and Reoeorch P.R.E. Norttrern

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE

INDIAN ACT

Treaties Historical Centre, Group, Indian and Affairs

August 1978.

second of-- Devoqopment

Kahn-Tineta 1

Lerchs F o l

1 i m i

c a l

1

i ncorpora les emen ts

It

Pre-Confederation 1755-1867,

b i b 1 lography 1

PREFACE

This i s the e d i t i o n "The Historical o f t he

Ind ian Act," the f i r s t (January 1975) by ler and

George , Policy, Planning and Research Branch. lowing d e p l e t i o n

o f t ed s tocks , the Branch decided t h a t a second e d i t i o n should be

p r i n t e d i nco rpo ra t i ng addi t ional h i s t o r i m a t e r i a l . The c u r r e n t

Research Branch cont rac ted Robert G. Moore, a history graduate, to

prepare a d r a f t manuscript. Th i s manuscript was then e d i t e d by

John Les i e and Ron Magui r e , Treat ies and H i s t o r i c a l Research Centre.

This second ed i t ion f rom both the f irs t ed i tion

and Robert Moore's research.

The purpose o f t h i s paper i s t o acquaint Departmental o f f i c i a l s

and researchers w i t h the main themes o f Ind ian policy and l e g i s l a t i o n

f r o m c o l o n i a l times. I t i s not in tended t o be a d e f i n i t i v e account, but

r a t h e r a guide t o f u r t h e r research, and a s t i m u l u s for p o l i c y d iscuss ion .

It i s not an o f f i c i a l Departmental p u b l i c a t i o n b u t an i n t e r n a l work ing

paper and the views expressed are not necessarily those of the Department.

A b r i e f word about the organ iza t i on o f t h i s paper. has two major

sections: and Post-Confederation, 1867-1951. The footnotes fo r each chapter appear a t the end of the respective sec t ion .

A select is t s standard reference works consulted i n prepara-

t i o n of the paper. An " Admin i s t ra t i ve O u t l i n e o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s " , prepared

M i

el

D i v i s f o n ,

w i t h n za-

t i o n frm

facil i

under1

etc . .

by the Public Records P u b l i c Archives o f Canada, i s included

a t the beginning t o acquaint the reader major changes i organi

and personnel. Map selections the Territorial Evolution o f

Canada (EMR, 1969) appear throughout the text t o g i v e the reader some idea

of the geographical areas under discussion.

To fur ther ta te the work of researchers key words have been

ined i n the body o f the tex t , such as: reserve lands, band member-

ship, elections, Copies o f many o f t he references used i n the

preparat ion o f t h i s paper are available for review i n t he Treaties and

H i s t o r i c a l Research Centre.

I N D I A N

P a t t Ow P n e - C o n Q e d W n Pehiod

- - " C i 1 i

C i v i 1 1850-1867

E Two

b l ography -

P a t Tuw P o d t - C o n & d W n Pettiod

- [ n i t i a t i ves 1867-1876

- 1876-1886

- - Irmigration - WWII

-

t

8 i -

i

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACT

Table o f Contents

Preface

L i s t i n g o f Maps

Admin is t ra t i ve O u t l i n e - Ind ian A f f a i r s

- The

I n t roduc t i on

Chapter One The Ind ian Department: 1755-1830

v i za t i on" Experiments and Commissions o f Inquiry: 1830-1850

Chapter Three - Ind ian Protection and

Chapter Two I n d i a n

iz a t i o n L e g i s l a t i o n:

ndnotes - Chapter One Chapter Chapter Three

B i Pre-Confederation

- The

Introduct ion

Chapter Four Canadian Ind ian Policy :

Chapter F ive Western A f f a i r s and New L e g i s l a t i o n :

Chapter Six 1886-1906: A Period of Disillusion

Chapter Seven The Impact o f and W W I : 1906-1927

Chapter E i g h t Ind ian L e g i s l a t i o n , 1927-1946

the Depression and :

Chapter Nine The Indian A c t o f 1951

Endnotes - Chapter Four Chapter F i v e Chapter S i x Chapte r Seven Chapter E i gh Chapter Nine

Summary

b l iography Pos t-Confederat ion

-

Bri ca/Canada

A 1 1 from

CopIes frm K I A OE9.

MAPS

New France

B r i t i s h North America

t i sh North Ameri 1866 - 1867

Canada

* maps are the T e r r i t o r i a l Evo lu t ion o f Canada, produced and p r i nted by the Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. may be obtained the Map D i s t r i b u t i o n Office, 615 Booth Street, Ottawa, Canada.

ADMf

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admini.stration

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Superin Depar tmnt

rep1 Franckl i

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Ind ian

Responsi b i l i Indian

and

S u p e r i n t ~ n d t w t (Ms,jor-Gtwkral 11. C . Pat.1 i t ~ q

NISTRATIVE OUTLINE - I N D I A N AFFAIRS

The lowing i s a b r i e f adminis t ra t ive i n i n g t he historical

development of the o f Ind ian A f f a i r s . I t i s n o t a comprehensive

is t i n g o f every important event a t i n g t o the department's development, but i s intended as a guide t o enable researchers t o correlate i m p o r t a n t

t i ve events w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r s t r u c t u r e or organi z a t i o n. was prepared by the i c Records Div is ion, i c Arch ives o f Canada,

and i s reproduced here w i t h t he i r permission.

1 5 A p r i l 1755 -S i W i l l i am Johnson appointed Superintendent o f Indian A f f a i , Northern Department.

- J u r i s d i c t i o n over Indian A f f a i r s i n t he old Province o f Quebec placed under t he control o f the Commander o f t he Forces.

Colonel Guy Johnson appointed Superintendent o f Indian A f f a i rs .

- Hon. Michael Franckl i n appointed of I n d i a n A f f a i r s f o r Nova S c o t i a .

- S i r John Johnson succeeded Colonel Guy Johnson as Superintendent o f Indian A f f a i r s under the new t i t l e tendent-General o f I n d i a n Affai rs and Inspector General o f t he I n d i a n . John Cunningham aced Michael i n a s Superintendent i n Nova Scot a .

- O f f i o f Deputy Superintendent -General created t o a s s i s t S i r John Johnson because he was absent so f requent ly. Resident agents served under t he Deputy Superintendent.

1796 - Responsibility f o r A f f a i r s i n Upper Canada given t o t h e Lieutenant-Governor.

1800 - ty f o r A f f a i r s i n tower Canada given t o t h e Governor-General .

- Jur isd ic t ion over Indian A f f a i r s i n Upper Lower Canada transferred t o the Commander o f the Farces.

2 August 1828 - P o s i t i o n o f Superintendent-General o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s and Inspec to r General o f the Indian Department abolished and the o f f i c e o f lndian A f f a i r s created a p p o i n t e d t o t h i s pos t ) .

o f t he Ch ie f

1862

Giv ins

1 i one1 D. C.

e s t a b l

1841 twa

r e o r g a n i 1

Superi and

i

C o m i ss ioner

( O / C 1862), Spragge

l n d i

Departmnt

w i t h i n

t T e r r i ( P . 1873-1 )

L. Oeputy '

Boards

1 ( P . 1875-1052/3420). tin^ thc? Fraser Mani toba -ll[rs t. Super i r~ tendencies wt1rt3 S C ! ~ ul,

the M i t a ry Napier ,

13 A p r i l 1830 Indian Department s p l i t i n t o two o f f i ces . In Upper Canada control was given t o the Lieutenant-Governor (Colonel James appointed Chief Superintendent) . In Lower Canada control remained w i t h Secretary (Lieutenant-Col former r e s i dent agent a t Montreal, was t r a n s f e r r e d t o Quebec and c rea ted Secretary f o r I nd ian A f f a i r s ) . A t t h i s t ime the rese rve system was ished i n Upper Canada.

M i t h the Union o f the o f f i c e s o f t he Department were amalgamated and placedunder the author i ty o f the Governor-General .

- Fol lowing the recommendation o f t he Commission of Inquiry i n t o the Ind ian Department, 1842, a general za t i on of the Department was undertaken. The C i v i Secretary was designated a s ntenden t-General for I n d i a n A f f a irs the office o f Chief Superintendent was abo l i shed .

- Responsi bil ty for Indian A f f a i r s transferred from Imper ia l control t o t h e Province o f Canada (23 V i c t o r i a Chap. 151 ) . The Crown Lands Department assumed control of I n d i a n matters and the was designated as Chief Superintendent.

17 March - O f f i c e o f Oeputy Superintendent General c rea ted 1 7 March William appointed t o

t he p o s i t i o n .

- A t Confederation con t ro l o f Ind ian matters was given t o t h e federal government and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y delegated t o t he Department o f Secretary of Sta t e for t h e Provinces. The Secretary of S ta te became Superintendent-General o f an Affairs.

- The o f t h e Interior was created (36 Victoria Chap. 4 ) and an Ind ian Lands Branch s e t up i t . A Board of Commissioners was e s t a b lished t o adm in i s te r Indian a f f a i r s i n Manitoba, British Columbia and t he North-Wes C. 1 1 .t o r i es

- Vankoughnet appointed Superintendent-General o f Indian A f f a i r s .

- The I n d i a n were abo l ished and a system of superintendents and agents es tab l i shed . These were model ed on t h e Ontar io administrat ive structure

C. A t t h i s V i c t o r i a , , and Nor th .

18) consol i d a t e d a1 1

IndS

Scperin Indian rs

I i ~ d i a n

a1

d e p a r t w n t a l

The

older '

Oepartment

s t i c a l

Hayter

Indlans i

- Ind ian Act (39 V i c t o r i a Chap. passed w h i c h and revised previous legislation dealing with Indians i n a l l e x i s t i n g provinces and territories. Board o f Reserve Commissioners s e t up t o s e t t l e t h e Ind ian reserve ques t ion i n B r i t i s h Columbia.

- Independent Department o f an A f f a i r s ( 4 3 Victoria Chap. 28) was s e t up. The M i n i s t e r o f t h e In t e r io r , however, cont inued as tendent-General o f Af f a i and presided over t he new department.

- Central Superintendency i n Onta r io abolished and rep laced by t he various agencies ready i n e x i stence.

- Four new branches created t o revamp the structure. These were a

S t a t i s t i c s and School Branch, a Correspondence Branch, a Registry Branch and a Technical Branch. Technical Branch prepared surveyors ' drawings and instructions. These j o ined t he Lands Sales Branch and Accountant s Branch.

- empowered t o prepare and register letters p a t e n t conveying Indian l a n d s t o purchasers (49 V i c t o r i a Chap. 7 ) . T h i s created t h e pos i t i on o f Registrar o f Patents.

- Two new branches were created. These were the Land and Timber Branch and the S t a t i , Supply and School Branch.

- Reed was appointed Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs.

- I n a general e f f o r t t o improve educational facilities for Canadian an independent School Branch was establ shed.

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Commission

James A. Smart, Deputy M i n i s t e r o f the I n t e r i o r , was appointed Deputy Superintendent o f ndian Af fa i rs . He undertook a general reorgan iza t ion o f the Department o f Indian Af fa i rs . F i r s t o f

a d i s t i n c t deputy head o f the Department was abolished, the Deputy Minister o f the In-t e r i o r t h a t role. The I n d i a n Comm-issioner's o f f i c e i n Regina was t o Winnipeg and two new inspectorates were added i n the North-West Territories and one i n Manitoba. Some agencies were disbanded and the i n s p e c t i o n func-t i o n a t Winnipeg assumed by the Commissioner. A t headquarters the n i strati on was reduced t o three branches - the Secretary's Branch, the Accountant 's Branch and the Lands and Timber Branch. As there was an Inspector o f I n d i a n Agencies and Reserves and an Inspector o f Timber.

- Frank was appoi nted Deputy Superi t o f Indian Af fa i rs , ending the system whereby the Deputy o f t he I n t e r i o r d t h a t post.

- A medical inspector , Mr. P.H. Bryce, was added t o headquarters s t a f f .

- Position of Chief Surveyor was created.

Revamping departmental structure undertaken by Frank . Several di s ti branches were s e t up t o r e f l e c t the expanded nature o f t he Department's a c t i v i t i e s . These were the Secretary's Branch D. , Deputy Superintendent and Secretary of the Department) Accountant's Branch Scot t , Ch ie f Accountant and Superintendent o f ndian Education ); Land and Timber Branch (W.A. Orr, Clerk of Land and Timber and Registrar o f Land Patents); Survey Branch (S. Bray, Chief Surveyor) Records Branch

Matheson, Registrar); and School Branch (M. Clerk o f Schools).

- Royal Commission on Indian A f f a i r s for the Province o f Bri t ish umbia appointed.

D.C. S c o t t appointed Deputy Superintendent o f Ind ian A f f ai ,

-Architect ' s Branch created at headquarters under R.M. Ogil vie.

- Report of the Royal on Indian A f f a i r s f o r the province o f British Columbia completed.

(14-15 Geo.

A1 would

H M. McGi 1 1 Superintendent-

( 1 V I I I l n d i a n McGill

i 1 ow l Admini stration

Commissioner b d l c a l b l

1 ;

)

- (P .C .

b i 1 i

R,A. was

- We1

fami 1 a1 1 ' s

- Maj. MacKay

- ~f Immigration (13 V I I

1

v i I

5 E - -

. X - - - -

i

i x .

- Amendment t o l n d i a n Act V . Chap. 47) bringing Eskimos under the responsibility of the Superintendent-General of Indian A f f a i r s .

- Agreement concluded respect ing reserve l a n d s i n Manitoba and ber ta s t i p u l a t i n g t h a t they remain under federal control when these western provinces assumed control o f t h e i r natura l resources.

- Dr. . appointed DeputyGeneral o f Indian A f f a i r s .

- The Department of Indian Affairs was made a branch o f the Department o f Mines and Resources

Ed. Chap. 33) . The Af fa i rs Branch was placed under D r . H.W. as Direc tor . The branch ncl uded the fo 1 n g cornponen t s: Field (four inspectors, one I n d i a n

and one hundred and f i f t e e n agents) ; We1fare and Training Service (responsi e

for schools, employment and agricultural projects); Reserves and T r u s t Service (responsi ble f o r and matters and timber disposal) Records Service ( responsible fo r current f i les and historical mater ia l . Ind ian Health Services was transferred from the Department of Mines and Resources t o the Depart-ment of Nat ional Heal th and Welfare 1945-6495) A t t h i s time Eskimo Health Services was also transferred from the responsi ty o f the North-west Territories D i v i s i o n o f Lands, Parks, and Forests Branch. Hoey appointed Director o f Indian A f f a i r s Branch.

The Welfare and Training D i v i s i o n was s p l i t i n t o a fare Division (responsible for we l f a re ,

y owances, Veteran Land Act admin-i s t r a t i o n , and handicrafts) and an Education D i v i s i o n .

O.M. appointed d i r e c t o r o f Indian A f f a i r s Branch.

Indian Affa i rs Branch transferred t o the Depart- ment Cit izenship and Geo. Chap. 16). The admin is t ra t ive structure o f the Branch remained rtual y unchanged. A Cons-truction and Engineering Service, however, was created.

. .

Geo.

Comns , 1946-1948.

t t . -Col .

tndus

(responsi comnuni fami 1 a1 1 ch i1 we1 1 ta t ion) .

administr'ative Mackenzie,

C i v i 1

a1 1 1 ;

we1 f ie1 admini s t r a t i o n

R,

R.

Recommended

1

respon- s i b i l i

Oevel opmen t Di t- establ ishi f ig

;

ing Admin- t r a t i o n

1 admini s t r a t i o n

House o f

4 September 1951 - New Ind ian Act passed ( 1 5 V I Chap. 29) a f t e r i n t e n s i v e study of t h e matter by a Specia l Jo in t Committee o f the Senate and

- H . M . Jones appointed Director of I n d i a n A f f a i r s Branch.

- The Welfare D i v i s i o n was s p l i t i n t o the Economic Development Division (responsible for resource management, tr ia l and agricul tural p r o j e c t s and placement services) and t he Welfare D i v i s i o n

ble f o r ty development, y owances, d fare and rehabi i

- A new region was created, the District of w i t h headquarters a t Fort S m i t h .

- The I n d i a n Affairs Branch was reorganized follow-ing a survey by the Service Commission. The Branch's functions were regrouped under three major a c t i v i t i e s : Education (responsiblefor educat ional fac i i t i e s ) Operations ( responsible for the a c t i v i t i e s o f the Economic Development D i v i s i o n , economic planning, trusts and annui t ies , reserve lands and resources,

fa re , d and handicraf ts ); and Support Services (responsible for band counci ls , membership, estates, engineering and construction).

- F. Battle appointed D i r e c t o r o f Indian Af fa i rs Branch.

F. B a t t l e raised t o level o f Ass is tant Deputy Minister ( I n d i a n A f f a i r s ) i n the Department of C i t i z e n s h i p and Immigration. The Federal -Prov-i n c i a l Ministerial Conference an Indian A f f a i r s met a t Ottawa 29-30 October. s e t t i n g up o f e i g h t Regional Ind ian Advisory Councils and a National Indian Advisory Board on which the regional counci s were represented. These p o s i t i o n s were to be f i l l e d by Indians.

A major reorganization of the Branch was under-taken i n order to give more author i ty and

ty t o o f f i c e r s in the f ie ld . Three new d i rectorates were formed: the rec orate (responsible f o r and coordinat-ing social, industrial and resource development) the Education Directorate (responsible f o r establish

and c a r r y i n g ou t educational pol icy); i s Oirectorate (responsible f o r deal i n g with Indian ands and estates, membersh i p, records management, field and the prov is ion o f a secretariat and support services) .

t he

(P.

- A f f a f r s Oevel opmnt

Indian

- Transfer of the Indian A f f a i r s Branch t o the Department o f Northern A f f a i r s and National Resources C. 1965-2285).

The present Department o f Indian and Northern (now also known as t h e Department of and Northern Af fa i rs ) was established.

i

1 i a1 1 frm e n t i

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1812 nc i a1

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1 1859

provisfons,

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i

PART ONE

The Pre-Confederat ion P e r i od

I n t r o d u c t i o n

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between n o n- I n d i a n and Indian communities p r i o r t o Confederat ion developed i n t h ree successive stages w i t h some nev i t a b l e over-l a p . F i r s t was the e v o l u t i o n o f a t t i t u d e s i n which Ind ians were seen as a separate and specia l group which had t o be dealt w i t h i n a certain way. Second was development o f a p o l i c y t o de f i ne and conduct the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e two communities. T h i r d came l e g i s l a t i o n t o reflect both the s o c i a l a t t i t u d e towards Indi ans and the p o l i c y .

Indian p o l i c y began w i t h m i tary iances which sought a i d o r neutrality I n d i ans i n w a r , and t h e i r f r i endsh ip i n peace. Th i s was for many years an

re ly s a t i s f a c t o r y po l i cy, and created the precedent o f the Crown t r e a t i n g d i r e c t l y w i t h I n d i a n s i n m a t t e r s concerning t h e i ands .

A f t e r the War o f an i n f l u x o f sett lers l e d i n p a r t t o t he d e s t r u c t i o n o f the subsistence base o f Ind i an s o c i e t y. Moreover, emergence o f p r o v i governments w i t h goals o f t e n a t odds w i t h those o f t he Co lon ia l O f f i c e , and an end t o the need t o mainta in m i l i t a r y preparedness i n N o r t h America, caused a change i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f I n d i a n po l i cy . T o t a l abandonment of Indians and abo l i t i on o f the I nd i an Department was proposed. The ve was t o cont inue the Department b u t t o rede f i ne i t s goals . I n accord w i t h the social climate o f the times, a ph i lanthrop ic p o l i c y of redeeming Ind ians from 'savagery' and r a i s i n g them t o the 'level o f civilization' of the dominant soc ie ty fol lowed. This cont inued u n t il a f t e r Confederat i on.

Changes i n p o l i c y accompanied and, t o a l a r g e ex ten t , were d i rec ted by changes i n soc i tude. By the end o f the per iod, o f f i c e r s o f the Department, members o f Provi n c i L e g i s l a t u r e s, and ous and ph i c o rgan i ons adopted an a lmost fa ther ly t o those whom they qui t e o f ten addressed as ' c h i l d r e n ' . Nowhere i s t h i s b e t t e r t y p i f i e d than i n the C i v i i and Enfranchi sement A c t s . There was a genuine re f o r I n d i a n s t o assume r i g h t s and responsibi l i t ies o f c i t i z e n s and a confidence i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o do so. There was a l s o a genuine b e l i e f t h a t p r o t e c t i v e l e g i s l a t i o n was j u s t i f i e d by the benefits tha t i t conferred.

Before 1850, Indian l e g i s l a t i o n had been incomplete, enacted piecemeal and v i r t u a l unenforceable. A f t e r 1850, two o b j e c t i v e s emerged: p r o t e c t i on of Indi from destructive elements o f "whi soc ie ty u n t i Chr is t i ty and educa t ion r a i s e d them t o an acceptable l e v e l and 2) protection of I n d i a n lands u n t i Ind ian people were able t o occupy and p r o t e c t them i n the same way as other c i t i z e n s . To these ends, the 1850 Land Ac ts and the 1857 and C i v i l i z a t i o n and Enfranchisement Acts were c a r e f u l l y framed. Their main

i n i n ten t i f n o t always i n l e t t e r , formed the foundat ion f o r sub-sequent Ind ian l e g i s l a t i o n a f t e r 1867.

The f o l l ow ing three chapters deal w i t h these themes greater d e t a i l . To p rov ide an c a l con tex t t o events n I n d i an A f f a i chapter, excep t the f i r s t , begins with a brief overview.

The 1

es tab1 harmonious re1 a t i o n s h i p w i t h

requf i o f , t u a t i

In t h ~ c ~ n d u c t

u f r e - l a t i o n s

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imnediate

V e i l e

CHAPTER ONE

The Ind ian Department: 1755 - 1830

genesis o f t h e Indi an Department can be t r a c e d back t o a t e seven-

teenth century colonial America. As E n g l i s h colonists began to a r r i v e i n

g r e a t e r numbers, the importance of i s h i n g a

the Indian tribes became i m p e r a t i v e . The small Plymouth Colony i n New England

had mainta ined successful informal dealings w i t h the l o c a l Indians and there

was certainly no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t direct government i n t e r v e n t i o n would eventually be

red. The r a p i d nf l ux s e t t l ers after m i d-century changed this . s i on.

1670 the R r i t i s h Parliament passed l eg i s la t ion which placed Ind ian i n the hands o f the various colonial Governors:

as most of our Colonies do border upon the Ind ians , and peace i s not to be expected without t h e due observance and p r e s e r v a t i o n jus t ice t o them, you are i n Our name to command

Governors t h a t they a t no time g i v e any just provocat ion t o any o f the s a i d Indians t h a t are a t peace w i t h us ... do by ways seek fa ir ly t o o b l i g e them and .. . employ some persons, t o l e a r n the language of them, and . . . carefully protect and defend them f adversaries . . . more e s p e c i a l take care t h a t none o f our own s u b j e c t s , n o r any o f thei servants do i n any way harm them. And t h a t i f any s h a l l dare o f f e r any v i o l e n c e t o them i n persons, goods o r possessions, the s a i d Governors do severely punish the said injuries , agreeab ly t o right and j u s t i c e . As you are t o consider how t h e Indians and s laves may be best i n s t r u c t e d and i n v i t e d to the C h r i s t i a n rel ig ion, i t being both f o r t h e honour of the Crown and o f the Protestant r e l i g i o n i t s e l f ,

persons w i t h i n any o f o u r terr i tor ies , though never so remote, should be t a u g h t the knowledge o f God and be made acquainted w i the of s a l v a t i o n .

Contained i n l eg i s la t ion and la ter I n s t r u c t i o n s to Governors were the

tish I n d i a n p o l i c y : a ) pro tec t ion o f I n d i a n peoplemain elements o f future

from unscrupulous settlers and traders, b) i n t r o d u c t i o n of Christianity, later becoming the movement t o c i v i I an people , and c ) an ac ti st" role for the Crown as a p r o t e c t o r of " I n d i a n s " .

The 1670 leg i s la t ion did not have impact . However, i n 1689,

Arnout was appointed as a special commissioner t o the F i v e Nations residing

thc governMent

managenlent

and.suppress :$ , - - -

Sir- Mil 1 i a m (1755-1 7681, 782),

s i gni

I n d i a n

B r i sh

1 1812,

a1 1 i e s .

i za a1

IndianHhunting P i t t , Belcher's

1762; of

Plantatians,

1 i cences

I Protectfon,

the i r Huntlng

i n area o f New York. In 1696 the colonial o f New York appointed

f o u r commissioners t o be respons ib le f o r the o f . Indian A f f a i r s . T h e i r

du t i e s , however, were main ly t o regulate the fur t r a d e the l iquor

t r a f f i c .

I n 1744, Governor George Clinton of New York appointed Will iam Johnson as

Chief Indian agent. For the n e x t e i g h t y - f o u r years the Johnson Family, through

Guy ( 1 768-1 and Sir John ( 1782-1828), would exerc ise

f i c a n t control over the di rec t ion of the Indian Department.

With outbreak o f the Seven Years War i n America i t was essen t ia l t h a t the

B r i t i s h maintain i t s alliance w i t h the Iroquois, and the Department was

p l aced on a more organized footing. En 1755, the Department was d iv ided i n t o a

Northern and Southern Department. S i r William Johnson was placed i n charge of

the Northern, and John S t u a r t , t he Southern. Both men were t o r e p o r t t o t he

Commander o f t i Forces i n North America.

I n these fo rma t i ve years and, indeed un t i a f t e r t h e War o f the

direction o f I nd ian policy was r e l a t i ve ly s t r a i g h t forward - t o mainta in the

various t r ibes a s military The related goals of protection and c i v i l -t ion were so pursued and under1ay the proclamations aimed a t protecting

grounds": Colonel Henry Bouquet's

May and the Royal Proclamation 1763,

a t For t 1761; i n

Formulated by the B r i t i s h Board o f Trade and t h e Proclamatioo f 7 October 1763 reserved the Indian "hunting grounds" o f the i n t e r i o r f o r

n

I n d i a n use (see maps) . Se t t l emen t purchases or g r a n t s , and f o r traders entering " I n d i a n Country", were t o be issued only with permission from the

Crown:

And whereas i t i s just and reasonable, and essential t o our interest, and the security o f our Colonies, t h a t the several Nat i ons o r T r i b e s o f Indians w i t h whom we are connected, and who i v e under our should not be molested or disturbed in the Possession o f such Parts of our Dominions and Territories as , not having been ceded t o o r purchased by Us, are reserved t o them or any o f them as Grounds . . ..

claims ovsrlaD Acaara Acadla recognized Breda Charter

Or#lllll ~ ! l l ~ l l d l UIIYYIIIIIIUII~S IUI OUdIJuC. IdLWIUURtlIan~ tWI111 118

to the Misris%ppi rrvers.

IS as French posses-sion by the Treaty of (1667) A Royal (1670)

north and the west and south lo Ohio and

11

1

t i the Terri ' 5 a1 1

blest

a1 1 1 Set t l emen

most

acqu i - r ing

on

p a r t i cul 1

nei 1 thernsel

1

. . . We do further declare it t o be our Royal W i and p leasure , f o r the present as a f o r e s a i d , to reserve under our Sovere ignty, P r o t e c t i o n and Dominion f o r the use of the s a i d Ind ians , a1 the Land and Ter r i to r ies n o t included w i t h i n t he L i m i t s o f our S a i d Three New Governments, o r within the

m i t s of t o r y granted t o t h e Hudson Bay Company, as a lso the Lands and Ter r i to r ies l y i n g t o the Westward of the Sources o f the Rivers w h i c h f a l l into the Sea f r o m the West and North as aforesaid;

And we do hereby s t r i c t l y f o r b i d , on Pain o f our displeasure , o v i n g Subjects from making any Purchase or t s whatever, or t a k i ng possession o f any o f the Lands above reserved, wi thou t ou r especial leave and License for t h a t Purpose firs t obtained.

Perhaps the important feature of the Royal Proclamation was that i t s p e c i f i e d a p rocedure for Indian "hunting grounds" f o r

settlement. Thus ear ly the Crown assumed an a c t i v e r o l e as a p r o t e c t o r

of Ind ian people, a r l y i n matters i n v o l v i n g and.

The Instructions i ssued t o Governor James Murray i n 1763 followed t he

general l i n e s o f those i n 1670. Indian f r i endsh ip and goodwi l l was t o be

pursued, Ind ians were t o be g iven m i l i t a r y p ro tec t i on , and when necessary,

offered g i f t s and presents . Items 60-62 are worth quo t i ng a t l eng th .

60. And whereas Our Province o f Quebec i s in p a r t inhabited and possessed by several Nat ions and Tr ibes o f Indians, w i t h whom i t i s bo th necessary and expedient t o c u l t i v a t e and maintain a s t r i c t F r i e n d s h i p and good Correspondence, so t h a t they may be induced by Degrees, n o t only t o be good

ghbours t o O u r Subjects, b u t ikewise ves t o become good Subjects t o Us. You a r e therefore, as soon as you conveniently can, t o a p p o i n t a p r o p e r Person or Persons t o assemble, and t r e a t wi th t he s a i d Ind ians, prom is i ng and assur ing them o f P ro tec t i on and F r i e n d s h i p on Our Par t , and delivering them such Presents, as s h a l l be sent t o you f o r t h a t purpose .

And you are t o in form yourself w i t h t he g r e a t e s t Exactness o f t he Number, Nature and D ispos i t i on o f the several Bodies or Tr ibes o f Ind ians, o f t h e manner of their ives, and the Rules and Cons t i t u t i ons , by which they are governed or regulated. And you a r e upon no account t o molest o r d i s t u r b them i n the Possession of such P a r t s o f the s a i d Province, as they

our

I e c t who1

i

ly

~ r o c l amation .3

expt Carleton out1 admini ve

Comi

by themsel

the, a1 1

transact

a1

a t present occupy o r possess; hu t t o use the best means you can f o r c o n c i l i a t i n g t h e i r A f f e c t i o n s and u n i t i n g them t o Our Government, r e p o r t i n g t o Us, by our Commissioners f o r Trade and P l a n t a t i o n s , what-ever In format ion you can col w i t h respect t o these People, and the e o f your Proceedings w i t h them.

62. Whereas We have, by Our Proclamation dated the seventh day of October i n the Th rd Year of Our Reign, s t r i c t l y forbidden, on p a i n of Our D i s -pleasure, a l l Our Subjects from making any Purchases o r Settlements whatever, o r t a k i n g Possession o f any o f t he lands reserved to the Several Nations o f Ind ians , w i t h whom We are connected, and who l i v e under Our P r o t e c t i o n , w i t h Our especial l eave f o r t h a t Purpose f i r s t obta ined; i t i s O u r express Will and Pleasure, t h a t you take t h e most e f f e c t u a l Care t h a t our Royal D i r e c t i o n s herein be punctual complied w i t h , and t h a t the Trade w i t h such o f the s a i d Indians as depend upon your Government be c a r r i e d on i n the Manner, and under the Regulat ions prescr ibed i n Our sa id

Clearly, however, these Instructions were n o t i c it enough, for i n

1775 the I n s t r u c t i o n s t o Governor ined an strati struct-

ure and e l abo ra t ed f u r the r on t he p r i n c i p a l p o l i c i e s . A h ie rarchy o f

Superintendents , Deputy Super intendents, s s a r i e s, Interpreters, and

M i s s i o n a r i e s was established w i t h a clear s e t o f d u t i e s and powers and a

system o f management. The essential p o i n t s o f the lat ter included:

14th That the s a i d Agents or Superintendants shall ves o r s u f f i c i e n t Deput ies v i s i t the several

Posts or Tr ibes o f Indians w i th in t he i r respect ive D i s t r i c t s once i n every year or o f t e n e r as occasion sha l l requ i re t o enquire i n t o and take an account o f the conduct and behaviour of the subordinate officers,, a t the sa id Pos ts and i n t h e Country belonging t o s a i d Tr ibes t o hear appeals and redress compla ints of the Ind ians make the proper presents and a l l a f f a i r s r e l a t i v e t o the sa id Indians.

1 5 t h That .., the s a i d Agents o r Super intendents as so t h e Commissaries a t each Post and i n the Country belonging t o each Tribe, be empowered t o a c t as Justices of t he peace ...

adrni a1 1 c r i m i n a l

power

War

w i 1 a1 I a1 1

the

a1 1

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a1 1 1

they

38th 1

1 6 t h That . . . the evidence of Ind ians under proper regu la t i ons and r e s t r i c t i o n s be t t e d i n

as w e l l as c i v i l causes .. . 17 th T h a t t he sa id Agents and Superintendan t s have

t o confer such honours and rewards on the Ind ians as s h a l l be necessary and o f g rant ing Commissions t o the p r i n c i p a l I n d i a n s i n t h e i r respective D i s t r i c t s , t o be Captains o r O f f i c e r s o f o the r Mili tary D i s t i n c t i o n s .

1 8 t h That t he Ind ians o f each Town i n every Tr ibe i n t he southern Di s t r i c t , s h a l l choose a beloved man, t o be approved o f by t he Agent or Superintendant f o r such D i s t r i c t , t o take care of the mutual i n t e r e s t s both o f the Indians and Traders i n such Town; and t h a t such beloved men so elected and approved i n the several Towns s h a l l e l e c t a Ch ie f f o r t he whole T r i b e who shal l constantly res ide w i t h t he Commissary i n t he Country o f each Tribe, or occasionally attend upon the s a i d Agent or Superintendant as Guardian f o r the Ind ians and p r o t e c t o r o f t he i r Rights t h i ber ty t o the s a i d Ch ie f t o be present a t meetings and upon hearings o r t r i a l s r e l a t i v e t o Indians before the Agent or Superintendants o r before t h e Commissaries and t o g i v e h i s op in ion on a l l matters under cons idera t ion a t such meetings o r hearings.

19th That the l i k e e s t a b l ishments t o be made for the northern D i s t r i c t s as f a r as the nature o f the c i v i l c o n s t i t u t i o n o f the Indians i n t h i s D i s t r i c t and the manner o f admin i s t e r ing t h e i r c i v i l A f f a i r s w i l l admi t .

23rd That f o r the b e t t e r regulations o f the Trade with t he s a i d Indians, conformable t o t h e i r own requests and t o prevent those Frauds and Abuses which have been so long and so loudly complained of i n the manner o f c a r r y i n g on such Trade, Trade w i t h the Indians i n each D i s t r i c t be carried on under the Di rec t ion and Inspect ion o f t he Agents or tendants, and o ther subordinate O f f i c e r s .

24 th T h a t persons intending t o trade w i t h the Indians s h a l l take o u t icences f o r t h a t purpose under the hand and Seal of t h e Colony from which in tend t o carry on such Trade .. . That no Trader sha l l sell o r otherwise supply the Ind ians w i t h Rum, o r o t h e r s p i r i t u o u s iquors , swan shot or r i f led barrel led guns.

Unlled Starer of Arnerrca qalns ,"dependence Brltam by tho Treaty 91 D=*cr (1 7 n l ) I1 S houndar8es described

th4 irlanl8c 17 Lake 01 Brunswlck arm C a w Breton Island a#+ separated from Scotia 784).

Fol low~ng Const~tuf~onal Ouebec !r dtvsded snto Ilp- PP, ~ n r l nwar Canada (1 ). Soaln Loulstana lo (18001 U 5 uurchases Loulstana ( l e d ) \

SI ( i le 8s renameo Prtnre Edward l5land (17981 i le d'Anlrcosl, and lhe Labrador irom !he fl,.,er tc Pudson Slrall transferred lrom Lower Canada to Newlounr l lan~l n, In* Rnranrlf Jkr:l 1091

~rllernational 1s to Mountains 11 318). The Oregon Terrllory IS uccup~ed jointlv by Brltaln U 5 Reannexallon Cape Breton

to Nova Scotla ( 1 820). i l e d'An11costq o f Aqresrncnl I iusrio arid Ol l l l tn Oft l l l u IIW~UIUIIIIII UI hl83ko bnundorv ( 1 8 2 6 )

AMERIC'AN

The from A are

from the Woods New Nova (1

the Act. I 791 cedes bark

France A

John'. Island St-Jean) roast o f

St- Jaan are I (1

Tne boundary extended westward along the 49th parallel the Rocky and A.

