the great war
DESCRIPTION
The Great War. 1914-1918. Long term Causes. Revenge: Entangling Alliances: Nationalism: Militarism: Imperialism: Marni. Immediate Cause. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Response/Reaction to the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. German blank check to Austria-Hungary - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Great War1914-1918
Long term Causes Revenge: Entangling Alliances: Nationalism: Militarism: Imperialism: Marni
Immediate Cause Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
Response/Reaction to the Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand German blank check to Austria-
Hungary Austro-Hungarian Unconditional
Ultimatum to Serbia Serbian acceptance of all demands
except one Austria charges non-compliance Austria invades Serbia on July 28,
1914
Reaction to Austria-Hungary’s Invasion of
Serbia Mobilization and movement by most
major powers Unwillingness of Italy to join pre-war
allies Russian troops entered East Prussia Russia defeated at Tannenberg and
Massurian Lakes Germany modified Schleiffen Plan Germany failed to defeat France, the
French stopping them at the Marne England entered to uphold Belgian
neutrality
Home-front Activities Selective service Financing through war bonds and
loans Partnership of government and
industry Propaganda and curtailment of
individual liberties Settling into Trench Warfare on the
Eastern and Western Fronts Morale problems Boredom with daily routine
Search for Friends and Creation of Incidents to Help Break Stalemates
Central Powers Reasons for entrance of Ottoman Empire: Fear
of Russia Reasons for entrance of Bulgaria: Dislike of
Serbs from Balkan Wars Creation of Domestic problems for the Allies Support for Irish Eastern Rebellion against
British rule (1916) Support for Flemish in Belgium Promise of independence to Poles Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico
Allies Reasons for entrance of Italy: Promise of lands in
secret Treaty of London Trentino, South Tyrol, Istria, Trieste, and
specified Dalmatian Islands Reasons for entrance of Japan
Great Britain’s ally since 1902 Desire for Germany’s Pacific possessions Opportunity to make Twenty-One Demands on
China Reasons for entrance of United States
Principle of Freedom of the seas Demand to end of Germany’s unrestricted
submarine warfare Surfacing of the Zimmerman Telelgram Historic ties to Great Britain and France Economic ties to Allies
Creation of Domestic problems for the Central Powers Support for Alsace and Lorraine’s return to
France Promises of independence to Poles & subject
peoples of the A-H and Ottoman Empires Balfour Declaration: Britain promised Israel a
Jewish homeland Denial to Central Powers of contraband & non-
contraband goods by GB’s hunger blockade Response of Germany and A-H to the
hunger blockade Rationing Black market activity Peasant hoarding of food Increased imports from neutrals Unrestricted submarine blockade of Great
Britain
Attempts to end the Stalemate
Eastern Front Unsuccessful German/Austro-Hungarian
offensive against Russia 1917-1918 Southern Front
German Austro-Hungarian defeat at Caporetto
Western Front No breakthrough in Somme campaign
in 1916, no breakthrough for Germany at Verdun
Attempts to end the Stalemate
War at Sea Heavily allied losses in Gallipoli
campaign Germany’s inability to defeat Great
Britain’s navy Convoy system Battle of Jutland ended in stalemate and
convinced the Germans to advocate the use of unrestricted submarine warfare (even if politically hazardous)
Attempts to end the Stalemate
War in the Air Limited Reconnaissance Legendary “dog fights” towards the end
had little impact
The Critical Years: 1917-1918
Morale Problem with trench warfare Flu epidemic in 1918 Bolsheviks take power in winter
1917 US enters with allies and begin a
heavy American buildup in Western France
Withdrawal of Russia from the war and loss of territory to Germany in treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Critical Years: 1917-1918
Unrest in Germany after Ludendorff pushed for an armistice with the Americans based on the 14 points
Nov. 3, 1918: Mutiny of sailors at Kiel
Proclamation of German Republic under socialist leadership and abdication of the Kaiser (November 8, 1918)
Treaty of Versailles Demands of Clemenceau of France
Security French borders Repayment for damages
Demands of Lloyd George and Great Britain Demilitarization of Germany Some reparations for damages
Demands of Orlando and Italy Territory promised in secret Treaty of London
Demands of Wilson and the United States Adherence to the 14 points and formation of the League
of Nations Demands of Japan
German Pacific possessions in Asia
Key Terms Demilitarization of the Rhineland for 15
years Internationalization of the Saar Valley for
15 years Reparations to France and Great Britain
(to be determined in future by reparations committee)
Territorial losses of colonies & Alsace Lorraine,
Creation of a “Polish Corridor” through East Prussia down the Vistula River, giving Poland the port of Danzig and large parts of Posnan, Silesia and western Galicia (Danzig had predominantly German population)
Key Terms DANZIG BECAME A FREE CITY
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
ITS PEOPLE COULD DIRECT THEIR OWN AFFAIRS BUT THE AREA WOULD BE UNDER POLISH CUSTOMS, POLAND ALSO TO REGULATE TRAFFIC ON THE VISTULA AND DEVELOP CITY’S DOCKS AND WHARFS.
