the goodheart-willcox co., inc. tinley park, illinois shaping our world technology: powerpoint...

The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley Park, Illinois

Shaping Our World

Technology:

PowerPoint Presentations for

2Generating and

Developing Ideas

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Objectives

• Distinguish between objects found in nature and those made by humans.

• List strategies used when designing.

• Identify and define a design problem.

• Explain the steps in the design process.


Objectives

• Use design process skills to generate and develop a solution to a problem.

• Recall the elements of design.

• Identify the principles of design.

• List in order the steps to build a prototype.


The Design Process

• A designer sees a problem and writes a design brief.

• After asking about size, shape, and convenience, alternative solutions come to mind.

• They create sketches and combine the best elements.

• Models and prototypes are made to test and evaluate.


The Design Process

• A preproduction series is made so manufacturers can get feedback.

• If successful, the product is mass produced.


What Is the Problem?

• The design process begins with defining a problem.– Something needs to be invented or modified

because:• It cannot be used by everyone.• An existing product is not sufficient.• The product can work even better than

before.


Continuing the Process

• After the design brief simply and clearly describes the problem, one must do an investigation of other information.– Function.– Appearance.– Materials.– Construction.– Safety.


Function

• No matter how beautiful, an object that does not function well should never have been made.

• When considering comfort and function, ergonomics is key.

• Includes these considerations but not for every product:– Body sizes, body movement, sight, sound,

touch, smell, taste, and temperature.


Discussion

Why do some products function poorly? How do poorly designed products and

services affect your life?

http://www.baddesigns.com/


Appearance

• How will the object look?– Shape, color, and texture make the object

attractive.

(TEC)


Making the Product

• Materials:– What materials are available? Are they

affordable? Are the strength, rigidity, color, and durability of the materials correct?

• Construction:– Will it be hard to make? Consider shape and

form.

• Safety:– Will it cause accidents?


Investigating Solutions

• Consider these sources for answers:– Existing solutions—use similar articles to

examine and collect pictures of other solutions.

– Libraries—magazines, books, and catalogs with relevant information and pictures.

– Experts—seek out people in industries and schools affected by the problem daily.


Developing Alternative Solutions

• Some ideas come to mind when collecting information.

• Write or draw each idea on paper to remember and describe the product more clearly.

• Sketches should be made quickly.

• The more ideas, the more likely a good solution results.


Discussion

Can you think of any other solutions for a pencil holder design problem?


Choosing a Solution

• Careful comparison with the design brief will help you select the best solution.

• Keep in mind:– Your own skills.– The materials available.– Time needed to build each solution.– Cost of each solution.


Solution Chart

Summarizes the design requirements and solutions. Put the summary in chart form.


Drawing the Chosen Solution

• The drawing should be detailed and include the following:– The overall dimensions.– Detail dimensions.– The material to be used.– How it will be made.– What finish will be required.


Making Models and Prototypes

• Models are one more step in communicating an idea.– Scale models are used for very large or small

objects.


Making Models and Prototypes

• Prototypes are full-size and often handmade.

• Designers go directly to making prototypes with simple objects.


Discussion

Why do you think it’s important to model ideas?


Planning for a Prototype

• Select the materials.

• Plan the steps for cutting and shaping the material.

• Choose the correct tools.

• Cut and shape the materials.

• Apply finish.


Testing and Evaluating

• Testing and evaluating answers three basic questions:– Does it work?– Does it meet the design brief?– Will modifications improve the solution?


More Questions

• For a pencil holder:– Will it hold at least

four pens and three pencils?

– Do the pens and pencils fit properly?

– Is the container stable?

– Is it attractive?

• For a product with many parts:– How efficiently

does it work?– Will it last?– Does it need

maintenance?– Will it need spare

parts?– Is it attractive?


After the Prototype

• If the prototype is corrected, the designer makes samples.

• Samples are distributed.

• Consumers report to the manufacturer.– Did it work well?– How could it be improved?– Is it attractive?


