The Great Depression: The Great Depression: Before & BeyondBefore & Beyond

Causes & Effects of Two World Causes & Effects of Two World Wars and Everything In-BetweenWars and Everything In-Between

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

• Introduction• Progressive Reform & World War I• The Roaring 20s• The Stock Market Crash & The Great

Depression• World War II & Japanese Internment Camps• The Cold War, Korea & Vietnam• Conclusion• References

IntroductionIntroduction

• Major events such as World Wars I and II, the Stock Market Crash of 1929, etc. are the result of many changes happening all at once.

• Often, groups of people are unhappy with the way others are running an organization or even a country, and the result is reform.

• Change can be violent or peaceful, gradual or all at once. It can affect different people in many different ways.

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

• The Progressive Era of the early 20th century was a collection of many different movements, all centered around making America a “better and safer” place to live (The Learning Page, 2002a), and to decrease the “widespread political corruption” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p. 130) in the country.

• U.S. Constitution made Amendments giving women the right to vote, establishing federal income tax, and creating a policy where the people elected U.S. Senators (as opposed to simply being appointed by the government.)

ProhibitionProhibition

• This was an attempt to make illegal (prohibit) the production and sale of all alcoholic drinks in the United States.

• Reasons: Alcohol was “responsible for much of the abuse of women and children”; it was responsible for much crime; and it wasted money that could have been used for food (Green & Carlson, 2005, p. 130).

1818thth Amendment Amendment

• This made alcohol illegal all over the U.S.• Americans did not take the ban seriously.

British Columbia “rumrunners” smuggled in liquor, since it was still legal north of the border. Alcohol was consumed in private clubs/road houses, called “blind pigs”, since police (“pigs”) were bribed to ‘turn a blind eye’ to alcohol consumption.

• 1933: Prohibition repealed after 14 years.

Legislative ReformLegislative Reform• William U’Ren of Oregon was a very dynamic

leader regarding getting legislative changes made in Oregon (later adapted in Washington).

• Created the initiative (citizens could pass their own laws by gathering signatures and having them placed on a ballot to be voted on), and the referendum (citizens could vote for laws already passed by the legislative branch of government). Also the recall, where voters could have an official removed from office.

Business RegulationBusiness Regulation

• Government began charging fees for people to use railroads and utilities.

• Laws also passed that limited the amount of hours that people could work – women, for example, could only work 8 hours per day.

• Children were also required to attend school now, instead of working all day in mines and factories.

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

• Suffrage: The right to vote.• Granting women the right to vote was

considered one of WA’s most significant victories of the time.

• Washington was the fifth state to pass an Amendment allowing this; ten years later, all women in the U.S. could vote.

Opposition to Women’s SuffrageOpposition to Women’s Suffrage

Picketing for Women’s Rights, Picketing for Women’s Rights, February 1917February 1917

5656thth & Lexington, 1917 & Lexington, 1917

Industrial Workers of the World, Industrial Workers of the World, a.k.a., IWWa.k.a., IWW

• Created in 1905, the IWW enjoyed the notion of “One big union”.

• IWW set itself against capitalism, a system of government involving private ownership of land, property, and businesses. Capitalists were known to hire workers for very low wages, making their own profits larger.

• The IWW was one of the first groups to welcome African-Americans as well as women. IWW union members were called “Wobblies”.

Radical ChangeRadical Change

• The Wobblies felt that real reform could only come from radical change. They agreed to strike if there was a need for it.

• Fought for rights to speak freely to employers, and also for safer working conditions and higher wages.

• Spoke on street corners and in public parks, and gathered much sympathy for their cause (Green & Carlson, 2005, p. 132).

Wobblies LingoWobblies Lingo• Bindle: Blanket roll• Bindle Stiff: Worker who carries his bedding• California Blankets: Newspapers used for bedding• Dingbat: A tramp considered “homeless, helpless, and

harmless”• Fink: An informer or strikebreaker• Jungle: A place, usually near a railroad yard, where

migrants cooked/slept• Rattler: Fast freight train• Scab: Person who takes the job of a striking union

member• Skid Road: An area of town with saloons, gambling and

prostitution

The Everett MassacreThe Everett Massacre• IWW was willing to get violent to achieve its goals.

Literature openly discussed sabotage – destroying a company’s tools/materials to force it out of work.

• In Everett, Wobblies were giving speeches criticizing World War I/capitalism, and were arrested/beaten by police and vigilantes – citizens who take it upon themselves to punish criminals.