Island and part the coast o f Labrador lo Lower Canada (1 825) between

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1 t s

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39th That i n Trade w i t h the Indians no c r e d i t s h a l l be given them f o r goods i n value beyond the sum o f f i f t y s h i l l i n g s and no debt beyond tha t sum be recoverabl e by aw or equi .

41s T h a t no p r i v a t e person, Soc ie ty Corporat ion or Colony be capable o f acqu i r i ng any proper ty i n lands belong-i n g t o the Ind ians e i t h e r by purchase of o r g rant or conveyance from the s a i d Ind ians except ing where the ands lye w i t h i n the o f any colony the s o i l o f which has been vested i n p r o p r i e t o r s of corporat ions by grants f r o m the Crown i n which cases such p r o p r i e t a r i e s o r corporations only sha l l be c a p a b l e o f acqu i r i ng such proper ty by purchase o r gran t from the Ind ians .

42nd That proper measures be taken w i t h the consent and concurrence of t he Ind ians t o a s c e r t a i n and def ine the prec i se and exac t boundary and i m i o f the lands which i t may be proper t o reserve t o them and where no s e t t l e -ment whatever s h a l l be allowed.

43rd That no purchases o f lands belonging t o the Indians whether i n t he name and f o r the use of the Crown o r

t he name and f o r t he use o f p r o p r i e t a r i e s o f Colonies be made bu t a t some general meeting a t which t he p r i n c i p a l Chiefs o f each T r i b e c la iming a proper ty i n such lands are present . . . . 4

The contex t i n which these I n s t r u c t i o n s were issued t o some ex ten t explains

t h e i r d e t a i l . The prev ious year (1774) had seen i n c r e a s i n g unres t among eastern

t r i b e s , caused by f r i c t i o n between the American colonies and the I m p e r i a l

Government. The r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s had approached the Ind ians t o obta in, if not

t h e i r assistance, a t l e a s t t h e i r neu t r a l i t y i n the coming s t r u g g l e . The

I m p e r i a l Government sought t o keep the Indians as a l l i e s through these Instructions.

In e f f e c t , t he Inst ruct ions o f 1775 t r i e d t o achieve the aims of the

Proclamation o f 1763, the 'Pain o f H i s Ma jes ty 's displeasure' having f a i l e d as

a s u f f i c i e n t t h r e a t t o keep the c o l o n i s t s out o f I nd ian "hunting grounds". IHowever, by empowering the Superintendent t o ' t r ansac t a f f a i r s ve t o

I n d i a n s ' , t he Imper ia l government l e f t l i t t l e room f o r l a t e r ac t i on by the

colonial eg i , par t i cu la r ly i n t h e a f t e r 1791. Consequently,

I nd ian for many years a f t e rwa rds was conf ined t o s ing le , spec ia l - I purpose s t a t u t e s regarding i quor and t rade.

I

I

k s p i I n d i a n a1 1 i es Bri

remained

re1 Claus,Colonel

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v i rtuall

among comnon.

1 fami l

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Indians. t h e i r

the a l l mst

sha7 think

tude3

L i

t e the contribution of t o t h e t i sh c a u s e , Ind ians

were n o t mentioned i n the Treaty of Paris (1783) a t the end o f the Revolutionary

War. I t was l e f t t o S i r John Johnson, appointed Inspector-General o f Indian

A f f a i r s on 14 March 1782, t o arrange compensation for those Indians who had

l o y a l . Th is compensation had t o be se t t led , n o t i n the Th i r t een

Colonies, b u t i n the Colony o f Quebec north o f the S t . Lawrence R i v e r .

Working out of Quebec City, Sir John Johnson i e d on former B r i t i s h army

o f f i c e r s as local Indian agents. Indeed Daniel and William Alexander and E l l i o t t became important f i e l d agents and t he i r act ions o f t en

s e t the p o l i c y and tone o f re la t ions w i t h l o c a l t r i bes . I n t h i s pe r iod communicat-

i ons were poor, Quebec City remote as i t was and Whitehall across the At lan t i c .

Ind ian pol i c y and t a c t i c s had t o be r e l a t i v e l y ad-hoc, because cent ra l c o n t r o l

was y non-exi s ten t .

Complaints about abuses and nepotism emanated soon from bo th Ind ians and

non- Indians. Dissension and i n d i v i d u a l r i v a l r i e s o f f i c i a l s was

The s i t u a t i o n prompted Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe to c o m p l a i n to Lord

Dorchester on 9 March 1 7 9 5 :

The Members o f the L e g i s l a t u r e therefore, as we l l as the People o f t h e Province w i l l no t see wi th secret s a t i s f a c t i o n and conf idence the i v e s and p r o p e r t i e s o f themselves and of t h e i r i e s a t t h i s momentous period, dependent on t h e d i s c r e t i o n a r y conduct o f the Indian Department. The a-

so, can alone prevent improper Encroachments made upon t h e l ands o f t he I t can alone regulate t he Traders and prevent Vices from being materially i n j u r i o u s t o the Welfare o f Province; and i t will i n p r o b a b i l i t y e x e r t i t s a u t h o r i t y , as seems j u s t , t o e f f e c t these p o p u l a r ob jec ts . The legislature a lone , can g i v e due e f f i c i e n c y t o those general principles o f Policy which h i s Majesty proper t o adopt in respect t o t he Indians, and which the Lieutenant Governor o r Person admin i s te r i ng the Government o f Upper Canada, the Con f iden t i a l Servant o f t he Crown i n the Province, can a lone ca r r y i n t o execut ion w i t h sa fe ty , Vigilance and prompti

As a result, control o f the Ind ian Department i n Upper Canada was placed under the

eutenant-Governor. I n Lower Canada, t he Comander- in-Chief was i n charge.

1

1 i 1816.

Department

D.C.

a1

(1814)

1 ngs" Bri t a i n Wi tradi

1 i za t i o n

Wi 11 i a m Cl

S i r r e t i

opportuni

H .C. I

Apparent ly d i f f i c u l t i e s i n ma in ta in ing Ind ian allegiance prompted return of the I n d i a n Department t o m i t a ry control in Th i s

continued u n t i l 1830 when t he Indian was d i v i d e d i n t o two o f f i c e s .

I n Upper Canada the Lieutenant-Governor exerc ised cont ro l , while i n Lower

Canada the M i l i t a ry Secretary, Lieutenant-Colonel Napier, took charge as

Secretary f o r I nd ian A f f a i r s .

I t i s i r o n i c t h a t the Indian Department returned t o m i l i t a r y c o n t r o l just when the importance o f I nd ian people as m i l i t a r y l i e s was declining. The

T r e a t y o f Ghent ended the War o f 1812 and ushered In a new "era o f good

feel between Great and the Uni ted S ta tes . t h t he t i onal

m i l i t a r y role o f Ind ians gone, o t h e r aspects o f B r i t i s h Indian policy such as

c i v i and p ro tec t i on became more p r o m i n e n t .

The t r a n s i t i o n i n policy accompanied a change-over i n key personnel.

Col . aus , the Deputy Superintendent-General , d i e d i n November 1826 and

Johnson red as Superintendent and Inspector-General on 25 June 1828.

Passage of time, departure o f senior a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , and r e l a x a t i o n of i n t e r -

na t i ona l tensions prov ided an ty f o r fresh t h i n k i n g and a general overhaul ! o f the Ind ian Department. Major-General D a r l i n g served as Chief Superintenden;

u n t i l 1830 when c i v i l c o n t r o l was r e - i n s t i t u t e d and a thorough reorganization o f

t he Department completed.

" C i 1 i z a t i

1830's

a1

1

Canadas. u n i

I nd ian

pub1 i c

st i

Sydenham

S Macaul l 1 Hepburn i nves

pol cier .' Canmissioners

1840 r l o l t t l e

t r e a t i e s m 2

a1

w i

f0:low.

v i

CHAPTER TWO

I nd ian on" Experiments and Commissions o f Inqui ry: 1830-1850

The and ' 40 ' s saw a con t inua t ion of the " e r a of good fee l i ngs"

between Great B r i t a i n and the Uni ted Sta tes . However, the B r i t i s h North

American colonies, though they prospered economical ly, were increasingly

b e s e t w i t h internal u n r e s t . Open r e b e l i on i n 1837 i n both Upper and Lower

Canada prompted a r e p o r t by Lord Durham on the p o l i t i c a l fu ture o f the t w o

As a resul t o f h i s f ind ings both prov inces were t ed by the Ac t

o f Union (1840) t o form the Province of Canada.

With the decline i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l tensions the t r a d i t i o n a l r o l e o f

Ind ians as m i l i t a r y a l l i e s changed. Numerous commissions o f i n q u i r y i n t o the

Department's set-up i n d i c a t e d more than a passing i n t e r e s t i n the f u tu re

o f I nd ian people by o f f i c i a l s .

Few pieces o f l e g i s l a t i o n were passed dur ing the 1830's s p e c i f i c a l l y

d i r e c t e d towards improving Ind ian condi ti ons. Indeed , the pessimi c views

o f Governor and Lieutenant-Governor Bond Head seemed t o dampen any

enthusiasm f o r p o s i t i v e l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i o n . The " I n d i a n question" was

rapid ly becoming a m a t t e r for "further study".

I n 1839 Governor-General Charles P o u l e t t Thompson commissioned

Robert . Jameson, J.B. ay, and Wi iam t o tigate the

Ind ian Depar tmen t ' s o rgan iza t i on and i The r e p o r t e d

back i n b u t t h e i ex tensive fin d i ngs appear have had i impact. I n t e r e s t i n g l y enough, the A c t o f Union ( 3- 4 V i c t o r i a , Chapter 35) made no

p r o v i s i o n f o r the Ind ian Department on the C i v i l L i s t nor budgeted f o r the

payment o f annui t ies i n Upper Canada Ind ian Without money or

o f f i c i r ecogn i t i on the Ind ian Department could n o t be expected t o view the Macaulay

report t h any seriousness. I t was obvious t ha t another inqui ry would soon

4 . iri C m o n establ ' ished,

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l imi ta t ion bless- f civilization

g

opposi- t i o n , t h e r t o

f fami 1 i ze

t

pathmas to w i 11 f

f

i

es tab1 30

g I

t i m e .

Tha t a d d i t i o n t o School 's, as many Manual-Labour or I n d u s t r i a l Schools should be as the funds applicable t o such a wi t.

5. T h a t cooperation o f t he var ious rel igious s o c i e t i e s , whose exertions have ready proved very benefi c i a amongthe Indi ans, shou d be ted i n carrying out the measures ,

I

of the Govefnment, par t i cu la r ly among t he tribes which did n o t ong t o the Church o f England. The Secretary o f S t a t e , S i r George has expressly discouraged the of the channels through which the ings o f should f low among Indians. The I Government of the Uni ted States has experienced much advantage from t h i s assis tance i n the establishment of the Missouri Conference School.

6. That steps should be taken t o e s t ab l i sh Schools among Ithe Indians o f Lower Canada, and t o avert t h a t on the part of the Miss ionar ies , which has h i

prevented the i r successful operation i n that par t o f the Province.

I7. That every p r a c t i cable measure be adopted t o a r i the adul Indians wi t h the management o f property, w i t h the outlay of money, and wi th the exercise o f such o f f i ces among themselves as they are qua l i f i ed t o f i l l , such as rangers, ters, and other of f i ces, for ordi nary township purposes. Several proposals t h i s effect presently be submitted, i n connection w i t h t h e i r Lands and I

Annuities.

8. Tha t the Indian be employed, a s f a r as poss ib le , i n the e r e c t i o n o f bui ld ings, and in the performance o f their services for their own benef i t , and t h a t , wi th the same I view, the employment o f dissipated o r ill-conducted contractors or workmen among them be not permi t ted . I t has been a matter of complaint t h a t contractors have introduced drunken workmen, and e x h i b i t e d a pernicious example among them. I

9 . T h a t i n s t i t u t i o n s calculated t o promote economy, such as Savi ngs Banks, be i shed among them.

AS t h e 1840's drew t o a c lose there seemed t o be optimism and a p lan o f

a c t f on for helping Indian people. Whether i t could or would be implemented was'

a matter which would require

'

Yecondly A l l intevlnarried a1 1 pcrsons.

p a r e n t s slde Rody

- A1 1 Tribc

r .2

Land w i

a1

1 ands 1 i v i ng

la 1 r a1 or

we1 1

1

Kemp Col

t jmber

- t h regulations .5 A1 1

- persons w i t h any such I n d i a n s and residing amongst them, and the descendents o f such

T h i r d l y - All persons r e s i d i n g among such Indians, whose were or are Ind ians o f such o r T r i b e ,

o r e n t i t l e d t o be considered as such: And on e i t h e r

Fourthly persons adopted i n infancy by any such Ind ians, and r e s i d i n g i n the v i l l a g e o r upon t he lands o f such o r Body of Ind ians and the i Descendents

Th i s d e f i n i t i o n s e t a precedent f o r l a t e r l e g i s l a t i o n .

The Ind ian Protection Act i n Upper Canada pe rm i t t ed no conveyance o f I nd ian

t h o u t Crown consent nor col l e c t i o n o f debts f rom an Indian not possessed

of real e s t a t e i n fee s imple, assessed a t least a t twen ty- f i ve pounds (Ster l ing) .

I t so prov ided t h a t taxes would n o t be levied on Indians o r persons i n t e r -

marr ied w i t h Ind ians for or i n respect o f Ind ian . I n d i a n people on

reserves had perform s t a t u t o r y abour on roads pass ing through t h e i reserves,

though the work requi red o f Indians was n o t t o exceed i n amount e x t e n t t h a t 4

demanded from o t h e r i n h a b i t a n t s of the Province.

The Upper Canada l eg i s l a t i on set down the Indian Department's approach f o r

p ro tec t i on o f I nd ian r i g h t s and possessions, as as fo r t he i r even tua l

cultural advancement. I t p r o h i b i t e d pawning or exchange o f goods by I n d i a n s f o r

i q u o r , and prov ided f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f I nd ian proper ty der ived f rom presen ts and

a n n u i t i e s . For the most part , t he Upper Canada Ind ian P r o t e c t i o n Act o f 1850

conso l i da ted t he views, pol ic ies and l e g i s l a t i o n put forward from the t i m e o f

Governors Murray, t and borne.

Th is s t a t u t e a l s o e l abo ra ted on the Ind ian lands c lause i n the Crown Lands

Protection Ac t of 1839 and inc luded many o f the Bagot Commission's recommendations

concerning removal o f t imber from I nd ian reserves. Crown Land Commissioners

could grant licenses f o r c u t t i n g on Indian lands and apply f i nes aga ins t

t r e s p a s s e r s o r persons no t complying w i penal t i e s were

t o be p a i d t o Her Majesty f o r the use and bene f i t o f t he Ind ians .

t he

Clauses 111 I V Lmer enfran-

semen

I 1

members 1 t l iemselves

t ime

engl i s h w e l l ,

[ I 741 a1 1

and , those

I V . The Commissioners

themself a1

a h l e e i Engl

sucli of

.I5

V I fa l se ly enfranchised.16

and used the " Indian" d e f i n i t i o n i n the Canada I n d i a n P r o t e c t i o n Act o f 1850 t o determine the s u i t a b i l i t y o f i n d i v i d u a l s f o r

ch i t:

I. The V i s i t i n g Superintendent o f each T r i b e o f Ind ians f o r the t ime being, the Missionary t o such T r i b e f o r the t ime being, and such o the r person as the Governor s h a l l appoint f r o m t ime t o time f o r t h a t purpose, sha l l be Commissioners f o r examining Indians, be ing o f such Tr ibe, who may desi re t o a v a i of t h i s Act, and f o r making due inqu i r ies concerning them: and such Commissioners s h a l l meet f o r the s a i d purpose a t such places and t imes as the Superintendent General of I n d i a n a f f a i r s s h a l l from t o t ime d i r e c t , and s h a l l have f u l l power t o make such examinat ion and i n q u i r y : and i f such Commissioners sha l l report i n w r i t i n g t o t he Governor t h a t any such I n d i a n o f the male sex, and n o t under twenty-one years of age, i s a b l e t o speak, read and w r i t e e i t h e r t he or the f rench language r ead i ly and and i s s u f f i c i e n t l y advanced i n the elementary branches o f education and i s of good moral character and free f r o m debt, then i t s h a l l be competent t o the Governor t o cause n o t i c e t o be g iven i n the O f f i c i a l Gazette o f t h i s Province, t h a t such I nd ian i s enfranchised under t h i s Act; Act a fo resa id , 3-14 V i c t o r i a , chapter and other enactments making any d i s t i n c t i o n between the legal r i g h t s and a b i l i t i e s o f I n d i a n s o f Her M a j e s t y ' s o the r subjects, s h a l l cease t o apply t o any Ind ian so declared t o be enfranchised, who s h a l l no longer be deemed an Ind ian w i t h i n the meaning thereo f .

may a l so examine and inqu i re concern-i ng any male I n d i a n ove r twenty-one and not over f o r t y years o f age, des i rous o f a v a i l i n g o f t h i s A c t , though he be n o t able t o read and w r i t e o r i n s t r u c t e d i n the usual branches o f school e d u c a t i o n ; and i f they s h a l l f i n d him t o speak r e a d i l y

t h e r t he i s h o r the French 1anguage, of sober and indus t r i ous h a b i t s , f r e e f r o m debt and s u f f i c i e n t l y i n t e l l i g e n t t o be capable of managing h i s own a f f a i r s , they s h a l l r e p o r t accord ing ly i n w r i t -i n g t o the Governor; and if such report be approved by the Governor as t o t he Ind ian, he s h a l l be v i r t u e o f approval be i n a s t a t e of p robat ion du r ing three years from the da te the repor t , and i f a t the end o f t h a t term the Commissioners sha l l again report i n w r i t ing t o the Governor tha t such Ind ian has du r ing such t e r m con-ducted h i m s e l f t o t h e i r s a t i s f a c t i o n , then i t sha l l be competent t o the Governor t o cause n o t i c e t o be g iven i n the O f f i c i a l Gazette t h a t such Indian i s enfranchised under t h i s Act, and he sha l l thereupon be so enfranchised

s a i d

Clause imposed a pena l ty o f up t o s i x months imprisonment f o r any Indian who

represented h i m s e l f as Thur, t h e Department v iewed enfran-

chisement as an honour f o r many Ind ians .

Indian

26

27

1

Commissioner

of m .' (14-15

." 1

4 . ?.lo

1 i 1

1

he1

one

J u d g e , lands

s h j b l

1 iquor - val i d a t i o n 1

crown .31 a1

1859

i c

sale:

c o n s t r u c t i o n and maintenance o f roads through reserves i n Lower Canada

( 2 2 Victoria, chapter 60) . T h i s Act w a s , during t h a t year a t leas t , mainly

a response t o Abenaki land p e t i t i o n s . I t was not u n t i l 30 June 1860 t h a t an

Act respecting the Management o f Indian Lands and Property ( 2 3 V i c t o r i a , chapter 151) 28recei ved roya as sent.

The I nd ian Lands Ac t of 1860 made the of Crown Lands also the Chief

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t I nd ian A f f a i The second clause o f the Act reinstated

the provis ions o f the 1851 s t a t u t e respect ing Indian lands i n Lower Canada

V i c t o r i a , chapte r 59) Subsections one and two o f the f o u r t h c l a u s e formal ized

the process f o r surrendering I nd ian ands t o t he Crown:

release or surrender o f lands reserved f o r the use o f Ind ians , o r of any t r i be or band o f Indians s h a l l be va d or binding excep t on the f o l owing condi tions:

I ) Such release o r surrender sha l l be assented t o by t he Chief, or ifmore than one Ch ie f , by a ma jo r i t y o f the Chiefs o f the t r i b e or band of Indians , assembled a t a meet-i n g o r Counci of the tribe or band summoned f o r t h a t purpose according t o t h e i r rules and entitled u n d e r t h i s Act t o vote the rea t , and d i n the presence o f an Officer duly author ized t o a t t e n d such C o u n c i l , unless he h a b i t u a l l y res ided on, o r near the l a n d i n question;

2) The f a c t t h a t such a release o r surrender has been assented t o by t he Chief o f such T r i b e , o r I f more than by a majority o f t h e Chiefs ent i t led t o vote a t such Council or Meeting, shall be c e r t i f i e d by the County Court or the Judge or St ipend iary Mag i s t r a te o f the D i s t r i c t o r County w i t h i n which the l i e , and by the of f i ce r author ized t o a t t e n d by t he Commissioner o f Crown Lands by such Judge or Stipendiary Magistrate, and be submit ted t o t he Governor- in-Council f o r acceptance o r r e f u s a l .

The f i f t h clause o f the Act p r o h i b i t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t o Indians a t

surrender meet ings. The s i x t h c lause p r o h i b i t e d o f any and surrenders or releases t o any o t h e r party b u t t he Clause 7 laved the

Governor-General t o apply t he A c t r e s p e c t i n g sale and management o f Timber

on Pub7 Lands (Conso l ida ted S ta tu tes o f Canada, chapter 23) t o Indian lands. 32

Other sec t i ons o f t he s t a t u t e dea l t w i t h investment and e x p e n d i t u r e of land

money on road and school construct ion. 33

p. V i c , 231 , :

RG10, V o l . p . 1 H .E the

Vic, 2 ) , respect ingthe management

RG10, Vol 1 Commi 1 , Cornmi t t e e

'13

10 1864 J. & ~mp-641, 205-08:Title

Vic, 1866), p . Cornittee o f t h e Vic,

1 5 Aug. pp.

38. -- Vic, 20),

~ i c , 71) 255-56:

Vic, 851, Feb. 1867.

i i c , $61,

V i c , 871, 296-99;

Vic, 3 ) , pp.

Consol i d a t i o n f l r i 1 9 6 7 ) , p X n f n , - 1st

19m-.-95: H 1 Sess.

1 ( 3 1 Vic , 421, p r o v i d i n q 7 t h e o r q a n i s a t i o n Deaartment

~ a n a d a , ~ana~ernen ~i I 1; RGIO, p .

S t a t u t e s . e t c . Consolidated Sta tu tes o f cap. , 15 Mar. 1867, pp. An Ordinance

33. I b i d . , 667; Consol idated Sta tu tes o f Canada 1859 (22 cap . pp. 229- 303; An Act respecting the sale and management of Timber on Public Lands.

34. PAC, 711, 328: Copy o f the report o f the Execut ive Council t o the Governor-Genera , encl . o f Wm. . Lee, C .C. t o Chief Superintendent , o f I nd ian A f f a i r s , 7 Aug. 1861; see CP, Sta tu tes of Canada- ( 2 3 cap. 23 A p r . 1860, pp. 6-15: An A c t sale and o f Pub l i c Lands.

35. See PAC, . 71 , p p . 312-14: Copies o f ttee Reports t o the Governor-General -in-Counci 6 Aug. 1862; pp. 250-51: Copy o f t h e Report t o t he Governor-General, May 1859.

36. See Nova Scot ia , Laws, S ta tu tes etc. The Revised S t a t u t e s o f Nova S c o t i a , Th i rd Series, May ( H a l i f a x : W . pp. X V I , Chapter 5 7 - o f I nd ians .

335: Report and t h i r d read ing

3 7 . See CP, JLAC (30 10 Aug. Indian Lands B i l l ; S t a t u t e s o f Canada (29-30 cap. 20

1866, 73-74: An A c t t o con f i rm T i t l e o f Lands held i n trust for c e r t a i n of the I n d i a n s resident i n this Province ( o f Canada).

cap. pp. 73- 74.CP, S ta tu tes of Canada (29- 30

3 9 . See B r i t i s h Columbia. Laws, B r i t i s h Columbia 1877 (30 t o Provide f o r Tak ing o f Oaths and Admissions o f Evidence.

40. I b i d . , (30 cap. 21 1873, p . 295: An A c t t o Amend the Homestead Ordinance o f

41. I b i d . , (30 cap. 5 Mar. 1867, pp. 295-96: An Ordinance t o prevent the v i o l a t i o n o f I nd ian Graves.

42. I b i d . , (30 cap. 2 Apr. 1867, pp. An Ordinance t o assimilate and amend the Law p r o h i b i t i n g t he sa le o r g i f t of I n t o x i c a t i n g L i q u o r t o Indians.

4 3 . I b i d . (30 cap. 29 Mar. 1867, 3-41: An Act f o r the Union o f Canada, Nova Sco t i a , and New Brunswick, and the Government thereof; and f o r Purposes connected therewith (hereafter referred to as the B.N.A. A c t ) ; see Elmer A. Driedger, A o f the t i s h North America A c t s 1867 t o 1965, consolidated as of 1 Jan. 1967 (Ottawa: Queen's Pr in ter , 5 .

44. See Canada, Par l iament , House of Commons Debates, 1 s t sess ion Par l iament 1867-68 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, Secretary o f S t a t e f o r Canada, 24 Mar . 1868 ( h e r e a f t e r c i t e d as CP, ,

P a r l . ) ; Sta tu tes of Canada . of C . Debates,

cap. 22 May 1868, pp. 91-100: An A c t f o r the o f the o f the Secretary o f S t a t e of and-for the t o f I nd ian and Ordinance Lands; s e d . , General Inventory 2.

$

E J.E 1955. (,

Horsman, R . , b a n s i o n I n d i a n Policy, 1783-1012, _ S t ~ t e Uni Press,

P K 1 9 6 4 .

- 1940. z

~ e v i e w ) k

-- 1

Review) o f m a n

I n n i s H Canada, Uni versi ty ! 1

W . R . , -- along North@~ t

I

J Arneri .R Pub1 i shers F

McGee, H .F.,

MacNutt, W.S., Brunswick : Nacmillan, I --- --

Manitoulin: ---- Ont., REcorder

Moodie, L i f e Clearins, McDougaI I , Mcmi l l an , 1959.

L . H a , raquoi

OICa?laghan, E . 0 . 9ocuments A1

G . E . , --

t h e - - B r i t i s h p K ~ o n d o n , Mu1 1 -

-- 1857, McClelland I---

a l . , -- 1969.

D.C., --- f o r I n t e m o n a 1 Affai

G.F.G. McClelland 5

4 1 .

Hodgetts, ., Pioneer Publ ic Service, Toronto, U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto Press,

D e t r o i t , Wayne State U n i v e r s i t y

Hunt, G.T., The Wars o f t h e Iroquois, Madison, University o f Wisconsin Press,

Ind ians o f Ontario (An Historical , O t t a w a , Indian Affairs Branch, 1966.

I ndi ans o f Quebec and t he Maritime Provinces (An Historical , Ottawa, Department A f f a i r s and Northern Development, 1967.

, .A. , The Fur Trade i n Toronto, o f Toronto Press, 1956.

Jacobs, the Ohio and

I n d i a n Diplomacy and Ind ian G i f t s : Anglo-French R i v a l r y Frontier, 1748-1763, S t a n f o r d , Univers i ty o f California Press,

1950.

Johnson, ., The Nor th-can Johnsons, London, P .M. , 1963.-

The N a t i v e Peoples o f A t l a n t i c Canada, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1974.

New A History: 1784-1867, Toronto, 1963.

Major, F.W. , ed . , The Is le of the O t t a w a s , Gore Bay, The Press, 1934.

Susanna, i n the ed., R.L. Toronto,

Morgan, League of the I s, Rochester, Sage and brother, 1851 . ed., R e l a t i v e t o the Colon ia l H i s t o r y o f the S t a t e o f

Parsons 1853-1857.

Raeman, --The Trail of the I r o q u o i s I n d i a n s : How the Iroquois N a t i o n Saved

Canada f o r Frederick er, 1967.

Rich, E . E . , The F u r Trade and the Northwest t o Toronto, and Stewart 1967.

Sanders, N a t i v e Rights i n Canada, Toronto, The Ind ian- Eskimo Association of Canada,

Scott, The Admin i s t ra t i on o f I n d i a n Affairs i n Canada, Toronto, Canadian Ins t i t u te r s , 1931. Stanley, , New France: The L a s t Phase, 1744-1760, Toron to , and

tewart, 1968.

and American E a s t Lansing, Mi chi gan v e r s i t y 1967.

Matthew Elliott,

New York, bany, Weed,

D. e t

C . H . , - LVIl (19561,

B.G. , - L l V (1962), 137-48.

Upton, L . F . S . , JCS, - V l I 1 ( 1 9 7 3 ) ,

J., - VII (19711,

l.daalker, J.W. pp.

American Creighton,

Macmillan,

Simcoe," pp.

AHR

EH

3CS

OHLJ

WAF

Scoti ca7 Ethnohi

S

H i Osgoode

s t o i 'Amerique Francaise

Torok, "The Tyendinaga Mohawks," OH, 69-77.

Trigger, "The H i s t o r i c Locat ion o f the Hurons," OH,

"The O r i g i n s o f Canadian Ind ian Policy," 51-61.

Usher, "Apost les and Aborigines: The Social Theory of the Church Missionary Society," SH, 28-52.

S t . G . , "The Indian i n Canadian H i s t o r i c a l Wr i t ing , " CHAR, 1971, 21-51.

Wise, S . F . , "The Revolution and Indian History," i n J.S. Moir , ed. ,

ABBREVIATIONS

American His tor ical Review CHR Canadian Historical Review CJEPS Canadian Journal o f Economics and Politi cal Sci ence CNSHS Col lect ions of t h e Nova a H i s tori Society

story EHR English H i s t o r i c a l Review

Journal of Canadi an t u d i es JLAC Journals o f the L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly o f Canada OH Ontar io s tory

Hall Law Journal OHSPR Ontar io H is tor ica l Society Papers and Records

Revue d ' H i re de 1 WOHN Western Ontario Historical Notes.

Character and Circumstance: Essays in Honour o f Donald Grant Toronto: 1970.

"The I n d i a n Diplomacy o f John Graves CHAR, June 1953, 36-44.

'I

1872 1880,

G.M.

revol w i 11

I , 29

rumours -p rov inc i a1

'1875

from t

particul I871

!

"B.C.

I s

i 11 ustraled !

~ e r r i t o r i e s .3' '1 871 a1

l y annui I

i n f o m d b!inister:

grazing.32

tlacdonald turmoil

I compensating

' s wdrni'ng ' s

7

1

t h a t "The Government does n o t contemplate g i v i n g the Ind ians o f B r i t i s h Columbia

any compensation f o r t h e i r lands as has been done w i t h t he Indians of t h e 27North West.

Between and Superintendents Powell and Lenihan, the f e d e r a l l y -

appointed Indian Board o f 1874, and the 1875 Joint Commission t r i e d without

success t o e f f e c t a more " l i b e r a l 1 ' l a n d policy f o r B r i t i s h Columbia Indians.28

This prompted I n d i a n Reserve Commissioner Sproat t o remark t o Deputy

Superintendent-General Vankoughnet i n 1879 t h a t an Ind ian u p r i s i n g i n

B r i t i s h Columbia "would not be a t aga ins t au tho r i t y , but the despa i r ing

act ion o f men s u f f e r i n g in tolerable wrong, which the Prov inc ia l Government

t a k e no steps t o remedy.

To q u i e t o f threatened violence, a federa l committee

had e a r l i e r been formed i n t o s e t t l e t he question o f reserve allotments

and compensation fo r Indian l a n d s . Indeed, 1875 on several joint commissions

have debated these and other mat te r s respect ing I n d i a n l a n d c la ims i n the

prov ince. 30 Because o f the a r Indian p o l i c i e s B r i t i s h Columbia pursued

as a colony and the unique c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p o s i t i o n i t adopted a f t e r

concerning management o f Ind ian and Crown Lands w i th in i t s j u r i s d i c t i o n ,

controversies s t i l l cont inue over the C u t - o f f Lands".

Lieutenant-Governor Tru tch d ispa tch t o S i r John A. Macdonal d on

14 October 1872 clearly tha t B r i t i s h Columbia's Indian p o l i c i e s

were incons is tent w i t h those practised by the Federal Government in Manitoba

and the North-!;lest A year a f t e r the conclusion o f the Stone

F o r t Treaty of i n Plani toba, which lotted quarter-section l and grants to every Ind ian fani of f i v e and t i e s t o each member o f t he signatory bands,

Tru tch the P r i m e

The Canadian sys tem as I understand it, w i l l hard ly , work here - we have never bought o u t any Indian c l a i m s t o lands nor do they expect we should - but we reserve fo r t h e i r use and benef i t from time to t i m e t r a c t s o f s u f f i c i e n t ex tent t o f u l f i l l a l l their reasonable requirements for c u l t i v a t i o n or

He cautioned about the t o be expected i n B r i t i s h Columbia

from e i t h e r extending Indian reserves i n t o surrounding "whi te" settlements

Indians f o r lands they once h e l d .

Trutch preceded t he P r i v y Council Report on 21 March 1873 and

the nego t i a t i on of Treaty ?!umber Three a t the Lake o f t h e Woods i n 1873 by

. . . 59-

o r

o f

~anada.~' .- 1 ands

t h e

t a b i l i t 1 -- -

tresaass.

management

d i s c r e t i o f l

Ind ian

Recei 64

-- ! 1 ocal

had - local government

I

i m r a l i t y ...; a1 1

removal i m r a l i &

ct-tiefs

ta

1 1

Much the 1876 Act concerning protection o f reserve lands and resources

was taken v e r b a t i m from t h e Ind ian Protection Acts o f 1850 f o r Upper and Lower

The Acts o f 1850 and 1860 respecting administrat ion o f I nd ian

i n the Province o f Canada differed most w i t h 1876 Act 's clauses concerning

surrender proceedings, i n h e r i l o c a t i o n t i cke t s , and penal t ies foro f 63

Clauses f i f t y- e igh t through s i x t y dea l t w i t h and investment o f

I n d i a n funds a t the o f the Governor-in-Council . Clause s i x t y provided

t h a t

t h e proceeds a r i s i n g f o r t h e sa le o r lease of any lands, o r from t h e timber, hay, stone, minera ls o r o ther valuables thereon. .., shall be p a i d t o the ver General for the c r e d i t o f t h e I n d i a n fund.

The six ty- f i rs t through s i x t y - t h i r d clauses concerned elections o f c h i e f s

and councils and gave I n d i a n s more cont ro l i n government than prev ious ly .

The Enfranchisement A c t of 1869 provided f o r a form o f

through election o f one chief for every band of t h i r t y members o r i n " the

p r o p o r t i o n o f one Chief and two Second Chiefs for every t w o hundred people." Under clause ten i n t h a t Act, elected c h i e f s would s tay i n o f f i c e

for a period of three years unless deposed by the Governor for dishonesty, intemperance, or Provided always t h a t l i f e Chiefs now l i v i n g shal l continue as such u n t i l death or r e s i g n a t i o n , o r un t i l t h e i r b t h e Governor f o r dishonesty, intemperance or ty.

