The Great Wildebeest Migration Exploring Africa’s biggest wildlife phenomenon

The Great Wildebeest MigrationExploring Africa’s biggest wildlife phenomenon

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The Great Wildebeest Migration: Exploring Africa’s biggest wildlife phenomenon

Copyright © 2017 Horizon Guides

All our coverage is 100% impartial and editorially independent. Our guides are researched and written by destination experts and are not influenced in any way by our sponsors.

While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of all advice provided in this guide, the reality is that any travel information is liable to change at short notice. We strongly advise that you verify any important details prior to your trip as we cannot be held responsible for errors or information that has since become outdated.

Edited by Cynthia Ord

Layout & design by Simon Ross-Gill

Front cover photograph by Oleg Znamenskiy © 123RF.com

Presented by:

ContentsUsing This Guide 6

About the Authors 9

Trip Ideas 11

Welcome To The Serengeti

The Time To Move Has Come 14

Wildebeest Migration Route 16

The Migration, Month by Month

The Great Migration, At A Glance 20

January 22

February 24

March 26

April 28

May 30

June 32

July 34

August 36

September 38

October 40

November 42

December 44

Resources

Health And Safety 48

Photography Tips 51

Is The Great Migration In Danger? 52

Migration FAQs 54

Packing List 61

About Ker & Downey Africa 62

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4 5Photo: Andrey Gudkov © 123RF.com

Using This Guide

The vast grasslands of the Serengeti and the golden plateau of Masai Mara are a unique sanctuary for African wildlife, and the arena for one of the greatest wonders of the natural world; the great migration. The sheer scale of this event is breathtaking. More than two million wildebeest on the move at once, joined by almost one million zebras and gazelle.You might only associate it with the

dramatic river crossings with hungry crocodiles are lurking on the banks, but the migration is an ongoing activity, and can be visited any time of the year. The animals are following the rains in a pattern as regular as a clock, and each month of the year is assured to reward you with a unique experience.In this guide you will get all the

information needed to plan your trip,

no matter what time of the year it is. Month by month we will explain where to go, where to stay and what to think about. So just buckle up and let the safari of your lifetime begin!This guide is to help you easily decide

where you should go to maximize your chances of seeing the migration. Too much information can sometimes be overwhelming, so hopefully this will get you a general overview and help you taking the first steps towards your dream holiday. Read it through and try to get an idea of what you’re looking for. Once you have your big trip dreamed

up, we recommend you get in touch with a good safari operator to take care of the details. Wow your safari specialist with an impressive amount of knowledge, good questions on hand, and expectations right on track.

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6 7Photo: Ahmed Gamal Abdelmegeed © 123RF.com

About the Authors

Anthony Ham

Anthony has been travelling around Africa for more than a decade. He has returned many times, seeking out

stories about the people and wildlife of West and North Africa. In recent years he has broadened his horizons into more traditional wildlife haunts, exploring Kenya, Botswana and South Africa. A writer and photographer, he writes guidebooks about Africa and elsewhere for Lonely Planet, including Kenya and Botswana & Namibia, as well as writing and photographing for magazines and newspapers around the world, such as Africa Geographic. He counts among his passions conservation, wildlife and indigenous peoples and above all he is drawn to the wild places of the earth. When he’s not in Africa, Anthony divides his time between Madrid and Melbourne where he lives with his wife and two daughters. Find out more at www.anthonyham.com

Björn Persson

Björn Persson is a wildlife/conservation photojournalist from Sweden. For several years he has traveled around East Africa and

followed the great migration in search of adventure and images.Several of them have been rewarded

in international photography competitions. He also writes articles for various wildlife magazines and in 2016 he will release his first photo book.Björn also has a great commitment

to the endangered species situation. His passion started when he trained in wildlife management and worked with anti-poaching in South Africa.His favourite destination is the

golden fields of Masai Mara. This place is the cradle of all life, and that’s why he thinks we must do everything we can to preserve it. Have a closer look at his work on www.bjornpersson.nu

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8 9Photo: structuresxx © 123RF.com

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10 11Photo: Temistocle Lucarelli © 123RF.com

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Trip Ideas

WElCoME To

THE SERENGETI

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Photo: byrdyak © 123RF.com

The Time To Move Has Come

By Anthony Ham

Having spent the last decade searching out the best wildlife spectacles the planet has to offer, I thought

I’d seen it all. But nothing could prepare me for the first time I laid eyes upon East Africa’s Great Wildebeest Migration. It was in the Serengeti, in north-

western Tanzania, and the massed ranks of wildebeest, more than a million strong, streamed across the horizon. Wildebeest blarts echoed to the horizon and incessant hoofbeats pounded the taut skin of Africa, an earth rhythm of biblical proportions that survives nowhere else but here. In the wildebeest’s midst, perspective-altering zebra stripes shimmied

through the heat haze while golden-hued gazelles stepped daintily through golden grasses. Watching the sheer scope of what passed before me evoked a feeling akin to vertigo.

“Rains that fall hundreds of miles away spark in the wildebeest and their companions some ancient wisdom that tells them it is time for them to move. And so they set off …”

In time I came to understand that there is so much more to the migration than its scale, epic though it may be. In these times when news from the natural world is all too rarely uplifting, the simplicity of the migration’s mechanics is a strangely reassuring event to experience. Few scientists may credit the wildebeest – this strange creature with its spare-parts appearance, fly-blown beard and crazy-legged movements – with nature’s highest IQ, but they

somehow know when the time to move has come. Rains that fall hundreds of miles away spark in the wildebeest and their companions some ancient wisdom that tells them it is time for them to move. And so they set off in search of greener pastures, of new-growth grasses that sustain their herds just as they always have. There are good years and bad, it is true. But this millennial pattern, like the wildebeest, marches on, an enduring link between old Africa and the new.And whether it takes place on

the vast, hallucinatory plains of the southern Serengeti or Kenya’s Masai Mara – the two bookends to this relentless movement of creatures – or in the crocodile-filled depths of the Grumeti River, there is drama at every turn. In the shadows of the herds and in the shallows of their river crossings, predators stalk their prey in Africa’s eternal dance, in that endless struggle for survival. Crocodiles gorge

themselves on their annual feast. Lion prides watch for the weakest links, and then work as a team to feed their young. Cheetahs accelerate across the plains, the epitome of feline grace. Leopard lurk in the shadows, patient, the very manifestation of stealth. These battles for life and death are monumental and yet barely slow the advance of wildebeest armies that move stubbornly on at the behest of the rains and the grasses these rains produce.It occurred to me back then as I

watched the migration for the very first time, that this could just be the greatest show on earth. Here was – and still is – one of the few places where wild animals roam free and in such numbers. And it remains a reminder that Africa is still the planet’s last refuge for the natural world’s great herds of wild creatures and for the wild places they inhabit.