• A boat of 300 Wobblies landed at Everett to lend support; their effort was met with gunfire. Five workers and two vigilantes were killed in the scuffle. Though 74 Wobblies were charged with murder, no one could tell who fired the first shot, and they were freed.

The IWW TodayThe IWW Today

• The IWW still exists today, boasting on its official website (iww.org) about its 102-year history.

• To the left, a union member protests policies of the Starbucks company in Seattle, WA.

World War I (WWI)World War I (WWI)

• Also called the Great War; raged from 1914-1917 before the U.S. became involved.

• Central vs. Allied Powers. Central = Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey; Allied = England, France, Italy, Russia, and eventually the United States.

• U.S. became involved when Germany sunk a ship carrying American tourists using submarines/U-boats.

Allied vs. Central PowersAllied vs. Central Powers

Liberty Sausage For All!Liberty Sausage For All!

• Germans were the enemy in Europe during WWI. Many Americans felt that those of German-American heritage were not to be trusted.

• German-Americans were beaten up, and often had their farms/businesses vandalized. German language was banned in many schools.

• Things with German names were given American names; hamburger, for example, was “liberty sausage”, and sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage” (Green & Carlson, 2005, p. 135).

Selective Service ActSelective Service Act• All men 21-30 were

required to sign up for the military.

• In World War I, about 75,000 Washington men were “drafted”.

• To the left is a poster of Uncle Sam, a national personification of the United States, urging men to sign up for the Army.

Sedition ActSedition Act

• This was Congress’ attempt to suppress, or silence criticism by prohibiting any speech it felt was “disloyal, profane, … or abusive” (Green & Carlson, 2005, p. 135-136) about the government, the flag, the Constitution, or the Armed Forces.

• The IWW campaigned often against the war; as a result, many Wobblies were arrested for violation of the Sedition Act.

““As Gag-Rulers Would Have It”As Gag-Rulers Would Have It”

Communism & the Red ScareCommunism & the Red Scare• In Russia during World War I, times were hard;

food and fuel were scarce, and the czar, Nicholas II was eventually overthrown.

• Communism: Government ownership of all land, property and business. Not successful in Russia.

• Striking workers in U.S. considered part of a worldwide conspiracy against democracy – caused nationwide hysteria.

Economic BoomEconomic Boom

• The war created lots of jobs – prior to WWI, there was one ship building company, for example. At the end of it, there were 25.

• The Boeing Company became the largest company in Washington, after building airplanes for the government.

• Jobs existed for people fighting in the war and even women and minorities who remained at home. The war was terrible, but business was booming (Green & Carlson, 2005, p. 136-137).

From Boom to BustFrom Boom to Bust• When the war ended, there was a

“sharp” drop in farm and lumber prices. Women and minorities were no longer an intricate part of the work force.

• Seattle General Strike: Shipyard workers went on strike for wage increases that were forbidden during the war.– “People could not get a ride on a streetcar,

or a meal in a restaurant” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p. 138).

The Age of JazzThe Age of Jazz• The 1920s go by many names –

the Age of Jazz, the pursuit of pleasure, the Roaring Twenties, etc.

• Women’s fashion drastically changed – short, bobbed hair, short skirts, rouge, nylons with seams down the back. Men slicked their hair back and “tried to look as modern as the ladies” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, 139).

The Two DearsThe Two Dears• A postcard featuring a

woman from the 1920s in a traditional bathing suit of the time period. (The Authentic History Center, 2007).

• During the Roaring 20s, “bathing-beauty contests” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p. 139) were a very popular form of entertainment.

The Modern DecadeThe Modern Decade• Some inventions of the

1920s included the following (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 8, p. 139-140):– Electric power– Telephones– Phonographs– Radios– Washing machines– Motion pictures– Automobiles (pictured:

Henry Ford’s Model T)

Racial IntoleranceRacial Intolerance• The 1920s was also known as the

“Intolerant Decade”, because of the United States’ people’s intense distrust and fear of foreigners.

• Many Japanese residents barred from owning and leasing land in Washington/Oregon.

• Ku Klux Klan – Felt that Catholics, Jews and African-Americans were responsible for all the problems in the U.S. and terrorized those they were trying to get rid of. A large gathering of the KKK existed in the Yakima Valley in the 1920s.

Racist StereotypingRacist Stereotyping

HydropowerHydropower

• Pacific Northwest produced about 40% of the country’s hydropower – that is, power harvested by dams.