The same provisions were i n clause s i xty-two o f the new A c t . Sub jec t t o f i n a l

a u t h o r i t y of the Governor-in-Council , clause sixty-three empowered t o

frame rules and regulations related

1 . T h e care of the p u b l i c hea l th ;

2. The observance of order and decorum a t assemblies o f t h e Indians i n general council, or on other occasions;

3 . The repression o f intemperance and pro f l i gacy ;

4 . The prevent ion of trespass by c a t t l e ;

5. The maintenance of roads, bridges, d i tches and fences ;

6. The c o n s t r u c t i o n and repair o f school houses counci houses and o t h e r Ind ian publ ic bu i dings;

7. The establishment o f pounds and the appointment of pound-keepers;

a1 a1 l

status.87

ha1 toba Terri es

1876

ly 1

The Manitoba A c t o f 1870 had attempted t o compensate some o f their land claims

by Crown grants. The 1874 Ac t respecting appropriation of ce r ta in Dominion

Lands i n Manitoba lowed persons who had formerly accepted Ind ian treaty

benefits t o withdraw from t h a t t reaty and g ive up Ind ian By 1876, t h e Department o f the Interior desperately wanted t o resolve the question o f

88f-breed lands in Mani and the tor i . Although the Act addressed some o f the problems surrounding s t a t u s

and l and c la ims o f both Ind ians and half-breeds i n Manitoba and the Territories, disputes continued and f i n a l climaxed w i t h the North-West Rebel ion of 1885.

w i

J . ( A 1 goma)

bcar r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . ' ' Dawson

1119

U7 t imate l Comrni 1

l i a b i 1

Indian

e s t a b l c i e s W t i

Macdonald's l l c i v i l i z a t i o n "

3 ( 3 ) ( e )

sha7 a1 1 a1 1

1 ha1 my ~ o v e r n r n e n t . ~ ~

same

i:,

same.22

resu? appl ications

t o $4. p e r head and P r i m e M i n i s t e r Macdonal d agreed t h S i r Richard J. C a r t w r i ght

(Huron Centre) and Simon Dawson t h a t t he Ontar io Government should

the On 23 A p r i l 1880, suggested t h a t "the c l a i m s

o f the Indians o f Lakes Huron and Superior formed, i n f a c t , a l i e n on the l a n d ,

and t h a t as the Government o f Ontar io rece i ved revenues f rom the l a n d ,

Government shou ld be ca l led upon t o meet t h e arrears due t o the Indians.

y, the J u d i c i a l u p h e l d (1896) an earlier

Supreme Cour t dec is ion t h a t

t t e e of t h e Pr ivy Counci

ity f o r these annu i t i es l ay w i t h the Dominion,

n o t the Prov ince. 20

The 1879 a m e n d m e n t s and 1880 Act revealed the Macdonald Government's

desi re t o ish separate a d m i n i s t r a t i v e poli for Ind ians and s. To

complement Vankoughnet's budgetary measures and

programme, the Conservatives promoted w i thdrawa l from t r e a ty o f a l l ha l f- breeds

whom had adopted t he legal s t a t u s o f " Ind ians" . The f i r s t c lause of the 1879

A c t amended c lause o f the 1876 s t a t u t e by adding p rov i s i ons f o r the

d ischarge o f half-breeds f r o m t reaty:

And any hal f- breed who may have been admit ted i n t o a t r e a t y 1 be owed t o w i thdraw therefrom on re fund ing

money received by him o r h e r under t he s a i d t r ea ty , o r su f fe r ing corresponding reduct ion i n the q u a n t i t y o f any and, o r sc r ip , which such f-breed as such be e n t i t l e d

t o receive f r o m the

tha t

The f ou r t een th clause o f the I n d i a n A c t o f 1880 ( 4 3 V i c t o r i a , chapter 28) conta ined

the prov i s ion . Four years l a t e r , however, the f o u r t h clause o f an Act t o

amend f u r t h e r the 1880 Ind ian A c t e l im ina ted a l l t h e words a f t e r "on" f r o m

the above quo ta t i on and s u b s t i t u t e d the phrase:

s i g n i f y i n g w r i t i n g h i s or her des i re so t o do, which s i g n i f i c a t i o n i n w r i t i n g s h a l l be signed by h im or h e r i n the presence o f two witnesses, who sha l l c e r t i f y the same

some person author ized by law t o adminis ter the

This l a t t e r enactment and the Government's dec i s ion i n 1885 t o i s s u e s c r i p t

t o the ha l f - b reeds o f t he Territories ted i n a f lood o f f o r

discharge from t reaty . 23

The s ta tu tes o f 1879 and 1880 showed Government's concern f o r protection o f

I nd ians and t h e i r land, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the North-West. Clauses two, t h ree and

on oath be fo re

changes '1880 1876 -

govern-

1 a r l y - o r i e n

cl auses 1 egi s l at ion . 32

the 3 3

s i

1 s l - 1 s i

coul

1. schoo3 es t ab1 i l be1 p r o v i

1 kewise

10.

exceed r t y do1 1

: ' session?5

--

z s s e n t i a l l y 1880.

women Tndi

t h i

band.36 . a .

i n t o t h e sec t ions o f the s t a t u t e concerning l oca l government.

Indeed the 1880 A c t ' s seventy-second and seventy- four th clauses on local

ment contained prov i s ions n o t i nc luded i n the s i m i t e d si xty-second

and s i x t y - t h i r d o f the 1876 Clause seventy-two i n 1880

provided

t h a t i n the event o f His Excellency ordering t h a t the chiefs o f a band shal l be elected, then and i n such case t he l i f e ch ie fs s h a l l n o t e x e r c i s e t h e powers o f c h i e f s unless elected under such order t o e x e r c i s e o f such powers

Th i s clarified the posit ion o f hereditary o r "l ife" c h i e f s i n r e l a t i o n t o the 34electoral system introduced under section x t y- t w o o f t he 1876 Act .

Subsections one, t en and eleven of the seventy- fourth clause o f t he 1880 eg i a t i o n increased the powers granted t o band counci s i n clause xty- three

o f t h e 1876 s t a t u t e . Chiefs d hencefor th f rame laws i n the fo l l ow ing areas:

As t o what denomination the teacher o f the shed on the reserve s h a l ong t o ; ded

always, t h a t he s h a l l be o f the same denomination as t h e m a j o r i t y of the band; and provided t h a t t h e Cathol ic or Pro tes tan t m i n o r i t y and have a separa te school w i t h the approval of and under regu la t i ons t o be made by t h e Governor i n Council;

The repress ion o f noxious weeds;

The impos i t i on of punishment , by f ine or penal ty , or by imprisonment, or both, f o r i n f r ac t i on of any such rules or regu la t ions ; the f i n e o r penalty i n no case t o

ars, and the imprisonment i n no case t o exceed thirty days; the proceedings f o r t he i m p o s i t i o n o f such punishment t o be taken i n the usual summary way before a Justice the Peace, fo l l ow ing the usual procedure on summary t r i a l s be fo re a j u s t i c e o u t o f

The membership and enfranchisement p rov i s i ons o f the 1876 Act remained

unchanged i n The new legislation however, d id al ter those

anssec t ions which concerned n a t i ve married t o non- treaty Indians and

hol d i n g university degrees. C l ause r teen o f the new s t a t u t e s t i pu l a ted that

if a n a t i v e woman married a non- treaty I n d i a n ,

wh i l e becoming a member o f the irregular band o f which her husband i s a member, she sha l l be e n t i t l e d t o share equally w i t h the members o f t h e band o f which she was formerly a member i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f their moneys; b u t t h i s income may be commuted t o her a t any t i m e , a t ten years' purchase w i t h t h e consent o f the

i

t h i

79

tenns Member ---.-..- -- -----

D d v i d 1 s ( B o t h w ~ l l ) 1

w i l i ch r ~ s t r i c t t ! d I r ~ d i a r i peoplc fronl sel l i n g

drri them t~enefi ts thei r

uri regul at ions i e d

1 quor terns .43 M i l l iam Paterson Brant)

s rep1 " w i 1 t" d ,144

I nd i irnplemen t a t i o n

money

T e r r i agi t a t i o n horns

i

1870's

"whi ternan" lands,46

I n Superi

"most expect-

t i o n most 1 i beral

treaties.47

vjew

f u l l 1

i n s l i g h t

1880

1880

v ing i l ha.y,

l eg i s l a t i o n

or obl

I n o f promoting the f a r m instruction program, L i b e r a l

M i l p ro tes ted t h a t the f i r s t three clauses o f the a i l p a r t l y the produce o f t h e i r labour

42i cd the r i g h t t o reap the f u l l o f work. Macdonald,

the o t h e r hand, argued t h a t these s t r i n g e n t , which appl o n l y

t o Indians o f wes te rn Canada, were intended t o p reven t them f rom s e l l i n g goods

f o r i or other worthless i (South c l a i m e d

t h a t t h i s placed Ind ians i n a p o s i t i o n o f absolute tutelage t o t h e federal government. The Prime Mini ter ied that the d nomad of the North-Wes

coul no t be judged on t h e same b a s i s as " the Ind ian o f O n t a r i o .

Considerat ion of t h e respec t i ve land r i g h t s of s e t t l e r s , half-breeds and

ans i n the T e r r i t o r i e s hampered s f the Department's

" c i v i l i z a t i o n " programme. Ha l f - b reed demands f o r l and and s c r i p i n t h e

t o r i es were compounded by over d i spu ted land patents, tead 45

grants t o new set t lers, and surveys which gnored t h e i r p r o p e r t y c l a i m s . Ind ians contended i n 1884 t h a t they had s igned t h e "numbered t r e a t i e s " o f the

t o a l low the t o "borrow", n o t "buy", t h e i r and

Government had not f u l f i l l e d i t s t rea ty o b l i g a t i o n s .

answer t o t h i s charge , Deputy ntendent-General Vankoughnet s ta ted

i n December 1884 t h a t the Ind ians had "no good reason f o r ser ious complaint" ,

t ha t they were generously t r e a t e d by the government f a r beyond any

a i n te rp re ta t ion" o f the

The Department had n o t f u l f i l l e d some treaty promises by 1885; however,

i t was not due t o any ove rs igh t o r corruption, b u t t h e

they coul d have en t e r t a i ned under the

t h a t some bands had

not su f f i c i en t1 y advanced t o take advantage of the promised t oo l s , i ves tock 48and schools.

The Amendments o f 1882 ( 4 5 V i c t o r i a , c h a p t e r 30) were general , changes i n wording t o remove ambigu i t ies i n t h e l eg i s la t ion . Clause twenty-

seven of the Act was amended t o r e q u i r e two Justices o f the Peace t o

ad jud i ca te new cases i n v o l legal e x t r a c t i o n o f timber-, or minera ls

f r o m Ind ian reserves . 49

This procedure, however, c o u l d n o t be carr ied out e f f e c t i v e l y

i n the North-West where j u d i c i a l o f f i c e r s were few and f a r between. Clause four i n

the 1882 r e v i s e d the seventy-ei ghth c lause o f t he 1880 Ac t which

pe rm i t t ed Indians t o sue f o r debts t o compel performance o f ig a t i ons contracted

i

These 1 ocal

"dchauchery thu wcre k p u t y Superintendent- 5 General [ n d i d S P I I S ~ , w a ~

l a ~ t d ~ n d r k ar~lendment

I

f i w i 11 properly

chi1 dren. 1880

1

coul c7 d i

~ c t . ~ ~

) t o

w i 1 I ;

than

i

" . 1 i ."

1334

I n d i a n 60

en f rzuch ised f t h

1 i s h c d ~ a z e t t e . "61

n o t t o t a x a t i o n A1

celebrations, which o f f i c e r s and miss ionar ies desc r i bed as

o f worst k i n d " considered by the 7

t o have " pern ic ious e f f e c t s " upon ans. I n t h i s a

f o r i t represented the f i r s t i n a long series o f a t tempts hy

Par l i amen t t o p r o t e c t I n d i a n s f rom themselves as well as from unscrupulous " wh i tes" .

The f t h clause enabled I n d i ans t o assign by and personal

e f f e c t s . In 1884, the s y s t e m a t i c d i v i s i o n o f an I n d i a n ' s e s t a t e gave one- th i rd

t o the widow and equal shares o f t h e remainder t o the In the case o f

minors, the twentieth clause o f the Act had empowered t he Superintendent-

General t o appoint a t r u s t e e and " t o decide a l l quest ions" respec t i ng d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f ands, goods and c h a t t e l s o f a deceased Ind ian . By the S t a t u t e o f 1880, t h e

sc re t i on "according

t o the true meaning and s p i r i t " of the Superintendent-General d app ly t h a t ause a t h i s own

However, the leg i s la t ion o f

1884 made t h r e e main changes i n t h e es ta tes section: 1 i t enabled an Ind ian

devise h i s proper ty by 2) i t gave the band p a r t i a l a u t h o r i t y for ensur ing

orderly descent o f p rope r t y by making band consent a prerequisite o f t he v a l i d i t y

o f the w i l l ; and 3) anyone who was f u r t h e r removed second cousin o r was

n o t a person e n t i t l e d t o l i v e on t h e reserve o f t he deceased Indian was excluded

from t he e s t a t e . A lso exc luded was the widow f, i n t he judgment o f t h e Superintenden

General, she was n o t .. a woman o f good moral character . . . v i n g w i t h her

husband a t t h e da te o f his death . . . However, in t he case o f any Ind ian dying

intestate, t h e o l d formula was r e t a i n e d w i th no consent o f t he band required. 59

The n i n t h clause o f the Act empowered the Governor-in-Council t o annul

t h e e l ec t i on o f any ch i e f found g u i l t y o f fraud. Clause eleven d e a l t

w i t h taxes on I n d i a n s by adding t o t he seventy- f i c lause o f t he

1880 Act

"and no taxes s h a l l be l e v i e d on the real property o f any I n d i a n , acquired under the enfranchisement c lauses o f t h i s Act , u n t i l the same has been declared l i a b l e t o taxation by proclamation o f the Governor General, pub-

i n the Canada

Experience had shown that many Ind ians had taken advantage o f the enfranchisement

c lauses f o r f e a r o f being sub jec t though Government viewed t a x a t i o n

as p a r t o f a citizen's c i v i c responsibility, P a r l i a m e n t decided i n 1884 t o suspend

.

Macdonald 1

t h a t , i f W

cul 1

among lndi ans @ t i s. 66 Comrni

i n , t h e

Terri i m i n a t e

Commi ss 1 d

C o m i

c i a1 s S t i pendi

17 a. iendmnts

rf

b i 1 1 f o r b i r!

i n g

that

A c t "" S c o t i a ,

rep1

munici -

p r o v i sions!2 Van i ~ o b a Ebenezer McCol 1

t a w a d v ~ n t a g e

a i Beren 's

7 3

" repeater rif les" and f i xed ammunition, were i n i m i c a l t o peacefu l set t lement

o f the p r a i r i e s . Nevertheless, the Senate gave l e s s p r i o r i t y t o problems i n

the North-West than t o e s t a b l i s h i n g a f o m o f municipal government among

eastern t r i b e s .

Deputy Superintendent-General Vankoughnet adv ised on 18 Apr i

ammunition c lause o f the 1884 A c t was n o t put i n t o force a t once, the

Government would have serious d i f f i t y i n control ing the mounting ag i t a t i a n

western The Privy Council t t e e agreed with

Macdonald i n 1882 t h a t institution o f a system o f "borderpasses"

t o r i e s might el r a i d i n g by both Canadian and American Ind ians , 67

Indi an

and

ioner Dewdney recommended t o Macdona on 15 February 1885

A s s i s t a n t ss ioner Hayter Reed's proposal t o make c e r t a i n Ter r i to r ies

a r y Mag is t ra tes during v i o l e n t outbreaks.68

According t o Vankoughnet on May 1885, clause two o f the 1884

o n l y prov ided for p r o h i b i t i o n o f " t he sale, g i f t or other d isposa l any f i x e d

ammunition o r b a l l c a r t r i d g e" t o Indians i n Manitoba. He advised t h a t a new

, under cons idera t ion by the Just ice Department, would anyone possess-

"improved arms o r ammunition" throughout the T e r r i t o r i e s .69 This l e g i s l a t i o n

was s t i l l under rev iew a t the end o f t h e Rebellion, when Comptroller Fred White

o f the North-West Mounted Pol i c e submi t ted a memorandum t o the Prime M i n i s t e r

concerning Poundmaker's request for surrender terms. 70

I n a circular dated 16 January 1885 t o Agents and Superintendents i n every

province, Vankoughnet advised the Department d i d not want t o force the

Advancement Act on the I n d i a n s . He instructed the o f f i c e r s to decide which

bands were " s u f f i c i e n t l y advanced i n c i v i l i z a t i o n and intelligence t o have the

p r o v i s i o n s o f the appl i e d t o them. Subsequently, Agents i n Nova

New Brunswick, Quebec, and Onta r i o i e d e i t h e r t h a t t h e bands were incapable

o f a pa? form o f se l f government o r t h a t t h e y refused t o adopt required

I n however, I n s p e c t o r f e l t that many bands

of the Advancement Act . Nevertheless, none o f the Ind ians

The Pas o r R i v e r were capable o f self- government under the new law,

accord ing t o Agents Reader and Mackay. Most F i e l d O f f i c e r s f e l t t ha t the Indians

o f f i

could

n a t i 1

who a1 1

well

pub1

be1 i we1 1 , 1

which

I f

fami l

toba

r e c t i o n .

1 i

vote.81

qua1 i a1 1 male

. . : c ) Keewatin

sewhere

l a n d

qua1 i f i c a t i o n s ~ c t . 8 2

the ves i v i n g i n the o l d e r Prov inces who have gone t o school - and they a l l go t o school - who are educated, who a s s o c i a t e w i t h whi te men, a r e acquainted w i th a l l the p r i n c i p l e s o f c i v i l iza t ion , who carry out t he p rac t i ces o f c i v i l i z a t i o n , who have accumulated round them-se lves p rope r t y , who have good houses, and furnished houses, who educate t h e i r chi ldren, who c o n t r i b u t e t o the

i c t r easu ry i n t he same way as the wh i t es do, should possess t he f ranch ise . They do n o t , c e r t a i n l y i n the Province o f Ontar io , and I eve i n the Province o f Quebec as

cannot speak confidently as t o t he Provinces, c o n t r i b u t e t o the general assessment o f t he country i n they l i v e ; but they have t h e i r own assessment and t h e i r own system o f t ax-a t i o n i n t h e i r own br idges and roads, they b u i l d t h e i r own school houses; they c a r r y on the whole system i n t h e i r own way, b u t i t i s i n t h e I n d i a n way, and i t i s an e f f i c i e n t way. They carry out a l l the o b l i g a t i o n s o f c i v i l i z e d men. you go t o any o f t h e reserves i n the older Provinces you will f i n d t h a t the I n d i a n s have good houses, t h a t they and t h e i r i e s a r e well c lad , t he education o f t h e i r children i s well attended, t h e i r morals are good, t h e i r s t rong r e l i g i o u s f e e l i n g i s ev ident , You w i l l f i n d as good churches and as regu la r church goers among t he red men as among the w h i t e men. You w i l l f i n d t h a t i n every respect they have a r i g h t t o be considered as equal w i t h the whi t e s. In t he newer Provinces , t h e North-Wes t and i n Mani perhaps i n B r i t i s h Columbia, they are n o t y e t ready for the f r anch i se ; and i t i s my i n t e n t i o n , when we come t o the r i g h t p l a c e t o move an amendment i n t h a t di But as regards the Ind ians , the educated Indian o f the o l d Provinces, our brethem

v i n g i n the same Province w i t h us, under the same l a w s , and c a r r y -i n g ou t t he same laws as e f f i c i e n t l y as we do - t h ey do no t f i l l o u r prisons i n as l a r g e a p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e i r numbers as the whi tes do; i n f a c t we seldom hear, comparatively speaking, o f Indian cr ime. You f i n d them steady, respectable, people, and I do no t see why they should not have t he

Passage of the Electoral Franchise Act on 20 Ju ly 1885 extended the vote, w i t h

c e r t a i n min imal p rope r t y f i c a t i o n , t o adul t persons who were

B r i t i s h sub jec ts , e i t h e r by b i r t h or n a t u r a l i z a t i o n . Clause eleven gave the

v o t e t o Ind ians o n l y under c e r t a i n cond i t i ons :

The following persons s h a l l be d i s q u a l i f i e d and incompetent t o vote a t any e l e c t i o n t o which the a c t a p p l i e s . .

,

l a w ab id ing and God f e a r i n g

Indians i n Manitoba, B r i t i s h Columbia, and the Nor thwes t T e r r i t o r i e s, and any Ind ian on any reserve e l i n Canada who i s not i n possession and occupation o f a separate and d i s t i n c t t r a c t o f i n such reserve, and whose improve-ments on such separate t r a c t are n o t o f t he va lue o f a t l e a s t one hundred and f i f t y dollars, and who i s n o t otherwise possessed o f t h e e n t i t l i n g h im t o be r e g i s t e r e d on the l i s t o f v o t e r s under t h i s

1

i p r o v i a1 terri a1

game mgisterial

Agents to ~ct."

Amndmnt

a1 1 t h

provided p a l 32 It a l s o

Abbott

pol

Mackenzie Bowel1

1 l o c a l l i g u o r ,

a1

prohi

wri Super! ntendent-

sel Oeputy reconmended

~ a n a d a . ~ ~

consol i f-improvemen

a m n g

I n enfranchisemnt ~ o l ~ m b i a . ~ ~ Commissioner ~ e e d

ch i1 dren rep1 Superin tenden Dewdney

Through 1889, the Department considered suggestions f o r s t r i c te r aw

enforcement against trespass on Indian l a n d s , proh ib i t ion o f t r i b a l dances,

prosecution f o r i n t o x i c a t i o n offences, appl ca t ion o f nc i o r t o r i

l a w s t o Indians, and extension o f t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f Ind ian

i nc lude the Vagrancy Mast o f these recommendations provided

the basis f o r t h e Act of 16 May 1890. 30 Clause ten added three new sect ions t o the Indian Act. One o f these, sect ion one hundred th i r t y- four ,

p r o h i b i t e d t r a d i n g w i Ind ians by Departmental employees , miss ionar ies

and school teachers. A l l o t h e r persons r e q u i r e d a spec ia l w r i t t e n licence from 31the Superintendent-General.

The Amendments of 1891 estab l ished a clearer d e f i n i t i o n o f t respass on

Indian lands, and stricter t i e s . added a clause concern-33i n g l e a s i n g or gran t i ng o f shoo t i ng or f i sh ing p r i v i l e g e s on reserve.

replaced Macdonald two months before the l e g i s l a t i o n o f 1891 rece ived

royal assent (28 August ) . l n d i a n i c i e s o f t h i s and succeeding Conservative

Governments t o 1896, under John Thompson, and Charles Tupper, d i d not vary s i g n i f i c a n t l y f rom those du r ing t h e l a t t e r years o f Macdonald's

i f e . The Department continued t o o f f e r charitable assistance t o Indians and

encouraged enforcement o f the A c t ' s timber and t respass l a w s .

It so attempted t o c u r t a i l I n d i a n purchases o f "useless a r t i c l e s a t excessive

prices" and subsequent debts, by b i t i n g any sa le or b a r t e r o f Ind ian

produce wi thout the t t e n permission o f an agent or deputy o f the

General. 34

From 1891 through 1895-96, the Department fo l lowed a p o l i c y of c l o s e r

superv is ion, reduced rations, and a i d towards f- suppor t among Ind ians i n the

Wcs t. I n December 1894 Superintendent-General Hayter Reed

applying this pol icy throughout However, Departmental efforts t o

date i t s au tho r i t y , p r o t e c t Indian i n t e r e s t s and promote s e l t

Ind ians clashed dur ing the 1890's.

January 1892, a proclamat ion extended the A c t ' s p rov i s ions

t o Indians i n B r i t i s h In March, requested l e g i s l a t i o n 37

t o compel Indian i n the T e r r i t o r i e s t o attend school . However,

Vankoughnet i e d t h a t t-General considered these I n d i a n s

support

Ind ian

empowered Indian agents o f f i c i o

1890

permi t ted Vankoughnet

1890

amendments Vankoughnet's

1893.

or ~ n d i a n s . 47

rninimal

thout ther r

1

1 dren

imp1 i t h l

t o landq5' condi pemi Superin tenden 1 wf

1 ands appl i ca t ion purpose."51 Daly C o m n s

s p i t e

1 1

and t o apply these funds to the w i fe and f a m i l y . 43 Clause seven

permitted a cons tab le t o arrest and detain wi thou t warrant "any person o r

found gambling, or drunk, or w i t h in tox icants i n his possession" on

a Clause e igh t t o be ex j u s t i c e s

o f t h e peace fo r I n d i a n Act offences and certain sect ions o f the 1892 Criminal 45Code.

The Government softened i t s stance in 1894 regarding trade w i t h Indians.

Whereas amendments i n had prohibited a l l Departmental o f f i c i a l s , missionaries

and school teachers from trading w i t h Indians, the 1894 l e g i s l a t i o n (clause ten) t h i s under special license o f the Superintendent-General. As

exp la i ned i n January 1891, the Department d i d not frame the legislation t o p r o h i b i t resident missionaries, agents o r school teachers from acqui r ing the

"necessi t ies o f l i f e " f r o m nat ive people i n the i r charge.46

Most o f the of 1894 evolved under d i r e c t i o n between

1891 and October Clause e leven , however, implemented Hayter Reed's efforts s ince 1892 f o r compulsory school attendance o f Ind ian children, and for i n d u s t r i a l boarding schools fo r Vo luntary attendance a t school, p a r t i c u l a r l y in t h e North-West, had been and the new l e g i s l a t i o n enabled

the Department t o educate I nd i an chi1 dren w i e i t h e i r consent o r the i

parents. The Governor-General d id n o t hesi tate t o Implement the new provisions. An Order-in-Counci o f November 1894 proclaimed regulations concerning i n d u s t r i a l

48schools, compulsory attendance and support o f Endi an chi . Most o f the lesiglation o f 1895 embodied minor y e t subtle changes t o t h e

I n d i a n A c t , One change, however, had important cat ions. Clause one

repealed sect ion rty-ei ght o f the I n d i a n A c t regarding leasing o f reserve The previous amendment had been i n 1894 and enabled the Superintendent-

General to lease wi thou t surrender, lands of physically disabled Indians and others who were unable cul t iva te thei r The new sect ion, however. removed t hose tions and t t e d the t-General t o ease, thout surrender, the o f "any Indian, upon h i s for that

Superintendent-General advised the House o f on 5 July 1895 t h a t this

change i n the A c t would overcome a band's refusal "through o r pique" t o surrender any and for easing. 52

f r

E f o l l o w d . [

Number w i r E -

1 - -

A1 - - -

i - E - -

- - -

ly Ei S - - - -

- - Pedley #

submrge I,

- d i m i n i s h i n g i

laws.76 I 1 s l a t i o n

cornuni t ies

caul wi t h o u t pub1 c co-operation. 77

iration", 1 ve" Indlans coul i ndependent

1

more 1

desertfon bal By i 79 Rimner,

Commissioner McLean 1899

f a c i l i t a t e

Indian

succession o f numbered Ind ian t r e a t i e s since Confederation t o open the West

for settlement and other purposes. W i t h i n seven years two more t rea t ies

Mining a c t i v i t y , increased settlement and constructi'on of a new railway in northern Ontario prompted t h e s i g n i n g o f Treaty Nine i n 1905 t h the

Ind ians i v i n g nor th of t h e Robinson Treat ies. In the same year the Provinces h

o f Saskatchewan and berta were es tab l i shed t o their present boundaries. I n

1906 the Crown negotiated Treaty Number Ten w i t h the nomadic Crees and Chi pewyans 74

o f northern Saskatchewan, an area r i c h i n minerals and w i l d l i f e . h

frank Pedley, Deputy Superintendent-General from 1902 t o 1913, advised the

Minister on 7 December 1903 that this f i r s t t i d e o f western set t lement would

br ing out ly ing bands i n t o closer contact with "white" society and radical change the Indian way o f l i f e . He claimed t h a t i f the Department pursued a

s tr ic t pol icy t o p r o t e c t Indian reserves and rights , i t could reduce local f r i c t i o n s . contended t ha t this would enable nat ive people "to contemplate wi th equanimity the prospect o f an i n f l u x which they fee l assured

75w i l l '... not ... [ b u t ] surround them.

Pedley's predecessor James Smart had complained t h a t public sympathies had impeded implementation o f the Indian A c t ' s l i q u o r Similarly, Pedley stated t ha t p r o h i b i t i v e egi for Indians surrounded by and

"unrestrainedly intermingling" with where liquor was freely sold, d not be achieved i sympathy and I n t h i s connection,

David L a i r d , Ind ian Commissioner for the North-blest Territories i n 1905, d i s -

couraged Indians from seeking employment i n towns or c i t i e s w i t h all the "evils" o f " c i v i l and thought instead t h a t through a system o f g i f t s and departmental oans, "progressi d be persuaded t o earn an

i v i n g on reserves. 78

After 1900 the Department considered amendments respecting iquor ,

prostitution, and celebration of tri f e s t i v a l s and dances. February

1901 the Department Law Clerk, Reginald had drafted a new Indian Act. Indeed La i rd had suggested t o Secretary on 14 November

t h a t a re-consolidation o f the 1886 rev ised statute would enforcement

of 80Laws,

f i l eg i s l a t i o n

overn nor-i 1 t o "expropr iate"

ticket.33 was 1 1 I*

ly

requi 1 1

bui 8 4

1 prerni j

make regul a t ions i t s admini

a1 l E I

e v e n t i o n

Zt a 1 ' S 1

Y

I

mde Superintendent- 1 .36

r atten

amnded

l e r 1 i 1

-

39 Department

"

not apply separately for wi thdrawal y e t remained on reserve after discharge of 32her husband.

The rs t clause o f the 1914 enabled the Governor-in-Council

t o declare any properly-equipped i n s t i t u t i o n as an industrial or boarding

school f o r Indians . The second empowered the n-Counci

for school purposes, af ter appropriate compensation, land held under l oca t ion

According t o a b r i e f which accompanied t he B i l l , the latter necessary t o overcome a s i t u a t i o n t h a t had ar isen on the S i x Nations Reserve:

Usual the Department i s able t o secure sui tab le s i t e s from the occupiers o f the l a n d by mutual agreement, but recently when land was r e d t o extend t h e grounds o f a cer ta in school i n t h e S i x Nations reserve the owner refused t o sell the land for the purpose and, t o make matters worse, he p u t up a b u i l ing on the l a n d w i t h i n a few feet o f the school

l d i n g .

An amendment t o s e c t i o n twenty-seven on es t a t e s tted the Superintendent-

General to appoint a person or persons t o admin is ter the estate of a deceased

Ind ian , and t o for sat isfactory s t ra t ion . 35

Section ninety-two was amended t o ow t he Superi n tendent-General t o make s a n i t a r y r e g u l a t i o n s f o r of disease, c leansing of s t reets , yards and

houses, and to supply necessary medical a i d , medicine and other art ic les and

accommodation t o p reven t disease. so made the Superintendent-General

a u t h o r i t y supreme i n t h i s regard:

In the case o f any conflict between any r e g u l a t i o n made by t h e Superintendent General and any rule or regulation made by any band, the r e g u l a t i o n s by t he General shall prevai

Up t o t h a t time the Department had d i f f i c u l t y inducing Ind ians t o go t o h o s p i t a l

f o r t reatment . The Superintendent-General now had au tho r i ty t o send these 37people, w i thou t the i consent, t o r e c e i v e med ica l tion.

Clause seven o f the 1914 legislation section one hundred and f i v e and made both buyer and sel o f I n d i a n treaty vestock iable to prosecution. 38

Clause e i g h t made Indian p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n dances, rodeos and exhibitions subject

t o Agent consent i n the western prov inces and t e r r i t o r i e s . The fe l t

t h a t these events o f f e r e d " e v i l t empta t ions t o Indians and disrupted work schedules on reserves. 40

5 I e

change

Formerly,

any

a1 ch i1

a1 lotment

B P1

Ind ian marriage F o m r l y

t o I B

requi on1 y Superi ntenden 76 ? k n e r a l

i n we1 I who1 ly

1 i " w i t h

r e c t i o n E n f r a n c h i m n t from

c i t i z e n s h i p '

Par1 )

ameliorate cond i t ions and b e t t e r the future o f Indian people through s e l f -74

determina t ion . Cons idera t ion o f these c o n f l i c t i n g op in ions prompted the

Government t o pass another amendment two years l a t e r .

was also required i n the d e f i n i t i o n o f "enfranchised Indian" .A

'en f ranch ised I n d i a n ' means I n d i a n , h is w i f e or minor minor unmarried chi ld , who has rece ived l e t t e r patent grant-i n g t o h im i n fee s imple any p o r t i o n o f reserve which has , upon h i s a p p l i c a t i o n f o r enfranchisement, been lotted t o him, o r t o h i s w i f e and minor dren, o r any unmarried Indian who has rece ived l e t t e r s patent f o r an of the reserve, (6 Edward V III, chapter 81)

Revised, i t r e a d

'enfranchised I n d i a n ' means any I n d i a n head o f a f a m i l y and h i s w i f e and minor ch i ld ren, or o t h e r Indian male or f ema le over the age o f twenty-one years i n respect of whom an order o f enfranchisment has been made by the Govenor- in-Counci 1 . 75

Another i m p o r t a n t amendment i n 1920 dea l t w i t h d i s t r i b u t i o n o f band funds t o an

she l o s t her sta tus b u twoman upon t o a non- Indian,

cou ld cont inue t o receive annu i t i es o r a commutation o f her share o f band funds

w i t h band consent. In 1920 section f ou r teen o f the 1906 Act was changed

Deputy Superintendent-re the approva l o f t h e t-Genera1 . Sco t t explained this t o Mei ghen on 12 January 1920 :

When an Ind ian woman mar r ies o u t s i d e the band, whether a non- t rea ty Ind ian or a w h i t e man, i t i s i n the i n t e res t of the Department, and her i n t e r e s t as , t o sever her connect ion w i t h the reserve and the Indian mode o f

fe, and t he purpose of this section was to enable us t o commute her f i nanc ia l interes t s . The words the con-sent of t he band" have i n many cases been effectual i n prevent ing h i s severence as some bands are s e l f i s h l y i n t e res t -ed i n p reven t i ng t h e expenditure of their funds. The re fusa l t o consent i s on ly actuated by s t u p i d i t y because the funds are n o t really i n any way impaired. The amendment makes i n the same d i as the proposed Clauses, tha t i s i t takes away the power unprogressive bands of p revent ing their members from advancing to f u l l

On 1 Ju ly 1920 iament passed an Ac t (10-11 George V , chapter 51

16

19201s,

l u & e r i n g

4 F 16

-, P I Par1 iament :

ful 1 lwnt enti t l emnt ~i

I i

-

l i ng - ! ' I

sement t i m e

jn

t h e i r ly appl

a1

Ind ian

question.1°

"" Caughnawaga

sement

Indl'an con~plete ,,I 2

c la i rwd , , I

In t h e massive development o f n a t u r a l resources, especially i n

and mining, caused the three prair ie provinces t o demand control o f

their own resources. The founding provinces a t Confederation had re ta ined

control of t h e i r lands, f o r e s t s , and minerals, but the Dominion r e t a i n e d control

over the resources i n the North-West Ter r i to r ies out o f which l a t e r arose the

new provinces o f Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. F i n a l l y , on 30 May 1930

assented t o the t ransfer o f natural resources t o these provinces. P r o v i s i o n s were made however, for fi of I n d i a n reserve l a n d

under t reaty and t o enable I n d i a n s t o hunt, f i sh , and trap for food a t a l l t imes

of the year. Interpretation o f these latter rights was the subject o f many court decisions i n later years. 8

The Indian Act was amended again i n 1933 t o c l a r i f y sect ions on truancy, buying and sel of Ind ian c a t t l e and produce, making roads on reserve,

penal t i e s f o r hunting on reserve by non-band members, and extension o f band council powers. Most important, t h e 1933 l e g i s l a t i o n again introduced compulsory

enfranchi , t h i s however w i t h g r e a t e r safeguards for Indians than had

been provided 1920. The former Act (10-11 George V , chapter 50) had enabled

the Superintendent-General t o begin enfranchisement proceedings for Indians without having speci f ical i ed f o r i t. In 1922 the compulsory aspect

was amended (12-13 George V, chapter 26) to low enfranchisement t o take place

only a t i n d i v i d u a l or band request. However, re- ins ta tement o f compul sory

enfranchisement i n 1933 now recognized t r e a ty r igh ts :

Provided t h a t no enfranchisement o f any or Ind ians sha l l be made under t h i s sub-section i n terms o f any t rea ty , agreement or undertaking t h a t may have been entered i n to o r made between o r by t h e Crown and the Ind ians o f t he band i n

v i o l a t i o n o f the

There were numerous o b j e c t i o n s to t h i s amendment. Opposition Member J.A. Bradette

d i d n o t believe t h a t "any body o f men should be given power

Indians who may become enfranchised and have the r ight to vote.