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Photo: Sergei Uriadnikov © 123RF.com

Wildebeest Migration Route

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THE MIGRATIoN,

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Photo: Oleg Znamenskiy © 123RF.com

The Great Migration, At A Glance

Month Where Are They?

What’s The Weather?

Where To Stay?

January Tanzania’s southern Serengeti (Lake Ndutu and Ngorongoro Conservation Area

“Green season” (between the short rains and the long rains)

Lake Ndutu Luxury Tented Lodge, Olakira Camp, Serengeti Safari Camp, Serengeti Under Canvas

February Tanzania’s southern Serengeti (Lake Ndutu)

Sporadic showers (the long rains are beginning)

Masek Tented Camp, Lake Ndutu Luxury Tented Camp, Ndutu Wilderness Camp

March Tanzania’s southern Serengeti (Lake Ndutu)

Long afternoon showers (the long rains are building up)

Masek Tented Camp, Lake Ndutu Luxury Tented Camp, Ndutu Wilderness Camp

April Tanzania’s Simba Kopjes and Moru

Consistent to heavy showers (height of the long rains)

Serengeti Serena Safari Lodge

May Western corridor of Tanzania’s Serengeti

Rainfall is gradually tapering off, dry season begins

Fours Seasons Safari Lodge

June Northwest corner of Tanzania’s Serengeti

Sunny (dry season is in full swing)

Singita’s safari lodges, Faru Faru, Sabora and Sasakwa, Serengeti Tented Camp

July Crossing of the Mara River in Tanzania’s Serengeti

Sunny (dry season is in full swing)

Kirawira Serena Camp, Mara Serena Safari Lodge

August Crossing the border into Kenya’s Masai Mara

High season, sunny (dry season is in full swing)

Saruni Mara, Entim, Governor’s Camp

Month Where Are They?

What’s The Weather?

Where To Stay?

September Kenya’s Masai Mara

Sunny and dry days, high season starts to taper off

Bateleur Camp, Basecamp Masai Mara, Fig Tree Camp, Mara Plains Camp, Mara Bushtops, Mara Porini and Porini Lion Camps

October Straddled between Kenya’s Masai Mara and Tanzania’s Serengeti

End of the dry season, high season crowds have thinned

Serengeti Safari Camp, Lobo Wildlife Lodge, Sayari Camp

November Northeast corner of Tanzania’s Serengeti

Sporadic rains, the short rains begin

Lake Masek Tented Camp, Ubuntu Camp, Serena’s Mbuzi Mawe Tented Camp, Four Seasons Serengeti Safari Lodge

December Southeast part of Tanzania’s Serengeti, toward Ndutu

Occasional rains, wet, height of the green season

Lake Ndutu Luxury Tented Lodge, Olakira Camp, Serengeti Safari Camp, Serengeti Under Canvas

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Photo: atosan © 123RF.com

January

A new year means new life, and the stage for the spectacle this month is Tanzania’s southern Serengeti. Specifically, Lake Ndutu and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area are prime territories for viewing this phase of the migration.

What the weather is doing

The start of the year also marks the beginning of the “green season”, right between the short rains and the long rains. The Serengeti Plains form a beautiful palette of green colors, the

air is clear from dust and wildlife of all kinds is relatively easy to spot. As the grass turns green, it also attracts the wildebeest moving in from the north into southern Serengeti, Ndutu, Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Salei Plains.Some afternoon showers can be

expected, but they only last for a short period and usually don’t affect your game drives. Temperatures reach an average

high of 28°C (82°F) and a low of 15°C (59°F). January is a warm month, and other wildlife is easier to spot since the vegetation is less lush. Animals tend to gather around rivers and water holes.

What the wildlife is doing

By this time of year the female wildebeest are in their final month of pregnancy. As soon as the rain starts to fall, top priority is to seek new-growth grasses as sustenance for their newborn youngsters. Due to the year’s end holidays,

tourists abound -- especially in the Ngorongoro area. But with good planning the big lodges and crowds

around the crater’s rim can easily be avoided.

Where to stay

One of the best Serengeti lodges to set camp at this time would be Lake Ndutu Luxury Tented Lodge. It´s right in the middle of the action. Other options include season camps like Olakira Camp, Serengeti Safari Camp and Serengeti Under Canvas.

The subtle beauty of “green season”

The "green season" is another name for the rainy season, which stretches from late October to May. It’s easy to see where the imagery comes from -- the thirsty plains soak up the water and spring to life. Parched chalky brown land becomes a luscious green, and the migratory animals are drawn to the fresh grass.The rainy season is actually divided into two. From October to December the "short rains" fall, and the months March to May bring the "long rains".Where does the moisture come from come from? During the green

season, the dominant winds are blowing from the warm ocean to land and bringing with them evaporated water from the Indian Ocean. As the air cools over the land, the water condenses as rain.This time of year, it rarely rains all day. You're still likely to see plenty of sun and wildlife. Lots of baby animals are born at this time -- hundreds of thousands of them on the Serengeti Plains alone. As with any off-season, the crowds are fewer, adding to the benefits of a safari at this time.

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Photo: belikova © 123RF.com

Photo: Faith Stinte © 123RF.com

February

In February the best migration action takes place in Ndutu in the heart of the Serengeti Plains. Behold the classic image of endless plains, blanketed and dotted as far as the eye can see with grazing wildebeest and their newborn calves.

What the weather is doing

February is still the start of the rainy season (specifically, the long rains of the green season are beginning), but these expected sporadic showers rarely last all that long and do not usually pose much of an inconvenience while game driving.

What the wildlife is doing

This month is all about multiplying. In February Ndutu turns into a stage for the same astonishing show that began in January – the annual wildebeest calving. Around half a million young

wildebeest come into the world each February alone. During calving season, pregnant female wildebeest opt to give birth in this area due to the grass’s richness in calcium and magnesium, which is good for milk production. As a result, a vast herd begins to form. They can now be found grazing on the short grasses.As soon as the calving season begins,

so does the big feast for the cats. Lions, leopards and cheetahs can gain weight quickly and store energy for the future. For now, life is easy as they enjoy tasty morsels of vulnerable wildebeest calf. For that reason, February is also one of the best months for action photography and to just watch in awe as the powerful predators hunt.