• Public Utility District (PUD) – Established public power systems and replaced private companies. Voted down in 1929, approved a year later; eventually established in 29 of WA’s 39 counties.

Grand Coulee DamGrand Coulee Dam• Proposed as a way to bring irrigation to

land. Supporters were called “pumpers”.• Opposition: Washington Water Power

Company (WWP); pumpers led by James O’Sullivan.

• WWP proposed a gravity canal that would leave them mainly in control of water power.

• 1928, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers researched the Columbia River system and determined that the pumping plan was the most efficient.

Stock Market Crash: Who Dunnit?Stock Market Crash: Who Dunnit?• Many factors that actually led up to the Stock

Market Crash of 1929 (Gusmorino, 1996):– Growing gap between the rich and middle class

(unstable economy)– Excessive spending on credit (lack of immediate

incoming funds to companies)– Major economies (radio advertising and automobiles)

slowed down, taking the rest of the country with them– Other countries could not pay back money they had

borrowed from U.S. right away– Eventually, product sat in warehouses and stock

prices fell drastically

Black is the New BlackBlack is the New Black• Black Thursday (October 24, 1929):

Stocks began to rise tentatively after Richard Whitney bought 10,000 shares of U.S. Steel at $205 each.

• Black Monday (October 28, 1929): People began to sell shares blindly; economists began to prepare themselves for what seemed like an inevitable crash.

• Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929): Stock market loses 40% of its original value (Woodard, 2007).

Plummeting StocksPlummeting Stocks

Effects of the Great DepressionEffects of the Great Depression

• Banks closed first during the Depression – anyone who had invested money there became broke almost overnight.

• Factories and businesses closed because nobody had the money to buy anything; this also led to a shortage of jobs.– Those who could afford to buy anything found very

good deals. In Cheney, WA, a resident recalls seeing a block of twelve housing lots selling for $38 (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9, p. 147).

HoovervillesHoovervilles• Many people became homeless

during the 1930s – WA State alone had 24 homeless shelters, or “poor farms”, though many were turned away due to lack of room.

• President Herbert Hoover unprepared for the Depression when it hit. Many U.S. citizens blamed him for not doing enough to help him, and built their own shacks out of scrap lumber, metal and cardboard. They called them “Hoovervilles”.

The Dust BowlThe Dust Bowl• Occurred in 1928 in the

Great Plains (pictured on the map as the central-most part of the U.S., as well as parts of Canada and Mexico).

• Already dry farming regions turned the land into a “dust bowl” by strong winds. Lasted roughly 12 years.

Effects of the Dust BowlEffects of the Dust Bowl• Drought reached the Pacific Northwest, increasing fires

in the area. In 1936, the Forest Service reported 450,000 acres of national forest in the Northwest had burned up.

• Agriculture destroyed – crops rotted because harvesting did not turn a profit; sheep slaughtered and fed to buzzards or coyotes because harvesting meat/wool did not pay enough. WA farmers even burned fruit trees for the fuel.

• Migrant workers came to the Northwest because the grim conditions here were still better than in the Great Plains – by 1940, 400,000 had migrated to the N.W.– In 1939, the federal government provided housing and medical

clinics for migrant workers (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

Roosevelt’s New DealRoosevelt’s New Deal• President Roosevelt (FDR) took office as

President in 1933, after promising to create a “New Deal” for America to help end the Depression during his campaign.

• New Deal, also called “alphabet soup” (Gupta & Lee, 1996), was a collaboration between FDR and Congress whose main goal was to put people back to work, and also “stimulate economic recovery” in U.S. (Gupta & Lee, 1996).

• By 1939, the worst of the Great Depression was over (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

New Deal ProgramsNew Deal Programs• Emergency Banking Act/Federal Deposit Insurance

Corporation (FDIC), 1933 - Helped re-establish America's faith that they could put money in the bank and not lose it.

• Civil Works Administration (CWA) - Gave unemployed persons jobs building/repairing roads, parks, etc.

• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - Put people to work maintaining and restoring forests, beaches and parks. Pay was little, but free room/board and training was offered, first to men, and then eventually to women as well.

• Indian Reorganization Act, 1934 - Ended sale of tribal lands and restored ownership to rightful Native American groups.

• Public Works Association (PWA) - Launched projects such as the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River.

New Deal Programs (cont.)New Deal Programs (cont.)• Works Progress Administration (WPA), 1935-1943 -

Provided work for 8 million Americans by constructing/restoring schools, hospitals, etc.