Manufacturing

• Once the company is satisfied with the product, they decide whether to mass-produce in low or high volume.

• The task of making the product is divided into jobs.

• As workers complete their special jobs, the product takes shape.

• Automatic equipment is used to cut, weld, and spray.


Elements of Design

• People who design use the term elements of design.

• There are four elements of design.– Line.– Shape and form.– Texture.– Color.


Discussion

How important is a product’s appeal to the senses of sight, touch, taste, and smell? When you see something you

like, what is it you like about the product?


The Senses

• Products are designed to satisfy needs, but at the same time, they must be attractive.

• All objects appeal to our senses.

• Clothing looks good, meals look good and taste and smell good.


Element One

• Lines can be used to suggest:– Strength.– Direction.– Stability.


Discussion

What feeling do you get from curved and jagged lines?

What do heavy or thin lines suggest?

(Ecritek)


Element Two

• Shapes and forms may be geometric, organic, or stylized.


Element Three

• Texture can be described as:– Rough.– Smooth.– Slippery.– Fuzzy.– Coarse.

(TEC)


Element Four

• Objects react to light energy by either absorbing it or reflecting the various bands of light. This results in various colors.– White reflects all light.– Black absorbs all light.– Green objects reflect green and absorb all

other colors of light.


Producing Color

• The three primary colors are most important.• Mixing equal parts of primary colors produces

secondary colors.• Mixing equal parts of a primary and secondary

color creates a tertiary color.


Using Color

• When selecting colors, choose for harmony or contrast.– Harmonizing colors for orange are red-orange

and yellow-orange.

• Contrasting colors, or complementary colors, are opposite on the color wheel.– Blue and orange.– Red and green.– Violet and yellow.


Reactions to Color

• Designers use color to produce certain reactions or effects.– Red for danger.– Yellow as a warning.

• Colors can also produce emotions.– Bright or dull.– Boring or exciting.

http://www.colormatters.com/© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Colors’ Special Effects

(Ecritek, Christopharo, TEC, Bombardier)


Principles of Design

• Line, shape and form, texture, and color are like building blocks that can be put together in many ways.

• The guidelines for combining these elements are the principles of design.– Balance, proportion, harmony and contrast,

pattern, movement and rhythm, and unity and style.


Balance

• There are three types of balance:– Symmetrical.– Asymmetrical.– Radial.


Proportion

• The relationship between the sizes of two things is called proportion.

• It can apply to the parts of an object as well.


(Christopharo)

The Golden Mean

• Proportion occurs in nature.

• Mathematically explained by the Greeks with the “golden mean” (1:1.68).


Harmony and Contrast

• Both harmony and contrast make designers’ work attractive.– Harmony equals comfort.– Contrast adds excitement.


Patterns

• Patterns can be found in nature as well as man-made objects.

• Sometimes they make an uninteresting surface attractive.

• At other times, they serve a particular function.


Discussion

How do designers use contrast and pattern in the development of safety

equipment?


Movement and Rhythm

• Ocean waves create a pattern.

• Because it is a repeating pattern, like an oscilloscope, it is said to have rhythm.

(Laser)


Movement and Rhythm

• Spiral of printed pattern creates movement.

• Shape and line on the tulip bowl create movement.

• Both have rhythm.

(Ecritek)


Unity and Style

• The elements of visual design are line, shape and form, texture, and color.

• The principles are balance, proportion, harmony and contrast, pattern, and movement and rhythm.

• They are not separate, but instead, when used together, create unity.

• They are a guide to unification.


Style

• Style depends on:– Availability and cost of materials.– Tools and techniques available

to shape materials.– Cultural preferences.– A knowledge of the elements

and principles of design.

(Ecritek)


Activity

1. Find a piece of protective clothing.

2. With a friend or group, write a problem statement, design brief, and design specification for the clothing.


Review

Designers use objects found in nature to create products that will improve the quality of life. Name one designed product that can be created from each of the following objects: a rock, sand, a tree, and wheat.