Where to stay

Since the migration is still so concentrated in the Ndutu area we recommend staying at Masek Tented Camp, Lake Ndutu Luxury Tented Camp, or Ndutu Wilderness Camp.

A calf’s first few days

Wildebeest females give birth to a single calf in the middle of the herd, without seeking a secluded place as many of their antelope relatives do. Amazingly, about 80% of the females calve within the same two to three week period, creating a glut for predators. There’s strength in numbers, enabling more calves to survive the crucial first few weeks. A calf can stand and run within minutes of birth. It immediately begins to follow its mother and

stays close to her to avoid getting lost or killed by waiting predators. Within days, it can run fast enough to keep up with the adult herd. A calf eats its first grass at about 10 days, although it is still suckles for at least four months. Even after weaning, it will remain with the mother until the next year’s calf is born. At that time the young males are driven away, but the females often remain in the same groups as their mothers.

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Photo: Mariusz Prusaczyk © 123RF.com

Photo: Nicola Colombo © 123RF.com

March

After a long period of grazing in the Ndutu region, the green grass is now so munched up that there isn’t much left to eat for the wildebeest. Time to move on.

What the weather is doing

The long rains are starting to build up, so expect some afternoon showers. You’ll hear rumblings of thunderstorms to the north and west, and soon the herds will be following their noses in search of rains and fresh grass.

What the wildlife is doing

By this point, the green plains are filled with white patches of bones and carcasses, and vultures and other scavengers are feasting on the leftovers. The wildebeest and

the Thomson’s gazelle continue to give birth until mid-March. They still occupy the Ndutu and Kusini Maswa region, but due to the lack of food, they gradually start preparing for the next leg of the migration. Because of the newborn calves, they move slowly and predictably. Predator activity is still very busy.

Lions, leopards and cheetahs continue to revel in the easy prey. This also makes Ndutu unique because it’s one of the few wildernesses where lions and cheetahs can cohabitate in peace, as there is more than enough food for all predators for a substantial part of the year.

Where to stay

Just like February, the Ndutu region is still the place to be. Masek Tented Camp, Lake Ndutu Luxury Tented Camp, or Ndutu Wilderness Camp are top picks for this region.

The mystique of Ndutu

At the heart of the South Serengeti lies the world famous Ndutu Lake area. Offering consistently the best wildlife viewing during the green season, Ndutu is strategically situated at the center of the southern plains, in Tanzania’s Ngorongoro Conservation Area.Blanketed with a forest of acacia trees, this is where the wildebeest give birth, and during the calving season in February to March, the fields are dotted with millions of white little youngsters. Ndutu is also one of the best places to see the six different species of

cat – lion, leopard, cheetah, serval, caracal and wild cat. During the calving season it’s also the top destination if you want to see cheetahs in action hunting the newborn. Year-round, the wet marshes provide for a huge amount of resident animals and wetland bird life.Since the 1960s, Ndutu had been a favorite destination for many distinguished authors, filmmakers, and wildlife biologists. Researchers Jane Goodall and Hugo van Lawick used Ndutu as a base for much of their research.

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Photo: atosan © 123RF.com

Photo: imagecom © 123RF.com

April

Big rains mean thicker vegetation and scattered herds, which makes viewing more of a challenge. But the rewards of the low season are lower prices and few other people as the migration makes its way into “big cat territory”.

What the weather is doing

This is the period of mvua za masika, Swahili for “big rains”. The vegetation becomes very thick and lush, making wildlife spotting somewhat difficult. An even bigger challenge is the roads. Some of the dirt roads get totally washed out and become almost impassable.

What the wildlife is doing

Because of the plentiful water, the animals tend to scatter, which makes

them a little bit harder to find -- for both predators and safari-goers alike. The wildebeest leave the Ndutu

region and head northwest past the Simba Kopjes and towards Moru. They continue moving slowly, as the babies are still small and learning to use their legs. The good thing about April is that prices drop. You’ll find safari and accommodation rates at a year-round low. Expect to be almost on your own with the animals. April is one of the best months for lion activity as the wildebeest cross into the Simba Kopjes, which is known for being big cat territory.

Where to stay

Many lodges start to close, but Serengeti Serena Safari Lodge tops the list of the best Serengeti lodges for game-viewing during this time. It’s designed to blend into the landscape and you will be close to the action.

“I bless the rains down in Africa…”

We’ve all heard the lyrics from the famous Toto 1982 hit song “Africa”. There’s a grain of truth in the words. For the animals and people living in Serengeti and Masai Mara, the big rains mean the difference between life and death. Throughout the whole drought season, the Masai tribes patiently await the rains to fill the rivers, water their crops and relieve their cows of thirst. Even today, many tribesmen perform rainmaking ceremonies. It’s called the

mukwerera, and for a few days all the members of the tribe gather around a holy muchakata tree to dance and pray to their ancestors for a generous amount of rain. Unfortunately, global warming has taken its toll on the region. The droughts are now getting longer, and the rains are getting heavier, causing flooding. A recent study shows that the Horn of Africa is drier than any time in the last 2,000 years.

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Photo: Tatjana Keisa © 123RF.com

Photo: byrdyak © 123RF.com

May

The big rains taper off and the herds are on the move, due north toward Kenya. Routes diverge somewhat, but they’ll all funnel through a narrow corridor between two rivers in a dramatic spectacle.

What the weather is doing

Although May is still considered to be wet season, the heavy rainfall gradually gets less and less. Since the ground is still wet and muddy, the driving conditions can be a bit of a challenge. But just like in March and April, the prices are still low and you can expect to find some good deals.By the end of May, the dry season

begins and the migration starts making its way back north. With pleasant temperatures and some

amazing scenes of the vast herds pouring through the narrow central regions, this is actually one of the best times of year for a safari.

What the wildlife is doing

The wildebeest begin to make their way through the western corridor of Serengeti.Some of them continue north to

the Seronera region, but most of the migrating herds enter the Ndoha and Dutwa Plains that flank the Mbalageti River. At the end of the month, they pile into the narrow wedge of land between the forest-lined riverbeds of the Mbalageti and Grumeti.