• Farm Security Administration (FSA) - Loaned more than $1 billion to farmers and set up camp for migrant workers.

• Fair Labor Standard Act, 1938 - Banned child labor and set a minimum wage.

• Social Security Act - Provided aid for the elderly, for family members of those who were killed in industrial accidents, for mothers and children, and for the blind/physically disabled. Did not cover farm and domestic workers, but the SSA did help many Americans feel more protected.– Though not always 100% positive, the New Deal did a

great deal in helping end the Great Depression (Gupta & Lee, 1996).

Unions At WarUnions At War• Federal laws passed giving workers

the right to organize their own unions.

• American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) fought both management and themselves in “a series of bitter strikes” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9, p. 152). – “Goon squads”: Groups of paid thugs

who acted as violent mediators between the AFL and CIO unions. At the time, Washington became one of the most unionized states in the country.

Adolf Hitler and Nazi-ismAdolf Hitler and Nazi-ism• Though the U.S. economy was improving, by the late

1930s, trouble loomed in other parts of the world.• Adolf Hitler – dictator of Germany; believed Germans

were a superior race. Set out to “cleanse” Europe of anyone he considered inferior, namely Jewish people, as well as Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and homosexuals (Wikipedia, 2007k).

• Six million Jews killed in concentration camps, either from gas chambers or starvation. Referred to as the Holocaust (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

World War II (WWII)World War II (WWII)• WWII raged in Europe for

years before America became involved.

• America sent ships and supplies to Allies (England, France, Russia); Germany conquered Poland, and was eventually joined by Italy & Japan. President Roosevelt adamant about staying out of the war.

Attack on Pearl HarborAttack on Pearl Harbor• December 7, 1941:

Japanese fighter planes dropped bombs on U.S. ships in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The next day, President Roosevelt declared war on Japan.

• Right: A ship called the USS Shaw is blown up by Japanese bombs (Naval Historical Center, 2001).

Another Economic BoomAnother Economic Boom• With WWII came war-related jobs and

economic prosperity.– Hydroelectric power: Bonneville and Grand Coulee

Dams on Columbia River created cheap power.– Aluminum: Five new manufacturing plants created,

including ones in Spokane, Longview & Tacoma.– Shipbuilding: 100,000 employed at Kaiser’s

shipbuilding yards in Portland-Vancouver region. Other local shipbuilding in Seattle, Tacoma, Bremerton & Bellingham.

– Fish, farming, lumber production in WA turned into aluminum, airplanes and ship-building industries.

The Hanford AreaThe Hanford Area• FDR received word from Jewish scientist Albert

Einstein that Germany may be building an atomic bomb. Roosevelt started the secret Manhattan Project, designed to produce an atomic bomb for America.

• Hanford – one of the Project’s research facilities. Hanford Area produced plutonium used for bombs, with plant reactors (powered by dams) supplying water used for cooling.

• Richland, WA was a “mystery city” of some 51,000 people. Voluntary censorship/secrecy was crucial to the Project’s success.

• After the war, when U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, Hanford became a public realization.

Social ChangeSocial Change• War brought migrants to places like

the Pacific Northwest in record numbers.– African-Americans in Seattle increased

from 3,700 in 1940 to 30,000 by 1945. Racial discrimination still rampant – many families had trouble finding housing, and renovated chicken coups, garages, empty service stations and tents/cars to live in.

– Bracero program: Response to need for growers in WA. Mexican men allowed to work temporarily in U.S. as farm laborers. Many brought their families (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

Japanese Internment CampsJapanese Internment Camps• Much hysteria caused over the notion that Japan

would drop atomic bombs on U.S. On March 2nd, 1942, relocation orders were given to all persons of Japanese descent living in U.S.

• Roughly 10,000 Japanese-Americans from WA/OR areas sent to Minidoka Relocation Center in Idaho desert, and lived surrounded by armed guards and barbed wire. Many camp prisoners were 2nd/3rd generation Japanese-Americans.

• After the war, U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the relocation order. Later, Congress compensated those who had been relocated with $20,000 and formally apologized. Considered one of the worst civil rights violations in American history (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

Minidoka, etc.Minidoka, etc.

BaseballBaseball• Many Japanese-Americans

took to playing baseball in the camps to pass the time. This picture was taken from Tule Lake, an infamous internment camp in Utah (Noe, 2007).

• The children’s book, “Baseball Saved Us,” by Ken Mochizuki describes why baseball became so important to many Japanese-Americans imprisoned during WWII.