C h i e f Paul Jacobs contended tha t "compul sory enfranchi w i t h o u t h o i d i ng

our present rights under the A c t could soon l ead us t o e x t i n c t i o n .

The S i x Nat ions Indians a t Brant ford they were " s t i l l suffer ing from the 3effects o f i n d i s c r i m i n a t e and i n j u d i c i o u s enfranchisement i n the past . . . .

to p i c k o u t ce r ta in

non-lndi

enfranchisemnt

action l 5 Letourneau

"mre thern."16

ass imi l ation.

12

h i c h

ecloral

1

Indian hoc

Amndments

hoc

1

1 i ve there.'' 1 coul

member parti cul 1 'I

game

and

As i n 1920, Indians objected tha t enfranchisement opened reserve lands to

fragmentation and an occupancy. 14

Advocates of compulsory argued t h a t although many Indians had the a b i l i t y and apt i tude t o take on responsibi l i t ies o f "nationalized" Canadian c i t i z e n s , they refused to give up t h e i r statutory exemptions f r o m

property taxes and legal f o r debt. Indeed, Agent claimed t h a t Indians were than ever i n c l i n e d t h a t w h i t e people should support

By p r o v i d i n g Indians as "wards" w i t h benef i ts they would not receive

as "citizens," the Act had tended to impede rather than promote c i t i z e n s h i p

L e g i s l a t i o n i n 1934 (24-25 George V , chapter 29) concerned local government

on reserves. Spec i f i ca l ly , i t dea l t w i t h the Order-in-Council o f July 1906

had appl ied provisions of the Advancement Act t o t h e Caughnawaga Reserve.

Whereas the A c t had provided for d i v i s i o n of a reserve i n t o e l d i s t r i c t s ,

the Order-in-Council made Caughnawaga Reserve a s ing le district . However, the

Order-in-Counci was not founded upon any statutory author i ty , The 1934 statute

declared i t v a l i d and amended the Ind ian Act t o permit the Governor-in-Council t o

allow a reserve to form one electoral d i s t r i c t , or no more than s i x , as he saw

fit." Refinements o f t h i s sort to the Act reflected Government's ad

approach t o Indian matters i n the midst o f the Depression.18

The o f 1936 (1 Edward V I I I , chapter 20) fu r ther exemplif ied

t h i s ad approach. The first and th i rd clauses o f the l e g i s l a t i o n indicated t ha t , i n s p i t e o f the desired integration o f I n d i a n and "whi te" communities,

the Department s t i l l wanted to keep reserve lands intact f o r a band. The band

coul d henceforth purchase any reserve and whi ch had been i n h e r i ted by someone

not e n t i t l e d to W i t h band consent, the Governor-in-Counci d

direct expenditure of band capi t a l t o purchase " the possessory ri ghts of a o f the band i n respect o f any a r parcel o f and on the reserve.

The second clause authorized the Superi ntendent-General t o make, upon

publ icat ion in the Canada Gazette, special regulations for Indians or apply

cer ta in p rov inc ia l laws. Three areas o f regulations were provided fo r :

laws, destruction o f noxious weeds, prevention o f p l a n t diseases, and speed

mtor ghways ." l y

1 sl waul establ jus

f

prosecution

out1 --

~ e s o u r c e s . ~ ~

McGil l O i

sted o f Fie1 We1

Reserves ~ecords arrangement McGill

We1

Ind ian

some

pub1 i c jobs.26 Government searched some remve

31 )

Superin tenden

make

1936

E s s e n t i a l , the Superintendent-General acquired t he power t o apply e x i s t i n g provincial

laws to reserves as he saw f i t .

and operation o f vehicles on hi w i t h i n reserves

The Department intended that the s i x t h through twel f th clauses o f t he

egi a t i on d i s h a common standard o f tice for enforcement

o f l iquor laws, This stemmed f r o m a f e e i i n g t h a t nformers were over-zealous

in bringing Indian cases t o court, because they received h a l f o f the f i n e s

lev ied and t h a t o f Ind ians on t h i s b a s i s lessened respect for

impartial admin is t ra t ion o f t h e law. 21

Other minor changes were made. Clauses four and thirteen d e a l t w i t h

elect ions on reserve, and clause f i v e ined the duties o f the Indian Agent

a t band council meetings. 22

In 1936 a major admin is t ra t i ve restructuring o f the Department t r a n s f e r r e d

the Department o f Indian A f f a i r s , from the M i n i s t e r o f the Interior, t o the

Department o f Nines and The M i n i s t e r o f Mines and Resources, Thomas A. Crerar, became t he Superintendent-General. Deputy Superintendent-

General became the rector o f the I n d i a n A f f a i r s Branch of t h a t Department. The Branch consi four Services: d Administration, Medical f a r e and

T r a i n i n g , and Trusts, and This remained unchanged

u n t i l 1945 when R.A. Hoey succeeded as Director and an Order-in-Council transferred t h e Indian Health Service to the Department o f National Health and

25fare .

The Af fa i rs Branch was s t i l l aware o f the peculiar socio-economic and legal position o f the Ind i an i n Canadian society. I t acknowledged t h a t

Indians suf fered during the Depression because some employers tended t o view them

as charges who d i d n o t need steady The fo r

means to encourage individual enterprise and especia l ly wanted t o " t h e

s t a t e o f dependencyt1 i n t o which so many were inclined to f a l l . 27

The Indian Act amendments o f 1938 ( 2 George V I , chapter i n s t i t u t e d a

" r e v o l v i n g loan fund" f o r Indian people. The new clause, number 94B i n the consolidated Act o f 1927, enabled the t-General

t o loans t o Indian Bands, group or groups of Indians or i nd iv idua l Indians for t h e purchase of farm implements,

a1 I I .

C o m n s 1945.'

W i

admini s t r a t i o n

te

r

act .2

represen

CHAPTER NINE

The I n d i a n A c t o f 1951

A new soci awareness followed the Depression and World War Out

of i t emerged a general p u b l i c interest i n Indian problems, a concern which

was reflected i n the House o f i n Canadian Ind ian par t ic ipa-

t i o n i n both World Wars had been strong and t h i s helped foster a new a t t i t u d e

towards improving Indian condit ions. t h i n t h i s context began a process t o

revise the Indian A c t , to a r r ive a t a new statute acceptable t o both Indians

and Government.

I n mid-1946 Parliament establ ished a Special J o i n t Committee o f the

Senate and House o f C o m n s w i th terms of reference as follows:

... t o examine and consider the I n d i a n A c t , Chapter 98, R . S . C . , 1927, and amendments there to and s u g g e s t such amendments as they deem advisable, w i t h a u t h o r i t y t o invest igate and repor t on I nd ian i n gen-eral and, i n particular, the following matters:

1. Treaty r i g h t s and obligations.

2. Band membership.

3. L i a b i l i t y o f Indians t o pay taxes.

4 . Enfranchisement o f Ind ians both voluntary and involuntary.

5. E l i g i b i l i t y o f Ind ians to vote at dominion e lect ions

6. The encroachment o f whi persons on Ind ian reserves. 7. The opera t ion o f Indian day and res ident ia l Schools.

8. And any other matter o r t h i n g pertaining to the social and economic s t a t u s o f Indians and the i advancement, which, i n the opinion of such a committee should be incorporated i n the rev ised

The Committee s a t dur ing three sessions o f Parl iament from 1946 t o 1948, w i t h

considerable press coverage, and heard testimony f r o m numerous government

o f f i c i a l s , t a t i ves o f I n d i a n associations and o t h e r i n te res ted parties.

the

(Lethbridge) Blackmore

t6

timeB3

Inmigration,

B i I l Cormittee

from

i threz

! Committee

Endi Ind ian 1950 's

i 1 !

a h i n i s t r a t i v e i 1 II

R.A.

population.4 8 impa i 1

di d

An idea o f publ ic 's revived interest i n I n d i a n a f f a i r s was described

t o the Committee by Social Credi t Member John i n June 1947:

The Ind ians now have confidence we are really going t o do something for them, the Canadian people as a whole are interested i n the problem o f Indians; they have become aware t h a t the country has been neglected i n t h e matter o f look ing a f te r t he Indians and they are anxious remedy our shortcomings. Parliament and t he country i s "human rights" conscious. T h i s i s clearly shown, as we a l l know, by discussions i n the House o f Commons a t the present

On 7 June 1950 the Minister of C i t i z e n s h i p and W.E. H a r r i s ,

also i n charge of the Indian Affairs Branch, introduced i n Parliament the

proposed new Act as 267. A lengthy debate ensued because the proposed legislation d i d n o t reflect reconmendations, and the Bi l l was

w i thdrawn.

In Apr i l 1951 a Special House Committee considered a new B i l l , number 79,

which differed i n many aspects the prev ious one. B i l l 79 passed the

House of Commons on 17 May 1951, the Senate on 5 June, and on 20 June received royal assent .

This f ina l chapter consists o f sec t i ons : evidence gathered a t t he

J o i n t hear ings, debates over the ensuing B i l l s , and f i n a l l y the new

an A c t . In fo rmat ion and amendment; t o the Act dur ing the i s

p a r t of the th i rd section.

THE JOIMT COMMITTEE HEARINGS O F 1946 TO 1948

I n i t i a l l y , the Committee d i d n o t i n t e n d t o hear Ind ian testimony u n t i l

a f t e r i t had received evidence on matters from Departmental

officials. The Indian A f f a i r s Branch had been hampered by i n s u f f i c i e n t funds

and s t a f f . According t o Branch Director Hoey, the number o f current headquarters personnel was l ess than i n 1918 when i t had t o deal wi th fewer

services and a smaller Ind ian Then, as i n 1946, regional differences

i n Indi an conditions red e f f e c t i v e pol i c y implementation o f p o l icy and

l eg i s la t ion . 5 Despite the emphasis on Branch hearings however, the Committee

I

Paull. t ~ a t y

also Federal

a1 l denorni

Branchsand future rnafiagement

electf 1

1 a1 I

Soloose, Canfort

B r i sh l

among

Tndian

ahd

Indian proposal P parti cul ar,

tu cons01

mjori

"a1 1 farnil

hear from severa l I n d i a n a s s o c i a t i o n s. T h i s marked the f i rst systematic

e f fo r t by Government t o consult w i t h I n d i a n s .

The views of t h e N o r t h American Indian Brotherhood were presented to the

Committee on 27 June 1946 by i t s President , Andrew The l a t t e r suggested

t h a t the Committee i n v e s t i g a t e breaches o f r ights and t h a t the

Department's power t o admi t and remove band members be curtailed. He called

for and p r o v i n c i a l t a x exemptions for I n d i a n s as a t r ea ty r i g h t and

abolition of n a t i o n a l schools on reserves, The North American I n d i a n Brotherhood recommended d e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of the

I n d i a n Af fa i rs by " p r o v i n c i a l regional boards

under a federal department or board responsible to Par l iament ." I t b e l i e v e d

t h a t q u a l i f i e d Ind ians should be employed i n the administration, t h a t band counci l s

should be empowered t o manage local matters, and tha t bands should pol i c e their own reserves. I n d i a n people were ready t o acqu i re the r i g h t t o vote i n f e d e r a l

ons, and Paul asked the Committee t o consider Indians elect ing their own member t o the House o f Commons. Paul also pressed for an amendment t o

the Railway Act, to extend the privilege of r i d i n g a t half-fare t o Canadian

Indians. 6

Early in June 1946 the Chiefs o f the Coldwate r and

Reserves i n t i Col umbi a informed the Departmental Secretary t h a t they

d i d not want Andrew Paul t o speak for them, tha t they wanted to keep the

"Old Law ... Queen V i c t o r i a l a i d f o r us Indians" as amended i n 1927 and 1930. 7

Ten years l a t e r , a member o f the Commons contended tha t nothing would be done

i f Government waited for perfect measures t o be formulated, because there was

a great d i f ference i n opinion and i n t e r e s t s 8Indians themselves.

The Association of A l b e r t a a l s o submitted a b r i e f to t h e Committee

in 1946. The Assoc ia t ion urged t h a t a Royal Commission o f Inquiry be appointed

without delay to i n v e s t i g a t e Indian needs, asked f o r a complete rev is ion of

the A c t w i t h cons ide ra t ion given t o Ind ian . I n the A l b e r t a Indians objected sect ion eighteen o f the ida ted Indian Act

which gave the Superintendent-General f i n a l a u t h o r i t y over band membership. They

recommended t h a t t he sect ion be amended to requ i re band ty assent.

A t their meeting i n June 1945 Assoc ia t i on delegates had passed a reso lu-

t i o n t h a t persons and t h e i r ies expel led from Treaty under Section 18

I

paymnts

fu l l !

a1 1 p r i v i 1 11

Okanagan !

I 1 12

service.13 recommended responsibi l i t y !

l,14

Efidian immediately !

u n t i l come !

" 1 6 M i l l a r ,

woul

! Par ' l i amnt.

b r i ted Na ve

S t a h l o urnbia, recomnded : ~ c t . " " Songhees

pl !

a1 Joi Commi

i n c l bn

p l admin- g

i s t r a t i o n

Cal ihoo, President

comnented !

I t was

i n a d d i t i o n

be res to red t o Band R o l l s and complete Treaty p r i v i l e g e s a t

a l s o reso lved t h a t Chiefs and Counc i l lo rs ought t o rece ive

t o t rea ty . The Associat ion f e l t tha t reserve res idents and band members should

be e n t i t l e d t o royalty r i g h t s t o any minerals on reserves. In add i t i on , I they wanted a clause in t he Act which exempted a l l treaty Ind ians f r om m i l i t a r y

serv ices overseas, and sought a f f i rmat ion o f treaty r i g h t s ' and eges. By comparison the recommendations and b r i e f o f the Society f o r

the Revival o f I n d i a n A r t s and C r a f t s c a l l e d f o r a l ong range p o l i c y aimed a t I

"the t o t a l emancipation o f the I n d i a n , a t h i s own pace and as he wishes,., ,

The Society proposed t h a t the Indian Branch be reorganized to resemble the

United Sta tes Ind ian I t a l s o t h a t for Indian education be t r a n s f e r r e d t o the provinces " i n order to gain some

equa l i t y f o r t he Ind ians i n the places where they l i v e ,

The Okanagan Society a l s o called f o r the vote wi thout

any I t quoted a "prominent Vancouver I s l a n d Indian" who I

had declared: "The real need is for an Ind ian o r a white man n o t t ied up w i t h

any other o f f i ce , t o represent our p o i n t o f v i e w i n parliament. As i t i s now,

we are never n o t i f i e d of any change or amendments they up and are I

passed i n the House. A l b e r t a the Soc ie t y ' s President, f e l t t h a t

t h i s p l a n f o r separate representa t ion d perpetuate i s o l a t i o n o f n a t i v e

people from the Canadian community, ye t she conceded t h a t i t was the o n l y 17feas ib le way t o have Ind ians heard i n I

During 1946 numerous bands submitted proposals t o the Committee. For the

most par t , they opposed compulsory enfranchisement, t a x a t i o n , and c a l l e d f o r

stricter adherence t o t r e a t y p rov is ions . The e f prepared by the Uni ti I

Farmers' Organizat ion o f the T r i b e o f Sa rd i s , B r i t i s h Col t h a t the Indian Ac t be renamed the "Nat ive Canadian The

band suggested tha t I n d i a n h e a l t h and educational serv ices be aced under

p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . 19 I

I n 1947 the Speci n t t t e e heard from several bands and associ a t ions, uding some from the year before, The 1946 hearings had not focused the

Indian Act. This year the Committee aced l e s s emphasis on the general I

of Ind ian A f f a i r s .

I n April, John o f the Indian Association o f Alberta,

:

be1

more 1 i

more 20

1

respansibil i

D l

Calihoo nirmber

a1

a lso

cornpeten mmbers shoul

member

resto.red r province. 23

Ye1 lowfly, 1

A 1 twa t ies

acquiw

We i e v e as an a s s o c i a t i o n t h a t the revised Ind ian Act must be upon broad p r i n c i p l e s of human j u s t i c e . I t m u s t , we know, provide f o r t he development o f the I n d i a n people o f Canada. In the development of t he people we believe t h a t the new Act must place more and responsi b i ty upon our ch ie fs and councils t o ac t as governing bodies. For example, the great and a r b i t r a r y powers o f t he superintendent-general must be l i m i t e d and oppor tun i ty f o r appeal f r o m such decisions provided.

Calihoo wanted a re laxa t ion of t h e Ac t ' s permit system which required an Agent's

written permission for western Ind ians to sell t h e i r produce and Iivestock:

" A man m u s t learn the value o f h i s own work. He must learn t h e responsib i it y

of doing business for himself and o f t a k i n g new ties f o r h i s

debts or his credits. According to an Article i n the Toronto Globe and Mail

on 25 June 1947, Branch rector Hoey f e l t t h a t advanced I n d i a n band councils

i n Western Canada should be able t o issue sales permits t o band members. 22

also urged a of changes i n education, i n c l u d i n g p r o v i s i o n

for vocational t r a i n i n g , adul t education and speci courses t o enable I n d i a n s

t o take p o s i t i o n s i n the I nd ian Affairs Branch. He added t h a t t h e Assoc ia t ion

was opposed t o enfranchisement, vo luntary or involuntary: "Involuntary enfranchise-

ment must be abolished and those who had gone t h a t route should be restored t o the band l i s t s " . He urged t h a t c h i e f s and headmen be empowered to make decisions on band membership:

A t the t ime o f the t r e a t i e s ch ie fs and headmen were judged to be t t o deci de band h i p . They d today, ac t ing upon the expressed will o f the i r bands, be the sole judge o f who may, o r who may n o t , be a o f their bands. We do not want to b r i n g new people i n t o t r e a ty ; we want t o see those who have been deprived o f t h e i t r ea t y rights i n our

On 21 April 1947 Ch ie f a spokesman for the u n a f f i i a ted Indians o f b e r t a ; presented h i s views on the re la t ionsh ip between the and

the Indian A c t :

The first quest ion i s why i s there an Indian Act . I n those early days a peculiar s i t u a t i o n e x i s t e d . The white man did no t the Ind ian and h i s lands through conquest, the wh i te man acquired the now called Canadian Indian and t h e i r country by mutual agreement as i s manifest i n the Ind ian treaties.

cul ture

immigrant, codi 1

"accul

We the

Indian I n

t h j s

qua1 i mannpr, fellow w i t h

mrely

reginlentation a t t i

part o f ind&n;

Ye1 lowfly

managment or It. autonow

ly, curri cul urn

21

A1 berta

i n t o

While the I n d i a n certainly had a or civilization o f his own ( t he terms are used loosely and synonymously) he had no cod i f i ed customs o r what we call laws. The whi t e man, who was the brought w i t h him cul tu re , his

f i e d customs or aws. In those ea r ly days the main problem, primarily was the t u r a t i o n " o f the Indians. I n view o f t h i s our contentions are as fol lows. The I nd ian Act, a p a r t from i t s relationship t o the treaties, i s i n i t s s imp les t form and purpose a codif ied sociological a f f a i r .

believe t h a t fundamentally the object of the Indian Act i s twofold. F i r s t l y , Crown through the treaties made cer ta in promises t o the people. order t o implement those promises i t was necessary to legislate o r create an Act respecting Ind ians , and the t r e a t i e s . Secondly, t o enact laws designed t o p r o t e c t and guide t h e Indian during the process of h i s adoption and a s s i m i l a t i o n o f the cu l tu re which the I n d i a n had t o assume and accept.

The assimilation by the Indian o f so-called western culture cannot be accomplished by regulat ion alone, b u t must be done i n a sympathetic, understanding and f i e d t r e a t i n g the Indians as Canadians a problem t o at tack , no t as a bunch o f savages who must be subju-gated and regimented i n order t o g e t them t o do anything.

To-day the condit ions are d i f f e r e n t from what they were i n those ear ly days. To-day and economi c frus-t r a t i on t end to create an tude o f dependency on the

the t h i s results i n feelings of i n f e r i o r i t y and inadequacy.

Chief made several recommendations. He urged tha t a d i s t i n c t i o n

be made between tribal and personal property, and that the latter be under the

control and of the i n d i v i d u a l I n d i a n t o develop dispose as he saw

Moreover, he questioned the ca l l for g r e a t e r for elected band

councils and noted a number of situations i n which autonomy might prove inadvisable

Final he questioned the value o f teaching a non-Indian i n Ind ian

schools, and of teaching t h e same curriculum throughout the country where needs o f

various bands were qu i t e different. 25

The Appendices t o the Minutes of Evidence fo r A p r i l 1947 contained a report by Justice Macdonal d o f the Supreme Court o f which a l s o dealt w i t h the correla t ion between t r ea ty provisions and t he Indian Act:

An Ind ian treaty, or for t h a t matter any formal arrange-ment entered w i t h a primitive and unlettered people, should n o t be construed according to s t r i c t o r technical

themsel ves.

f l 1

f r ty-f i I

p a r t i cul c r i sm 1 responsi l i '

S u ~ e r i n :

a1 ly

cea& que Xm~t,

a1 pr inci

CUXUA- quc ;t)lUbA) resul t

Crown, a f f l 27

Superi v i s-3-vi

determination

form

f

rules o f construction. So fa r as i t i s reasonably poss ible , i t should be read in t h e sense i n which i t i s understood by I n d i a n s

. . . The I n d i a n A c t i s loosely drawn and i s replete w i t h inconsistencies. I venture t o say t h a t exib i i t y rather than r i g i d i t y and e l a s t i c i t y rather than a s t r ic t and narrow view should govern i t s in te rpre ta t ion . 26

The Indian Association o f Alber ta ' s d e t a i l e d b r i e f was a l so appended t o the Minutes. Th i ve of t h e b r i e f ' s seventy- s ix p o i n t s spec i f i c a l l y con-

cerned t he I ndi an Act. One a r t i ci analyzed the dua b i ties

of the tendent-General

The p o s i t i o n of the Superintendent General i s an especi anomalous one, i n t h a t the Ac t purports t o require him t o a c t a s agent f o r the Crown, and a l so as rep resen ta t i ve o f the Indians. I t i s t rue t h a t theore t ica l ly , Indians are wards of the Crown, and as such, enjoy the benefi ts and advantages which t h e Crown may a f f o r d and extend t o them through i t s agents. To t h i s ex ten t , the Superintendent General, as agent of the Crown, may be deemed t o be i n a pos i t i on i n which he i s able t o extend such bene f i t s . B u t there a r e cases i n which a i .e . the person to benef i t from the existence of the trust ( i n the posit ion o f which the Indians may be deemed to be) are ent i t led t o advice and services a p a r t

together from those t o i t by a trustee ( i n this case, the Crown) . One of the pal d i fficul t i e s appears t o have ar i sen i n Ind ian A f f a i r s because the same person has sought t o a c t and represent t h e i n t e r e s t of bo th the Crown and t h e Ind ians (the trustee and the . The has been t h a t the Superintendent General, who has been placed i n t h i s incon-sistent position, has found i t impossible to advance the in terests of bo th parties a t the same t ime. He has, therefore, leaned heavi ly i n favour o f the i t being t h e stronger, more vocal and the more uent of t h e two p a r t i e s .

The l a rges t number o f cr i t i c i sms and recommendations dea l t with the role o f the

ntendent-General s band government. The b r ie f suggested t h a t the

Superintendent-General ' s "wide and discre t ionary powers" under the Act be

vested i n the Chiefs and Councillors. These powers i n c l u d e d

o f the o f council and the regulations i t could pass, d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f band

membership, and management o f band funds and reserve lands. The Assoc ia t ion

also recommended t h a t the power t o make regulations for sale o f produce and

disposal and descent of property should e i t h e r pass t o band councils or be

subject to legal appeal .28

139.. . .

u29

J ,H

I i

30

representati an Par1 ament

I n d i represen talion v i 1 Se Par1 i arnenl

more

Saskatcl~ewan

re-ernphasi

t i o n sement.

Comi recornmended

bands.33

"34 fel requi par1

Zealand. recommended be

1

1

"d id

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . 36 Kelly's

The Assoc ia t ion urged t h a t enfranchisement ought to be voluntary, on an

i n d i v i d u a l b a s i s and only upon app l ica t ion: "The I nd ian ' s b i r t h r i g h t i s h i s

pre fer red p o s i t i o n under Treaty , and the r i gh ts der i v ing therefrom cannot and

should n o t be i n t e r f e r e d w i t h , except upon t h e special a p p l i c a t i o n o f the i n d i v i dual concerned.

As e a r l y as 1944, Ooctor . Jacobs o f Caughnawaga had ca l l ed f o r a

statutory amendment t o f ac i la te appointment o f I nd ian personnel t o t he

Indian A f f a i r s Branch. I n 1947 the Union o f Saskatchewan Indians advocated

of I nd ian people i n i on a non-politic a l bas is .

an demands f o r i n the Branch, C i r v i ce and

showed t h e i r desire to have control over admin i s t ra t i on o f t h e i r own

a f fa i r s . 31

The submission o f the Ind ians matched closely the views,

c r i t i c i s m s and recommendations o f the A lbe r ta Assoc ia t ion . The Union n o t only

demanded increased autonomy f o r chiefs and counc i l lo rs , but a l s o diminished

authori ty for Indian A f f a i rs o f f i c i a l s a t O t t a w a . I t zed Indian

concern f o r p ro tec t ion o f t r e a t y ri ghts and t he i r opposi t o enfranchi

The Nat ive Brotherhood o f British Columbia, represented by Reverend

Peter Kelly, submitted a b r i e f in 1947 which dealt w i t h the p r i n c i p a l questions

o f the t t ee ' s terms o f reference. The Brotherhood t h a t membership

be determined by I t regarded t a x a t i o n o f na t i ve people as u n j u s t

because "they have no voice i n the a f f a i r s of the country; they are treated

as wards and minors. The Brotherhood t t h a t enfranchisement should n o t

be a rement f o r a t t a i n i n g r i g h t s o f c i t i zensh ip , and requested iamentary

representat ion s i m i l a r to tha t of the Maor is i n New I t that Indian educat ion be nondenominational and t h a t the present system

altered t o p rov ide g rea te r o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r Indians t o attend high school and

university. Final y , the Brotherhood concluded that Indians should assist in 35

framing and d r a f t i n g amendments t o the Act.

According t o an a r t i c l e i n The Vancouver Dai ly Province on May 1947,

P e t e r K e l l y t o l d the Committee there were t h ree kinds o f Indians: those who

took pride they were Ind ians , insisted upon remaining "nards of the Government" and not want any p a r t o f progress"; those who wanted the advantages, but

not the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f c i v i l i z a t i o n ; and those who recognized the price

of progress b u t were prepared to shoulder the views

32

a1 1 ies t i o n

rnd i 'I

la3'

f i l lment iga t ions ,

"39

"40

sirnil

Corn i t tee :

home.41

membership, expropr ia t ion .42

l i

had

Ind ian

Mcllwraith Diamond a l so

b u t

McIlwrai to1 d noul

man's 1145

141

were r e i t e r a t e d by the S i x Nat ions and other Ontar io Indians.

Various f a c t i o n s of t he S i x Nations contended t h a t they were independent

and nat ions wi th i n a nat ion. The hered i t a r v c h i e f s demanded aboli

o f the an Act . The rep resen ta t i ve o f the e l e c t e d counci , on t h e o t h e r

hand, suggested c e r t a i n amendments and changes i n po l i cy . 37

The Caughnawaga Indians s t ressed recogn i t i on o f t r e a t y rights. I n 1942

t h e i r Council had requested t h a t t h e i r o l d t r i b a l laws be restored i n place of

the Act, because "we ask noth ing more than a r i g h t t o en joy peace and freedom

as our fore fa thers ..,. They demanded "the res tora t ion o f o u r pr imord ia l

r i g h t s , the respect ion and f u l o f t r e a t y o b l [and) the

recogn i t i on as a sovereign na t i on . They charged t h a t the Act " i s too

d i c t a t o r i a1 and the powers vested i n the Ind ian agent and superintendent-general

are too a r b i t r a r y and a u t o c r a t i c, .. . They wanted the A c t abol ished.

The S t . Regis Ind ians expressed a r f e e l i n g s i n 1946. A year l a t e r , they r e i t e r e a t e d t h e i r p o s i t i o n t o the

With one accord, the c h i e f s and members o f our t r ibe want the ' I nd ian A c t ' taken away from o u r rese rva t i on . T h i s a c t f o r the compulsory enfranchisement o f the Ind ians , not only vio la tes our sacred agreements and t r e a t i e s b u t wh i l e i t stands - there i s no secur i t y o f t he Indian

Other Ontario Ind ians emphasized honouring the treaties , urged band con t ro l o f

and sought freedom f r o m t a x a t i o n and They d i f f e r e d ,

however, on the quest ion o f whether the p r o v i n c i a l o r federa l government should

have responsi b i t y f o r Indian educat ion and whether o r n o t church-operated

schools shoul d cont inue. 43

Both the submission o f the Ind ian Assoc ia t ion o f Manitoba and the b r i e f

of the Northwest Angle Treaty I n d i a n s focused on t rea ty promises. They too

contended t h a t t h e i r t r e a t i e s been v io la ted . The Assoc ia t ion resolved t h a t the

Act be abo l ished and t a x exemptions restored t o Ind ians . 44

Two pre-eminent an thropo log is ts , T.W. and Jenness, t e s t i f i e d a t the 1947 hearings. N e i t h e r made any s p e c i f i c recommendations regard-

i ng the Act , both viewed t h e reserve system as the single greatest obs tac le

t o Indians a t t a i n i n g s o c i a l and economic e q u a l i t y w i t h the Canadian community.

According t o one Toronto Globe and M a i l r e p o r t e r , t h the Committee

t h a t future government pol i c y d have t o take i n t o account t h a t " Indians

s lowly o r rapidly are going t o be draw i n t o t h e wh i te way o f l i f e .

. .

Jenness

soc i a1

i s h i n g chi1 dren

e . g .

commis~ion

gi comparab7e

1 ies .46

I4eseronto

"47 Jenners

Zealand

I n Committee

Di nuher a1 1

sub-comni

Numerous accepted

Comi r c ia1

C o m n s Senale

Commi t t e e

and thereunder.49

abol I n d i a n

suggested a p l a n which would a b o l i s h , w i t h i n twenty- five years,

separate political and s t a t u s f o r Indians:

1 . Change the present Indian educational system by separate Indian schools and p lac ing

i n t h e regular provincial schools.

2. Include the Ind ians (and Eskimos) i n a l l 'Reconstruct ion ' measures, those deal ing w i t h unemployment, pub l i c health, hea l th insurance and other phases o f social securi ty .

3 . Appoint immediately a o f three t o study the various I nd ian reservations t h r o u g h o u t the Dominion and t o advise on the best means o f abo l ish ing them, o f enfranchising the inhabitants and v ing them an economic s t a t u s w i t h t h a t o f t h e i r white neighbours.

4. Increase the educat ional f ac i i t o f the migratory northern Ind ians . .

Agent A.D. Moore from had w r i t t e n t o the M i n i s t e r i n January 1946

t h a t "i t d i d not appear too b i g a t a s k for t h i s country t o absorb t he entire Indian

populat ion w i t h i n the space o f four or f i v e generations, i n the same manner as i t

absorbs European races. supported this content ion by drawing upon

examples f r o m the Eskimos of Greenland and Siberia, t he Maoris o f New and

o t h e r groups.

1947 the heard evidence from the American Associate Commissioner

of Indian Affairs, t h e rector o f Ind ian Heal th Services, a large o f

Canadian Government o f f i c i s, i n te res ted organ iza t ions , churchmen and unaffi iated

Ind ians . A t t e e invest igated the s i t u a t i o n i n t he M a r i t i m e s where the

Branch "had done much t o improve the social and economic s t a t u s o f the Indians" 48since 1940. briefs were and over two thousand pages o f minutes

and proceedings printed.

The ssioners made twen t y - s i x recommendations i n thei fourth o f f i

report t o the House of and on 10 Ju ly 1947. Most related t o the

admin is t ra t ion o f the Department. As a means o f deal ing w i t h the grievances o f

Treaty Indians, the suggested.

That a Commission, i n the nature o f a Claims Commission, be s e t up w i t h the l ea s t possible delay t o enquiry i n t o the terms o f a l l Indian treaties, ..., and t o appraise and settle i n a j u s t equitable manner any claims o r grievances a r i s i n g

'

menhership 1e.ft

: infirmed

w i i n

1 i t t le

Cormittee

~ n d i a n s . "

anomal ies,

a1 1

revi

Committee recommends

sirnil

Committee t h g

Cornmi " t o

thernsel ,,

The questions o f band and enfranchisement, however, were for

further consideration dur ing the 1948 session.

The Committee recommended t h a t the m a t t e r o f I n d i a n education be g iven

further cons idera t ion . I t suggested tha t immediate steps be taken t o p l a c e

educational matters en t i re ly under the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e Branch. I t a lso

urged t ha t hospita ls and nursing stat ions be b u i l t i n t he North and tha t s t a t u t o r y

provis ions be made for the care o f aged, and b l i n d Indians. 50

The Commi t tee reconvened i n 1948 t h the same terms o f reference as

1946 and 1947. I t held l e s s meetings, heard fewer wi tnesses, and held many

p r i v a t e sessions. Consideration was given t o the recommendations and suggestions

advanced during the previous sessions. The printed Minutes o f Evidence conta in

record o f the discussions which took place.

The made two substant ive reports. On 6 May 1948 i t recommended

t h a t vot ing pr iv i leges i n Federal elections be granted to On 22 June

1948, i t submitted i t s recommendations regarding the Ind ian Act . Many anachronisms,

and contradictions were found i n the Act:

Your Committee deems i t adv isab le that , w i t h few except ions, sections o f the Act be e i t h e r repealed or amended. The

Law Off icers o f the Crown would, of course, need t o make other necessary and consequential sions and rearrangements o f the Act which, when thus rev ised , should be presented t o Parliament as soon as possible, but n o t later than the next session.

Your t h a t immediately P a r l i a m e n t next reassembles a Special J o i n t Committee be consti tuted w i t h powers a r t o those granted your Committee on 9th February l a s t and t h a t t h e r e be referred t o t h e said Special

t he draft B i l l t o revise Indian Act presently before the Law Officers of the Crown. 2

make poss ib le the

gradual t r a n s i t i o n o f Indians f r o m wardship to c i t i z e n s h i p and t o help them 53

The t t e e observed t h a t r e v i s i o n s were necessary

t o advance ves.

The r e p o r t a l s o contained proposals which, although they d e a l t with

the Act , were no t w i t h i n the 1946 terms o f reference. The Committee nevertheless

recommended:

from

I n d i a n 21

wmbers

b i 1 i

1 ;

I d )

betterment ;

( e ) recommended

g)

(h) a1 1 w f

t

I a - convi I

55 Cornmi

enfranchisenent ari 1 1 5

( a ) That the revised A c t contain p r o v i s i o n s t o p r o t e c t i n j u s t i c e and e x p l o i t a t i o n such I n d i a n s as are

n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y advanced to manage t h e i r own a f f a i r s .

(b ) That women o f the f u l l age of years be granted t h e r i g h t t o vote for the purpose o f elect-i n g Band Council lors and a t such o t h e r t imes as the

o f the band are r e q u i r e d t o decide a matter by vo t ing thereon;

( c ) That greater responsi t y and more progress ive measures o f s e l f government of Reserve and Band a f f a i r s be granted t o Band Councils, t o assume and carry out such responsi b i it i e s

That f i n a n c i a l assistance be granted t o Band Councils t o enable them t o undertake, under supervis ion, p r o j e c t s for the physical and economic of the Band members

That such Reserves as become s u f f i c i e n t l y advanced be then f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n w i t h t h e terms o f the Munic ipal Acts o f the province i n which they are s i t u a t e ;

( f ) That the offence and penalty sections o f the Indian Act be made equitable and brought i n t o conformity w i t h s i m i l a r sect ions i n the C r im ina l Code or other s ta tu tes ;

That the Ind ians be accorded t he same r i g h t s and be liable t o the same pena l t i es as o t h e r s w i t h regard t o the consumption o f i n t o x i c a t i n g beverages on licensed premises, but there shall be no manufacture, sale or consumpti on, i n o r on a Reserve, of " i n t o x i c a n t s " w i t h i n t h e meaning o f the I n d i a n Act;

o f f i c i a l s d e a l i n g That i t be the duty and responsibility o f

t h Indians t o a s s i s t them t o a t t a i n t h e f u l l r i g h t s and assume the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f Canadian ci t izenship. . 9 4

The Committee's 22 June 1948 r e p o r t contained a number o f suggestions

proposed t h a t i n order t o resolve the quest ion o f band membership, statutory d e f i n i t i o n of " Indian" had t o be redef ined accord ing t o present condi t ions . The

proposal r e i n f o r c e d Departmental S o l i c i t o r Cory 's e a r l i e r c t i o n tha t the A c t ' s

legal d e f i n i t i o n o f " I n d i a n s " had t o be changed t o remove a great deal o f admin-

i s t r a t i v e d i f f i c u l t y . The t t e e a l so recommended t h a t t h e A c t ' s sec t ions on

taxat ion and be cl f ied. I t advocated, however, t h a t the i a b i i ty

o f I n d i a n s t o pay tax on income earned o f f reserve should be continued.