Where to stay

Many lodges will still be closed, but all open camps around the Seronera region are still a good option. The Fours Seasons Safari Lodge is highly recommended.

How the wildebeest navigate

What guides the wildebeest? Raw instinct? Or cues from their surroundings? Probably a combination of both. The wildebeest journey is dictated primarily by their response to the weather. They follow the rains and the growth of new grass. And, although there is no scientific proof to support this, it seems that they react to lightning and thunderstorms in the distance.

Instinctive knowledge plays a large role, hardwired into their DNA by hundreds of thousands of years of natural selection. That’s how these “clowns of the plains” know which direction they must travel. Over the millennia, those that went the wrong way would have died of thirst or starvation long before they could reproduce. The successful ones were those who went the right way.

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Photo: mark52 © 123RF.com

Photo: Eric Isselee © 123RF.com

June

The skies are clear, the land dries out, and the herds gain strength and power as the calves mature. But June is no walk in the park. The wildebeest must overcome the obstacle of the crocodile-infested Grumeti Rivers en route to Kenya’s Masai Mara.

What the weather is doing

By June the long rains have stopped, and dry season is in full swing. It will stretch from the end of May to early November. The weather is sunny with some easing thunderstorms in the evenings.As the skies clear up, the landscape

undergoes a dramatic change. The plains turn dry and open. This makes game viewing a lot easier, as animal activity concentrates around the remaining sources of water.

What the wildlife is doing

The migration continues heading north toward Masai Mara in Kenya.

The herds are beginning to grow stronger and faster. Since the calves are growing up, the wildebeest travel collectively at their peak speed, covering up to 150 km (93 miles) per day. There’s power, it seems, in numbers.But now the first real troubles

begin. Before entering Kenya, they first have to pass the hurdle of the Grumeti Rivers. Rather than one big continuous river, Grumeti consists of shallow pools and swamps. Making their way through the swampy wetlands is a struggle, but even worse are the big, hungry saltwater crocodiles waiting by the shores. Unless you are fainthearted, look forward to some good action as nature takes it cruel course.

Where to stay

At this point there are several lodges in the Serengeti that offer mobile operations. The most popular ones include Singita’s safari lodges, Faru Faru, Sabora and Sasakwa. To get close to the Grumeti river crossings we recommend Serengeti Tented Camp and Kirawira Camp.

A feast for the crocodiles

After travelling for several weeks, the wildebeest have only one thing on their minds: a drink of water. But they’re completely unaware of the danger when they cross the rivers. Crocodiles lurk below the surface, waiting for the right moment. They are not just any crocodiles. They are Nile crocodiles -- the second largest crocodilian after the saltwater crocodile. On average, the adults can range between 2.8 and 5 meters (between 9’2” and 16’5”) in length.Crocodiles are very fast over short distances, even on dry land. Their sharp teeth can tear and hold onto flesh. Their jaws have the strongest bite of any animal. A

crocodile will grab and hold onto the prey, dragging it into water and drowning it first. Then other crocodiles will come along and share the meal.Crocodiles go back to the time of dinosaurs. Their slow metabolism allows them to go long periods without food. The river crossing normally lasts about two weeks. During this period, the crocodiles can store as much as 150,000 calories -- enough to survive until the next migration season.Each year, an estimated 25,000 wildebeest don’t complete the long migration. These wetland predators are responsible for thousands of the annual casualties.

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Photo: Andrey Gudkov © 123RF.com

July

This month is prime for viewing what many consider to be the main act of the migration theatrics -- the crossing of the Mara River. The herds will migrate from Tanzania to Kenya and into the golden grasslands of the Masai Mara.

What the weather is doing

In July the weather is warm with hardly any rainfall at all. Sunny skies bring about beautiful mornings and evenings which are extraordinary for photography. As the land dries out, driving conditions are much improved over previous months.But with the pleasant weather comes

the big wave of tourists. The prices go sky high, and you need to book in advance to guarantee a bed. If you’re looking for a budget safari, try a different season.

What the wildlife is doing

This is the when the famous river crossings through the Mara River begin, especially at the end of July. In search of fresh grass, the migration keeps pushing north through some of the most beautiful areas of the northern Serengeti. As the landscape transforms from lush and green to the iconic golden savannah fields, it gets easier to spot wild game of all kinds. Elephants, giraffes and even the

smaller game can be spotted miles away. You will see the sort of beautiful landscape you are familiar with from movies like “Out of Africa”, so it’s worth the struggle with the crowds.

Where to stay

The best place to stay for watching the migrating wildebeest cross the Mara River is Kirawira Serena Camp and Mara Serena Safari Lodge. These lodges are poised at the center stage of one of Africa’s most dramatic wildlife arenas. Guest enjoy spectacular views over the savannah and down to the Mara River.

The drama of the river crossing

The crossing is the single greatest hurdle the animals face during their journey. The wildebeest converge at the river, in their tens of thousands, congregating on the banks awaiting the moment when the more fearless among them will take the plunge. Meanwhile the scavengers and predators await, licking their chops.The plunge begins, driven by hunger and urged on by herd mentality. The first few on the frontline jump, then the rest follow suit, transfixed by this wild frenzy. As they reach the other side, they learn that getting out of the river is just as dangerous as jumping in -- sometimes the opposite bank wall is too steep. Thousands of animals are trying to ford the river at this point -- a recipe for disaster.

The muddy rocks offer little grip to their hooves, and the breathtaking spectacle is turning to tragedy. Yet the wildebeest seem programmed to carry on with their journey. Some break their backs leaping from the steep banks, but what matters is to keep going. This is the last step of their long journey, and they must reach the opposite bank without drowning or being swept downstream by the river current. The ones who don’t get eaten by crocodiles make their way out -- while some get trampled upon in the process.The spectacle is finally over. Gradually the dust settles, the waters smooth over, and peace returns to the Mara River.

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Photo: andreanita © 123RF.com

Photo: Andrey Gudkov © 123RF.com

August

Welcome to the height of the high season. Everyone has the same great idea of witnessing the most action-packed month for river crossings. Keep in mind that even in August, witnessing a crossing isn’t guaranteed, and take measures to avoid the crowds.

What the weather is doing

Just like in July, the weather is warm and sunny. No need to worry about rain. The tourist invasion is bigger than ever, so make sure you book well in advance.

What the wildlife is doing

August is, without a doubt, the best month to see the migration. The herds’ days are action-packed, as this is the peak time for those spectacular river crossings with the crocodiles lying in wait for wildebeest to stumble into their ferocious jaws. The wildebeest are flowing into

Masai Mara, so for the next couple of months Kenya will be the favored safari destination.