Going to School In CampGoing to School In Camp• Children in the

internment camps also kept up on their studies.

• Pictured here is a classroom in the Tule Lake camp in Utah, where junior high-aged students are engaged in a lesson (Noe, 2007).

The Death of FDRThe Death of FDR• April 1945: Roosevelt dies suddenly

from stroke. Americans react in stunned reminiscence – for three days/nights, businesses slowed, and radio stations aired only news broadcasts and religious music. – Similar to coverage of the death of

Princess Diana in 1997. – Less than a month later, Germany

surrendered, but Japan and U.S. still at odds. (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 9).

Fat Man & Little BoyFat Man & Little Boy• August 6, 1945: Atomic bomb called

“Little Boy”, weighing over 4.5 tons, was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan from the Enola Gay, a B-29 plane. Almost instantly, 66,000 people died and 69,000 were injured.

• August 9, 1945: Second atomic bomb called “Fat Man” leveled over half the city of Nagasaki. The population of 422,000 dropped almost instantly to 383,000; 25,000 were injured.

• Those who did survive the blasts later succumbed to radiation poisoning or leukemia (Bellis, 2007).

A Post-War WorldA Post-War World• Like with WWI, the end of WWII

meant the end of things like rationing, but it also slowed production on chemicals, aluminum, steel, tanks and airplanes, leading to decrease in jobs.

• 50,000 Boeing employees during the war, many of whom were no longer needed.– “When Boeing sneezes, Seattle catches

cold” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 10, p. 164).

SuburbiaSuburbia• The G.I. Bill helped many former soldiers afford a college

education and eased them into civilian life. Many vets were the first in their families to attend college.

• War vets also bought houses, many using mortgage loans; this caused a need for timber, and thousands of logging and sawmill jobs were created.

• In 1950s, many lived in the suburbs, where “many homes [were] built together outside a city center” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 10, p. 165). Women settled into family life, creating a baby boom – “baby boomers”, those born in the 1950s, have children/grandchildren of their own today.

• Northgate Shopping Center – North of Seattle; with 100 stores, a hospital and a movie theatre, it became the first mall of its kind in the entire world.

The Cold WarThe Cold War• Though they were allies in war, Russia

and the U.S. feared attacks from one another; both countries kept giant military/defensive systems.

• Called a Cold War because there was no actual fighting. However, it was similar to the Red Scare during WW – paranoia over communism still ran rampant.

• Russian supporters called “Reds”; anyone suspected of being communists were fired, particularly if they worked as teachers and/or for the government. Sympathizers were called “Pink” – this is where the phrase “pinko commie” comes from.

The Great Space RaceThe Great Space Race• In 1957, the Soviet Union (another

name for Russia) launched the world’s first satellite, named Sputnik, into space.

• American schools, to catch up, began putting more pressure on school kids to excel in science/math.

• Soon, U.S. technology caught up to Russia’s, and even surpassed them – the first man on the moon was an American.

Atomic WeaponsAtomic Weapons• Even though there was no actual fighting during the

Cold War, there were still a lot of jobs created due to the need for weaponry.

• Hanford Area: The same place that developed the atomic bombs during WWII produced nuclear fuel during the Cold War. Richland, WA still calls itself the “Atomic city”; Richland High School uses a mushroom cloud as its emblem, even. – Many who lived in the Hanford Area in the 1950s

developed cancer from radioactive material released into the air/water. These people were called “downwinders” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 10).

• 1949: Soviets exploded first atomic bomb. Washington State practiced civil defense drills and evacuation techniques. – Spokane was the first city in the nation to practice

making everybody evacuate all at once.

Highway to … WA!Highway to … WA!• Freeways were developed by the

U.S. government to help ease the growing amount of traffic on what were very narrow city roads.

• President Eisenhower suggested them after seeing highways used in Germany. He felt they could also make evacuation easier.

• Highways linked WA to the rest of the nation:– Interstate 84: Columbia River, WA’s

southern border– Interstate 90: Puget Sound region,

eastern WA– Interstate 5: Runs from Canada to Mexico

Dam BusinessDam Business• Many dams built before WWII continued to

bring jobs into the eastern part of WA for over 20 years.– Columbia Basin project – 75 reservoirs produced

electricity and irrigation for farming. This caused towns like the Tri-Cities, Othello and Moses Lake to grow rapidly.