Comni t voting woul pub1

56 advi

recomnended

I

F

admini stration k t . 58 anticf pated

"moral gation"

i Domini

i k

"60 Cornittee recomlnended 9

trap1 - f ? - B -

i p r o g r a m s more comnuni ty . A

and - 3 j -

of introduced the - -

1950, sirnuItaneously A

A

w i Par1 iamen t I p

month. r4 - - - -

Bill 8 recomndations B i t 1 j

- - - -

The ttee fel that the privilege o f i n federal e lect ions d help encourage young Indians t o take an interest i n i c a f f a i r s , and f o s t e r

a greater appreciation of Indian problems by the general public. I t red the Commons and Senate that a r e v i s e d Indian Act should prohibit non-Indians from

trespassing on reserves, and education revisions and pensions for Indians, 57

The Committee supported establishment of a Select Standing Committee on

Indian A f f a i r s , i n conjunction with t h e appointment of Advisory Boards, t o

ensure b e t t e r o f the Ind ian While i t eventual I n d i a n a s s i m i l a t i o n and the need t o lessen t h e i r special protect ion, i t s t i l l recognized that Canada had a responsib i l i ty" and "legal obl i to provide Indians with a l l necessary social services. 59

In ts f inal r e p o r t , the Committee advocated co-operation between on

and Provincial o f f i c i a l s "to b r i n g about the future economic assimilation o f

Indians i n t o the body p o l i t i c . The t h a t t h e next

Dominion-Provi ncial Conference consider matters of Ind ian education, health and

social services, fur conservation and development o f i n e s, provincial f i s h

and game l a w s , provincial liquor legis lat ion -, and val idi ty of Ind ian marriages. I t suggested t ha t f i n a n c i a l arrangements be made to b r i n g Indians under p r o v i n c i a l

and l eg i s la t ion to encourage Indians t o participate i n the

The I n d i a n Act amendments of 1927 1930 had a t ready made moves i n t h i s d i rect ion,

i n particular the application o f certain provincial laws t o Indians and reserves.

The M i n i s t e r Cit izenship and Immigration, W.E. Harris,

proposed Act as Bi l l 267 on 7 June Copies were sent to

agents and bands f o r comment t h passage by scheduled t o take place a t the e n d o f the It was obvious t o many Members, the press and Indians

t h a t there was not enough t i m e for consul tat ions with native people. Approximately

two weeks was i n su f f i c i en t for them t o consider the and make suggestions.

Their could not be incorporated in to the Draft before the

session ended, 62

61

AND

fac i ' i

membershi a r i consol i

extremly years .63

local

B i l l

r ecomnda t ion

"64

B i 7 7 a1 "objectionable"

membershio.

he1 1 par1 iamentary Blackmore,

Meher

Cornittee's

act."66

wqrdshi ,,

of

Indian

re1 themsel mre l a i d

b i l i I n d i a n s

BILL 267 BILL 79

The main p o i n t s o f Bill 267 were a new def ini t ion o f " Indian" , c rea t ion

of an Indian Register t o i t a t e determinat ion o f I nd ian s ta tus and band

p, and cl f i cat ion and d a t i o n o f many sec t ions which had

become cumbersome over the These inc luded the sect ions on

l and and money management, admin i s t ra t i on of e s t a t e s and government.

The l i b e r a l i z e d the 1927 A c t ' s l i q u o r l aws on t he Special J o i n t

Committee's tha t Indians "be accorded the same r i g h t s and be

l i a b l e t o t he same pena l t i es as others w i t h regard t o t he consumption o f i n t ox -

i c a t i n g beverages on licensed premises. Despite Ind ian p ro tes ts a t the

and band

Committee hearings, t he 1950 re ta ined an " i n v o l u n t a r y enfranchisement" clause.

I t so contained cl auses which concerned Government exp rop r ia t i on

of reserve lands and exclusion of fu tu re "quarter-bloods" from Ind ian status 65

Both Indians and the Oppos i t i on demanded that cons idera t ion o f B i l l 267 be

d over un ti t h e nex t session. More debate ensued over the B i l l ' s content than ove r its l a t e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o the House. John

the Socia l C r e d i t for Lethbridge, Alberta, complained t h a t the B i l l showed

l i t t l e s ign o f the th ree years o f hard work: "I look i n t o the b i l l ,

but . . . am sorry t o say t h a t I have found no evidence o f anything i n the b i l l

t o help the Indians to h e l p themselves beyond what we had i n the old

He questioned the M i n i s t e r ' s fa i lure t o inc lude many o f the Committee's recommend-a t i o n s i n t he B i l l , such as establishment o f a claims commission and a formula f o r t he

gradual b u t continuous t r a n s i t i o n of Ind ians " from p t o c i t i z e n s h i p . 6 7

The Minister outlined the general i n t e n t the Bill i n terms o f t he former and cur rent goals of A f f a i r s policy and l e g i s l a t i o n :

The underlying p r i nc i p l es o f Indian l e g i s l a t i o n through the years have been protect ion and advancement o f the Indian populat ion. In the ear l i er period the main emphasis was on p r o t e c t i o n , But as t he Ind ians become more s e l f -

i a n t and capable o f successful ly adapting ves t o modem cond i t ions , emphasis i s be ing on greater p a r t i c i p a t i o n and responsi ty by i n the conduct

administration zenshf 1

comuni

a1

i m d i a t e

mdernizes l eg i sl at ion .68

B i l l from'Glenls

I at ion"

ve

,, 70

ve B i 11 a1 ter- at ion

more

r e c o m n d a t i o n s

B i 11 u l mately inten t i o n

1950:

appeawd

l eg i s la t 52

o f t h e i r own a f f a i r s . Indeed, i t may be sa id t h a t eve r since confederation the underlying purpose o f Ind ian

has been t o prepare the Indians f o r f u l l c i ti p wi th the same r i g h t s and responsib i iti es as those enjoyed and accepted by other members o f the t y . Th is aim has not been lost s igh t o f i n the preparation o f the b i l l .

The u l t imate goal o f our Indian po l i c y i s the in tegra t ion o f the Indians i n t o the general l i f e and economy o f the country. I t i s recognized, however, tha t dur ing a temp-orary t r a n s i t i o n period of varying l e n g t h , depending upon the circumstances and stage o f development o f d i f f e r e n t bands, speci t rea tment and l e g i s l a t i o n are necessary.

A t t h e same t i m e i t is no t claimed t h a t the b i l l w i l l provide so lu t ion t o a l l the problems o f t h e Indians. The

b i l l i s what i t purports t o be, a rev is ion o f t h e Indian Act based on an appraisal o f condi t ions as they really a re and a re-examination o f the provis ions of the present ac t i n the l i g h t o f these condit ions, a b i l l which and improves ex i s t i ng

The overall a i m o f t h i s d i f f e r e d l i t t l e approach i n 1946. Four

years l a te r , however, many Ind ians equated " integrat ion" w i t h " ass imi 69and strongly opposed t h a t ob jec t i .

To "friends o f the Indians", B i l l 267 was a "vast disappointment.

Conservati Member John Diefenbaker denounced the as merely an

o f some of the provisions o f t h e Indian Act t o make a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

o f f i c i a l s powerful than they every had been since 1880. He condemned

the B i l l as cont rad ic t ing the o f the Special J o i n t Committee o f

7 946-48.

267 was ti withdrawn w i t h the o f r e d r a f t i n g i t and in t roducing a new B i l l the next session. Plans were also made f o r a meeting

w i t h various Ind ian representa t ives a t the t i m e o f i t s re- in t roduct ion l o Parliament

Th i s was i n l i n e w i t h P r i m e M in i s te r S t . Laurent's statement on 5 May

The department f e l t . . .. t h a t i t would be desirable t ha t the b i l l be given f i r s t reading and be d is t r ibuted, and then t h a t a s u f f i c i e n t lapse o f t i m e be allowed so interested ch ie fs and other members o f t h e i r bands may see what i t contains and make representations ... I f i t t h a t they would pre fe r no t t o have i t adopted a t t h i s session but r a t h e r t o have fur ther discussions w i th them

an

and f u r t h e r consideration of t h e t h e i r views would be given sympathetic consideration.

'on,

i n

Colurrbia,

and M a r i t i m e s . Oeputy

a ? ?

proceedings,

unanimous.

118 rnajority

were opposed.73

Harr-is

opposed m a j o r i t y presen t .74 Two

of

twu e i

exernptiotis Indian

t h e former Ind ians . v o t i n s

n o t

i l ldings

t o sumnary the o f

a1 o f

p e n i t them 1 iquor reserve.77

a1 lotment compositjon

requi

The meeting took p lace O t t a w a between 28 February and 3 March 1951.

I n attendance were nineteen representatives, f i v e from Ontario, four from

B r i t i s h three f rom Saskatchewan, two from Manitoba, Alberta, and

Quebec, one f r o m the In a d d i t i o n , the Minister and the

Minister attended the meetings.

A summary of these appended t o the House o f Commons Debates

o f 16 March 1951, revealed t h a t " there was suppor t f o r 103 sec t ions

o f the b i l l . Opin ions varied wi th respect t o the remaining sections . . . . s e c t i o n s were supported by the o f those present; only 6 sections

opposed by a majo r i t y o f t h e representa t ives and o f these, 2 were unanimously Although Senator Reid corroborated these o f f i c i a l

f igures on 2 3 May 1951, declared ear l i e r that on ly fou r sections were

by a o f the Ind ians preliminary reports also d i f f e red on these s t a t i s t i c s , b u t contained l i s t s the sec t ions opposed by

one o r more o f the representatives. 75

The sec t ions unanimously opposed, numbers ghty-si x and one hundred

and twelve respect ively , concerned t a x and enfranchisement,

r ep resen ta t i ves thought d i d no t go f a r enough i n providing t a x

exemptions for They argued t h a t privileges under the Dominion

Elections Act shoul d be c o n d i t i o n a l upon w a i v i n g t h e i r t a x exemption. 76

They a l l objec ted t o invo luntary enfranchisement based upon the f o f a

Board of Inquiry.

According the o f f i c i a l of proceedings the conference,

four of t h e s i x sections opposed by a majori ty o f t h e representatives con-

cerned sale and possession o f i n t o x i c a n t s . The Ind ians o f f e red t h r e e t e r n a t i ves:

c o n t i n u a t i o n o f p r o h i b i t i o n ; a p p l i c a t i o n provincial laws t o Indians; and a

compromise measure, suggested i n section ninety- f ive , which would allow Indians

t o consume i n t o x i c a n t s i n p u b l i c places according to p r o v i n c i a l laws, bu t not

to take onto a The conference reached no consensus

on the matter.

Fewer t h a n s i x representatives objected

not e n t i t l e d t o be registered as " I n d i a n s " ,

the system, management o f I

t o the provisio

possession o f

,

ns concerning persons reserve lands under

and tenure o f

Band Councils, and the red percentage o f assent ing band votes for i n d i v i d u a l

e n f r a n ~ h i s e m e n t . ' ~

I t f f e r i n g

fferences the 11 - 7 5

r i gh t s were

a1 1

Parl iawnt ' s b i l I .

Snterference. conf ront jng

mantime ,,a2

tat ion

1951

1

Z lndi ans

pub1

House

new

Opposition t o these sect ions generally reflected band

or regional in te res ts and local ized suspicion o f a p a r t i c u l a r law:

I t was ev ident from the discussion t h a t the problem o f Ind ian a f f a i r s v a r i e d greatly f r o m reserve t o reserve.

was recognized that the Ind ians o f the several provinces appeared t o have d i rights and experiences, and tha t these d i accounted f o r the variety o f view oints expressed towards par t icu la r sections of b i

The Minis ter noted t h a t the m o s t important Indian concerns were t r e a t i e s and

t r e a t y The Indians informed that while changes might not be

made i n cases where they had ob jec t ions , t h e i r representations would receive 81at tent ion during the la t te r stages o f the Indian

H a r r i s t o l d the Commons t h a t t h e Ind ians wanted t o r e t a i n t h e i r pr iv i leges

yet be completely f ree o f government The Minister concluded tha t the problem the Branch was how " t o maintain the balance o f

administration o f the I n d i a n Act i n such a way as t o g i v e self-determination

and self-government as t he circumstances may warrant to a17 Indians in Canada

b u t . . . i n the .. . have the l e g i s l a t i v e authority t o a f f o r d any

necessary pro tec t ion and assistance.

An important consideration was t h a t these Indian consul meetings were the f i r s t ones ever held. Opposition Member Douglas Harkness noted t h i s

f a c t i n the House on 2 A p r i l

b e l i e v e t he steps taken t o o b t a i n the views of the Indians were extremely important as far as the psychological ef fect upon the Indians themselves was concerned. They feel they are i n on the t h i n g now, that they have been consul ted, and t h a t some weight has been given t h e i r opinions. I f any Indian a c t i s t o work think one o f the essentials i s t h a t the

themselves have some confidence i n i t , and are able to feel t h a t they had a hand i n framing

His statement ref lected i c fee l ing i n 7946 t h a t the Act had overlooked the potent ia l and special a p t i t u d e s o f Indians, t h a t they would f a l l i n t o a s t a t e

o f decadence unless they were t reated with greater understanding, and t h a t the

future o f nat ive people would be decided by themselves. 84

On 2 Apri l 1951 a Special Committee was appointed t o consider the

B i l l , number 79. The Committee convened between April 12 and 30. I t made

:

I ,

1 1

two "85

by House Cornit tee

B i l l

1951. 1951

mai legi s l at ion, i

'1876 powers 1 ' url

"87

Bil l

rese'rves.

band."89

incwasingly particularly

few changes t o the B i l but d isagreed w i t h a number of sections. Rather than

prolong debate on t h e sect ions under d i s p u t e , the Committee returned the B i

t o the House on 30 A p r i l w i t h the proviso " t h a t f u r t h e r consideration be given

t o t h e Indian Act i n years t i m e . Harris claimed i n t he Debates o f

15 May 1951 t h a t the amendments made the were o f a legal

n a t u r e , d i w c t e d towards making the Act clearer and i t s admin is t ra t ion s impler .

He contended, moreover, t h a t i n every instance the Indians were granted greater

opportunity f o r sel f-government.86

After three consecutive days o f debate, the House passed the on

17 May On 5 June i t was sanctioned by the Senate and on 20 June

received royal assent.

THE I N D I A N ACT, R .S .C . 1952, c . 149

The new Ind ian Act d i d not d i f f e r i n many respects from previous l eg i s la t ion .

The n elements o f the e a r l i e s t Dominion .e. p r o t e c t i o n o f

I n d i a n lands f rom a l i ena t ion and I n d i a n property from depredation, provision f o r a form o f local government , me t h a d s of ending Indian s t a t u s , were preserved i n tac t .

However, not since the Ac t had the o f the Superintendent-General

or M i n i ster appeared so im i ted . Under the new Act, the Minister s j sdic t i on was

reduced t o a "supervisory ro le , b u t w i t h veto power. According t o Senator Reid,

the Minister had the power t o i n i t i a t e a c t i o n i n seventy-eight sections o f the

previous Act. B i l l 267 (1950) reduced t h i s t o twenty sections. 79 continued

only twenty-six clauses g i v i n g such powers t o t h e M i n i s t e r , 88

The M i n i s t e r ' s intervention i n most band and personal matters now required approval by the I n d i a n s . Band had greater autonomy i n the management o f t h e i r

H i s t o r i a n John Tobias has n o t e d : "As many as f i f t y sections and sub-sections were deleted from they were antiquated or tooe a r l i e r Acts because

res t r ic t ive on indiv iduals o f the

Since the e a r l i e s t l e g i s l a t i o n , the r e s t r i c t i v e sections o f the Indian Act

had become complicated, i n respect t o intoxicants.

perfom -

I-odeos.

amndments -

1951 V I

191

the

i cies S i 01 i ver 's ly

-90

1

comnuni

1

in'

governmnt ~ c t . 92 "rnuni cipal I' counci 1 s

WE s .

remained

1 1

Indians had also been forbidden to certa in ceremonies and dances,

sell t h e i r produce o r stock without Agent permission, and had required per-

mission t o attend f a i r s and As l a t e as 1941, the Government had

enacted t o regulate Ind ian t rade i n furs across Canada. These

sec t ions , with the exception o f t h e l a t te r which was amended by section seventy-

two, were excl uded from t h e s tatute ( 1 5 George , chapter 29).

For t he most part, these r e s t r i c t i o n s had been added t o the Act between 1890 and 8. A t t h a t t ime, the Department tended t o view the slow advancement o f Indians towards "responsible c i t i zenship" as an impediment to growth and development of Canada. Measures t o u t i l i z e Indian lands more productively, to reduce tr ibal pract ices and protect goods given them by Government c h a r a c t e r i z e d

the pol of fton 's and admin is t ra t ion . This approach eventual

changed t o a b e l i e f that Indians could manage their affairs and l a n d s wi thout

direct government supervision. Thus the 1951 A c t removed prov is ions respecting

expropriat ion and removal o f reserves a d j o i n i n g towns and leasing of reserve lands t o non- Indians. Nevertheless, it r e t a i n e d a conditional permit system

for sale or barter o f animals and farm produce by Ind ians on reserves i n Western Canada.

The sections dealing wi th e s t a t e s and the descent o f property, haphazardly

enacted since 1880, were simplified t o reduce c o n f l i c t w i th provincial l e g i s l a t i o n

The in ten t , however, was the same - to ensure t h a t dependents were provided for

and t h a t no real property on a reserve would pass i n t o the hands of a person not ent i t l ed to reside on the reserve. 9

Parliament had passed the I n d i a n Advancement A c t i n 1884 to promote integra-

t i o n o f Indian t i es with the rest o f Canadian society through greater se l f -government. This Act and ater amendments had become P a r t Two o f the consolidated I n d i a n Act 1906. I n t he 1951 Act , these provisions were combined w i t h the

sect ions o f Part One on the elect ion o f chiefs and counci ls t o become t he local

p o r t i o n o f the new The powers accorded to in the Advancement Act extended t o band council

Despite argument to the contrary, the powers of the M i n i s t r y and Governor-in-Council formidable. Administrat ion of over h a l f o f the Ac t was a t

the d iscret ion o f the Minister or Governor- in-Counci , the a t t e r being empowered

a1 1 i n d i v i d u a l

enfrahchisement,

ui thout

j n 1922 f n

semn i agressi "assirnil a t i o n " " c i t i zenshi p"

1880 I n 1 most

i ;

1 i t t l e

l e d s t ,

Par1 i a m n t

--

- t e ly Y 3

Immigration

Pickersgi71

o f t a we1 1 &haps wre ."96

t l c k e t s ,

ture

D i ' servali Tn-dians

as "98 In r e s t r i c t i a n r

to declare any or p a r t s o f the Ac t inapplicable t o any band or 93

Indian, subject only t o another statute o r t reaty .

In respect to t h e arbitrary power o f t h e M i n i s t e r t o

p e t i t i o n the Governor-in-Council to declare an Indian enfranchised

h i s consent (enacted i n 1920, repealed and re-enacted i n 1933 a

milder form) was absent from t h e 1951 Act. In every other respect, the

enfranchi t process remained the same.

The Government's ve and pol i c i e s

a f t e r had not been as successful as expected. s p i t e o f the special p r o h i b i t i o n s they faced under the Act , Indians refused t o surrender their separate l e g a l s ta tus , treaty r i g h t s , and privileges to take on the responsi b i l t i e s

o f c i t i z e n s h i p . I f the Ind ian Act d i d indeed- govern the.r e l a t i o n s h i p .between

lndians and Canadian society a t l a rge , i t would seem t h a t had changed i n

ne i ther of the parties to the relationship acknowledged changes to the e x t e n t t h a t new l e g i s l a t i o n was necessary to cope

94

that relationship by 1951. A t

w i t h them.

Similar t o i t s predecessors, the 1951 Act required some c l a r i f i c a t i o n

and rev is ion. During the next decade passed certain amendments t o

c lar i fy the statute. Amendments i n 195.3 dealt with loans t o Ind ians f o r purchase of farm equipment and for bringing new l and under c u l t i v a t i o n . They also

concerned the sale and patent o f surrendered lands as well as the right t o

s e i minerals or other resources unlawful taken from reserves.

Amendments i n 1956 were, as the Mini ster o f Citizenship and

advised t h e Commons on 24 July 7956, intended "to t idy up a

few p o i n t s t h a t i n the course administration, proved n o t be as drafted

as i t was thought they when the Act was passed i n 1951 They

J.W.

d e a l t with v e r i f i c a t i o n o f Indian s t a t u s , appl i ca t ion o f the A c t , membership of i l l e g i t i m a t e chi ldren , band transfers and admissions, l o c a t i o n land-surrenders, expendi and recovery o f Indian funds, enfranchisement, schools and

i n t o x i c a n t s . 97

I n 7958 John efenbaker s Con ve Government advocated giving the Federal f ranchise to w i t h o u t endangering any o f t h e i r treaty r i g h t s o r other privileges.

However, the only amendment passed that year concerned persons entitled to be

registered "Indians. 1960, against residents o f reserves

v o t i n g i n federal e lec t ions were repealed.99

. . 152

l a x a t l o n

I n

An Indian's r i g h t t o vote a t federal e lec t ions wi thout w a i v i n g h i s

exemption from marked a d e f i n i t e change i n the " c i t i z e n s h i p 1' p o l i c i e s

o f former administrations. I t was a s i g n i f i c a n t step in g i v i n g Ind ians a

greater voice managing t h e i r own affairs .

TNO

1867-1876

I . Vic, 42 ) , 91-100:

l n d i a n

U i c , c a p . l 5 1 ) , pp.

V ic , sement Indi

3 1 s t

H. 2 Par1 ., 19751, Apr. 1869.

V i c ,

Vic, 181, ( 7 7 Geo. 98), Vo l . Cumming

eds., pp. 8-9.

7 . CP, Vic ,

R G l O R.S.), Vol . I (~apanee)

9. CP, Vic, 18), Vic,

Revised o f Geo. 9, 14

p p .

12. Vic. 187'1)

~ e ~ ~ t ~ - ~ u ~ e r i n t e n d e n t - ~ e n e ~ a l , N i l l i a m Spragge, 1871.

1967) , 19361,

PART

THE POST-CONFEDERATION P E R I O D

CHAPTER FOUR

Canadian Ind ian P o l i c y I n i t i a t i v e s :

CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (31 cap. 22 May 1868, pp. An Act p rov id ing f o r the o r g a n i s a t i o n o f the Department o f t h e Secretary o f S t a t e of Canada, and f o r t he management o f and Ordnance Lands.

2. I b i d . ( 2 3 30 June 1860, 664-65: An A c t r e s p e c t i n g the Managment of I n d i a n Lands and Property.

3. I b i d . (32- 33 c a p . 6 ) , 22 June 1869, pp. 22-27: An Act for the gradual enfranchi o f ans, t h e b e t t e r management of l n d i a n Affairs, and t o extend the provisions of t h e A c t V i c t o r i a , chapter 42

4. See CP, o f C. Debates, Sess., 1 1869, (Ottawa: Information Canada, pp. 83-85: I nd ian Affairs, 27

5. I b i d . (32-33 cap . 6), p. 2 3 .

6. See i b i d . (39 cap. p. 43; Revised S t a t u t e s o f Canada 1927 V, cap. 2 , p. 2167: An A c t respec t i ng Ind i ans ;

and Mickenberg N a t i v e R igh ts ,

Statutes o f Canada (32-33 c a p . 6 ) , p. 23 .

8. PAC R G l O Red S e r i e s , 1934, f i l e 3541: Chairman, General Indian Counci 16 June 1872.

See S t a t u t e s o f Canada (39 cap. p p . 43-44; (37 cap. 20) 26 May 1874, p. 140: An Act r e s p e c t i n g t he a p p r o p r i a t i o n of c e r t a i n Dominion Lands i n Manitoba.

10. See CP, S t a t u t e s Canada 1952 (16 V I ) , App. 3, C o n s t i t u t i o n a l Ac ts and Documents, No. pp. 6237-41: A r t i c l e o f t he Order o f Her Majesty i n Counc i l Admi t t ing R u p e r t ' s Land and the North-Western T e r r i t o r y i n t o t h e Union, 23 June 1870.

11 . See CP, I n d i a n Treaties and Surrenders, Vol . 1 : pp. 282-321; Vol . 2: 16-48, 56, 62, 127, 254.

C P , Sessional Papers No. 23 (34 Annual R e p o r t f o r 1870 o f t h e

13. See W.L. Morton, Manitoba: A H i s t o r y , 2 ed. (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y o f t he Toronto Press, p p . 121-50; G.F.G. Stanley, The B i r t h o f Western Canada (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto Press, 1960, c. p p . 44-86.

( h e r e a f t e r c i t e d as t o the M i n i s t e r o f the Interior,

I n d i a n Branch o f the Depar tment o f t h e Secretary o f S t a t e f o r the Provinces, p. 4 : Report of t he 2 Feb.

. 154

I

i V i c , 31, pp.

toamend cont inue

f

- H. Thomas McClelland & ~tewart,=19; His to ry , 121-56;

Western

Vic, 16), 14

Vic.) I x x x i v - c v i i

Pub1 i c :RG10, ~rchiv-975, B . S . ,Val. 3605,file

kmorandum Mani Canada,30 Apr. Yol.

( ~ e p u t y ) M i l 1 iam Memo Sprag July 1873;RG&Ser. I ,

Orders- in-Councl l , R G 2 - 1 , 1 4 j .

9 R G I O B.S., Vol.

Supt.-Gen. Spragge,

Vic, 20), pp. Vi

21) , laws

B.S., RGlO R . S . , Gi l k i son ' s

Law: Sejected -, --

1663-1972 (Toronlo:McClel1and & Stewart,l975),

C a i l , Land,Man Q r i t i s h p . fns.

Col w i t h ( V i c t o r ! Wol fenden, pp,

Comissioner W . Trutch Encl ~i 11 fam

1867 B.C. ." Quarter1 Vol (Apr .

~ i c ) x l -1 i B r i Col urnbia

kern, 17

Atty.-Gen. Walkem,

See CP, S ta tu tes o f Canada (33 cap . 1 2 May 1870, 25-26: r

An A c t and the A c t 32 and 33 V i c t o r i a chapter 3; and t o e s t a b l i s h and prov ide for t h e Government o f the Province o f Manitoba.

See Chester M a r t i n , "Dominion Lands" Po l icy , ed. Lewis (Toronto: Morton, Manitoba: A pp.

Stanley, B i r t h o f Canada, pp. 107-25..

I b i d . ( 3 4 cap. Apr . 1871, pp. 84-85: An A c t t o make f u r t h e r p rov i s i on f o r the government o f t h e Northwest Territories.

I b i d . , 16 May 1871, p r i n t e d i n 1872 (35 , pp. : Order- in-Counci l r espec t i ng the Prov ince o f B r i t i s h Columbia and Schedule.

See Peter Gill i s ed., Records D i v i s i o n General Inventory Ser ies No. 2 O t t awa , Pub l i c p . 2 ; PAC, R G l O 2903:

from t h e delegates o f t h e toba Government t o the Government of the Dominion of 1873; 3603, f i l e 2014: Alexander Campbell (M in is te r of t h e I n t e r i o r ) t o Superintendent-General Spragge ( te legram) , 24 June 1873; f i l e 2124: of Campbell t o e , 10

Privy Council 14, 16 June 1873 hereafter c i t e d as O/C P . C .

PAC, 3605, f i l e 2921: Deputy M i n i s t e r of t he I n t e r i o r E.A. Meredith t o Deputy 4 Feb. 1874.

CP, Sta tu tes o f Canada (37 cap. 26 May 1874, 140-42: An Act respec t i ng t he a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f c e r t a i n Dominion Lands i n Mani toba; ( 3 7 c , cap. 26 May 1874, pp. 142-47: An Act to amend cer ta in respect ing Indians, and t c extend certain Laws relating to m a t t e r s connected w i t h Indians t o t h e Provinces o f Manitoba and British Columbia.

See PAC, R G l O Vol. 3605, f i l e 2921: Ind ian B i l l o f 1874: V o l . 1928, f i l e 3281: Agent annotated copy o f t he 1874 Ind ian B i l l .

Derek G. Smith, ed., Canadian Ind ians and the Documents, p . 81 (Extract]: Order o f Her

Majesty i n Council Admit t ing British Columbia i n t o t he Union, 16 May 1871.

Robert E. and the Law, Vancouver, U n i v e r s i t y of Columbia Press , 1974, 186 2, 3. B r i t i s h umbi a Government, Papers Connected the I n d i a n Land Quest ion 1850-1875 a: Richard Government P r i n t e r , 1875) , 41-43: Chief of Lands and Works Joseph t o the A c t i n g Colonial Secretary w i t h ., 28 Aug. 1867; p . 45:' Colonial Secretary A.G. Young t o Trutch, 6 Nov. ( h e r e a f t e r c i t e d as Govt., Ind ian Land Quest ion); W. Garland Foster, "British Columbia Indian Lands P a c i f i c Northwest y,

. 28 1937) , pp. 153-55.

CP, Sessional Papers 1876 (39 , No. 9, Report o f the Department o f the Interior, pp. v i ii : Report o f t he Government o f t ish on the Subject of I n d i a n Reserves by t h e Provincial Attorney-General George A . Wal

Aug. 1875; B.C. Govt., I n d i a n Land Question, p. 117 (Copy): P r i v y Council Committee Report, 21 Mar. 1873; B.C. Executive Counci l , Prov. Geo. A . Repor t o f the Government o f B r i t i s h Columbia on the Subject o f I n d i a n Reserves

V o l . I.W. Powel 1, Mf n i s t e r

vol. 3756-1: Powell vol.

Apr. 1875; LandsMpp. 156-57;

Co rn i t t ees Commns fnto Cla ims A1 l f r i b e s B r i Co'lumbi

19- 1927), p . ( E x t r a c t ) : ~ i e u t . - G O V . -- 1926-27.

B.S., Vol. 3608, Cornni PC. 1 074

Cai l , B . S . , V o l . Plemrandum 1874;

1875-1880," H: storical Edmnton Gi 1 1 Mortirner 19751, 80-82.

S p r o a t :lev. pp .

157-62.

C o m m i t t ~ e

26A, 1872; vol : pp. 282-85.

Govt., CP, 1: pp. 303-08; the

4 Tonon t o : Be1 G Pub1 Go.,

Vol. p. 303-08; Cuming Rights. . in

Pub1 124-25. P

I n d i a n Vo7. pp.

b

RG2-1, Dec. 1875) D/C k c . O / C 1973; 0/6

Feb,

RG10, Vol . 1371 Kerr encl memorandum -Gen.

Hhr. 1871; Mackenzie Wol G.H.M.

Apr.

See PAC, R G l O R . S . , 3605, f i l e 2907: P rov inc ia l Secretary John Ash t o 28 June 1873: Powell t o o f the In ter ior , 31 J u l y 1873;

Powell t o Ash, 2 3 Aug. 1873; 3611, f i l e to Ash, 15 Aug. 1874; 3621, f i l e 4825: "Firs t P r o v i n c i a l Parliament o f B r i t i s h Columbia" , excerp t f r o m The Daily Standard, 20 F o s t e r , " B r i t i s h Columbia Indian CP, Proceedings, Reports and Evidence, Session 1926-27. Spec ia l o f t he Senate and House o f meeting i n J o i n t Session t o Inquire the o f t h e i e d o f tish asa Set For th i n Thei r P e t i t i o n Submitted t o Par l iament i n June K i n g ' s Printer, 6 C P , Jo in t Committee Report

PAC, RGlO f i l e 3129: Copy o f a Report o f the P r i v y Council t tee, 5S2, 19 M a y .

See Land, Man and the Law, pp. 190-95; PAC, R G l O 3597, f i l e 1353: by David L a i r d , 2 Mov. Robin F i s h e r , "An Exercise i n F u t i l i t v : The J o i n t Commission on Indian Land i n B r i t i s h Columbia Canadian Associat ion Papers, , 1975, ed. Peter i s (O t tawa : Graphics, pp.

P A C , R G l O B.S., Vol. 3612, f i l e 3756-21: G.M. t o L . Vankoughnet, 26 1879; see Fisher, "Exerc ise i n F u t i l i t y , " 84, 90.

See Foster, " B r i t i s h Columbia Ind ian Lands," pp.

I b i d . , p . 157, CP, Jo in t Report 1926-27, p. 6.

PAC, MG Macdonald Papers, Vol. 278, pp. 127650-51: Trutch to Macdonald, 14 Oct. see CP, Indian Treaties and Surrenders, . 1

See B.C. I nd ian Land Quest ion , p. 1 1 7 ; Indian Treaties and Surrenders, Vol. Alexander M o r r i s , The Treaties of Canada w i t h Indians o f Manitoba and the North-West Territories i n c l u d i n g the Negot ia t ions on which

fords,Clarke Co., 1880: reprinted. , Toronto: Coles i sh i ng 1971, pp. 44-76 (hereaf ter c i t e d as Treat ies o f Canada).

CP, Ind ian Treaties and Surrenders, 1: Peter A. and Nei l H. Mickenberg, eds., N a t i v e anada, 2nd ed. , Toronto, General

ishing Co. L imi ted , 1972, pp.

See CP, Treat ies and Surrenders, 2: pp. 35-44; Cumming and Mickenberg eds . , N a t i v e Rights, 129, 130.

See PAC, Copy to t h e Minister o f the Interior (8 of P.C. 1052, 7 1875 which cancelled P.C. 14, 16 June P.C. 1625, 9 1874; and O/C P.C. 219, 9 Mar. 1874.

PAC, R . S . , 1925, file 3108: Indian Act drafted by Chief J.S. osed i n a addressed t o Deputy-Supt. Vankoughnet, 1874.

See ib id . , noted marked Ind ian O f f i c e , 15 Isaac Davis t o Alexander M.P., 20 Mar. 1874; . 1860, f i l e 168: Johnson, Interpreter

(Minute o f Deputation of Chiefs , Council held 22 1872) t o t h e Superintendent-General 23 Apr. 1872.

I n d i a n

: (Napanee)

Vol Comni i dimand, I

Vic, 1874).

Vo l .

C.

46. RGIO Vankoughnet, Department

admini s t r a t i o n 1876, 1 Vic

H . o f C .

872".

CP, (71 Vic, 1847), sec. I 1 1 I 1 subsec.

~ a n a d a

Respect1 Mar.

Canadg V i c 421, p.

B i l l Feb. R . S . , 3281: G i l k i s o n

G i l k i s o n ' s

Debat=, 21

Indian Law$,

Vic, 18),

V ic , 421,

39. PAC, RGIO R . S . , Vol. 1925, f i l e 3108: p r o p o s e d Act of 1871.

40. I b i d . , Vol . 1934, f i l e 3541 Chai rman, General Ind ian Council t o the M i n i s t e r o f the Inter ior , 16 June 1872.