The most important tip for August is to manage expectations. Despite what the astonishing wildlife documentaries will lead you to believe, you still have to be very lucky to see an actual crossing. Animals behave irrationally, especially wildebeest and zebras. Many times they just come up to the river, then wait for hours only to turn around. You have to be fortunate and patient to witness the rush across. Often the drivers are stressed out

because they want you to see the big five (lion, leopard, buffalo, elephant and rhino). But your top priority is the migration with its river crossings, make sure to bring a lunch pack and tell your guide to make it an all-day drive.

Where to stay

As the river crossings are constantly going on and almost all the animals have reached Masai Mara, we recommend to stay in the northern or western side of the park. Saruni Mara and Entim are popular options. Governor’s Camp delivers on exclusivity if you want to move away from the crowds.

Beating the crowds

In August, the busiest month of the year, you can sometimes feel like you’re on a conveyor belt packed with buses and jeeps. It’s not easy to avoid the crowds. But keep in mind, you are a part of the traffic, and all the others are here to witness the river crossings too. The good news is, it’s still possible to get away from the worst tourist herds. Here are a few tips:•Don’t choose a big lodge close to the river. Some of them have more than 200 beds and when these are full, the early-morning game drives inevitably involve long trains of vehicles. Where you will find the fewest vehicles and people are the smallest tented camps that lie along the park’s borders.

•Stay at a mobile or tented camp. You'll get a more “in the wild” experience, rarely seeing another person or vehicle. Mobile camps are very comfortable, usually consisting of eight to 10 bed tents and a communal dining tent. Each tent comes with an en suite bathroom with a flush toilet.•Hire a good guide. The best type of guide will plan the day to avoid the crowds, leaving earlier. He will move off a sighting when other vehicles arrive. He will encourage you to get away from the 'big five’ mentality and just enjoy whatever you come across. Remember the safari rule of thumb: Mother Nature rewards those with respect and patience.

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Photo: gator © 123RF.com

Photo: Andrey Gudkov © 123RF.com

September

September high season in Kenya’s Masai Mara has its obvious rewards. The skies are sunny, crowds are thinning somewhat, dramatic river crossings are still going strong, predators have hit their stride, and the “big five” are all out in view.

What the weather is doing

After August, September is arguably the next-best month to visit Masai Mara. In September, expect sunny, dry days with postcard-perfect sunrises and sunsets. The big crossings still take place, but the summer vacation crowds begin to thin. Due to climate change, some even

say this month is better than August, which in recent years has become a little more unpredictable.

What the wildlife is doing

If the lifecycle of the wildebeest follows its usual patterns, the last

herds are now slowly heading eastward through the Masai Mara. They will wander around in search of fresh grass, so be prepared to see big herds of hundreds of thousands animals filling out the vast golden fields of the Kenyan side of the park. As the river crossings continue,

there’s also plenty of predator activity. With a bit of luck your chances of seeing lions and cheetahs in action are increased. But keep in mind that only one thing is for certain -- you will encounter a lot of animals. Some guides even guarantee you the “big five”, and the most fortunate will see them all in just one day.

Where to stay

The action is still concentrated within the Masai Mara, where lodging options are diverse. Good places to have it all within close reach are Bateleur Camp, Basecamp Masai Mara, Fig Tree Camp, Mara Plains Camp, Mara Bushtops, Mara Porini and Porini Lion Camps.

What is the “big five”?

The “big five” is a group of five big game species: cape buffalo, elephant, leopard, lion and rhino. The term was coined by the colonial ”great white hunters” in the hunting heyday of the 19th and early 20th centuries. They grouped these five together for their difficulty to hunt and ferocity when cornered.Considered a rite of passage for well-heeled travelers, everybody from American presidents to European royalty and heads of state came to Africa to shoot a large, dangerous animal. The “big five” quickly became known as the most dangerous animals to hunt on foot. The name stuck – although today, shooting is best done

through a camera lens. Out of the “big five”, the buffalo is the most aggressive. In the Masai Mara in August and September, you will have a great chance of spotting them all, but some sightings are rarer than others. The shy leopard is perhaps the most elusive, and the rhino is the most endangered. Don’t forget, an African wildlife experience consists of so much more than just ticking off the “big five” list. Many guides will rush to make you see them, which often leads to tourists missing out on many other beautiful encounters. Feel free to tell him in Swahili “pole-pole!” (slow down and relax!).

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Photo: Andrey Gudkov © 123RF.com

october

The end of the high season means the crowds have (mostly) left and the “big rains” begin. The migration is straddled between Kenya’s Masai Mara and Tanzania’s Serengeti. Both parks have their own advantages in October.

What the weather is doing

October means the end of the dry season, but there is still a lot activity in the Mara -- even some occasional river crossings. As the rainfall slowly begins to soak into the fields, the savannah goes from golden to green. It’s not until the end of October

or beginning of November that the actual rains begin to fall. The days are still very warm with pleasant nights.

What the wildlife is doing

At this point, the migration is quite scattered. Some wildebeest begin the long trek to the south back into

Serengeti, but some remain in the Masai Mara for the whole month. The south region of Masai Mara in particular is still filled with lots of game. By this time, almost all of the big

tourist crowds have left, so it’s actually one of the best months for a safari. Lots of animals, fairly easy sightings and you don’t have to compete with throngs of other vehicles and people. The best place to be is in the

southern and central regions of the Mara, as most of the wildebeest have left the northern parts. The animals will move slowly in their search for water and green grass. Another good area is the northeast Serengeti and Loliondo Game Reserve, where the animals are returning after their foray into Kenya.

Where to stay

The migration is starting to head back into Serengeti of Tanzania, so we recommend staying at the beautifully situated Serengeti Safari Camp, Lobo Wildlife Lodge or Sayari Camp.

Masai Mara or the Serengeti?

This is the great debate among migration followers. Both Kenya’s Masai Mara and Tanzania’s Serengeti offer an exceptional safari, so your best bet is to string them both together if possible. If you’re set on seeing the great wildebeest migration, particularly from November to end of June, then the Serengeti is your spot. The great migration herds tend to be in the Serengeti during this time, along with the other classic wildlife safari highlights.The Masai Mara, though, is

excellent all year round. It’s also less expensive than visiting the Serengeti, so if cost is a bigger priority than seeing the migration, Kenya is well worth a visit.The other factor to bear in mind is exclusivity. The Serengeti is far bigger than the Masai Mara, so it is easier to enjoy a more exclusive safari experience here. That being said, the central regions of the Serengeti can get very busy too, so selecting your camps carefully is key. Opt for a private guide and vehicle.