• Downsides: – Dams caused flooding – Lake Roosevelt flooded 11

separate towns. – Native Americans could no longer use Kettle Falls,

an ancient fishing spot.– The Grand Coulee Dam impaired salmon spawning

AgribusinessAgribusiness• Corporate farms, larger than family

owned farms – on 550,000 acres of land, for example, about 6,000 farms were created – were developed based on irrigation availability.

• Many seasonal workers were brought in to prepare crops.

• Chemical fertilizers developed – they were cheaper and helped crops grow faster, with fewer diseases.

• University of Pullman leading agricultural research – helped make machine harvesting a reality.

Korean WarKorean War• In 1950, North Korea – a

communist country using Soviet tanks/planes - invaded South Korea; in response, the U.S. and 15 other countries sent troops to help South Korea defend itself.

• Fighting was sporadic – three years later, the war was a stalemate (nobody officially “won”), though 33,000 Americans died, 528 from Washington State.

Vietnam WarVietnam War• 1954, U.S. became involved in Vietnam,

another communist country plagued by war. By the 1960s, thousands of WA soldiers joined the fight.

• Many Americans protested U.S.’s involvement – in Seattle, for example, a demonstration of over 25,000 people commenced.– Many people felt it was “wrong to send troops to a

nation where we had no reason to be involved” (Green & Carlson, 2005, chap. 10, p. 172).

• War lasted for ten years – 58,000 Americans were killed, and 2-3 million Vietnamese died.

Unemployment & ImmigrationUnemployment & Immigration

• After the war ended in 1973, unemployment soared. War materials were no longer needed.

• Many Asian immigrants fled to WA to escape their own war-torn regions:– Vietnamese: 30,000– Cambodians: 15,000– Laotians: 10,000

Civil RightsCivil Rights• People were beginning to challenge

segregation laws and racial discrimination.• 1964: Civil Rights Act: Discrimination

prohibited in public places.– African-Americans at the time could not sit with

Whites in movie theatres, restaurants, or hotels; they could not use public swimming pools, etc.

• 1965: The literacy test was eliminated for voters.

• 1969: An updated version of the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination in the sale/rental of property.

Civil Rights MurdersCivil Rights Murders• President John Kennedy: Shot in

Dallas, TX• Senator Robert Kennedy:

Assassinated• Malcolm X: Murdered• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.: Murdered

in Memphis, TN• Edwin Pratt: Part of the Seattle

Urban League; was shot walking out his front door.

Multiculturalism in WA StateMulticulturalism in WA State• African-Americans: Many moved to Puget Sound area to

work in defense manufacturing plants or in Army/Navy bases.– Carl Maxey: First black attorney in Spokane. Filed lawsuits for

black customers during the 1950s/1960s who were denied access to restaurants and stores.

• Asian-Americans: Pre-WWII, they lived and worked in farms/rural areas mainly. After they left relocation camps, many found their homes had been vandalized/overtaken, and had to start new lives. – Some entered the world of politics. Wing Luke, for example, was

a Seattle City Council man, the first Chinese-American elected to any office in WA. He died in a plane crash a few years later. Also, Gary Locke, the first Chinese-American governor in U.S. history was elected to office in 1996.

Multiculturalism in WA (cont.)Multiculturalism in WA (cont.)• Native Americans: Lived both on and off reservations.

Many led dual lives – Indian life involved preserving native traditions and mixing them with modern culture.

• Hispanic Americans: Largest minority group in WA– WWII, thousands came to harvest crops and many

settled permanently. In Othello, Mexican-Americans made up over half the population by the 1970s.

– By the 1990s, Hispanics not only worked on farms, but many also took jobs as lawyers, physicians, teachers, etc.

– Also challenged civil rights – groups like the Mexican American Federation challenged voting restrictions regarding literacy in court and won, for example.

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights• 1970s: Women strived to be paid

as much as men, and to earn the same prestige – men were considered doctors, and women were nurses, for example.

• Feminism: Liberation of women.• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

– Neither men nor women could be denied rights on the basis of gender.

Health CareHealth Care• Seattle created the first Health

Maintenance Organization (HMO) after WWII.

• Group Health Cooperative – 400 families paid a monthly fee in order to see doctors who were covered under/involved with the organization.

• University of Washington – Medical school for physicians as well as medical treatment research. Also, Washington State University in Pullman has a veterinary school.

ConclusionConclusion

• History creates many patterns, both positive and negative.

• American history is full of recurring issues regarding racism, the economy, and war.

• Understanding these issues can help make the country a better, more equal and safer place for all of its citizens.

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The EndThe End

“Those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it.”

- George Santayana, American philosopher (1863-1952)