41. I b i d . , . 1935, f i l e 3589: Copy o f t h e report of the S e l e c t t tee on the Af fa i rs o f t he S i x Nat ions, n Brantford and Hal 2nd Report, Sess ., 1 Parl . (37

42 . I b id . , 1928, f i l e 3281: J.T. G i l k i s o n ( I n d i a n Off ice, Brantford) t o the Superintendent-General, 29 A p r , 1874.

43. CP, H. o f Debates, 3 sess. , 3 Par1., 1876, p. 342: The Indians, 2 Mar. 1876.

44 . I b i d . , p . 933: Indian Laws, 30 Mar. 1876.

45. I b i d . , p . 1037: Indian Laws, 4 Apr. 1876.

PAC, R . S . , Vol . 1995, f i l e 6886: L . Memorandum t o the I n d i a n Branch, of the Interior, r e l a t i v e t o the Pol icy of t he Government o f the Dominion i n t h e i r o f Indian A f f a i r s , 22 Aug.

47. CP, Statutes o f Canada (39 , cap. 18), pp.

48. CP, Debates, 3 Sess., 3 Par l . , 1876, 28 Mar. 1876.

49, I b id . , p.

JLAC, App. T 24 June50. See 2: Land-Tenure.

CP, S t a t u t e s of (39 V i c , cap. 18), pp.

I b i d . , p. 50.

I b i d . , p . 51

See CP, H. o f C. Debates, 3 sess., 3 Parl ., 1876, p. 752: Laws ng

43-45.

pp. 869-70: Indian L e g i s l a t i o n ,

Report, p t .

46-47.

I n d i a n s , 21 1876.

See Ibi d . , Sta tu tes o f (31 , cap.

See P A C . R G l O B . S . , Vol. 3605, f i l e 2921: Indian Spragge, 4 1874; RGlO Vol , 1928, f i l e Superintendent-General , 29 Apr. 7874;

CP, H. o f C. 3 Sess. , 3 Parl. , 1876, p.Mar. 1876.

See i b i d . , p . 928: 30 Mar. 1876.

92.

of 1874; Meredith to to t h e

annotated copy of t h e 1874 B i l l .

752: taws Respecting Indians ,

CP, Statutes of Canada (39 cap. pp. 51-52.

I b i d . , pp . 55- 57 .

See i b i d . , pp. 57-61; (31 cap. pp. 91-93, 96.

$ 1 -

S e e i b i d . , ( 1 3 - 1 4 V i c , c a p . 4 2 ) , p p . 1 2 4 7 - 4 8 ; ( 13 -14V ic , cap .74 ) ,pp .1409 -1413 . = - -

Vic, 1511, V i c , 181, 8 Vic , 781,

- Vic, p.

- - - -

Vic, 18), R

p P - - - -

R G I D , Vol, Simcoe - -

11 8 (13-14 Vic, 741, Ei

- - -

RG10, J.A.N. Provencher -

-

E H. C. Par1 I n d i a n ?

Vic, l a ) ,

H. pp. $ E

1876.:

MG40f3, Vol - V i c , pp.

) ;

pp, 342-43: V i c , 18), I

Vic,

I 1

" I n d i a n 1867-1912," S h o r t t A.G. Doughty press ,1913),~01.

r

V i c ,

V i c , 41,

J. pp. ' (blini s t r y

1

See i b i d . ; (23 cap. pp. 663-69; (39 cap. pp. 53-61.

I b i d . (39 cap, p . 61.

I b i d . (32- 33 cap. 6) , 24.

I b i d , ( 3 9 cap. p . 62.

I b i d . , p . 63. 7

I b i d . ; see p . 5 1 ; P A C , 6808, f i l e 470-2-1: C h i e f Kerr t o the Min i s te r o f the Interior, Mar, 1876,

See CP, S ta tu tes o f Canada cap. p. 1409. 1

See PAC, Vol. 6808, f i l e 470-2-1: A c t i n g Superintendent t o the M i n i s t e r of the Interior.

CP, o f Debates, 3 Sess. , 3 ., 1876, p. 931: Laws, 30 Mar . 1876.

See CP, Sta tu tes of Canada (39 cap. pp. 63-65.

See CP, o f C . Debates, 3 Sess. , 3 P a r l . , 1876, 871-72: Indian L e g i s l a t i o n , 28 Mar. 1876; p. 933: I n d i a n Laws, 30 Mar. 1876.

C P , H . o f C . Debates, 3 Sess. , 3 Parl. , 1876, p p . 933-34: I n d i a n Laws, 30 Mar.

See PAC, . 7, pp. 123-26; CP, Statutes o f Canada (39 cap 18), 65-66.

See CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (37 V i c , cap. 21 , pp. 142-44

See i b i d . , The Indians, 27 Mar. 1876; CP, Statutes of Canada ( 3 9 cap. pp. 68-70.

CP, Statutes of Canada (32-33 cap. 6 ) , pp. 25-26.

CP, H . o f C. Debates, 3 Sess . , 3 Parl ,, 1876, p . 1037: I n d i a n Laws, 4 Apr. 1876.

I b id . , p. 1038.

Duncan C. Scot t , A f f a i r s Canada and I t s Provinces, ed. A . and (Toronto: Edinburgh Univers i ty 7,

pp. 606-07.

CP, Statu tes of Canada (39 cap. 18) , pp. 71-72.

I b i d , , pp. 72-73.

See CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada ( 3 6 cap. 3 May 1873, pp. 5-7: An A c t t o prov ide for the establishment o f "The Department o f t h e Inter ior"; Henry Morgan ed. , The Canadian Parliamentary Companion for 1876, 14-15: The Queen s Pri vy Council for Canada formed 7 Nov. 1876).

i

RG10, Vo1 f i t e 470-2-1 an5 D u f f e r i

86 MG26A, Vol

1874,

V i c , 20), 140-42.

MG Ser. I Dl rs ,"

1875-76," 496-98 G. Bannatyne

85 . PAC, . 6808, : P e t i t i o n o f the S i x Nat ion I n d i on t h e Grand River Reserve to t he Earl o f n, Governor General of Canada, received a t the Department o f the Secretary of S t a t e o f Canada, 17 Mar. 1876.

. See PAC, Macdonal d Papers, . 104, pp. 41991-94 (Copy) : Alexander Morris, Lieutenant-Governor N.W.T. t o Hon. David Laird, M i n i s t e r o f t he Inter ior , 17 Oct .

87. See CP, S t a t u t e s of Canada (37 cap. pp.

88 . See PAC, 27, , Vol . 0, David Laird, "Indian A f f a i North West, Notebook 1874, pp. 59-74; Motes on Treaty No. 3 , Half-Breed Reserves and Outer Two Miles, 17 Aug. 1874; David Laird , "Letterbook pp. ( P r i v a t e ) : L a i r d t o Andrew S . (M.P. for Provencher r i d i n g , Manitoba) .

New 1876-1886

Vic, 28), 1880, o f

V i c , n l i t u l t a

," I n d i a n 1G80."

Gilljs RG10, 19751, p .

!destern L , Poli unpubl

.S. Vol Meredi V i n i s t e r

R . S . , Memorandum 5upt.-Gen.,

7, D e p a r t m n t a l pp. -kn. (Mathew) I 1

1SS5; vol. J.N. Ind lan B . C . , 1 1885.

8. H. Par1 ., V o l . pp. 1764-65: 1877.

I i i4

1824: Amendment 1577.

1840-41 Bill

-Conf1 i I n d i Re1 a t i o n s 1 p, '181.

proa at R G I O Vol . %

10, j 1 i

8 r i t i s h 1371-1913, z

i t y : Col umbia, 1875-I88Ow, !

1975. [Pe t i t idn 4 . M . C o m i s s i o n e r i * RG10 S.S.,VoI. 344.1

392-402.

. I 60 ! i i4

CHAPTER FIVE

Western A f f a i r s and l e g i s l a t i o n :

1. CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (43 cap. 7 May p. 204: Sections 3 and 7 An A c t t o amend and consolidate the laws r e s p e c t i n g I nd ians .

cap. 6 ) , 25 May 1383, pp . 46-47: An Ac t t o amend the Act t h i rty-si x t h V i c t o r i a, chapter four, i

2. I b i d . (46 ed "An Act p r o v i d e

f o r the establishment o f the Department of the I n t e r i o r and t o amend "The Act,

3. ed., Public Records D i v i s i o n General Inventory Ser ies Ho. 2: (Ottawa: PAC, 3.

4. See Stanley, B i r t h o f Canada, pp. 270-72, 280; John T a y l o r , " I n d i a n cy i n the North-West," ished thesis , pp. 236-37, 240.

5. PAC, RGlO B , . 3637, f i l e 7000: (Deputy M i n i s t e r t h ) Department o f the Inter ior t o Z . A . Lash, Deputy o f t he o f Justice, 7 Oct. 1876

6 . Vol. 2004, j a c k e t to f i l e 7728: o f t he Deputy 27 Feb. 1877.

See PAC, R G l O Let te rbooks ( h e r e a f t e r c i t e d as L B ) , Val. 4507, 685-86: Deputy Supt, Vankoughnet to I n d i a n Agent H i ,

Shannonville, O n t . , 30 Apr. 4509, pp. 645-46: V a n k o u g h n e t t o P o w e l l , S u p t . , Victoria, June

C P , o f C. Debates, 4 Sess. , 3 1877, 2, Indian A c t Amendment S i l l , 24 Apr.

See PAC, RGlO

9. I b i d . , p . Ind ian Act B i l l , 25 Apr.

10. I b i d . , pp. : I n d i a n Act Amendment , 26 Apr. 1877.

11 . Robin F i s h e r , Contact and c t: an-European i n B r i t i s h Col umbi a, 1774-1890, Vancouver, Universi ty o f B r i t i s h Columbia Press, 1977,

12. I b i d . t o Vankoughnet, 27 November 1878, B.S., 3670, f i l e 776.

13. Robert E. Call, Land, Man, And the taw; The Disposal of Crown Lands i n Columbia, University o f B r i t i s h Columbia Press, 1974, p. 192.

14. Robin F isher , "An Exercise in Futil The Joint Commission on I n d i a n Land i n B r i t i s h Canadian Historical A s s o c i a t i o n , Historical Papers, o f Bryan t o Chief o f Lands and Works, , 29 September 1877, 3668, f i l e 10,

1 5 . See B r i t i s h Columbia , Sessional Papers 1885, pp.

, .

6

CP, 14. C. 1 1879, Vol . pp. 844, E45: Flar,

pp. 149-52.

H. 1879, 1684:

Vol 1638-89:

v. 199

Vic, 34) , 1876."

Vic, 271, 19 1864, p , I nd jan 1830."

RGIO R.S., Vol, (112/3-3): !dithdrawals 1866; f i l e (110/3-3) [I-ZOO], !dithdrawal Nos. 1885(-86).

i b i d . V i c , 34 ) , 1

Vic, 34), p .

Vic, 28), p.

R G l O Vo'l. 41123, 1380.

iYIG 26A, Col . Nestminster, FI,W.T., 1879;

Conmissioner, N.!J.T. 29 Dec. Morris, p .

H. 1 V o l . May

Vic, 18), a m e n d t h e V i c , 281,

223-24:

Vic, 231,

o f Debates, Sess., 4 P a r l . , 1 , Enfranchisement o f I n d i a n s , Motion f o r Return, 31 1879.

See I n d i a n T r e a t i e s and Surrenders, Vol . 1 ,

CP, o f C . Debates, Vol. 2 , p. Supply- Indians, 1 May 1379.

I b i d . , 2 Sess. , 4 Parl ., 1880, . 2 , pp. Supply-Indians, Ontario and Quebec, 2 3 Apr. 1380.

See Attorney-General for the Dominion o f Canada v. Attorne -General f o r Quebec Attorney-General f o r On ta r i o (1897) A.C .

C P , S ta tu tes o f Canada (42 cap. 15 May 1579, p. 274: An Act t o Amend "The Indian Act,

I b i d . "The

(47 cap. Act ,

Apr. 108: An Act fur ther t o amend

See PAC, 3587, f i l e 1239-A o f Hal fbreeds from Treaty 1885 t o

A p p l i c a t i o n s f o r from Treaty

App l i ca t i ons for 1239

1-200, -

See (42 cap. pp. 274-76; H . o f C. Debates, Sess. , 4 P a r l . , 1879, Vol. 2 , pp. 2003-04: Indian Ac t Amendment B i l l , 13 May 1879.

CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (42 cap. 276.

I b i d . ( 4 3 cap. 7 May 1880, 230.

PAC, LB, p . 447: Vankoughnet t o James Gass, I n d i a n Agent, Shubenacadie, Nova Scot ia , 27 Apr.

See PAC, Vol . 104, pp. 42084-91: Bishop of Rupert's Land to Dennis, 15 Feb. vol . 211, pp. 89991-96:

E . Dewdney Indian t o Macdonald, 1880; Treaties o f Canada, 292.

CP, o f C. Debates, Sess . , 5 Parl ., 1883, 2 , p p , 1376-77: SupplyNorth-blest Te r r i t o r i e s , Ind ian Indus t r i a l Schools, 22 3 383,

I b i d . , p . 1376.

I b i d .

CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (39 cap. 1 2 Apr. 1876, p. 62: An Act t o laws respecting Indians; (43 cap.

7 May 1880, pp. An A c t to Amend and consol idate t h e laws respect-i n g Indians . I b i d . ( 4 3 cap. p. 223.

Vic, I S ) , RGlO R , S . , U o l . 2T12, secs.

V i

(39 Vic , l a ) , p ,

i b i d . Vic , 181,

Vic, 28), p,

p . Vic , 18),

t i . C. Parl. Val, I n d i n ,

Val. f i l e Deputy Wpt, -Gen. 1881 ;

CP, Vic, 17), 1881 T e I n d i a n

C . V o l .

253-57; T 71 p. -- I

Lands.

B.S., Vol . Dec. b r r i s ,

0 . S. 1 5 4 2 3 : a y t e r S u p t . - e n , ,

Parl , , Amen-dment B i l l ,

V i e , 30) , 149.

V i c , 30) , Vic, 28), 225.

Vol. 2712, vol .

vol. sec. 1884 sec.

G i l -Gens, Feb. 2.

I b i d . ( 39 cap. p. 62; see PAC, f i l e 20804: Annotated copy o f the 1876 Act, 62 and 63, p. 20.

CP, Statu tes o f Canada (43 c, cap. 28), pp. 223-24.

I b i d , , p . 205; see cap. 44.

See ( 39 cap. pp. 68-69.

I b i d . , (43 cap. 231.

I b i d . , 234; see (39 cap. pp . 71-72.

See CP, o f Debates, 3 Sess., 4 1881, 2 , pp . 1426, 1427: The I 7 Mar. 1881.

PAC, R G l O RS, 2136, 27298: J.S. Dennis, M i n i s t e r of the t o the Deputy S u p t . , 2 Mar, marginal no ta t ion

thereon, signed L. Vankoughnet, 5 Mar, 1881; see In t e r io r

Statutes o f Canada (44 , pp. 105-06: An A c t t o amend Act , 1880".

See CP, H. of

cap. 21 Mar.

Debates, 3 Sess. , 4 Parl . 1881, 2, pp. 1426, 1427: The I n d i a n Act , 17 Mar. 1881.

I b i d . , p. 1426.

E b i d . , p. 1427.

Stan ley , Birth o f Western Canada, pp. 245, see CP, Sta tu tes o f Canada (49 Vi c, cap. 65: An Act t o expedi te the issue o f Letters Patent f o r Ind ian

Stanley, -B i r t h- of Western Canada, pp. 244-59, 275-77.

I b i d . , p . 292; PAC, R G l O

, 2 June 1886,

3697, f i l e 15423: Vankoughnet to Dewdney, 21 1884; see T r e a t i e s of Canada, p. 250.

Stanley , Birth o f Western Canada, p. 2 9 2 ; PAC, R G l O , Vol . 3697,f i l e Reed t o the 23 Jan. 1885.

See CP, Debates o f the Senate, 4 Sess., 4 1882, pp. 703-04: Indian Act t h i r d reading, 15 May 1882 (hereafter cited as CP, Senate Debates, 1882); CP, Sta tu tes o f Canada (45 p.

CP, Statutes o f Canada ( 4 5

cap.

cap. p. 149; (43 cap. p .

See PAC, RGlO R . S . , f i l e 20804: Annotated copy o f the proposed amendments o f 1882 t o the 1880 Act , le t ter no. 37290, p . 4; Reg is te r 3265, letter no. 37290: Indian Act Amendments 23 May 1882; 2378, f i l e 77190: Annotated copy of 24 o f the B i l l which revised 4 of the 1882 amendments t o the 75th clause o f the 1880 Act; k i son t o the Supt. 26 1884 w i t h encl. o f suggested amendments t o Ind ian Acts, p .

V i

Vol. 2, I'lar. 1884.

V i c , 27) , p , 1880."

R.S. , McLean, & '1884)

8711 sec. p. V i c , 27 ) , p.

C . V o l .

MG26A, Vol Macdonal B i l l ) ; 6244-1:

i n i t i a l l e d P r i 19 Supt.-Gen., 1885

si Powel 1 Pot1

V i c , 27), pp. 108-09.

CP, V i c , 27) , Vol.

V i c , 2 7 ) , Vic, 28), p. V i c , 18) , p.

V i c , 27) , p. R.S., Vol. 77390: sec.

V i c , 271, Vo l . secs.

I00

V i c , 2 7 ) , sec. Vic , 28), pp. 116-21

more- hi

pp. 606-07:

Comni Apr. B i 1 1

c, cap. 30), p. 149.

CP, H. o f C . Debates, 1884,

CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (45

p . 1063: I n d i a n Act Amendment, second read ing , 24

C P . S t a t u t e s o f Canada (47 19 Apr. 1884, 107: An A c t further t o amend "The I n d i a n Act ,

PAC, R G l O

cap.

Vol. 2378, f i l e 77190: P r i n t e d D r a f t (Ottawa: Roger Co., o f the Ind ian Act Amendment Bill , 1 s t . reading, 13 Feb. 1884; see B r i e f on A en t i t l ed An Act further t o amend the Ind ian Act, 1880, 2, 2; CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada ( 47 cap. 107.

CP, H . of Debates, 1884, 2 , p. 1063: I n d i a n A c t Amendment, 24 Mar. 1884.

PAC, . 290, p. 132824: Vankoughnet t o d, Mar. 1884 with encl . ( Ind ian see R G l O B.S., v o l . 3628, f i l e Dept. o f Ind ian A f f a i r s memorandum, by Vankoughnet, t o the vy Council , June 1883; Powell to the 20 Apr. and 22 May 1885; Vankoughnet t o Powell, 1 2 May 1885; C i rcul a r , gned by forbidding the p r a c t i c e o f the ach, 21 Apr . 1885.

See CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (43 V i c , cap. 28), p . 207.

I b i d . ( 4 7 cap.

See Sta tu tes o f Canada ( 4 7 cap. pp. 111-12; H . of C. Debates 1884, 1 , p. 542: Self-Government by Ind ians , 26 Feb. 1884.

CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (47 cap. p. 112; see (43 cap, 224; (39 cap. 6 3 .

CP, Statutes o f Canada (47 cap. 112; see PAC, RGlO 2378 f i l e Annotated copy o f the 1884 amendment t o 95 o f the 1880 A c t , p. 16.

CP, S ta tu tes o f Canada ( 4 7 cap. pp. 113-114; see PAC, RGlO R . S . , 2378, f i l e 77190: Annotated copy o f the amendments o f 1884 t o 99

and o f the 1880 Act , pp. 18-20.

C P , Sta tu tes o f Canada (47 cap, 25, p. 116; ( 4 7 cap. 19 Apr. 1884, : An Act f o r c o n f e r r i n g c e r t a i n p r i v i l e g e s on the

Advanced Bands of t h e I n d i a n s o f Canada, t h the view of t r a i n i n g them for the exercise of municipal powers.

See CP, Senate Debates, 1884, p. 605: I n d i a n Act, 1880, Amendment B i l l , second r e a d i n g . 14 Apr. 1884; Indians o f Canada Privilege B i l l second read ing , 14 Apr. 1884, pp. 620-25: Ind ian Act Amendment B i l l , i n

t t ee, 15 1884; pp. 653-57: I n d i a n Act Amendment and I n d i a n s o f Canada P r i v i l e g e B i l l , t h i r d readings, 17 Apr. 1884.

MG26A, Vo l . Apr. H . vol.

1880, Apr .

RG2-1, 859E: Prlvy

MG26A, Vo1, 211, pp. Dewdney (Private), H . vo l . p.

Dingman 1884; Mlnister k p t . Supt.-Gen.,

LB, Oept.,

MG26A, Vol S i r

Brunswick, R G l D R . S . ,

RGIO p . 1

Montagnais, de Supt.-Gen. vo? . Farel l ,

.B Sargeant, Chatham N . 3 . vo l . McKelvey,

1885 uol . 5: J.E. K e n t v i l l e , N .S. 7885.

S.S., Vol. McColl, Supt.-Gen., Dec. McCoIl, 1 3 Mackay, Beren's Supt.-Gen.,

26A, 134028: 5.C.

Vic, 281, 118-20.

75 . C. I , pp. 1884.

V i c 28), sec. subsec. p . I

CP, H- '1885, Vol.

PAC, 290, pp. 132846-47: Vankoughnet t o S i r John A. Macdonald, 18 1884; see CP, o f C. Debates, 1884, 2, p . 1653: I n d i a n A c t ,

Amendments, 18 1884,

See PAC, O / C P . C . Copy o f the Council Committee Report, 24 Apr. 1882 w i t h appendices a-c.

See PAC, 90039-42: t o Macdonald 15 Feb. 7884; see C P , o f C. Debates, 7884, 2, 1651: North-West Territories Act Amendment, 18 Apr. 1884; PAC, RGlO R . S . , vol. 2262, f i l e 53377: Inspector t o Vankoughnet, 26 Ju ly Deputy of t h e Justi ce to the Deputy 9 Sept. 1884.

PAC, RGlO Vol . 4588, pp. 321-22: Vankoughnet t o George Burbi dge, Deputy M i n i s t e r o f the Just ice 17 May 1885.

PAC, . 295, p p . 134924-27: Fred White t o John A . Macdonal d , 22 May 7885.

PAC, RGlO B.S., Vol. 3815, f i l e 56883: Vankoughnet t o Indian Supts. and Agents i n Ontar io, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, New Nova Scot ia , M a n i t o b a , British Columbia, 16 Jan. 1885; v o l . 2283, f i l e 56883, vol . 1 : copy o f Vankoughnet's ci rcular , 16 Jan. 1885; LB, vol . 4500,

731: Vankoughnet t o i s t e d Agents and Supts ., 16 Jan. 1885.

PAC, RGlO R . S . , Vol. 2283, f i l e 56883, vol. 2: L . F . Boucher, Agent des H.D. Be ths iami ts Reserve to the (translation), 28 Jan. 1885; f i l e 56883, 3: James Indian Agent, Fredericton, N . t o Vankoughnet, 23 J a n . 1885; Chas. Indian Agent, Head,

t o Vankoughnet, 2 Feb. 1885; f i l e 56883, 4 : Alex WalpoleIsland Agent t o Vankoughnet, 7 Feb. and 11 May 1885; f i l e 56883,

Beckwi th , Ind ian Agent, t o Vankoughnet, 28 Jan.

PAC, R G I O 3815, f i l e 56883: Inspector E. Winnipeg t o the I 1880; J. Reader, Indian Agent, The Pas, Manitoba t o

Apr . 1885; A. River Agent t o the 3 June 1885; see MG vol. 293, p. A. De Cosmos, V i c t o r i a , t o Sir John A. Macdonald, Minister o f the Interior, 29 Sept, 1879.

74. CP, Statu tes o f Canada ( 4 7 cap. pp.

See CP, H . o f Debates, 1884, Vol. 540-41: Self-Government by Indians, 26 Feb.

76. I b i d . , p . 541.

77. See i b i d . , pp. 538-41; p. 67: Self-Government by I n d i a n s , 29 Jan. 1884; Sta tutes o f Canada (43 74, 9 , 224., cap.

78. See o f C . Debates, 1, p . 629: Electoral Franchises, 18 Mar. 1885.

I b i d . , Vol. 1085.

l b i d . ,

I b i d . , 1575-76.

V i c , 40),

R G l O B . S . , J.A. Macdonald, Supt.-Gen., 1885 Sept . CP, (50 V i c , '1887),

.-Gen. MG2FIC4, vol . pp, Maj.-Gen. the

J.M, Batt leford, 2076-87: A s s t . Comnissioner Nwdney,

r " submi Department

79. 2 , p . 1580: The Franchise B i l l , 4 May

80. pp. 1568-69.

81. pp.

82. C P , Statutes o f Canada (48-49 cap. pp. 29-30.

83. See PAC, V o l . 3719, f i l e 22784: Vankoughnet to Sir 25 S e p t . and 29 1885; Sessional Paper No. 6

Annual Report o f t he Department o f Ind ian A f f a i r s , pp. 106-107: I n d i a n Commissioner for Manitoba and the North-West Territories, E. Dewdney t o the Supt , 17 Nov. 1886; PAC, Dewdney Papers,North-West Rebellion 1885, 4 , 1658-60: Fred Middleton ( o f t he Canadian M i l i t i a in North-West a t Fish Creek) t o Dewdney in Regina, 6 May 1885; vol . 5 , pp. 1948-49: Dewdney t o Agent Rae,

23 June 1885; pp. Reed t o 16 Aug. 1885; B . Bennett, "Study o f Passes for Indians t o Leave thei Reserves, Paper t t e d t o the o f Tndi an and Northern Affairs, Treaties and H i s t o r i c a l Research Centre, Oct. 1974, App. D, pp. 1-3.

i

i

V i c , 1891), I n d i a n

I b i 18871,

3.

Nov.

( 1 8 9 0 ) ,

165-67.

(1891 1, i i

Vic, 28), Apri l sec. o f

441, p .

'I4 Vic James

Sif ton, Dec. p. (7887), 1

RG10, 11, ofO/CP.C.l318, J, Magee,

Supt.-Gen., vol. 1 : V ic tor ia ,B .C . Supt.-Gen., k c . Lomas'

r e c ' d . D i1 .A . 1886:[Vankoughnet] ,VictoriaB.C.,27My18&-

MG26A, 62359-61 sec. F Macdonald, encl. P.E.

1887

RG10 V o l .

CHAPTER S I X

1886-1906: A Period o f D i s i l l u s i o n

1. See CP, Sess ional Paper No. 18 (54 Annual Report o f the Commissioner for Manitoba and the North-West T e r r i t o r i e s , Hayter Reed, to the Superintendent-General , Oct. 1890, p. 138.

2. d. No. 6 (50 V i c , Annual Report o f the Superintendent-General , J.A. Macdonald, t o t h e Governor-General , 1 Jan. 1887, p. x l i x .

I b i d . , p. 1; Annual Report o f t h e I n d i a n Commissioner f o r Manitoba and the North-Wes t T e r r i t o r i es, Edgar Dewdney, t o t h e Superintendent-General , 17 1886, pp. 106-07.

4 . I b i d . , pp. 107-09.

5 . I b i d . No. 12 Annual Report o f Commissioner Reed t o the Superintendent-General , 31 Oct. 1889, p. 165.

6. I b i d . , pp.

7. I b i d . No. 18 Annual Report o f the Superintendent-General, E . Dewdney, to the Governor-General , 31 Jan. 7891, p. xxvi .

8. See CP, S t a t u t e s of Canada ( 4 7 cap. 19 1884, p. 117: 5 The Ind ian Advancement Act; Revised Statutes o f Canada 1886 (49 V i c ,

cap. 688: c lause 5 of The I n d i a n Advancement Act.

9 . CP, Sessional Paper No. (61 , 1898), Annual Report o f the Deputy Superi ntendent-General, A. Smart, t o Superi ntendent-General C l i f f o r d 31 1897, xxv; see No. 6 Annual Report o f Superintendent-General Macdonald, Jan. 1887, p . x l i .

10. See PAC, Vol . 6809, f i l e 670-2-3, vol . p a r t 6 : Notice o f Caughnawaga Council Bye-Laws, June 10, 1885; Copy John Clerk Privy Council to the 8 July 1885; v o l , 6811, f i l e 470-2-9, Acting S u p t . , 1885; Copy o f Agent W.H. Minutes o f the Meeting o f the Council on the Cowichan Reserve, dated 15 Mar. 1886:

12 Apr .

t o 2

t o Supt. I . W . Powell I

11. See PAC, V o l . 152, p t . 2 , pp. 62344-69, especia l ly 14: Vankoughnet t o 28 Mar. 1887 w i t h Jones t o Macdonald, 5 Jan. and an annotated copy o f the proposed amendments t o the I n d i a n Advancement Act .

I12. PAC, R . S . , 2523, f i l e 107382: Vankoughnet to Dewdney, 3 Feb. 1890. F

11 I Supt.-Gen., E n c l .

B i 11 ; Indian

RG10 B . S . , V o l . A s s t . Commr., Gen,,

EG 26A, Vol. Macdonald, 1567.

RG10, Vol. vol . I : 431

"The J.D. McLean, 1@87; i4G26A, 62370-31 : i l n d i

Parl. Amendment 417-24: 15

(50-51 V i c , 3 3 ) ,

p .

1287, p . Act B i l l , 1867.

Vi p.

See R1i10 FI.?., ' i n l . 25G5, f i l e 77321 ?egulations 3; 'sp~sa l tab1 ished 1 I

18771 neral I r4ov. 1888,

A f f a i 0. . A , , 79941, p t . 1 :

I I

1 F-lclean, Dec.

See i b i d , : [Vankoughnet] t o R. Sedgewick, Deputy Minister o f Justice ( D r a f t ) , Secy's. Branch, written 13 Feb. 1892; Vankoughnet t o Act ing Law Clerk , House o f Commons ( D r a f t ) , Secy's. Branch, w r i t t e n 18 Feb. 1890 w i t h enc l, of proposed Amendment B i , read s t . time 3 Feb., second t i m e n e x t day; Sedgewick t o Deputy 19 Apr. 1892 w i t h o f amended Dra f t CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (53 V i c , cap. 30). 16 May 1890, pp. 139-40: An Act t o amend "The Advancement Act," chapter forty-four o f the Revised Statutes.

PAC, 3600, f i l e 1635: H . R . Regina t o the Supt. 16-17 Feb. 1887.

PAC, 292, pp. 133712-15: Vankoughnet t o Sir John A. 25 May

PAC, 6808, f i l e 470-2-3, ( C o n f i d e n t i a l ) Ri l l , An Act to amend Chapter 73 [ s i c o f the Revised Statutes o f Canada, otherwise known as Indian Act ," i n i t i a l l e d by 27 May PAC, vol. 1 5 2 , p t . 2, pp. Brief on An Act . . . t o amend] the an Act," 1887.

See C P , Senate Debates, 5 Sess . , 6 1887, pp. 398-400: Indian Act B i l l , 14 June 1887; pp. I n d i a n Act Amendment B i l l , June 1887

CP, Statutes o f Canada cap. 23 June 1887, p . 122: An Act t o amend "The I n d i a n Act."

I b i d .

I b i d . , 124.

See i b i d . , p . 123; Senate Debates, 358: Ind ian Amendment 13 June

CP, Sta tu tes o f Canada (50-51 c, cap. 33) , 123.

I b i d . , p . 124.

PAC, o f Surrendered Indian Lands . . . es

for the . .. [under the Order- in-counci

of 26 Oct . ; Indian Land, Timber, Mi and Coal Regulations adopted and e s t a b l i s h e d by Orders ... i n Council, ... 15 Sept. 1888 as paginated i n the Consolidated Orders i n Council according t o Vankoughnet, 2 who gave notice o f these regulat ions i n the Consolidated Regulations of t he Department o f I n d i a n rs; i b i d . , Consolidated Regulations o f the I chapter 29-32, pp. 5-50; f i l e P r i n t e d copy o f the Regulations for the Disposal of I n d i a n Lands conta in ing Minerals other than Coal ... . estab-l i s h e d ,.. by Order ... i n Council . . . Oct. 1887, i n i t i a l l e d by J.D. 14 1887.

rlo. ( I € !@) , Report Commissioner Dec.

Vic, 22), 1836, 127-130: Indlan

H . ,2 Par1 1886, Vol 11, 19 Apr. 1830; Conmittee lnd ian

28. Vic, 1S39), pp. x l v - x l v i : O I C . 1586.

29. RGIO B . S . , f i l e Dec. R G l O 2497, I n d i m

w i t h F,lotes, . A . v o l .

1899, D.1 .A - p. Menorandurnof File

Dept. sec. 3'1 Notes

' s

the

V i c , 1890, 135-138.

sec.

V ic , 30 ) - pp. 1

5ec. 163.

No. Vic, Gen. Oewdney Gov. -Gen.

V i c , 1895), Supt.-Gen. 70 -Gen. M. y k c . i i

CP 1392) 1 OIC. v o l .

1695; Par1 Vol 1 I r i t i s h

B . S . , Oeputy Supt,-Gen.

33.

2 5 . See CP, Sessional Paper 15 Annual o f Dewdney, 23 1887, p . 192.

26. See CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (51 cap. 22 May pp. An A c t further t o amend "The Act," Chapter forty-three o f t he Revised S t a t u t e s .

2 7 . I b i d . , p. 127; o f C. Debates Sess. , 6 ., . p. 922: Ind ian Act Amendments, pp. 1007-08: on Act Amendment, 26 Apr. 1988.

I b i d . ( 5 2 Orders-in-Council, Canada, Ind ian A f f a i r s , o f 9 Aug.

See PAC, Vol. 3832, 64009: Reed t o Vankoughnet, 20 1889 and R.S., v o l . f i l e 102950: Proposed Amendments t o "The Act" and t o the Amendments thereto Exp lana tory 1890, rec'd. D. I 21 May 1889; PAC, RGlO R.S., 2497, f i l e 102950: Proposed Amendments t o " I n d i a n Act" ... rec'd. 21 May 1889, 6; ibid., Suggested Amendments t o I n d i a n Act (Extracts) , 33711, Noted re Opin ion from

of Jus t i ce on progeny of treaty catt le as Government presents under o f the I n d i a n A c t , 24 Sep t . 1889; i b i d . ( E x t r a c t s ) , F i l e 56845, con-

cern ing Indian Commissioner's l e t t e r of 31 Hay 1339 on amending sec t ions 104 and 105 respec t i ng i n t o x i c a t e d Indians, File 52583 in regards to James Anderson l e t t e r o f 23 Feb. 1889 s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the Act be amended t o p r o h i b i t Agents from t r a d i n g w i t h I nd ians under their charge.

30. C P , Sta tu tes of Canada (53 cap. 2 9 ) 16 May p p .

31. Ebid . , 134.

32. See i b i d . (54-55 cap. 28 Aug. 1891, 162, 63: sections and 3 o f An Act further t o amend "The Ind ian Act."

33. I b i d . , 4, p .

34. CP, Sess ional Paper 14 (55 1892), Annual Report o f t o t he , 27 Jan. 1892, p. x v i i.

35. I b i d . , No. 14 (58 Annual Report o f Deputy Hayter Reed .Supt. T. Dal , 31 1894, p. x v i

36. , Statutes o f Canada (55-56 V i c, , Orders-in-Counci , Canada, Indian Affairs, p . x x x v i i : o f 12 Jan. 1892, vide Canada Gazette, xxv, p. see H . o f C. Debates, 2 Sess. 7 ., 1892, . , pp. 289-90: Columbia Indians, 21 Mar. 1892.

37. PAC, RGlO Vol. 3600, f i l e 1635: [Reed] to t he (Vankoughnet) , 15 Mar. 1392.

I b i d . , Vankoughnet t o Reed, 19 Apr. 1892.

R G I O B .S . , V o l . 123764-1: [Vankouyhnet] 11

Ont, [Vankoughnet] ( h a f t ) , 19 Apr.

Brantford, Ont . 123764-2:

F l i n i s t e r Dec. rec 'd . D . I . A . Scobie Sec. Middlemiss, Ont . Far. [ A . t l . McNeill, Sec, S i n c l a i r Supt.-Gen.] raft),

rlar.

H. Parl 1 cols. Amendments

V i c , 321, sec. 1 s t clause

Vic, 321, 229-31).

