines for.

o poles in good condition and not leaning

o cables, wires and insulators that nothing loose or hanging down

• Check that street lighting fixtures are all working

• Check house connections to main lines

• Check on household level power loads


111


ORGANIZATION & MANAGEMENT

• Collect outstanding, overdue payments

Educate community about the importance of paying bills on time

• Restock spare parts for mechanical-electrical equipment

GENSET (GENERATOR & DIESEL ENGINE & SOLAR PANEL)

• Service engine, especially oil, grease and filter change at regular intervals

• Repair engine, including muffler

• Change bearings on engine and generator

• Adjust shaft alignment

• Change brushes on generator

• Keep solar panel always clean of dust and check stability after stormy weather

MINI HYDRO SYSTEMS

• Clear bar screens and sand trap at intake

• Grease and repair intake gates

• Repair leaks in penstock pipe, using hi-pressure repair clamps

• Repair or replace turbine if worn or damaged

• Adjust alignment of turbine-generator shaft

• Replace bearings


112



DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

• Strengthen base of power poles

• Straighten poles, if needed, with guy wires

• Repair power poles if bent or otherwise damaged

• Repair or replace cables and insulators

• Replace street lighting bulbs (or tubes) and fixtures

• Repair house connection wires

• Repair or replace breaker

• Educate community about the importance of conserving electricity


113

MARKETS

INFRASTRUCTURE

8


114


The wooden structure needs new paint


• Any structure, especially if exposed to the weather, must be re-painted periodically, also for the sake of good appearance

• The coat of paint protects the wood against humidity, insects and rot

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove the old, flaked off paint

• Check the connections of the columns and trusses repair any damaged parts and replace missing connections

• After the inspection apply new coat of paint

MARKETS

Structures

Paint needed

115

Check all load bearing elements of the roof structure for problems


• Defects in the load bearing elements are a serious risk to the structural stability of the structure

• There can be different causes for the defects, such as earthquakes, uneven settlement of the footings, poor construction, or a heavy storm

HowcanIfixit?

• Repair the defective connections

• Check entire roof structure especially after an earthquake or major storm

Note: Some parts may have to be replaced

Steel strap has slipped

Rusty bolts

MARKETS

Structures

116


Drains are NOT garbage dumps


• A blocked drain may cause flooding

• Garbage would be spread over a wider area

• A blocked drain may also become a mosquito breeding pond

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove garbage from drains and dispose of it in an assigned dumping area

• Remove all obstructions in drains before market day

• Consider covering drains with grating

• Keep drains clean – educate traders to dispose garbage properly

• Fine any traders if they still dump garbage in drains and all over

Garbage in the drain

A completely Blocked drain

MARKETS

Drains

117

An informal garbage dump behind the market UNACCEPTABLE


• Informal garbage dumps near markets attract flies and vermin HEALTH RISK

• Rotting garbage causes an odour problem which is not good for a market

HowcanIfixit?

• Remove garbage from informal dumping areas – it could be a Develop a basic waste disposal area near the market where garbage can be covered or arrange for garbage collection by municipality

• Educate community to dispose their garbage in containers and that they are also responsible for the cleanliness of the market environment

This is NO place for dumping garbage

MARKETS

Garbage

118


This market looks like it is well maintained


• The structure is well maintained

• Columns and beams are nicely painted

• The structure and roof trusses show no defects

• The floor is fairly clean

Concrete skeleton is neatly painted

Structure & roof are in good condition

MARKETS

Structures

119

Well built and maintained roof structure


• All connections of the roof trusses are in place

• The wooden parts are painted

• Roof is water tight and not leaking

Roof sheets are in place and OK

All connections & roof sheets are in place and

OK

MARKETS

Structures

120


Drains covered with boards are safer and the garbage is mostly kept out


• When traders’ stalls are cleaned, the wash water can easily drain to the ditches (even if they are covered by boards)

• If the ditches are open they are a hazard for injuries AND garbage is dropped into the dictches

• A grill over the open ditches would even be better, BUT it still invites improper garbage disposal

• Open ditches get easily blocked by garbage, BUT are easier to clean

• Set up small garbage containers at the market stalls for traders and customers to dispose garbage into them

Keep ditch covered

There should be NO garbage

in ditches

Place garbage boxhere

Water drainage

Water drainage

MARKETS

Drains

121

A suitable container for waste disposal


• A well built & conveniently located waste container gives the traders the opportunity for proper waste disposal

• Educate the traders how and where to dispose their garbage

• Also educate the traders about the damage to the environment caused by uncontrolled waste disposal

• The market area and the natural environment are NOT dumping areas

MARKETS

Structures

122



Markets

STRUCTURE

• Cleanup regularly, especially after each market day, and do general clean-up of entire building periodically

