between the wars depression, democracy, dictatorship
TRANSCRIPT
Between the WarsBetween the WarsDepression, Depression, Democracy, Democracy, DictatorshipDictatorship
Post WWIPost WWI
Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles had left had left problemsproblems
Subject nationalities, border issuesSubject nationalities, border issues League of Nations League of Nations ineffective (U.S. ineffective (U.S.
hadn’t joined)hadn’t joined) Germany unable to make Germany unable to make reparationreparation
payments; France occupies Ruhr payments; France occupies Ruhr minesmines
Terrible inflation; German mark Terrible inflation; German mark worthlessworthless
Post War cont.Post War cont.
Dawes Plan Dawes Plan – reduces – reduces reparationsreparations; US loans to ; US loans to Germany, large investments in Germany, large investments in EuropeEurope
Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact – outlawed – outlawed warwar
Germany joins League of NationsGermany joins League of Nations Peace seemed certain….Peace seemed certain….
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
Overproduction led to falling farm pricesOverproduction led to falling farm prices High tariffs reduced foreign tradeHigh tariffs reduced foreign trade Buying on credit (buy now pay later)Buying on credit (buy now pay later) Investors had pulled $ out of Germany Investors had pulled $ out of Germany
to buy stocksto buy stocks Farm prices dropped; foreclosuresFarm prices dropped; foreclosures Buying stocks on margin (on credit)Buying stocks on margin (on credit) Stock Market crash - 1929Stock Market crash - 1929
Depression cont.Depression cont.
Loans can’t be repaidLoans can’t be repaid Banks fail, unemployment Banks fail, unemployment
(Europe too)(Europe too) CommunismCommunism gains supporters – gains supporters –
had predicted capitalism would had predicted capitalism would lead to disaster (Marxists)lead to disaster (Marxists)
Depression – U.S.Depression – U.S.
HoovervillesHoovervilles (tents, shelters), soup and (tents, shelters), soup and bread lines, bread lines, Dust BowlDust Bowl
Franklin D. RooseveltFranklin D. Roosevelt (1932) – (1932) – New DealNew Deal Put people to work on roads, dams, Put people to work on roads, dams,
bridges, forests, the arts, etc. (bridges, forests, the arts, etc. (public public works)works)
Gradually pulls U.S. out of DepressionGradually pulls U.S. out of Depression People turn to leaders who give simple People turn to leaders who give simple
solutions: DICTATORSsolutions: DICTATORS Totalitarian governments emerge (p. 875)Totalitarian governments emerge (p. 875)
Italy – Benito MussoliniItaly – Benito Mussolini
Formed Formed FascistFascist party 1923party 1923
Black ShirtsBlack Shirts – – attacked socialists, attacked socialists, broke up strikesbroke up strikes
King Victor King Victor Emmanuel allows Emmanuel allows MussoliniMussolini to to become prime become prime ministerminister
Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success
Economic distressEconomic distress Fear of communismFear of communism Appeal to nationalismAppeal to nationalism Weak governmentWeak government Lack of democratic traditionLack of democratic tradition Leadership of MussoliniLeadership of Mussolini
Il DuceIl Duce (The Leader) (The Leader)
One partyOne party No civil libertiesNo civil liberties ““believe, fight, believe, fight,
obey”obey” Public works Public works
created jobscreated jobs Pope sovereign Pope sovereign
ruler of Vaticanruler of Vatican
Mussolini cont.Mussolini cont.
MilitarismMilitarism – – expanded; expanded; conscriptionconscription
ImperialismImperialism – – took took Ethiopia Ethiopia 19351935
Against Against League League of Nationsof Nations
Invaded Invaded Albania 1939Albania 1939
Joined Joined GermanyGermany
Axis – Axis – Germany, Germany, Italy, JapanItaly, Japan
End of Fascism in ItalyEnd of Fascism in Italy
Many defeatsMany defeats People turned People turned
against himagainst him Captured and Captured and
executed by executed by anti-fascistsanti-fascists
Russia - StalinRussia - Stalin
Lenin dies Lenin dies 19241924
Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin wins power wins power strugglestruggle
Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky murderedmurdered
DictatorshipDictatorship
Stalin cont.Stalin cont.