230-31.

p.

p . 232; RG70 B . S . , N.W.T.,

A s s t . Commissioner

(57-58 Vic, 321, 1 1 t h pp. 232-33.

(58-59 V i c , 1895), pp. l i v - l v i i : O/C. v o l . p.

Vic, p.

Vic, 3 2 ) , p .

V i c , 351, P 0 119.

H . Parl p,

1895; V i c , 3 5 ) ,

(58-59 Vic , 3 5 ) ,

PhC, RGIO, Vol. Sept.

Mo. (18961, Daly,

See PAC, 3947, f i l e t o Deputy M i n i s t e r o f Justice A . Sedgewick ( D r a f t ) , Secy's Branch, w r i t t e n Feb. 1892; Agent John Thackeray, Roseheath, t o Vankoughnet, 21 Mar. 1892;

t o Sedgewick S e c y ' s Branch, w r i t t e n 1892; E . D . Cameron, I n d i a n Agent, t o Vankoughnet, 29 Apr. 1392; f i l e Police Magis t ra te E.H. Hay, Portage La Prairie, Man. t o John Thompson, o f Justice, 12 1892, 21 Jan. 1893;

Logan, Grand Indian Counc i l , t o Daly, 13 1893; and R. for Deputy t o Logan

21 1893.

CP, of C. Debates, 4 Sess ., 7 ., 1594, Vol . I , , 5540-41: t o the Ind ian Act-In Committee, 9 J u l y 1894; CP, S ta tu tes o f

Canada (57-58 23 J u l y 1694, pp. 227- 29: 20 under t h e o f An Act further t o "The Ind ian Act.' '

cap.

CP, Statutes o f Canada (57-58 cap. pp.

I b i d . , p. 230.

I b i d . , pp.

I b i d . , 231.

I b i d . , Reed, 3 Jan . Regina, by

see 1891;

PAC, Vol. 3600, f i l e 1635: [Vankoughnet], Circular from the O f f i c e o f the Indian Commissioner

A . E . Forget, 14 Jan. 1891.

t o

CP, Statutes o f Canada cap. ss . 137-139 under the clause,

I b i d . Orders- in- counci l , Canada, o f 10 Nov. 1894, vide Canada Gazette, x x v i i i , 832.

CP, Statutes o f Canada (53-59 cap. 35) 22 J u l y 1895, 119: An Act f u r the r t o amend t h e Ind ian A c t .

I b i d . (57-58 cap. 230.

I b i d . (58-59 cap.

C P , of C. Debates, 5 S e s s . , 7 Pa r t . , 1895, col . 3933: The I n d i a n A c t , 5 July 1895; CP, Senate Debates, 7 143: I n d i a n Act Amendment B i l l , 27 May

., 1995, Statutes o f Canada (58-59 cap. pp. 119.

I b i d . cap . pp . 119-123.

See 6808, f i l e 470-2-3, v o l . 3: Reed t o Powe l l , 16 1395.

14 Reed t o 30 June 1895, p. x x v i .

. . . 169. CP, Sessional Paper

I b i d . (1895), Jurre pp. x v i i , Vic, 1897) , -

Dec. x x v i i i . -

b i 1698) -Gen. S - Supt.-Gen. S i f t o n , V i c , :

Si f ton , 189S, - x x i i . - - A

t l . Vol , 6946-56: 18

I Par1 vol. 111, cols. Committee

- * - - -

~ l i ' f f o r d Sif ton, 1896-1905" ( P h . Uni v e r s i

" S i f t o n " ) ; G i l l i s RG10,

Gillis RG10, 3-4.

MG27 I I 0. Si f ton Vol . '12029-40: Commr. Supt.-Gen. S i f ton, D.J, S i f t o n

19751, p . 1 " S i

" S i f t o n Indian 6-8 , '16 . 4

RG10, 470-2-3, 11,

(61 Vic, 3 4 ) , 13 1898, sec. 1 s t

I RG10, Vol. 473-2-3, vol . p t . J.D. YcLean 1

S i f t o n Memorandum Orr's comments sec. t o

z ."

H. 189s.

(6'1 V i c , 34) , sec. 6th.

R G I O , v o l . ( v o l . $ l

Awndments Nov. D , C .

RG10, Vol. 6809, v o l . 4 I v o l . 1 1 , McLean

turtied McKenna S i ' Sec., 3 Mar. 1898; suqqested Apr. 1898 1

s t a t u t e s - o f V i c , 34)' ss. S

- (61 c sec 1 ause (58-59 V i c , 3 5 ) , p.

Reed to Daly, 30 1894, x x i , x x i i i ; (60 Reed t o Daly, 2 1896, pp. xx,

6 See i d . (61 Vi c, , Annual Report o f Deputy Supt . James 4 . S m a r t To C l i f f o r d 30 June 1897, pp. xx i , x x v i - x x v i i ; (62 1899) Annual Report o f Smart to 30 June pp. x v iii

CP, o f C . Debates, 4 Sess. 9 P a r l . , 1904, I V , cols. Committee o f Supply-Provisions - General In fo rmat ion on Indians, J u l y I 1904: see 3 Sess . , 9 ., 1903, 7260-61: o f Supply- Indian Education, 23 July 1903.

See David John Ha l l , "The P o l i t i c a l Career o f D. d i s s e r t a t i o n, ty of Toronto, 1973), pp. 140, 150-51 (hereafter

c i t e d as Hall , ed., General Inventory p. 3.

Hal l , "S i f ton ," p . 151; e d . , General Inventory pp.

PAC, 15, Papers, 19, pp. Forget t o 20 Jan. 1897; Hal l , " C l i f f o r d and Canadian

I n d i a n Pol i c y 1896-1905" (unpubl ished a r t i c l e , July 6 fn. 16 ( h e r e a f t e r c i t e d as H a l , f ton and Ind ian Po1 icy").

H a l l , and Policy," pp.

See PAC, Vol. 6609, f i l e v o l . 4 , ( v o l . par t 4 ) : B i l l , An Act further to amend t h e Indian Act, 1698, p. 3; CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada

cap. June p. 143: 33 under the clause of an Act f u r t h e r t o amend the I n d i a n Act.

See PAC, 6809, f i l e 4 ( v o l . 1 1 , 4 ) : t o (Copy), for the M i n i s t e r i n re p r o p o s e d amendment o f the Indian Act , 11 Jan. 1898, p. 7; on 38 i n Amendments the Ind ian Act suggested by Agents and others, p. 3.

CP, of C. Debates, 3 Sess. , 8 Pa r l . , 1898, vol . 11, col . 5964: Ind ian Act Amendment B i l l , 2 3 May

CP, Statutes o f Canada cap. 70 under clause, p. 145.

PAC, Vol. 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, 4 11, p t . 4 ) : S u g g e s t i o n s as t o t o the I n d i a n Act , 15 1597 Secretary Scot t .

See PAC, f i l e 470-2-3, pt. 4 ) : J . D . memorandum for Minister on proposed amendments t o Act, 11 Jan. 1898 (those "considered urgent ... o u t " by J . A . J . , f t o n s P r i v. 26 other amendments f i l e d 16 f o r n e x t year's sess ion) ; CP, Canada (61 cap. 72 and 73 under clauses 7 and r e s p e c t i v e l y .

See CP, Statu tes o f Canada V i , cap. 34) , . 75 under the 9 t h. c , p. 146; cap. 120.

RG10, Vol. vol. ( v o l . 1e98, sec.

RGIO, f i l e vol . 4- ( v o l . mmrandum

Vol . 10, pp. S i f ton, 1 Sifton W n t o S i f t o n

p,

RGlO B - S , , Vol. S i f t on McKenna ROSS, Ren6 Fumoleau, O.M.I., Land

8 1870-1939, HcClelland & p p .

Zaslow, 1570-1914, McClel p p . 226-27.

(1904), S i f t o n , I Dec.

V T I I , 1903) Supt.-Gen. S i f ton , Hov.1902, x x v i ;

N.W.T., S i f ton ,

V I Supt.-Gen. S i f t o n , k c . x v i i ,

(1904), Si f ton , Dec. pp.

RG10, 6809, vol. 11, R. R i m r ,

rdj Rimmer

Nov.

p p . sec.

sec. p . v o l . (vol. p t . J. Supt.-Gen.

A l t a . , N.\*I.T. & B.C., Feb.

Supt.-Gen.,

R G I O , Vo7 l e I 1 :

70. See P A C , 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, 4 11, p t . 4 ) : McLean memorandum for Minister, 11 Jan. 75 under c lause 9, Reason f o r change.

71. PAC, Vo l . 6809, 470-2-3, 1 1 , p t . 4 ) : J.D. McLean f o r M l n i s t e r , 11 Jan. 1398, secs. 83-93 on enfranchisement and

reasons.

72. See PAC, Lord Minto Papers, 3-10 Minto t o May 1899; t o Minto, 11 May 1899; t o 15 May 1899 as quoted and

c i t e d by Hal l , "Sifton," 160, fn. 54.

73. See PAC, 3843, f i l e 75236-1: t o La i rd , and 12 May 1899; As Long As This Shall Las t ,

A History o f Treaty and 1 1 , Toronto, Stewart, 1975, 60-62.

74. Morris The Opening o f t h e Canadian No r th Toronto, l a n d and Stewart, 1971,

75. I b i d . Annual Report o f Pedley t o 1903, pp. x v i i i - x i x .

76. See ibid . ( 3 Edward Annual Repor t o f Deputy Smart t o 15 p. Annual Report o f t he Commissioner f o r Mani toba and the David L a i r d , t o 15 Oct. 1902, p. 188.

77. CP, Sessional Paper No. 27 (4 Edward I , 1904) , Annual Repor t o f Deputy Pedley t o 7 1903, pp. xxx.

78. I b i d . Annual Report o f Pedley t o 7 1903, x v i i i - x i x .

79. See PAC, Vol . f i l e 470-2-3, 4 ( v o l . p t . 4 ) : S.E. Dawson, K ing ' s Pr in te r and Controller o f Stationery t o Law Clerk, Dept. o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s , 1 Feb. 1901 and B i l l , An Act relating t o Ind ians and lands reserved f o r Ind ians 1901; R i m e r t o Dawson, 5 Feb. 1901 .

80. I b i d . , I nd ian Commissioner [Dav id L a i t o Secretary, Department o f Indian A f f a i r s , [J. D. McLean], 14 Nov. 1899 ( E x t r a c t ) , t o Laird (Copy), 18 1899.

81. I b i d . , 1901 B i l l , Enfranchisement, secs. 75-83, 35-37, especially 77, p . 35.

82. See I b i d . , 109, 47; f i l e 470-2-3, 6 1 1 , 6) Memorandum o f James Campbell t o the Deputy [Frank Pedley], 31 Jan. 1906; C i r c u l a r o f Pedley t o a l l Agents i n Man., Sask., 2 1906; W. Murison, Indian Agent. Touchwood Agency, Kutawa Sask., t o the Deputy 1 7 Feb. 1906.

83. PAC, . 6309, f i 470-2-3, v o l . 4 (vo l . , p t . 4 ) Memorandum o f Pedley to Rimmer, 4 Feb, 1903.

84. CP, S ~ s s i ~ n a i 18 (1391), Supt. -Gen. p. (1892),

p . (18931, (18961, Dec.

p . A s s t . Commr. k c . pp,

1S99, (1901), Anuual Dec* (1902),

Dec. xx-xxi; (19051, Pedley Si f ton, 1 Dec. x x i i i ; "Sifton," p.

"S i f ton CP, S t a t u t e s of Canada V I 1

86. V i sec. ; Revi ( 6 V I sec.

CP, Vol. 111,

88. VII 20), sec. The Indian

1906 V I ) P a r t 172-95,

See Paper No. Annual Report of Dewdney, 31 Jan. 1891, xxx; No. 14 Annual Report of Dewdney, 27 Jan. 1892,

x x i i ; No. 14 Annual Report o f Vankoughnet to Daly, 1 1 Jan . 1893, pp. x i v - x v , x x i i ; No. 14 Annual Report of Reed t o Daly, 2 1895,

x i x - x x i ; Annual Report o f Forget , 20 Sept. 1895, pp. 194-95; No. 14 (1900) , Annual Report o f Smart to S i f t o n, 31 1899, xx i v- xxv; Annual Report of Commissioner L a i r d , 30 k c . p . 206; No. 27

Report o f Smart, 1900, p. x i x ; No. 2 7 Annual Report o f Smart, 12 1901, pp. No. 27 Annual Report o f t o 1904, pp. x i x , H a l l , 153.

85. Hall, and I n d i a n Policy," pp. 21-22; (6 Edward I, cap. 20) , 3 July 1906.

Revi sed Statutes of Canada 1886 (49 c, cap. 43), 70. p. 669 sed Statutes o f Canada 1906 Edward I , cap. 81), 89, p . 1469,

87. H. of C. Debates, 1906, p . 5422: Indian Act Amendment, 1 5 June 1906.

CP, Statutes o f Canada ( 6 Edward , cap. 13 July 1906, 70 under the 1 s t clause of An Act to amend A c t , p. 127.

89. CP, Revised Statutes o f Canada ( 6 Edward I I , cap. 81 , i I , I n d i a n Advancement Act, ss . pp. 1492-99.

24) , pp.

V, 141, 19 sec.

C. 'I1 Parl 1910-11, vol I V , 1911.

RG10, V o l . Vol. Newcornbe 1911.

(1-2 1 4 ) , '1911, 189: sec.

Geo. 141, sec.

Vol 111, Vic, '13, sec. 1 :

s e c .

1 Vol IV, col ill-

7832-33.

co l .

Geo. 2 4 ) ,

H. 111, I V

B i l l , 7914, Vo'l. IV,

RG10, Vol vol Josiah J W . 1 1 i Cornmi ttee

Ohsweken, Gov.-Gen.'s fowarded D . I . A .

I b i d . (1- 2 Geo. V , cap. 19 May 1911, 225-27: An Act respect ing the Songhees Indian Reserve.

C P , S t a t u t e s of Canada (1-2 Geo. cap. May 1911 , p. 187, 46.

CP, H. o f Debates, 3 Sess . , ., . cols . 7826-27: I n d i a n A c t Amendment Bi l l No. 177, 26 Apr.

PAC, 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, 5 : t o Oliver, 24 Mar.

See CP, S ta tu tes of Canada 19 May p. An Act t o amend the Indian A c t ,

Geo. V , cap. 37A.

I b i d . , cols. 8015-16.

CP, Statutes o f Canada (1-2 V, cap. 19 May 1911, pp. 187-88, 49A.

See CP, Revised S t a t u t e s o f Canada, 1906, . pp. 2359-69: An Act respect ing the Exprop r ia t i on o f Lands (52 cap. The E x p r o p r i a t i o n Act), 1 .

CP, H. o f C . Debates, 1910-1 , . . 7827: Indian Act Amendment

I b i d .

I b i d . , cols .

I b i d . , co l . 7826.

I b i d .

I b i d . , 7827.

See CP, Statutes o f Canada (1-2 V , cap. 19 May 1917, p . 225.

See CP, o f C . Debates, 1910-11, Vol. co ls . 5837-99: Supply -St. P e t e r ' s I n d i a n Reserve, 22 Mar. 1911: Vol . cols. 7835-36:

26 Apr. 1911; 3 Sess . , 4 Parl . , cols . 3545-47: Indian Act Amendment Bill No. 114 , 11 May 1914.

See PAC,

Indian Act Amendment

. 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, . 5: Chiefs Hill , o tt, Secretary Correspondence

S i x N a t i o n s ' Council, Davi d Jamieson and . M. E

Ont. t o Earl Grey, Governor General of Canada, rec'd. Off ice 22 May 1911 and t o

i ti. Sarnia %serve

Roche, recld.

i b l Vol kmrandum Supt . Gen. D.C. Roche, 1914 b l l 1 amnd accom~anvins

sect p . ' 1 4 i 9 ,-sec. V , 35), & 4 .

RG10, V o l . Roche,

Geo. 35), t- sec. 11A.

RG10, V o l . Roche, 1-2.

Geo.

Geo. 35),

RG10, Vol . 6809, Roche, 1914 b i l l

Vol. 6809, vo l . Roche, wi h i 1 I W

Balcarres, Amendrent 18

351,

35), p . sec. subsec.

B . S . , 3625, repressi p a r t i cularly i n

tiorth-West 1889-1903 1904-11; vol. v o l . Roche,

Bill 18 pp. H. I V ,

Vol. 301808-1A: F. Supt.-Gen. Pedley

tl.?. 3.0. See. v o l . 301808-S.P.: test imny

1911, co1. 5G91:

Ind ian !lay. Par l . , vol : I I I 1876-92:

1 1915,

See b i d . , Vol . 6 : Ex-chief Francis Jacobs, t o the Minister of the Interior, 14 Apr. 1911 and v o l . 5: P e t i t i o n of the I r o q u o i s band o f Indians on the Caughnawaga Reserve to Dr. Minister o f the Interior, 2 Mar. 1914.

See d . , . 6 : o f Deputy S c o t t to 30 Jan. with d r a f t t o Ind ian A c t and brief. p. 8; CP, Revi Statutes o f Canada 1906 (chapter 81 ) , 1 6; CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (4- 5 Geo. cap. 7 2 June 1914, p. 225, ss. 3

PAC, 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, v o l . 6 : S c o t t to 30 Jan. 1914 wi th draft b i l l and brief, pp . 8-9.

See C P , S t a t u t e s o f Canada (4- 5 V , cap. 12 June 1914, p . 225: An Act Act,

PAC, 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, vol. 6: S c o t t t o 30 Jan. 1914 w i t h d r a f t b i l l and brief, pp.

Ib id. , p . 2; CP, Statutes o f Canada (4- 5 V , cap. 35), p. 226.

CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (4- 5 V , cap. p. 226.

PAC, f i l e 470-2-3, vol. 6: S c o t t t o 30 Jan. w i t h d r a f t and brief , p . 6.

See PAC, RGlO, f i l e 470-2-3, 5: S c o t t t o 30 Jan. 1914 t h draft and b r i e f , p . 7; Scot t to .M, Graham, Inspector o f

I n d i a n Agencies, S a s k . , 14 Apr. 1914; B i l l Brief Scott sen t Lougheed May 1 9 1 4 , pp. 13-16; C P , S t a t u t e s o f Canada (4-5 Geo. V , cap. p. 226.

C P , Statutes o f Canada (4-5 Geo. V , cap. 227, 149, 2.

See PAC, RGlO Vol . f i l e s 60511-1 and 2: Correspondence regarding Departmental on on Indian dances, Sun Dance, Mani toba and the Territories, and 6809, f i l e 470-2-3,

5 : Sco t t to 30 Jan. 1914 w i t h d r a f t b i l l and brief, p.7 , Amendment Br ie f Scott s e n t Lougheed May 1914 , 17-22; CP, o f C . -Debates,- 1914, v o l . p. 3484: Indian Act Amendment, 8 May 1914.

See PAC, RGlO B.S., 4027, f i l e B a r r i s t e r Heap to Oliver, 10 Apr. 1911; t o Heap, 27 Apr. 1911: George Bradbury,

S e l k i r k t o Mctean, D.I.A., 14 May 1913; 4033, f i l e Transcr ip t o f t o Province o f Manitoba Royal Commission o f Inquiry i n t o S t . Peter's surrender, 24 July to 24 O c t . especially pp. 403-24, CP, H. o f C. Debates, 1910-1 1, vol . I I I , Supply - S t . Peter 's

Reserve, 22 1911 : 5 Sess. , 12 1915, . 1 1 , pp. 1320-21 Supply-Indian A f f a i r s , 22 Mar. 1915; v o l . ; pp. Supply-Indian A f f a i r s , Apr . e s p e c i a l l y pp. 1876, 1679 and 1889.

Reserve T . R . # I 7 5 :

----- Geo. 2 4 1 , 18 267, p .

f ie B . C . : 1 9 1 6 ) , O/C P - C . 10

Comission Comnissioners' recomndat ions agriculture, f i s h i n g

Coflmission I n d l a n 4 Acme

1916) Progre-ess ~ e p o r t s 8ri t i s h - ~ o l umbia,

pp. 1-956.

C a i l , pp. bp.

Parl . , V o l . I I T ' , ' ~ ~ . S U p p m d i a n s , ~ r i t i s h 12 Vol .

B.C., Vol . 111, p. B.C., July

Vol 19661,

0. 1 (1973-74) , --

M. 1919) , Gen. p . (10-11 Geo. V,

1920), p.

26) , M; Roche,

1915, (1919) ,

H. C. 1 1918 Vol . lndiTnpAct Amndmnt B i l l

RG10, Vol, 6809, Vol. ( O n t . ) Pedley,

20.

Geo. (10 1920),

~e-. 31.

Department of Ind ian A f f a i r s , Land Regist ry Office, General Registers, St. Pete r ' s Informationin Manitoba, i t e m f i l e d with the Exchequer Court o f Canada for the Indians of S t . P e t e r ' s reserve, 17 Oct . 1914; CP, Statutes o f Canada (6- 7 V . cap.

May 1916, pp, 119-20; (8-9 Geo V , cap. 24 May 1918, 83: An Act t o amend t he Indian Act.

See Conf ident ia l Report o f t he Royal Commission on I n d i a n A f f a i r s f o r Province of British Columbia, 30 June 1916 ( V i c t o r i a , Acme Press, 1421, June 1913, t h a t established t h e

p. 4 for and pp. 8, 14, 16, 18-20 f o r the ,

on f i she ry p l a n t s , s t a t i o n s , educa t i on , liquor laws and the I n d i a n Act ; Report o f the Royal on A f f a i r s for t h e Province o f British Columbia i n Volumes ( V i c t o r i a , B.C.: Press. for the Commission's General, I n t e r i m , and Summary

on the reserve i n each Ind ian Agency i n 1913-16,

See Land, Man and the Law, 233-40; Foster, " B r i t i s h Columbia Ind ian Lands," 159-61; CP. H . o f C. Debates, Sess . ,6 12 1916, 2684189: Columbia, 7 Apr. 1916; 7 Sess. , P a r l . , 1917, 11, pp. 1909-11: Supply- Indians , 31 May 1917; 2340: Supply- Indians,

14 1917.

See G.R.G. Whitehead, " Ind ian Treat ies and the Indian Act - The Sacredness o f Indian Treat ies?" ( C h i t t y ' s Law Journal , . 14, no. 4 ( A p r i l p . 123.

See E . Sanders, " Ind ian Hunting and F i s h i n g Rights", Saskatchewan Law Review, Vol. 38, no. pp. 46 , 59-60.

C P , Sessional Paper 27 (9-10 Geo. V , Annual Report of Deputy Supt. S c o t t t o Meighen, 3 S e p t . 1918, 11; No. 27

Annual Report o f Sco t t t o Meighen, 1 k c . 1919, 10.

CP, S t a t u t e s of C a n a d a (8-9 Geo. V , cap. 24 May 1918, p. see Sessional Paper No. 2 7 ( 1 916) , Annual Report o f Scott t o 30 Sept. p . x x x i v ; No. 27 Annual Report o f S c o t t t o Meighen, 3 Sept. 1918, p. 20.

C P , o f Debates, Sess. , 13 P a r l . , 1 , pp. 1048-49: , 23 A p r . 1918.

See PAC, f i l e 470-2-3, 5: A . G . Chisholm, London t o 29 Apr. 1909 (Copy); C P , Sessional Paper No. 2 7

(1919) Annual Report o f Scott t o Meighen, 3 Sept. 1918, p.

CP, Statutes o f Canada (8-9 V , cap. 26) 24 May 1918, p. 85; Annual Report o f S c o t tsee Sessional Paper No. 27 Geo. V ,

t o

I

I

I

I

I

:

RG10, Vol. vol, Memorandum Wighen, R G I O R , S . , Vol. Memorandurnof

Vol. pp. 4254-55: 3 Geo. 561,

sec. (1920), k i g h e n , 1 Dec.

E RG10, F

H.J. Dept.'s

Oept. Vol. lnd ian

2 Par l . , 1919, p . ~mendme-ly E

(9-10 56), p . sec. F

56), secs, 196-99; RG10, Vol. vol . E

hf. F. O'Connor, F

Amndment B i l l ; O'Connor,

(9-70 7 pp . E sec. subsec. 1 , F

R G I O , D.C.

55(L-3)

RG10,

(10-7 1 Geo. 307-08, Secs. 81),

1 ; CP, P a ~ e r No. ( 11 V . -

5upt.-~en. ~ou~heed' , kc. '13.-

(10-11 50), sec.

i b i d . , sec. RG10, 6810, (1920),

sec. 10; Vol R,C.M.P. Dec.

Supt.-Gen., 15 Dec. Memo D.I.A. Law

I b i d . , p . 83.

See PAC, 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, 6: o f S c o t t t o 8 May 1919; 2390, f i l e 79941-1:

S c o t t t o Mitchell, 7 Aug. 1919; CP, H . o f C Debates, 2 Sess . , 1 3 Parl . , 1919, V , Indian Act Amendment Bill No. 163, 30 June 1919; Statutes o f Canada (9-10 V , cap. 7 July 1919, p. 377: An Act t o amend the I n d i a n Act , Annual Report o f S c o t t t o

48; Sessional Paper No. 27 1919, pp . 29-30.

See PAC, Vol . 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, v o l . 6 : Memorandum o f Timber Inspector Bury t o the Deputy M in is te r , 9 June 1919, signed by W . A . Orr of the Lands and Timber Branch and in i t ia l led by A . S . Wil l iams, the Law Clerk; CP, H . o f C . Debates, 1919, V , p. 4256: Act Amendment B i l l , 30 June 1919; Senate Debates,

Sess. , 13 875: Indian Act 1919; S t a t u t e s o f Canada Geo. V , cap. 7 Ju ly 1919, 377, 89.

See CP, H. o f C. Debates, 1919, Vol . V, p . 4171: Ind ian Act Amendment B i l l , 27 June 1919; Statu tes o f Canada (9-10 Geo. V , cap. 7 July 1919, pp. 377-78, PAC, 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, 6: S c o t t t o 12 Mar . 1919 wi th accompanying b r i e f t o Soldier Settlement prov is ions of the Chie f Counsel's Office, Sold ie r Settlement Board t o S c o t t , 25 June 1919.

337-78, 196,

CP, Statutes o f Canada Geo. V , cap. 56) , July 1919,

PAC, Vol. 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, Vol. 7: Evidence o f Scott t o the Special Committee o f the House o f Commons examining the Ind ian Act amendments o f 1920, pp. and 6 3 (N-3) respectively; see Memorandum for the Special Committee o f the House o f Commons re Bill 14 (An Act t o amend the Ind ian Act) from the Secretary, Six Nat ions Council , 30 March 1920.

See PAC, Vol. 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, v o l . 6: Amendment B i l l B r i e f Scott sent t o Lougheed 18 May 1914, pp . 2- 3 including Regulations relating to the education o f Indian children, Order- in-Council of Aug. 6 , 1908; CP, Statutes o f Canada

Geo. 1921 , Annual Report o f

V, cap. 50), 1 July 1920,

.

pp. 9-10; Revised Statutes o f Canada 1906 (chapter pp. 1447-48,

secs. 9-1 Sessional 27 Scott t o 1 1920, p.

Geo. V , cap. 1 July 1920, p. 307, 9 ,C P , Statutes of Canada

p . 308, 10; see PAC, Vol. f i l e 470-2-3, Vol. 7: House of Commons - Bil l - Act t o amend the Ind ian Act proposed addition o f a s i x t h subsection t o . 8: R.C.M.P. Inspector T. Dann, Manitoba D i s t r i c t t o the Commissioner, Ottawa, 9 1926; R.C.M.P. Commissioner Cortlandt Starnes to t he Deputy

1926; o f A.S . Williams, Clerk, 14 Jan. 1927.

(1921), Lougt~eed, Dec.

(10-11 50), I sec. 107; 81) , p . sec. secs.

(10-11 Geo. 50), sec.

sec. 107,

RG10, V o l . Vo l . Memorandum

. . , 1-6; C ~ m n t s

MPs 12

RG10, Vol. Vol. Sask. J. D.M.I.,

B.C.

Ont.,

Asslt.Deputy Sec. J.D. McLean, 1920.

I b i d . 1

lo r5 Ind ians

E Que.

Parl . , Bill 8

RG10, Vo1. Vol .J Ca7 i ' A1

Mel Apr.

Rev. Raley, 1920. 1 franchi

sec. 122A, M.A. Deputy

1 Geo. 1 pp. 308- 81), pp. 1448-49, sec,

RG10, Vol . Mei sec.

Annual Report o f S c o t t t oCP, Sessional Paper No. 2 7 1 1920, p . 13.

CP, Sta tu tes of Canada Geo. V, cap. J u l y 1920, p. 309, see Revised S t a t u t e s o f Canada 1906 ( c h a p t e r 1446,

2 ( h ) and pp. 1475-78, 107-123 i n c l u s i v e .

See CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada V , cap. 1 July 1920, pp. 309-10, 107, subsecs. 2-3.

I b i d . , p . 310, subsecs. 4- 5

See PAC, Vol. 6809, f i l e 470-2-3, 7: Memorandum o f S c o t t t o Meighen, 28 Jan. 1920; 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, Vol. 7: o f Sco t t t o Meighen, 12 Jan . 1920; Copy o f H.R. 288 (66 th Congress, 2 n d . Session) In the Senate of the United States Jan. 15 , 1920 An Act f o r t he purpose o f confe r r ing citizenship upon Ind i ans , segrega-t ion o f t r i ba l p rope r ty , and f o r other purposes, pp. o f

on enfranchisement clauses o f B i l l 14 ( 1 s t . reading Mar. 1920).

PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 7: Commissioner W.M. Graham, Regina, t o S c o t t , 6 Apr. 1920; Welch, New Westminster,

t o S c o t t , 8 Apr. 1920; S c o t t t o W.A. Boys, M.P., 1 7 Apr. 1920 enclosing letter from Chief W.C. Jacobs and Joseph Jones on behal f o f the Shawanaga Band and Ojibway Indians o f t h e Parry Sound District o f 16 Apr. 1920.

See i b i d . , Departmental Memorandum o f and 30 Mar. I

, excerpt from t he Toronto "Globe", S a t . March 20, 1920.

I b i d . , C h i e f and Council of t he Ojibway on the Garden River Reserve i n Ont. t o the Governor-General o f Canada, 29 Mar . 1920.

I b i d . , J.C. Cadot, S . J . , Cape Croker Reserve, Ont. t o Colonel Hugh Clark, IM.P., 12 Apr . 1920.

Chief and Councillors o f the Abenakis of Odanak, t o the Governor-General , 15 June 1920 ( t r a n s l a t i o n ) .

CP, Senate Debates, 4 Sess. 13 1920, p . 775: Indian (NO. 14) - 2nd. Reading, 28 June 1920. I See PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 7: Copy of l e t te r from W . hoo, M i chel s Reserve, Edmonton Agency, Spruce Grove, t a . t o ghen, 16 1920.

I b i d . , G.H. Sard is , B.C. t o Sco t t , 13 Ju ly

See i b i d . , annotated memorandum o f S c o t t to Meighen, 1 2 Jan. 1920 re I n d i a n En sement and Statement showing number o f Indians enf ranch ised under Orr t o Min is te r , 9 Jan. 1920.

See CP, Statu tes of Canada (10-1 V , cap. 50) , J u l y 1920, 09, Revised Statutes o f Canada 1906 (cap. 14.

PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, v o l . 7 : annotated memorandum o f S c o t t t o qhen, 12 Jan. 1920 re amendments t o 14, subsecs. 1 and 2.

(10-11 Geo. 511, p . 314;

Indian sa ld R G I O , Val. vol.

a f Gen. Sec. Tsimshian

D.C. 1920,

Bi l l

26), pp, 101-02: arnend sec. 1.

H. Vol. I V , cols , 7

~ m e n d m e n t ~ i l l RG10, V o l . - E

vo l . Copy I 1 1911, j Supt . J . Smi Indian - -

Jarnieson - -

Counci 1 Ohsweken t. - w c ' d 1911; P e t i t i o n Leona 5

Sec. k m r a n d u m i S e p t . V o l .

v o l . Chisholm, of

rec'd Dept . , 1 9 2 0 m y $ Sec., :

D,C. S e c . , S . N . C . , Ont.

CP, p . 1 -- Indian

1922, Val. p . Geo. 2 6 ) , p. sec.

(1972), Pedley 01 iver, D.

S~pt . -Gen, stewar t , Nov. pp.

1 1 4 .

RGIO, Vol. v o l . lo I V , secs.

F.H, Counsel,

Feb. vol . Supt-Gen's.

10 1 s t - sec. explar la tory CP, H. Vo l . p .

3n J u n ~

CP, Statutes o f Canada V . cap. 1 J u l y 1920, An A c t t o provide for the Settlement o f D i f f e r e n c e s between the Governments o f the Dominion o f Canada and the Prov ince o f B r i t i s h Columbia respect ing Ind ian Lands and ce r ta i n other A f f a i r s i n the Province; See PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 7: Copy

pe t i t ion f rom T. Albert Moore, o f t he Evangelism and Social Service o f the Methodist Church, on behalf o f the Ind ian Nation o f British Columbia t o Scott , 9 June CP, Senate Debates, 1 Sess. , 14 Parl , , 7922, p. 614: I n d i a n (No. 142) , An A c t t o amend the Indian Act - 26 June 1922.

See CP, S ta tu tes o f Canada (12-13 Geo. V , cap. 28 June 1922, An Act t o the Indian A c t , 107, subsec.

See CP, o f C. Debates, 1910-11, 7834-36: Indian No. 177, 26 Apr . 1911; PAC, 6809, f i l e 470-2-3,

5 : of Minutes of S i x Nat ion Council Meeting, dated A p r . sent t o the Dept . by the Gordon t h , Brandford Office , 27 Apr. 1971; C h i e f s Josiah Hill , David and J.W.M. Elliott, Six Nations House, , On t o the Governor-General

D.I.A., 29 May V o l . 6 : Copy o f o f Rev. A. Hatnan, M.D. , Sixty Nine Corners, S i x Nations Reserve, O n t . t o the Colonial , London, England, 14 June 1974; of Dept. Caw Clerk A . S . Williams t o S c o t t , 23 1974; 6810, f i l e 470-2-3,

7: "The Case o f the S i x Nat ions" by A . G . Solicitor o f the S i x Nat ions, excerpted f r o m t h e London Free Press 20 Mar. 1920 and a t the 30 Mar . o f telegram sent by Asa R. H i l l s , S i x Nat ions Council t o Speaker o f the House o f Commons, 26 Mar. 1920; Copy o f Scott's le t ter t o Asa R. H i l l , Ohsweken, , 29 June 1920.

Senate Debates 1922, 557 : Ind ian B i l l , 23 June 1922,

See CP, H. o f C .. Debates, 1922, p . 557: B i l l , 2 3 June 1922.

I b i d . , 111, 2991: Ind ian Act Amendment B i l l , 15 June 1922; Statutes o f Canada (12-13 V , cap, 28 June 1922, 102: An A c t t o amend the Indian Act, 197.

See CP, Sessional Paper No. 27 Annual Report o f t o 2 Aug. 1911, pp. xx- xx i; I.A. Annual Report for 1924-25,

Deputy Scott t o Chas. A . Minister o f the Interior, 1 1925, 9-10; D . I . A . Annual Report for 1925-26, Sco t t t o Stewart, Oct . 1926, pp. 12,

See PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 7: The House o f Commons of Canada - Bill - An Act amend the Indian A c t , P a r t 200 through 204; Scott t o Gisborne, Parliamentary House o f Commons, 6 Mar. 1920; Proposed Amendments to Indian Act 1920; Gisbome t o S c o t t , 13 7920; 8: copy of p r i n t e d B i l l No. 172, An A c t t o amend the Indian A c t , read before the House o f Commons on

June, 1924, clause, 4, subsec. 2 w i t h note; of C . Debates, 3 S e s s , , 14 P a r l . , 1924, I V , 3824:

Indian Act Amendment 7 974.