• Wash market floors regularly, especially in the wet market area

• Repair footings and columns, especially if cracked

• Repair cracks in the floor

• Repair roof structure

• Replace broken or missing roof tiles

• Clean out gutters & downspouts and repair damaged sections

SANITATION

• Clean out drains regularly – it is better to cover them with removable covers for easy cleaning

• Clean drain outlets to final disposal

• Clean MCK or toilets, as the case may be

• Replace broken or missing tiles

• Repair water supply, especially the faucets

• Clean toilet(s) and clear any blockage

• Service septic tank (as under SANITATION)

• Empty waste containers after each market day

• Compost vegetable waste

• Dispose of other waste or arrange for pickup and disposal

123


Markets

STRUCTURE

• General cleanliness – no garbage scattered all over

• Check structure for defects:

o footings

o slabs

o columns

o beams

o roof trusses

• Check sanitation conditions for:

o Check that water supply is working at public hydrant

o Check that wastewater is properly drained away

o Check that toilet or MCK is open and clean and water supply available

o Check septic tank levels, overflow and effluent disposal

DRAINS

• Check condition and functioning of drains – not blocked

GARBAGE

• Check for sufficient garbage containers

• Check assigned garbage dumping area

124


125

BUILDINGS

INFRASTRUCTURE

9


126


Water can enter through damaged roof and plaster


• Wooden trusses will rot when exposed to water

• Wind may blow off more roof tiles

• Plaster protects the brick wall from water entering

• Broken plaster on buildings is very unsightly

HowcanIfixit?

• Keep the roof water tight by checking roof tiles periodically

• Check the wooden trusses and roof structure and replace any rotten or damaged parts

• Clean wall and apply new plaster on the broken off sections

• Paint wall periodically for a neat appearance

Roof is in bad shape

Plaster has broken off

BUILDINGS

Buildings

127

This roof may not be water tight


• Broken roof tiles let the water enter into the house and will destroy roof framework and masonry

• Loosely hanging electrical wires should be fixed to wall

HowcanIfixit?

• Check periodically – before the rainy season – that roof is water tight

• Replace missing or broken roof tiles

• Use fasteners to fix wiring to walls

Broken roof tiles

Use more fasteners to fix wiring to wall

BUILDINGS

Buildings

128


Water leaking through the roof has damaged the suspending ceiling


• There is a leak in the roof of the building

• More water damage may happen, such as to furniture

• Water weakens the ceiling panels and they may fall

• Falling parts of the suspended ceiling can injure people

• Stained ceiling panels will get mouldy and are unsightly

HowcanIfixit?

• Check periodically – before the rainy season – that roof is water tight

• Check the suspending ceiling and replace the damaged panels

• Restore ceiling with new paint

These spots caused by a water leak in roof

Suspended ceiling is about to fall down

BUILDINGS

Buildings

129

Cracks in the walls suggest that there is a problem with the structure


• Cracks in building walls may have different causes:

o Uneven settlement of footings

o Earthquake damage, or

o Thermal shrinkage / expansion

HowcanIfixit?

• Investigate cause of wall cracking and check if (1) crack is widening over time, and (2) more cracks appear

• If cracking is getting worse, get advice from structural engineer

• If there is only this crack, clean it out and fill in with cement mortar and plaster

• Repaint wall

Cracks indicate structural problems

with the building

BUILDINGS

Buildings

130


Rain on parapets will destroy window frames

Boarded up window makes classrooms dark


• Window cannot be opened anymore when the frame is broken

• Broken glass can cause injuries especially to children in school

• Cardboard is no replacement for window panes – rooms get darker

• Peeled off paint does not look attractive and will cause wood to rot

HowcanIfixit?

• Replace or repair the rotting window frames of the windows – it’s better to check and make repairs before the damage is extensive

• Replaces window panes as soon as possible when they are broken

• Paint all wooden parts with exterior paint after restoration

Window frames rotting and

broken

Broken glass

Paint o frame is peeling off

BUILDINGS

Buildings

131

The classroom furniture should be more attractive


• For hygienic reasons the desks and benches should be clean

• Classrooms and their furniture should be attractive for the students

HowcanIfixit?

• Wash the classroom furniture periodically, say, once in the month

• Paint the desks in an attractive bright colour

• Also paint the classroom walls when they get dirty

Clean and paint desks & benches

BUILDINGS

Buildings

132


Make the building and grounds more attractive for the children


• This is not an appealing environment for young children

• The grounds and the buildings give a poor impression

HowcanIfixit?