5 Year Plans5 Year Plans for for economic growtheconomic growth
Heavy industry – Heavy industry – iron, steel, elec. iron, steel, elec. powerpower
Forced labor campsForced labor camps in Siberia for those in Siberia for those who resistedwho resisted
Collective (state Collective (state run) farmsrun) farms
Germany - HitlerGermany - Hitler
Born in Born in AustriaAustria 18891889
Rejected by Vienna Rejected by Vienna Art AcademyArt Academy
Anti-Semitic ideasAnti-Semitic ideas German German nationalistnationalist Devastated by Devastated by
Germany’s loss in Germany’s loss in warwar
Hitler cont.Hitler cont.
Joined German Joined German Workers PartyWorkers Party
Nazi PartyNazi Party Police force - Police force -
Storm Troopers Storm Troopers (SA) (Brown (SA) (Brown Shirts)Shirts)
Beer Hall PutschBeer Hall Putsch (takeover) (takeover) 19231923
Hitler cont.Hitler cont.
Arrested, Arrested, imprisonedimprisoned
Wrote Wrote Mein Mein Kampf Kampf in prisonin prison
Nationalism, anti-Nationalism, anti-communism, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, need Semitism, need for lebensraum for lebensraum (living space)(living space)
Hitler cont.Hitler cont.
Expanded Nazi Expanded Nazi partyparty
Appealed to Appealed to youngyoung
Dynamic, Dynamic, aggressiveaggressive
Gained seats Gained seats gradually in the gradually in the ReichstagReichstag
Pres. Hindenburg Pres. Hindenburg appoints Hitler appoints Hitler Chancellor in 1933Chancellor in 1933
Weimar RepublicWeimar Republic (old German (old German republic) is now republic) is now gonegone
1933-1945 – The 1933-1945 – The Third ReichThird Reich
Nazism in PowerNazism in Power
Der FuherDer Fuher (the (the leader); leader); total powertotal power
All parties outlawedAll parties outlawed Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler
ran Gestapo, secret ran Gestapo, secret police (SS)police (SS)
Concentration Concentration campscamps for opponents for opponents
First camp – First camp – Dachau Dachau ‘34‘34
Nazism cont.Nazism cont.
Propaganda Propaganda MinistryMinistry
Joseph GoebbelsJoseph Goebbels Censored pressCensored press Burned booksBurned books
Nazism cont.Nazism cont.
Education – to Education – to instill instill blind blind obedienceobedience to the to the FuhrerFuhrer
Nazi teachersNazi teachers, , textbookstextbooks
Taught Taught superiority of superiority of Aryan race, evils Aryan race, evils of democracyof democracy
Nazism cont.Nazism cont.
Science & Culture –Science & Culture – Weapons of warWeapons of war Writers Writers praised praised
HitlerHitler Jewish works Jewish works
bannedbanned Book burningsBook burnings Attempts to Attempts to
scientifically prove scientifically prove Aryan supremacyAryan supremacy
NazismNazism
Mass ralliesMass rallies especially at nightespecially at night
NurembergNuremberg Hitler youthHitler youth
Portrayal of JewsPortrayal of Jews
PersecutionPersecution
Nuremberg Laws, Nuremberg Laws, 1935, stripped Jews of 1935, stripped Jews of rightsrights
Fired from jobs, Fired from jobs, ousted from homesousted from homes
Physical Physical violenceviolence Pogroms – organized Pogroms – organized
attacksattacks KristallnachtKristallnacht “night of “night of
broken glass” 1938broken glass” 1938 Concentrations campsConcentrations camps
Persecution to HolocaustPersecution to Holocaust
Reinhard HeydrichReinhard Heydrich Final SolutionFinal Solution
Civil War in ChinaCivil War in China
Jiang Jieshi Jiang Jieshi – nationalist leader of KMT – nationalist leader of KMT (Kuomintang)(Kuomintang)
Mao Zedong Mao Zedong – communist leader– communist leader– Long March Long March – fighting nationalist forces– fighting nationalist forces– Gained many new followersGained many new followers– Civil war suspended Civil war suspended when Japan attacks in when Japan attacks in
1937 (fought together against Japan WWII)1937 (fought together against Japan WWII) After the war China becomes After the war China becomes
communistcommunist
IndiaIndia
Mohandas K. Gandhi promotes Mohandas K. Gandhi promotes civil civil disobediencedisobedience against British rule against British rule
Boycotts, strikes, demonstrationsBoycotts, strikes, demonstrations Salt march to demonstrate hated salt Salt march to demonstrate hated salt
tax & monopolytax & monopoly Limited self ruleLimited self rule Ultimately gains independence from Ultimately gains independence from
GB in 1947GB in 1947