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Photo: flytraveler © 123RF.com

Photo: Sergei Uriadnikov © 123RF.com

November

In November the rains starts to fall in the Mara. The plains are back to their emerald green hue, and the migration is on the move southward, back to Tanzania’s Serengeti. Photographers revel in the heightened big cat activity and the stormy skyscapes.

What the weather is doing

The rains from November to March are quite random and usually don’t last for more than a few hours. There’s a chance of heavier rain during this period but not like the long rains in April. If it does rain, it will usually clear in one or two hours, and it’s more than likely that the shower will be localized.

What the wildlife is doing

As the herds head back across the border, the Serengeti once again

becomes the migration hotspot. The wildebeest and zebras are on the move, and most of them can be found in the Lobo and the Seronera Valley areas. In their quest for nutrition-rich grass, they form long columns stretching all the way to the central parts of the Serengeti.Although it’s wet season, the

Serengeti can be an amazing place to experience. Photographers love to capture the skyscapes as huge, dramatic thunder clouds roll in over the savannah. You can expect cooler weather, but this isn’t necessarily a bad thing. The animals become more active during this time of the year, especially big cats.

Where to stay

As the migration heads south, check out Lake Masek Tented Camp, Ubuntu Camp, Serena’s Mbuzi Mawe Tented Camp and Four Seasons Serengeti Safari Lodge. They are all close to the migration corridor.

The silver lining of the wet season

Although the heavy rains are starting to fall, November is one of the best months if your intention is to see the big cats. As the wet season begins, plenty of predators seek out newborn herbivores, and the action can get very intense. Photography also thrives. Many specialized photographic safari companies offers tours solely for taking pictures of the cats during this period. Watching the big storm clouds roll in can be a very moving experience, especially for

photographers. The dark skies, the thunder and lightning all align to create beautiful dramatic backgrounds, and the light is ideal -- particularly if you have a big lion hunting a zebra in the frame. But storm clouds aren’t for everyone. If you do want to avoid the rains in November, your best option is to head down to Selous where the rains usually arrive later than other parks in Tanzania. The dry landscapes usually last until early December.

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Photo: Preetham Asoda © 123RF.com

Photo: Nudda Chollamark © 123RF.com

December

The yearly migration “circle of life” is nearing completion. The rains have returned, and the wildebeest are on the move toward the rich grasses of Ndutu. With pregnant bellies, they’re looking for the best spot to calve in the coming months.

What the weather is doing

December marks the height of the green season in the Serengeti. It’s a wet period, so occasional showers can be expected throughout the whole month. The temperature drops, the evenings turn cooler and it’s a bit harder to spot the animals due to the plentiful water sources.As far as visitors, December becomes

a very busy month with the end-of-year holidays coming up, so you may want to avoid the hotspots around

the Ngorongoro Crater and other popular locations.

What the wildlife is doing

In the last month of the year the migration has reached the southernmost plains of the Serengeti, looking for better grass.During this time of the year a lot

of other species give birth to their youngsters, so if your aim is to see cute babies, this is the time to go. The wildebeest are in the fifth month of their pregnancy and slowly start making their way back to the nutritious grass of Ndutu where they will soon give birth to their calves in January and February. And so begins the whole year-long cycle of the big migration over again.

Where to stay

The migration has come full circle, and camps in Ndutu once more become the focus of the migration (see January - March).

A brief history of the safari

Throughout the 20th century, the African safari became a pillar of well-heeled adventure travel, glamorized in film and literature. The elite few paved the way for the more mainstream masses, seeking romance, thrills, and wilderness. But just how long have safaris been a thing?Arabic and African cultures have been exchanging goods and ideas for centuries. Large caravans of traders would travel across vast territories to peddle their wares from one city to the next. The word safari originated from the word safar, which is an Arabic verb

that roughly translates as “to make a journey.’” From there, you get the noun safariya, or “journey”. Safari is actually a Swahili synonym of the Arabic word.In the 19th century, the “great white hunters” from Europe started to use the phrase to describe their escapades into sub-Saharan Africa in search of game. Their accounts of spectacular adventures spurred others to follow in their footsteps, and soon the colonial settlers saw money to be made. They started organizing and promoting safaris for affluent outsiders.

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Photo: belikova © 123RF.com

RESoURCES

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Health And Safety

Malaria

The most important consideration in East Africa is malaria. It’s recommended that prophylactics should be taken as a preventative measure, but don’t forget to wear pants and long sleeve shirts. Use a good insect repellent -- especially at night when the malaria mosquitoes come out. Repellent is still the number one protection. For peace of mind, remember that malaria is seasonal and only present in certain areas. You will actually have a bigger chance of getting infected in populated, coastal regions and cities like Mombasa, Kenya.

Vaccinations

The only legally required vaccination is yellow fever. When entering Kenya or Tanzania, you must show proof of your vaccination. Without this health card you’re not allowed to enter the country. Medical facilities are limited and medical care can be expensive, so make sure you bring your health insurance card as well.Check with your local doctor or

health department for the latest health precautions. Vaccination requirements change on occasion, and it’s always good to be updated to the current situation.

Staying safe

When it comes to safety, there’s no need to worry. Like any other country, it’s advisable to take common-sense security precautions, but once out in the national parks you are far removed from human settlement and crime in the camps is virtually nonexistent.Be a bit more alert when visiting the

bigger cities like Nairobi, Mombasa or Dar Es Salaam. The attack at the Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi in 2013 had a big negative effect on tourism, but the terror threat has deescalated since then. In general, the universal travel rules apply: keep an eye on your purses, wallets, passports, money, and cameras when walking in a crowd. Avoid walking in the cities at night and place valuables in your hotel safe.

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Photography TipsReady to try your hand at wildlife

photography? An African safari is just the place for it. Maybe you’re new to capturing wild fauna, or maybe you’ve got plenty of experience behind a shutter. Either way, prepare yourself for a photography opportunity of a lifetime. Here are a few tips to make the most of it.

Before the safari

• Come prepared. If you have new gear, make sure you feel comfortable with it. A lot of people come to East Africa with the best possible equipment but spend more time trying to figure it out than focusing on the animals.