• Kids like bright colours, therefore paint the playground equipment

• Plaster (and paint) the brick wall

• Paint the house and beautify the front with flower pots and shrubs

• Re-seed and water the lawn, then keep cutting the grass

• Plant some trees – kids will appreciate the shadow

Plaster and paint the wall

Paint the house in different colours

Re-seed the lawnPaint the equipment

in nicer colours

BUILDINGS

Grounds

133

Make the grounds look more inviting


• Attractive grounds make working and living more enjoyable

• A lot of mud will be carried into the house over the steps and walkway

HowcanIfixit?

• Plant a new lawn in front of the building

• Plant flowers and shrubs to make the grounds more attractive

• A hard surface, or even just a gravel surface, reduce the mud on the grounds and in the building

• While beautifying the grounds, do not forget to fix the roof and paint the building to improve the overall impression of the facility

Fix the roof

Plant shrubs or flowers

Dig up the play area and plant a new

lawn

Better the driveway with a hard surface

BUILDINGS

Grounds

134


Fresh paint in different colours makes the building look like new


• Paint on all wood elements of the building protects the material and makes the building look more attractive

Fresh paint on wood parts

BUILDINGS

Buildings

135

There are many different ways to design the façade of a building


• The buildings shown above are each unique in style and colour

• Design and paint a building according to local needs and wishes

• An attractive building is much more inviting for all users and visitors

Find the style that fits

BUILDINGS

Buildings

136


A room with tiled floor looks alsways neat


• Tiles are easy to clean

• The hard surface of the tiles is resistant to mud and chemicals and is not easily damaged

NOTE: Tiles are slippery when wet – watch out for the children

Colourful chairs

Tiled floors

BUILDINGS

Buildings

137

Neat and clean interior of a Polindes


• Strict hygiene is essential in clinics

• Floor and wall tiles make it easy to keep the floors and walls clean

• Furniture and bed sheets are attractive and reassuring for the patients

• Big windows make the rooms bright

Clean walls -newly painted

Clean bed sheets

Tiles on floor and wall

BUILDINGS

Buildings

138


Kids must really like this classroom


• The appearance of the classroom is bright and neat

• Desks and chairs are clean and painted in pretty colours

• The floor and walls are neat and clean

• Walls are decorated by the children themselves using their drawings

Attractive wall decorations

Pretty desks and chairs

Big windows make for bright rooms

BUILDINGS

Buildings

139

A hard surface area for parking


• For office and other public buildings where lots of vehicle traffic is expected a hard surface area for parking is useful

• Hard surfaces are easier to keep clean

• Some flower pots would make this area still more attractive

Flowers would be good to beautify this bare

area

Attractive surface

Attractive roof tiling

BUILDINGS

Grounds

140


Flowers make any building look more attractive


• Plants in pots are a practical alternative to potted plants

• The lawn is an important part of the grounds and helps to improve the overall appearance

Lawn in front of the building

Flowers everywhere

Floor is clean, and wall nicely painted

BUILDINGS

Grounds

141

Fences or walls will keep out animals but also improve the appearance of public facilities


• The design of this wall is unique and attractive

• The colours are bright and friendly – they make visitors feel welcome

A well-built perimeter wall

BUILDINGS

Grounds

142



Buildings

BUILDINGS

• Check for general cleanliness, inside and outside

• Check foundations / footings for cracks and (uneven) settlement

• Check walls for:

o cracks

o structural damage

o condition of plaster

o condition of paint

• Check roof for:

o structural problems, such as with roof trusses

o condition / completeness of roof tiles or sheets

o watertightness, i.e. no leaks

• Check condition of gutters and downspouts

• Check interior of building:

o floors and tiles

o walls, plaster and paint

o functioning water supply

• Clean and functioning toilet

GROUNDS

• Check septic tank levels, overflow and effluent disposal

• Check drains around building and on grounds

• Check driveway and parking area

• Check plantings, i.e. potted plants, shrubs, trees and lawn

143


Buildings

BUILDINGS

• Cleanup regularly, and do general clean-up of entire building periodically

• Repair footings, especially if cracked

• Repair cracks in walls and apply plaster, inside and outside

• Re-paint walls and window & door frames

• Wash windows periodically

• Replace broken window glass

• Repair roof structure

• Replace broken or missing roof tiles

• Clean out gutters & downspouts and repair damaged sections

• Wash building floors periodically

• Replace broken or missing tiles

• Repair water supply, especially the faucets

• Clean toilet(s) and clear any blockage

144


Key Activity Items for GOOD O&M

Buildings

BUILDING GROUNDS

• Service and repair septic tank (details under Sanitation)

• Clean out and repair drains around buildings

• Repair driveway and parking area

• Water potted plants

• Replace plants if needed

• Cut lawn and remove weeds

• Trim shrubs and trees

• Apply compost periodically

PNPM SUPPORT FACILITY (PSF)Jalan Diponegoro No. 72Menteng Jakarta Pusat 10310 IndonesiaTel: (6221) 3148-175Fax: (6221) 3190-3090

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