• A rock: an arrowhead.• Sand: a sand castle.

• A tree: a tree house or bookshelf.

• Wheat: bread.


Review

What are the eight steps of the design process?

Defining the problem, determining the design brief, investigating, developing alternative solutions, choosing a solution, making models and prototypes, testing and evaluating, and manufacturing.


Review

Decide which statement is the problem and which one is the design brief.

A. Design a handle that remains cool when the pot is heated.

B. The handle of a pot becomes too hot to hold when the pot is heated.

A is the design brief, and B is the problem.


Review

Describe the first step in the design process.

Something goes wrong, and you realize there is a way to solve it.


Review

What is the purpose of the design brief?

The design brief describes the problem and what needs to be changed to fix it.


Review

What are the six principles of design?

• Balance• Proportion• Harmony and contrast• Pattern• Movement and rhythm• Unity and style


Review

Describe the step following investigation in the design process.

Developing alternative solutions involves recording ideas for the final product. The more ideas, the more likely a good solution will be chosen.


Review

What questions would you ask to choose the best solution?

• Does it satisfy the need stated in the design brief? • Can you make it?• Do you have the materials to make it?• Do you have time to build it?• Can you afford to make it?


Review

What steps would you follow to make a model or prototype?

1. Select the materials.

2. Plan steps for cutting and shaping the material.

3. Choose the correct tools.

4. Cut and shape the material.

5. Apply finish.


Review

What three basic questions are asked when testing and evaluating the prototypes?

• Does it work?

• Does it meet the design brief?

• Will modifications improve the solution?


Review

What are the four elements of design?

• Line

• Shape and form

• Texture

• Color


Glossary

• Alternative solution– Different ways of solving a problem.

• Balance– In design, the arrangement of mass equally (or

appearing to be equal) over the space used; the three types of balance are symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial.

• Contrast– An obvious difference between two things.


Glossary

• Design brief– A statement that clearly describes what problem

a design must solve.

• Designer– A person who creates and carries out plans for

new products and structures.


Glossary

• Design process– A careful and well thought-out means of

solving a problem by working through a number of steps.

• Elements of design– The things you see when you look at an

object, including line, shape and form, texture, and color.


Glossary

• Ergonomics– The study of how a person, the products

used, and the environment (our surroundings) can be best fitted together.

• Feedback– It is information provided to a manufacturer

by consumers after they try samples of a product.


Glossary

• Form– A three-dimensional representation of an

object.

• Function– What an object does or how it works; a

functional object or product solves the problem described in a design brief.


Glossary

• Harmony– A condition in which chosen colors or

designs naturally go together.

• Investigation– The act of researching and gathering

information; often used in the design process.


Glossary

• Lines– Design elements that describe the edges or

contours (outlines) of shapes; they show how an object will look when it has been made.

• Model– A full-size or small-scale simulation (likeness)

of an object, used for testing and evaluation.


Glossary

• Pattern– A design used to reproduce a shape many

times.

• Preproduction series– A small number of samples made up by a

manufacturer to obtain feedback through testing with consumers.


Glossary

• Primary colors– The three most important colors of the

spectrum – red, yellow, and blue.

• Problem– A situation or condition that can be solved

or improved through the application of technology.


Glossary

• Proportion– The relationship between the sizes of two

things.

• Prototype– The first working version of the designer’s

solution to a problem.


Glossary

• Rhythm– A quality or feeling of movement, provided by

repeating patterns.

• Secondary color– A color obtained by mixing equal parts of two

primary colors.

• Shape– A two-dimensional representation of an object.


Glossary

• Style– An individual, unique way of designing an

object or solving a problem; also, an identifiable set of common elements that give a common appearance to related objects.

• Texture– A design element that determines the way a

surface feels or looks.


the goodheart-willcox co., inc. tinley park, illinois shaping our world technology: powerpoint...

Documents

educational use

ideas goodheartwillcox

tec goodheartwillcox

design problem

design brief

elements of design

design process skills

principles of design