• Pack appropriate lenses. You actually don’t need the longest ones there are. Except for shooting birds, anything between 200 – 400 mm will do. Big, heavy lenses can sometimes become a handicap in the cramped safari vehicles.

• Consider a private vehicle. That way you are free to move around and you don’t have to take any other people into account when framing your photo.

While on safari

• Always be ready. It’s just like fishing. At some point, you may be driving around for hours without seeing anything. But then, all of a sudden, the shot of your lifetime appears right before your eyes. Have your camera set on automatic or set to

the settings best for the current lighting situation. Don’t forget to carry extra memory cards in case you run out of space.

• Go for proximity. Try to get as close to the animals as possible. Even the best lenses will loose nice details if you’re too far away.

• Plan your lighting. The best time to take photos is in the early morning and late afternoon. This is when the natural light is best and when the animals are most active.

• Consider composition. A nice background is equally important as good details. An animal in full frame doesn’t necessarily make a good photo. Look at the landscape and the surroundings. Be creative. Use context to make the picture come alive.

• Get down low. Always try to take your photos from a low angle. Most people photograph from a standing position, with a downward perspective of the animals. Those pics actually turn out quite boring. Get down on the ground. There’s no better secret to a good animal portraits than eye-leveling with these magnificent creatures.

• Use the bean bags that are provided by most safari operators. Holding the camera while shooting at low apertures and low shutter speeds will most certainly result in a blurry picture. Even the most steady hand will shake a little, especially when you are eye-to-eye with a big leopard.

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Is The Great Migration In Danger?

When it comes to conservation, the Great Migration picture is a complex interplay between humans, cattle, and wildlife. The survival of the entire ecosystem hangs delicately in the balance.

The Masai, livestock, and tourism

Since the 1970’s, the numbers of many safari animals have fallen by more than 50%. The decline has mostly been linked to the rapid growth of Masai settlements around the reserves. The Masai need big areas to graze their livestock. As the grass disappears, the earth erodes and the grazers are left with nothing to eat. As the antelope and wildebeest

vanish, carnivores are the first casualties. Traditionally, the Masais were semi-nomadic herders who managed to coexist easily with the wildlife in the regions. But as tourism started to grow, more and more settlements were built around the parks, attracting locals to the industry. One successful attempt to protect

the reserves was the setup of private wildlife conservancies around the national parks, allowing the Masai population to earn a stable income from the land they own while creating well-managed grazing areas for their nomadic lifestyle. Unfortunately, with the boom of tourism and population, more and more people in

the ranchlands allow their livestock to graze inside the reserves.

The poaching problem

More alarming than ever is illegal poaching. Although Kenya’s poaching trend has gone down because of tough anti-poaching policies, more elephants are being killed in Africa than are being born, with at least 20,000 killed for their ivory in 2016 alone. They are almost all wiped out in West and Central Africa. In East Africa, statistics from

Tanzania are most shocking. The elephant population in that region has been reduced by more than half in the past five years. Poachers are becoming more and more organized and sophisticated, but hopefully the new ban of the ivory trade in China will have a positive impact to curb the decline of elephants and rhinos.

A changing climate

Another big threat to the area has been the more intense variations in seasonal flooding and drought, which might be the result of climate change. As the Indian Ocean warms and prevailing winds transport moisture over East Africa, more intense periods of rain and drought result, raising the prospect of a new threat to the Serengeti’s keystone species and their migration.

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Migration FAQs

Frequent questions about planning a Great Migration safari.

What passport/visa documents will I need?All people traveling to the East

African region require a passport that is valid for six months beyond the intended length of stay. The entry requirement for any travelers entering Kenya and Tanzania is a minimum of two blank pages in their passport. Don’t forget to bring your yellow

fever health card as they will check it carefully at the border.

Am I guaranteed to see the migration in action?

As a visitor in a national park, you are never guaranteed to see anything. It’s not a zoo. In reality, there is no such single entity as “the migration”. The wildebeest are the migration – there is neither start nor finish to their endless search for food and water. The only actual beginning is the moment of birth taking place in Ndutu (see February).There is little predictability about the

migration, but the key factor is the weather and the cycle of four seasons. However, don’t count on these time periods, as the climate is changing, causing less predictable animal behavior.

How does a private safari compare to a group safari?

The main difference is exclusivity. In a group safari vehicle, especially the less comfortable and more cramped minibuses, you sometimes have to fight for space and compete with the demands of other travelers. Even if you see something really interesting and want to make a photo stop, the other guests may not agree. Sure, it’s less expensive going with others on a group safari tour. But remember, if this is a once in a lifetime trip, you’re going to regret not paying that extra money for the freedom of your own vehicle. In a private safari jeep you can design

your own program and stop wherever you want, for however long. The guide will also have a chance to be more intimate, answer your questions and try to meet your specific requests. And with so much to see and experience, that’s worth every penny.

What does a typical day on an East Africa safari look like?

At around 6:30 you will get your wake-up call. After coffee or tea and a quick bite, head out into the bush. Wildlife is most active in the early morning. You will be accompanied by your guide through the bush for three or four hours, searching for wildlife and learning about animals and the environment.After the game drive, you’ll return to

your camp for breakfast. The midday hours provide you time to relax. At noon you will be served lunch, then you’re free to take a nap or enjoy the facilities of your camp. Usually tea

and coffee are served again in the afternoon.At around 4pm it’s time for your

afternoon game drive. Venture back into the bush with your guide. Sometimes he will organize sundowner drinks at a well-appointed spot.When the sun is starting to go down

you return to camp, where a buffet or three course dinner will be served. Settle in for a well-earned drink at the bar or the campfire. As you retire to your tent, enjoy the sounds of the bush and a canopy of stars in the night sky.

Do safari camps / lodges have water and power?

No matter where you stay, there will always be access to water and electricity. If you’re in a luxury lodge you have nothing to worry about, and even the most remote mobile bush camps have surprisingly functional setups. The tent might be equipped with a simple ”bush shower” consisting of a solar shower bag, but the water will be heated. The bush camps are often run by a generator that is turned off at night, so it’s a good idea to charge your batteries before going to bed. Just in case, most safari vehicles will have chargers, giving you the chance to top off your batteries during the game drives.In Tanzania and Kenya the power

sockets are of type D and G. The standard voltage is 230 V and the standard frequency is 50 Hz. Your need for a power plug adapter depends on the power plugs used in your own country.