Problems with the Treaty of Versailles
Failure of US to ratify and join League of Nations
Lack of understanding of ethnic issues in the creation of new nations
Demands of unrealistic reparations from Germany
Desire for revenge from Germany for their having accepted the “war guilt” clause, (November criminals, socialists and Jews, etc)
Dissatisfaction of treaty from the victors and gradual British belief that the treaty might have been unfair
Russian Revolution
1917-1922
Wartime problems of Nicholas II and the
Provisional Government Ineptness and inefficiency of Tsarist
regime Poor distribution of goods and
foodstuffs Inability to manufacture adequate arms Ineffective organization of the military Influence of Rasputin on the royal
family Nicholas II’s decision to take personal
command of the troops
Wartime problems of Nicholas II and the
Provisional Government Inability of Provisional Government
to control the situation Burning and looting in urban and rural
areas Failure of conservative General Kornilov
to restore order Confiscation of land by peasants Desertion of soldiers from the Front Allied pressure to remain in the war
Second Revolution of 1917 by Bolsheviks
Internal enemies of the second Revolution Tsarist supporters Liberals and Constitutional Democrats Socialist Mensheviks and Social
Revolutionaries
Second Revolution of 1917 by Bolsheviks
Immediate problems Disengagement from the war
Loss of Russian territory in the Treaty of B-L
Civil war between the White and Red Armies
Kronsdadt Uprising Foreign intervention (1918-1922)
Landing of Japanese and Americans at Vladivostak
Allied capture of Murmansk and Archangel Polish attack and loss of land to Poland
Second Revolution of 1917 by Bolsheviks
Results Failure of anti-Bolshevik forces to
coordinate efforts Decimation of Soviet population
Losses in the Great War and the Civil War Flight of nobility famine
Lenin’s Postwar Attempts at Stabilization
Nationalization of industry New Economic Policy
Relaxation of strict communism Autonomy to various federation of
states Parallel institutions of Communist
Party and Government
Joseph Stalin’s Domestic Program
Socialism in one country rather than world revolution
Emphasis on industrialization Attack on agricultural problem
30,000 armed party workers to rural areas Punishment of peasants for hoarding food and
cultivating fewer crops Collectivization of agriculture Death to uncooperative peasants No passports for peasants
Joseph Stalin’s Domestic Program
“Democratic” Constitution of 1936 Union of autonomous republics
Free to secede at any time Bicameral legislature with election by
universal suffrage Bill of rights Free basic education, medical care,
child care assistance
Joseph Stalin’s Domestic Program
Problems Resistance of Kulaks to collectivization Suspected disloyalty of high public
officials and army officers Purging of the party and military elite Arrest of seven to nine million people
Execution or deportation to labor camps Infiltration of Western ideas and art
forms
Foreign Affairs Aims
Acceptance into world family of nations Assistance to comrades in other
countries Avoidance of war with Germany
Reasons for the Soviet Union’s pariah status Fear of communism Bolshevik repudiation of Tsarist debts
Treaty of Rapallo with fellow pariah Germany Training of Red Army by Germany
Foreign Affairs Reasons for a more favorable view of
communism in the West (early 30’s) Little economic impact of Depression in Soviet
Union Fear of fascism by many around the world Increase in Soviet industrial production with
the cult of hard work Acceptance in the world community
Diplomatic recognition by the U.S. (1933) Entrance into League of Nations (1934) Military alliance with France (1934)
Foreign Affairs Growing Soviet suspicion of the West
Exclusion of USSR from Munich Conference
Policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany by Western democracies
No Western assistance to Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War
Decision to make a pact with the Nazis Buying of time to rebuild officer corps
and prepare for war