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What should I look for in a good safari tour provider?

Choosing among African safari companies can be overwhelming because there are literally thousands of them in the market. How to make an informed, safe, and affordable choice?Most people opt for word-of-mouth

recommendations from others. Some of the best advice you can get about a company is from someone who has been on a safari with them in the past. There are dozens of websites that list safari trip reviews and journals written by previous travelers. Learn from them. Once you have shortlisted safari

operators, do your due diligence to make sure they are reputable. Again, check online with various associations and other third party verification.When contacting them, ask the right

questions. Find out how many other people will be on your trip. Make sure it’s clear what's included and what's

not. Try to see the car before booking. Find out what their payment policies are. Get a clear explanation of their cancellation and refund policy, and find out exactly when payments need to be made.

What are the vehicles and guides like?

Vehicles are usually Toyota Land Cruisers or Land Rovers, as they are best suited for the terrain. For larger groups, 4WD buses are mostly used because they are more convenient for groups who want to be all together in one vehicle.Most of the drivers are full time

safari guides. They have been trained in customer service, wildlife knowledge and environmental issues. They are always familiar with the routes and knowledgeable of the area’s geography. Don’t be afraid to ask questions. It’s a good way to get to know your guide, and it’s his job to teach and make you feel comfortable.

Will I have a chance to interact with local people?

Many of the trips provide opportunities to visit local Masai villages and interact with the local people. However, if your itinerary does not include these visits, you can always check with your lodge. Most places provide organized tours to the villages. For a relatively small fee you can go on a half day tour, often with a Masai guide who knows the people. He can explain their culture and way of living, acting as a translator for your questions. Included in the fee is also the opportunity to take pictures. If it feels a little staged, that’s because it often is. Many of these tours are tourist traps with Maasais dressing up and performing just for your visit.

Can I take my children on safari?

Of course! A family safari is a wonderful way to learn and grow together. But don’t forget to check with your lodge before booking anything, as some of them do have age limits. Most camps have good

facilities for children and the vehicles are comfortable, even for long hot drives. But most of all, letting your children experience real animals in the wild is much more rewarding than looking at them in a zoo. They will make memories that lasts forever and hopefully gain a deep and valuable interest in nature.

Will I have to carry lots of cash?

Despite being in some of the remotest places on Earth, most camps, lodges, and hotels can accept payment by credit card. On safari, almost all major expenses (all meals, activities, and often drinks) are covered in the costs of accommodation.

What is a normal budget for a safari in East Africa?

For all-inclusive safaris, consider a starting point of $4000 per person for a seven day trip, and then upward from there. If you do not mind longer drives and moderate accommodations, you may be able

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Photo: Luisa Puccini © 123RF.com

Photo: Ahmed Gamal Abdelmegeed © 123RF.com

to drop that price point to $2500. The more you spend on your safari, the more exclusive and diverse your experience will be. Fancy is not necessary, but the more expensive properties generally present more opportunities for unlimited activities such as night drives, walks, and village visits.

Aren't wild animals dangerous?

While viewing wildlife, there is always a degree of danger. The behavior of wild animals cannot be guaranteed. However, most animals are frightened by the sight and smell of humans. Rather than attack, they’ll flee (unless cornered or provoked). Attacks on humans are rare. While on safari you will be

accompanied by licensed guides who are well trained and armed with an amazing understanding of the wildlife with which they share their lives on a daily basis. At your tented camp or lodge it is not uncommon for wildlife to wander through, since camps and lodges are typically not fenced. Never venture outside your accommodations at night without your guide. Always consult with your guide when in doubt.

What types of food are served on safari?

The food served at most up-market safari lodges and tented camps is of the highest quality available. Gourmet cooks bake fresh breads and prepare soups, salads, and entrees fit for tables at top restaurants. Meals are international in taste, with soups, salads, cold meats, pasta

dishes, meat and fish dishes, and breads. Your day normally starts with tea

and biscuits before your morning activity. Returning to your lodge or camp late morning, brunch is served -- cereals, fruit, bacon, eggs, sausage, and toast are on offer, as are salads, quiches and cold meats. Before your afternoon activity, tea and light snacks are served. Dinner consists of an appetizer followed by meat, fish and pasta dishes served with assorted vegetables and sauces. Dinner is followed by coffee (or tea), cheeses, and gorgeous desserts.

Is the water safe to drink?

It is wise to drink only bottled drinks, which are readily available. Ask that waiter to open it in front of you, as they may try to reuse the container at some of the larger, lower quality lodges. In addition, don’t swallow water during a shower and use purified water for brushing teeth.

Is there internet access while on safari?

Internet access is available at most large lodges and camps, sometimes for a small fee. Unfortunately, it is very slow and sometimes doesn’t work at all. When on safari you’re not likely to be able to get a signal. But don’t worry – in case of an emergency your guide will be able to communicate with the lodge and with other vehicles. Think of a safari as a chance to unplug!

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Photo: Andrey Gudkov © 123RF.com

Packing listWhen it comes to packing, keep in

mind that the sun can be brutal and the early morning game drives can be very chilly. Earth-toned clothes are prefered, as bright colors might scare off some of the animals.Also, remember that you will be out

in the bush so make sure you have everything you need. Almost all camps have stores where you can buy basic things like memory cards, toothpaste, snacks, sunscreen and souvenirs. But the range is very limited, things run out and the prices are sky high.

Basic recommended packing list:

• Hat or baseball cap• Sunglasses• Sunscreen• Insect repellent with Deet• Camera• Chargers• Electrical converters• Extra memory cards• Binoculars• Flashlight• Toiletries• Pain killers, malaria pills and other

drugs• US or Euro bills newer than 2006• Long sleeve shirts• Fleece layer• Rain jacket• Pants in earth tones• T-shirts and tank tops• Casual evening wear• Hiking boots• Sandals

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Photo: server © 123RF.com

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62 63Photo: Temistocle Lucarelli © 123RF.com

About Ker & Downey AfricaBased in Cape Town, Ker & Downey

Africa is a group of international travellers and adventurers bound by the thrills of exploration and discovery. The company offers tailor-made trips to fourteen destinations in

Southern Africa, East Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands.Continually inspired by a desire to

push the boundaries of adventure and exploration, Ker & Downey Africa strives to create original and thrilling experiences for their guests.Learn more on the Ker & Downey

Africa website.