7

C. V o l . p.

471, July p. t o a m e n d

pp. 165-67.

p, secs. 28; pp. 16

CP, Geo. 471, sec. subsec. 1.

Ebid.

R G l O ,

RG10, V o l . 11

Deputy D.C, Geo. 32),

~ n d i a n ~ c t , sec. 149A.

- 32), p . sec. 146A.

sec. H a C. p . Feb.

V, 321, 157-58, sec. 106A.

H . Vol pp. canad-eo. 321, sec. s u b s e m

No. (1910), Pedley 16

i b i d . (1916), Supt.-Gen; Roche, p . x x i (1418)

Oct. (1920) , Meighen,

CP, H. o f Debates, 30 June 1924, I V , 3024.

See CP, Statutes o f Canada (14-15 Geo. V , cap. 19 1924, 165: An Act the Indian Act .

I b i d . ,

I b i d . , 165, 27A and see Senate Debates, 1924, 792-93: Bill No. 172, An Act t o amend t he Indian A c t , J u l y 1924.

Sta tu tes o f Canada (14-15 V, cap. p . 167, 90,

See

See PAC, Vol. 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, vol. 8: D.C. Sco t t t o E.L. Newcombe, 11 Apr. 1924.

See PAC, Vol . 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 8: Scott t o Newcombe, Apr. 1924.

See I b i d . , W. S t u a r t Edwards, M i n i s t e r o f Justice to S c o t t , 25 Oct. 1927; C . P . S t a t u t e s o f Canada (17 V , cap. 31 Mar. 1927, p. 158: An Act t o amend the

CP, Statutes of Canada ( 1 7 Geo. V , cap. 31 Mar . 1927, 158,

I b i d . , p . 157 , 89; see o f Debates, 1 Sess. , 16 Parl., 1926-27, Vol. 1 , 319: Indian Act Amendment, 15 1927,

CP, H. o f C . Debates, 1926-27, Vol. 1 , pp. 321-23; S ta tu tes o f Canada ( 1 7 Geo. cap. pp.

See CP, o f C. Debates, 1926-27, . 1, 319-20; Statutes o f V , cap. p . 157, 92,

CP, Sessional Paper 27 Annual Report o f t o Oliver, July 1909, p . xx.

See No. 27 Annual Report o f Deputy -S c o t t ; No. 27 , Annual Report o f

S c o t t t o Meighen, 21 t o 30 Sept . 1915,

1917, p . 20; No. 27 Annual Report o f S c o t t t o 1 k c . 1919, pp. 31-32.

WNII

H. C. 11, 31 (20-21 Geo. 25) ,

10 sec, 4(2 ) ; D e b a t e s , 8 , Vo1. 111, 5 u p ~ l . y - I n d i a n R G l O Vol 1 vo l . , ID.C. ~ i 1 l i a m s , siqnaturel borehouse, ~ a r r i s t e r , Ont., ky ~ n n u a i ~ e ~ o r t ,

Supt.-Gen. D.C. 1

14 Parl. Vol. (Bil l 172) ,

471, 165.

H. V o l . 11, Committee,

25 ) , RG10, Vol.

Hon. Jas .

(20-21 p .

C P , 11, pp. 1113-16: Cornmi

I b i d . ,

31,

Geo. 250-51

4 1 ) , 10-12 (14-75 Geo.

48) , 19 July 169-73:

8. RG26, Departmnt Vol

( 1 : R . S . S . 69(1)

.., S m i t h (1935), (1935) , C . A . ) ;

R.v. (1932), 2 (1932),

1197: Memo., ICory] MacInnes [Sec. ] ,

CHAPTER EIGHT

: 1927-1946Ind ian L e g i s l a t i o n , the Depression ahd

1. See CP, o f Debates, 1930, Vo l . pp. 1091-1102: I nd ian Act Amendment-I n Committee, Mar. 1930; S ta tu tes o f Canada V , cap.

Apr. 1930, p. 235; Revised S t a t u t e s o f Canada 1927, cap. 98, p . 2169: see CP, H. o f C. p . 3828:

A f f a i r s , 6 June 1928; PAC,- . 6810, f i e 470-2-3, . 9: Sco t t and A.S. D r a f t f o r M i n i s t e r ' s t o E.G.

London, 25 1929; see D. I .A . 1928, Deputy Sco t t t o S t e w a r t , Nov. 1928, pp. 10-11, 14.

2. See CP, H. o f C . Debates, 1924, 3 Sess . , I V , pp. 3823-27: I nd ian A c t Amendment 30 June 1924; S ta tu tes o f Canada (14-15 Geo. V, cap. 19 July 1924, p.

3. See CP, of C. Debates, 1930, Vol . I. p. 292: Indian Ac t Amendment, 5 Mar. 1930; pp. 1105-114: I n d i a n A c t Amendment-In 31 Mar. 1930; S ta tu tes o f Canada (20-21 Geo. V, cap. pp. 235-38: An Act t o amend the I nd ian Act; see PAC 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, vo l . 9: [Charles Stewart ] t o Malcolm, M i n i s t e r o f Trade and Commerce, 30 May 1930.

4. CP, S ta tu tes o f Canada Geo. V, cap. 25) , 238.

5 . See H. of C. Debates, 1930, Vol. Ind ian Act Amendment-In t t e e , 31 Mar. 1930.

6 . p. 1114.

7. CP, S ta tu tes o f Canada (20-21 Geo. V , cap. 30 May 1930, pp. 17-18: Secs. 10-13 o f An A c t respect ing the t r a n s f e r o f the Na tu ra l Resources o f Alberta; (20-21 v', cap.-29) 30 May 1930, pp. : Secs. 11-13 o f An A c t respec t i ng the t rans fe r of the N a t u r a l Resources o f Manitoba; (20-21 Geo. V, cap. 30 May 1930, p . 326: Secs. of An A c t respect-ing the t r a n s f e r o f the Natura l Resources o f Saskatchewan; V , cap.

1924, pp. An Ac t f o r t he settlement of c e r t a i n quest ions between the Government o f Canada and On ta r i o respec t i ng Ind ian Reserve lands.

See PAC, of C i t i z e n s h i p and Immigrat ion, . 71, f i l e Miscel laneous re I n d i a n Lands, regu la t i ons : Canadian Abridgement excerp ts pp. 34-35 942) Hunt ing by Treaty Indians-Saskatchewan - whether r i g h t s c o n t r o l l e d by P r o v i n c i a l Statute-The Game Act , 1930, C. 208, S .

R.V . 2 W.W.R. 433, 64 C.C.C. 131 3 D.L.R. 703 (Sask. Rights o f Ind ians - Hunting by Treaty- Ind ians - R igh ts Con t ro l l ed by The Saskatchewan Natural Resources Act ... Wesley W.W.R. 337, 26 A l t a . L.R. 433, 58 C.C.C. 269 4 D.L.R. 774, 20 Can Abr. 1156, d i s t i ngu i shed ; Vol . 74, f i l e Solicitor t o 23 Aug. 1944.

I

I

H il - - - - - *

1 1 I 1 g E i;

- Geo. 42) , p . 3 - - -

Vol p . ~omm-3; RG10, Val. v o l . 9 : 8

5 H McGil l Apr. - -

- -

11, p. Panendment - 21), 'dol. pp. 8 i l l Cormittee, g

RG10, Vol . vo l . McGill H 1933; - 5 -

p . -. - - - +

RG10, vo l . 5upt.-Gen., 5

B 5 -

I b i d . (McGil I ] memorandum - Feb. 7933.

- - - +

i b i d . ; Memorandum, E [I920 amendments]

E enfranchisemnt - -

Sec., O.I.A., - - -

Govr. tore t te , +

McGill Vol. 11, 21

i 1

H. C. 11, Feb. RG10, V o l .

sec. B i l l sec. McGi I l memorandum [Dept. S u p t . 4 e n . I

Enfranchisewnt; memorandum, '1933; Ind ian ,"

7; R G l O , vo'l. f i l e 470-2-3, v o l . cop- rec'd.

RG10, V o l . vol . torenzo Sec., 1933.

C. Par l . , Vol. Amndmnt 5

Geo. 2 9 ) , F

98, p . sec. 167(1).

L . C i v i 1 i za t ion , Assirnil ation: Out1 i n e ~ a n a d a ' s ~ o l i c ~ , " western

YI No. (1976) ,

PAC, RG10, Vo1. f i l e v o l . Mackenzie, Sec., H. C.

s e c s . 1 1 18 Par1 1936, vol. 11,

VIII, 20),

.

CP, S ta tu tes o f Canada (23-24 V , cap. 224.

-I b i d . ; H . o f C. Debates, 1932-33, . V, 4679: Indian Act Amendment-I n see PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, D r a f t for M i n i s t e r ' s signature t o G.G. Coote, M.P. ( i n i t i a l l e d by

and Wi l l iams), 19 1933.

CP, H. of C. Debates, 1932-33, Vol. 2306: Ind ian Act ( B i l l 21 Feb. 1933; see V , 4681, 4692: 2'1-In 8 May 1933; PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 9 : t o Edwards, 8 Feb. Charles Bishop, "Glimpses of Parl iament," Ottawa Evening C i t i zen , 23 Feb. 1933, 5 .

PAC, Vol. 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 9 ; Paul Jacobs, Caughnawaga, P.Q. t o Murphy, 22 Feb. 1933.

: S i x Na t ions Council Resolution referred t o by i n t o Murphy, 27

See W.A. Boys, Chairman o f the Special House Committee on B i l l 74 and A . S . Williams t o Murphy, 21 Nov. 1932, R

re clauses under 1920 Act and Objections t o B i l l ; Cecil E. Morgan, Supt. S i x Nat ions t o 16 May 1933; P e t i t i o n t o Gen. f r o m t h e Council o f the Huron Nation o f P.Q. ;

t o Morgan, 10 June 1933; CP, H. o f C. Debates, 1932-33, pp. 2310-15, 2318: Ind ian A c t Amendment, Feb. 1933.

See CP, o f Debates 1932-33, V o l . p. 2309: I n d i a n Act Amendment, 21 1933; PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, vo l . 9: 20 Jan. 1933 draft , 7; 21 w i t h explanatory no te t o 7; t o Edwards, 8 Feb. 1933; Copy o f made by Scot t i n 1920 on A.S. Williams t o Murphy, 18 May see "Modern Cute Enough t o Avoid Taxation Ottawa Evening C i t i z e n, 2 Mar. 1933, p. PAC, 6810, 9: above ar t i c le , D. I .A . , 2 Mar. 1933.

PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 9: Letourneau, Agent, S t . Constant, Que. t o D. I .A. , 1 Apr.

See CP, H . o f Debates, 5 Sess., 1 7 1934, I V , p . 3580: Indian Ac t ( B i l l 90) - 1 s t . reading, 1 June 1934; p. 3627: I n d i a n Act Amendment - 2nd. and 3rd. readings, 4 June 1934; S t a t u t e s o f Canada (24- 25 V , cap. 28 June 1934, pp. 295-96: An Act respect ing the Caughnawaga I n d i a n Reserve and t o amend the Indian Act; Revised S t a t u t e s o f Canada 1927, cap. 2225:

See John Tobias, "Pro tec t ion , An I n d i a n The Canadian Journal o f

Anthropology, Vol. History o f

, 2 p. 24.

See 6810, 470-2-3, 9: A.F. D . I . A . t o Law Clerk, of , 30 Jan. 1936, copy o f proposed amendments t o Indian A c t w i t h exp lana t ions , and 3; CP, H . of C. Debates, Sess.

., pp. 1286, 1292: I n d i a n Act Amendment, 20 Mar. 1936; C P , S t a t u t e s of Canada ( I Ed. cap. 2 June 1936, pp. 117-18: An Act t o amend the Indian A c t .

RG10, V o l . fi le Mackenzie

sec. Minister , 6 CP,

Xndlan Apr. 235: ill-1n-Cormittee, ~ a n a d a V I I I , 201,

sec.

RG10, Hanson, B.C,,

Oept. Supt.-Gen. [McGill], Feb. McGill W.J.F. P r a t t , Sec.. MacBrien, P ,

Feb, 201, p. 3 i7 Cornmi

VIII, 201, 4,5,13.

( 1 V I I I , 3 3 ) ,

ort + 1 9 3 7 g r a r , p. . A , B . )

Gillis RG10, p. 5 .

D. 1931 k p . .-Gen. Supt.-Gen. \

1

McGill 11

H. Sess., Parl . , Amendment

p . ; i

E I

RG10, :

Fwe

i b i Memrandum, A s s t . 1937. f

E 3 1 ) , p . sec.

2183-84: sec. 50(2).

See PAC, 6810, 470-2-3, vol . 9: t o H. o f C. Law Clerk, 30 Jan. 1936, copy o f proposed amendments ( B i l l 4 ) w i th explanations, 2; Edwards t o Williams, 19 Feb. 1936; M c G i l l to Deputy Mar. 1936; Senate Debates, 1936, pp. 212-13:

of J u s t i c e [Edwards], Bi l l - 2nd . reading, 29 1936; p . Indian

5 May 1936; Statutes of (1 Ed. cap, p p . 117-18: 2.

See PAC, Vol. 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, v o l . 9: McGill t o O l a f M.P., Prince Rupert, 18 Oct. 1934; McGi l l to Edwards, 27 Nov. 1934; Edwards to 2 1935; t o Minister's P r i v . 2 Jan, 1936; i b i d . : J.H. R.C.M. Commissioner t o McGill, 21 1936; CP, Sta tu tes o f Canada (1 Ed. VIII , cap. 119: secs. 7-12, C P , Senate Debates, 1936, p. 236: Ind ian 1-In t tee, 5 May 1936

I b i d . , ( 1 Ed. cap. p p . 118-120: secs.

See CP, Statutes of Canada cap. 23 June 1936, pp. 207-10: An Act respect ing the Department of Mines and Resources.

See Department of M i nes and Resources Annual , Indian A f f a i r s Branch, h e r e a f t e r cited as D.M.R.

Annual Report, I

Ed.

. ed. , General Inventory

See S u p t Scott t o Murphy,I .A . Annual Report, , 1 Nov. 1931, p. 7; 1936, McGill to Crerar, July 1936, p. 10.

I b i d . , 1936, p. 13; see 1934, t o Murphy, J u l y 1934, p. 1 5 .

C P , Statutes o f Canada ( 2 Geo. V I , cap, 31), 24 June 1938, pp. 95-96: An Act t o amend the Ind ian Act.

I b i d . ; see o f C. Debates, 3 18 1938, Vol . I V , p. 3510: Indian A c t ( B i l l 138)-2nd. reading, 3 June 1938.

CP, H. o f C. Debates, 1938, Vol. I V , 3524: Indian Act Amendment-2nd. reading, 3 June 1938.

C P , Senate Debates, 1938, pp. 471, 475: Indian B i l l - 2 n d . reading, 9 June 1938.

I b i d . , pp. 472-73.

PAC, Vol. 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, vol . 10: Excerpt from the Winnipeg Press, 14 June 1938.

See d . , Vol . 9: Cory t o C.W. Jackson, Chief Exec. (Copy), 30 Sept.

Re 1 8

CP, Statu tes o f Canada ( 2 Geo. V I , cap. 95: 1: Revised Statutes of Canada 1927, cap. 98, p p .

5

H. C. Vol . Z V , p p . B i l l ,

RG26, V o l . T f i l e S o l i c i t o r , D r a f t C.W. i

D . E . A . 1 1 1936,McGi 11 p .

p. p .

p . Geo. 19) 1941, 114-20:

! RGIO. I .

1

A l l a n , S u p t . ~eserves rusts t o ~ x e c . A s s t . C.W.

5 RG10, Vol. v o l . c

1

Ont. Dec. NiDaunt, Westminster, B . C . McGill, Dec. Eade, Deseronto, On t . I

Sec., Dec. I D n t Sec. Dec. .E 11 A1 Sec.

Feb. MacKay, .C. Commissioner Sec., .A.B., 'I Dec. ; Fam~ ns true Apr s i

I n d i 5

H . G . " C "

Mac1 nnes Crowley I

MacInnes, RG26, I

RG10, Vol le Moore, Allan,

4 5 . RG10, V o l .

A s s t . 16 I9 Par1 194'1 I I Act ( B i 11 24),

Vol. 111, 3204-05: p p .

19), 119-20.

3 6 . See CP, o f Debates, 1938, 3511, 3520-22: I nd ian A c t Amendment, 3 June 1938; see Senate Debates, 1938, p. 471: Ind ian 9 June 1938; P A C , 1197: Senior memo t o Jackson, 9 Feb. 1937.

37 . See D.M.R. Annual Repor t , I.A.B., 1939, McGi l l t o Crerar, p . 227.

38. See Annual Report, 1934, McG i l l t o Murphy, June 1934, p. 7; t o Crerar, 1 J u l y 1936, 13.

39. See i b i d . , 1936, 16; D.M.R. Annual Report, I.A.B., 1940, McGi l l t o Crerar, p . 191; 1942, M c G i l l t o Crerar , 140.

40. D . M . R . Annual Report , I . A . B . , 1937, McGill t o Crerar, 190; CP, Statutes o f Canada (4-5 V I , cap. , 14 June pp. An A c t t o amend t he I n d i a n Act : see PAC. Vol . 681 f i l e 470-2-7: Memo., D.J. and Chief

Jackson, 7 Aug. 1941.

41. PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 10: Memorandum, S o l i c i t o r W . M . Cory t o M c G i l l , 18 Nov. 1938; C i r c u l a r signed by the D i r e c t o r , 22 Nov. 1938.

42. See i b i d . : A.D. Moore, Muncey, t o McGill, 6 1938; A.O. New t o 8 1938; H.J. t o Mines and Resaurces, 9 1938; W . L . Tyrer, Moose Factory,

. t o , 9 1938; W . Gu ion, Saddle Lake, t a. t o , 4 1939; D.M. B I n d i a n t o I 1 1939 Resolut ions before Annual Meeti ng o f Agents and I tors, Sask. Inspec t o r a t e, . 1939, gned Thos. Robertson, I nspec to r of an Agencies, Sask .

4 3 . I b i d . , Memorandum, Crowley, Audi tor General's O f f i c e , Branch t o MacInnes (Draf t copy) , 16 Oct. 1939; Act ing Aud i to r General Glass t o

, 1 Nov . 1939; Cory t o , 29 Nov. 1940; Memoranda, Cory t o 4 Apr. 1940 and 9 Jan. 1941; Vol . 74, f i l e 2212: draft

memo., Cory t o MacInnes, 11 Jan. 1940.

44. PAC, . 6810, f i 470-2-3, vo l . 10: MacInnes t o D r . Hoey and 30 May 1941.

See PAC, 6811, f i l e 470-2-7: Memo., Cory t o MacInnes, 19 O c t . 1940; Copy o f B i l l 24 (amendments o f 1941) wi th exp lana tory notes; Memo., MacInnes to C h i e f Exec. [Jackson], J u l y 1941; CP, H. o f C. Debates, 2 Sess . ,

., , Vol . , pp . 1904-05: I n d i a n Amendment 27 M a r . 1941; pp. I n d i a n Ac t Amendment, 27 May 1941; Senate Debates, 1941, 167-70: I n d i a n B i l l , 2 June 1941; CP, S ta tu tes of Canada ( 4 - 5 Geo. V I , cap. pp.

Hobbema, Sec., 1 , A . B .

J.L. Kamsack, O.J. Al lan , Supt. f vol le

C. Pa r l 1944,

RG10, v o l . Councjl Minutes

W.J. Robson, Pres., O c t . 470-3-6, !

vol 1

Association 1945.

24. I

F

C. I7 Par1 Vol 211, RG10, Vol.

vol .

H. Par l Vol 11, JointCommittee

I b i d . ,

46. See i b i d . : Agent Lew is , A l t a . t o (Copy) , 10 Feb. 1942; MacInnes t o Agent B a l l , Vancouver, B . C . (Copy), 4 Mar. 1942; Agent

Bryant, Sask. t o MacInnes, 29 Aug. 1942; Reserves and rus t s t o Bryant, 18 S e p t . 1942 (Copy) ; . 6811, f i 470-2-3, v o l . 11 : Memo., MacInnes t o Cory, 4 Oct. 1944; Memo, Cory t o Hoey, 13 Mar. 1945 (Copy).

4 7 . CP, H . o f Debates, 5 Sess. 19 ., 1944, Vol . V I , p . 6454: Supply-Ind ian A f f a i r s , 14 Aug.

48. See P A C , Vol. 6811, f i l e 470-2-3, 11: Copy of S i x N a t i o n s o f meeting h e l d 21 May 1945, rec'd. a t D.M.R. Registrar 's

O f f i c e , 29 May 1945; Dock and Shipyard Workers' Union, Vancouver, B . C . t o P.M. Mackenzie King, 15 1945; f i l e

. : B r i e f o f the Protective Assoc ia t ion f o r [Saskatchewan] Indians and their Treaties sent t o the M i n i s t e r o f I n d i a n A f f a i r s , Sept . 1945; Memorial on Ind ian A f f a i r s presented by the I n d i a n o f Albe r t a , S e p t .

49. See Tobias, "Out l ine H i s t o r y o f Canada's I nd ian Policy," p .

50. C P , H . o f Debates, 4 Sess . , ., 1932-33, . I I , p. 2309: I n d i a n A c t Amendment (Bil l 21 Feb. 1933; see PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 9 : Copy o f a memorandum made by S c o t t i n 1920 on Enfranchisement.

51. CP, o f C. Debates, 2 Sess., 20 ., 1946, . p . 1449: I n d i a n A f f a i r s , t o Consider Amendments t o the I n d i a n Act and I nd ian Admin i s t ra t i on Genera l ly , 13 May 1946.

52. pp. 1447, 1449.

H . C. Vol. 1 1 , p p . 1446-1465: Age Oct. 1945.

Vol. 11, p. l o Consjder

19461, p. i v

pp, 2-9.

RG10, Vol. I : D.M. MacKay, I.A.B.,

5 .J.C. 428-29.

RG10, 6E11, Antoine Shackley] Sec. A f f a i rs ,

H. V I T

p.

800-02; RG10, Vol. Memorial

p. 611.

p.

614.

p.

RG10, Vol . 6811, 1:

01 i v e r , B.C.

CHAPTER N I N E

The Indian Act o f 1951

CP, o f Debates, 1 Sess. , 20 Parl . , 1945, Old Pensions - I n d i a n s , 24

I b i d . , 2 Sess . , 20 Par l . , 1946, 1446: I n d i a n A f f a i r s J o i n t Committee Amendments to Act [ e t c . ] , 1 3 May 1946; Minutes o f Proceedings and Evidence of the Special Joint Committee o f the Senate and the House o f Commons appointed t o examine and consider the I n d i a n Act (Ottawa: King's Printer, (hereafter c i t e d as CP, S.J.C. 1946).

CP, S.J.C. 1947, p. 1673.

See i b i d . 1946,

See PAC, 6811, f i l e 470-3-7, vo l . Indian Commr. f o r B.C. t o R . A . Hoey, Director 14 Ju ly 1947.

See CP, 1946, pp.

PAC, Vol. f i l e 470-3-6, vo l . 1: [Chiefs Blair Peter, James and George t o t h e o f Indian 12 June 1946.

CP, o f C. Debates, 3 Sess., 22 Parl . , 1956, Vol . , p. 7123: Indian Act (Bi l l 439) - En Committee, 7 Aug. 1956.

CP, S.J.C. 1946, p . 799.

I b i d . , 800.

Ib id, , pp. PAC, 6811, f i l e 470-3-6, v o l . 1 : Second of t h e Ind ian Assoc ia t i on o f A lber ta , pp. 2-5.

CP, S.J.C. 1946,

I b i d . , 632.

I b i d . , p.

I b i d . , p . 615.

I b i d . , 632.

I b i d . , p. 615; see PAC, f i l e 470-3-6, vo l . Recommendations submitted by the Okanagan Society for the Rev i va l of I n d i a n Arts and Cra f ts , June 1946 to the Spec ia l J o i n t Committee o f the Senate and House o f Commons....; N a t i v e Canadians: A Plan f o r the R e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f Indians, submitted t o t he [House] Committee on Reconstruct ion and Re-establishment, Ottawa by the Okanagan Society . . . , (May 1944).

1 18. 5.3.~. 1946, p . Ma.

858.

' 20.

1 470-3-7,

I 1

pp. 541-542,

1 24. pp.

I pp. 549-52.

p .

1 588.

28. pp. 588-96.

1 30. RG10, V o l . I t o S e c . , I . A . B . , 1 9 J u n e 1 9 4 2 ( E x t r a c t ) ; [ M a c I n n e s ] t o V i n c e n t D u p u i s , M . P . ,

Crerar Dupu i s , 1944

Vo l . I Ottawa",anexcerptfrontheReginaLeader-Post , lMay1947.

CP 3. pp 969-1

t I

RG10, Vol. vol. B . C . ,

RG10, 1 :

J , pp. 1706-72, 1773-88,

RG10, vo l . Lazare , 1105, Sec. MacInnes

Sec., Encl. , Lazare, 1113, flacInnes 3'1 Aug.

CP,

I 19. I b i d . , p.

I b i d . 1917, p. 547.

21. I b i d .

22. I b i d ,, f i l e Vol . 1: "State Schools Inevitable for Indians , Ottawa Says" an exerpt from the Toronto Globe and Mai , 25 June 1947.

23. CP, S.J.C. 1947,

I b i d . , 548 - 4 9 .

25. See i b i d . ,

26. CP, S.J.C. 1947, 5 5 9 .

27. I b i d . , p.

See i b i d . ,

29. I b i d . , p . 599.

See PAC, 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, vol . 70: Agent F. Br isebo is , Caughnawaga

9 Mar. 1944 ( D r a f t Copy); t o 21 Mar. (Copy).

I 32. See , S. C. 1947, . 002. t

33. I b i d . , pp. 764-65.

34. I b i d . , p . 765.

35. I b i d . , p . 770; see PAC, 6811, file 470-3-6, 2: Brie f o f Nat ive Brotherhood o f 1-2 May 1947.

36. PAC, Vo l . 6811, f i l e 470-3-7, vol . Reginald Hardy (Ottawa Bureau), " I n d i a n s Seek Pensions, Tax Exemptions" an excerpt from The Vancouver Dai ly Province, 1 Hay 1947,

37. See CP, S . C. 1947, 1743-45, 1794.

38. See PAC, V o l . 6810, f i l e 470-2-3, 10: Chief Councillor Resolution Caughnawaga, 2 July 1942; to Agent Brisebois, 28 July 1942; Brisebois t o 26 Aug. 1942 ( E x t r a c t ) w i t h Resolution 6 Aug. 7942; to B r i s e b o i s , 1942.

31. See i b i d . , 6811, f i l e 470-3-7, vol. 1 : "Indians t o Carry B r i e f t o

-

40.

41. I b j d . , p. p ,

RG10, V o l . f i l e S.N . Ont. Spec la l 1937.

1439-40,

1562-63.

RGIO, vol . idhi 1

1947, pp. 310-11.

RGIO, 681 1 470-2-8: ," 1946.

Vol. 'I:

1947:-CP,

S.J.C, p ,

RGIO, Vol. v o l . 11: Hoey, Memorandum MacInnes Memorandum,

56. CP, 187-88.

189.

j b i d . , I ; ..."

39. C.P. S.J.C. 1947, p . 1707.

I b i d . , p . 1708.

1743; see S.J.C. 1946, 879.

42. See PAC, 6811, 470-3-6, v o l . 2: Submission o f I n d i a n s of t o t he J o i n t Committee, c .

43. See S . J . C. 1947, pp. 1402-05,

44. See i b i d . , pp. 1428-34,

45. See PAC, Vol . 6811, f i l e 470-3-7, 1: " F i n d s Indians Entering L i f e Pattern o f tes", an excerpt from t h e Toronto Globe and Mai , 4 June 1947, p . 81.

46. CP, S.J.C.

47. PAC, Vol , , f i l e Moore t o Glen, "Conf ident ia l 28 January

48. See i b i d . , f i l e 470-3-7, " I n d i a n A f f a i r s Commission Has Made I t s Report - Ant ic ipates Eventual Ass imi la t ion o f Canada's Aborigines" an excerpt from t he S t . John Telegraph, 9 July S.J.C. 1947, pp. 2007-14.

49. CP, S.J.C. 1947, p . 2004.

50. See i b i d . , pp. 2003-05, 2007-14; Evidence No. 21, pp. v- vi .

5 1 . CP, 1948, 186.

52. I b i d .

53. I b i d . , p . 187.

54. I b i d .

S.J.C. 1946, Minutes o f Proceedings and

55. S e e PAC, 6311, f i l e 470-2-3, Cory t o 1 3 Mar. 1945 (Copy); t o Cory, 4 Oct. 1944; [Cory's] Proposed D e f i n i t i o n o f an " Indian t' .

S . J . C . 1948, pp.

57. I b i d . , p . 188.

58. I b i d . , p.

59. See f i l e 470-3-7, v o l . " Indian Affairs Commission Has Made I t s Report excerpt from the St. John Telegraph, 9 July 1947.

CP, S.J.C. 1948, p. 189.

H. C . V o l . 11, C i t i z e n s h i p a n d p p .

p p *

RG10, V o l . Paul1

Geo. U I , cdp. 2 9 ) , sec. 2 (9) ; CP, H. v o l . It,

RG10, 470-2-3, vol . Hoey, S m . , 13 [Cory'sl

F.kmorandum an-mbership

187; RG26, 77, Cablnet,

W . E . n.d.

RG26, Val. Wmo RG10, vol .6811 ,

- ~ e b a t e s , 1950,vol . p .

1950, I V ,

3946-57.

Par1, ,1951, p . 1350, 791, Mar.

pp.

V o l . 111, - Vol. I V , p , 21

21 Vo l . 11, Sumnary of

28Feb. 3March Sumaryof 16Mar . 1951. i

135'1; p. (Flo. 79)-2nd. readirg,

EG26, V o l . Admin.

C o m n s I n v i t e d

1-2

. . .

I b i d . , pp. 189 -90.

See CP, o f Debates, 2 Sess., 21 P a r l . , 1950, p. 1776: Supply -Immigration, 21 Apr. 1950; vol. IV, 3329, 3331: I n d i a n

Act, 7 June 1950; 3939-41, 3966-67: Ind ian A c t , 21 June 1950.

See PAC, 6811, f i l e 470-3-6, v o l . 2 : Annota ted copy of Andy o f Bill 267, An Act respect ing (Canadian) I n d i a n s , the (Canada) I n d i a n A c t ,

20 June 1951, p . 132: Anp . 5; C P , S t a t u t e s o f Canada (15 Act respect ing Indians, o f C. Debates, 1950, pp. 3936-37: Indian Act , 21 June 1950, PAC, f i l e 11: Cory t o

Mar. 1945 (Copy); p e n c i l l e d sheet o f remarks on membership issues; CP, S.J.C. 1947. pp. 567-70: on I n d i a n Status and E l i g i b i l i t y for

CP, S.J.C. 1946, p . see P A C , Vol. Misc. I n d i a n Administration f i l e , Memorandum t o Revision o f I n d i a n Act , Points for discussion,

Harris,

See PAC, 71, Misc. Indian Admin. f i l e , t o Cabinet, Revis ion o f A c t , P o i n t s for discussion; f i l e 470-3-6, v o l . 2 : Annotated copy o f Bil l 267; CP, H. o f C . IV, 3937: Indian Act. 21 June 1950.

CP, H, o f C. Debates, Vol . p. 3946: I n d i a n Act, 21 June 1950.

I b i d . , pp.

I b i d . , p . 3938.

Ind ian Act (Bil l 16 See i b i d . , 4 Sess. , 21 V o l . I f ,

1951.

I b i d . , 1950, Vo?. I V , p. 3973: Indian A c t , 21 June 1950 - exerp t from the Vancouver Sun, 17 June 1950. ,

Ib i d . , see 3956, 3974.

I b i d . , 1950, p. 2205: Indian Act quest ion as t o Proposed revision, 5 May 1950; see 3940: I n d i a n Act, June 1950.

I b i d . , 4 Sess., Par l . , 1951, Appendix "B", p . 1364: A o f the Proceedings a Conference w i t h Representative Indians held i n Ottawa,

- 1951 (hereafter c i t e d a s Proceedings),

See i b i d . , p . Senate Debates, 1951, 457: Indian Bill 23 May 1951,

See PAC, 71, Misc. Indian f i l e , u n t i t l e d document on con-ference proceedings; Statement re Conference Proceedings for the House of

with attached l i s t o f the Ind ian Represen ta t i ves t o discuss the Ind ian B i l l w i t h the Min is te r o f C i t i zensh ip and Immigration . . . , Ot tawa, 28 Feb. and Mar. 1951.

p. [ I 1 , sec. subsec. ( e )

(ii). 1 k

H . Vol . 11, 16 Geo. 29),

CP, Vol 11, 16 I

i

p . 1351.

I I I ,

i RGIO Val. vol. E lmre

Sept .

ProceedingsandEvidence $ Committee No. 5

H. C. Consol i t i o n , May

E p. !

Feb. ine ," z V I (19761, p .

8

p , B i 11 May 291, 32,33,35, %

57, RG26, Vol. Misc. Admin. Mema n.d . ,

Geo. 29), pp.

156-61:

93. CP, H . Vo1. 291,

161: -

i "Out1

Randle, V o l . X X X 1 , 374 -

( ~ a r . 1952), 272-73. - - ..

76. See C P , Revised S t a t u t e s of Canada 1952, cap. 23, 463: Dominion Elections Act 938 and amendments 14, 2, paragraph , sub-paragraphs (i)and

77. CP, of C. Debates, 1951, p . 1364: Summary of Proceedings, Mar. 1951; see S t a t u t e s of Canada ( 1 5 V I , cap. 20 June 1951, p . 164.

78. H. o f C. Debates, 1951, . pp. 1365-67: Summary of Proceedings, Mar. 1951.

79. Ib id . , p. 1364.

80. I b i d . ,

81. I b i d . , p. 1364.

82. I b i d . , p . 1352.

83. I b i d . , 1951, Vol. p. 1528: Indian Act , 2 A p r i l 1951.

84. See PAC, 6811, f i l e 470-3-7, 1: "Speakers Rap Ind ian P o l i c y" , excerpt from t he Vancouver Sun, 8 Jan. 1946; P h i l p o t t , "Na t ive Voice", a r t i c l e i n the Vancouver Sun, 4 1946.

85. See C P , Minutes o f o f Specia l (House of Commons) appointed t o consider B i l l 79, An Act r e s p e c t i n g Indians,

30 Apr. 1951, p. 287.

86. CP, o f Debates, 1951, V o l . I V p . 3039: Indian Act-Amendment and da 15 1951.

87. See i b i d . , Vol. I , 715: I n d i a n Act (Bi l l No. 79) - Amendment and Consolidation, 27 1951; Tobias, "Out1 H i story o f Canada's Indian Pol icy The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology, vol . , No. 2 25.

88. CP, Senate Debates, 1951, p. 457: Indian B i l l , 23 May 1951.

89. Tobias, "O u t l i n e History of Canada's I n d i a n P o l i c y , " p. 25 .

90. See CP, Senate Debates, 1951, 457: Indian , 23 1951; S t a t u t e s of Canada ( 1 5 Geo. V l , cap. 20 June 1951, pp. 141-42, 149-51: secs. 53, 55, 58, 60; PAC 71 , Indian f i l e , to Cabinet, Revis ion of I n d i a n Act , P o i n t s for discussion, Harris,

91. See CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada ( 1 5 VI, cap. 144-48: secs. 42-50.

92. I b i d . , pp. secs. 73-85.

of C . Debates, 1951, IV, p. 3060: I n d i a n Act, Amendment and Consolidation, 15 May 1951; i b i d . , see S t a t u t e s o f Canada (15 Geo. VI, cap. pp. 133, secs. 4 , 86, 87.

94. See a l s o Tobias, i n e History o f Canada's Ind ian Policy" pp. 25-26; Martha C. "The New Indian Act," Canadian Forum, No.

pp.

I

5

I I , 411, pp. 287-89: [1952-533.

C. Parl 439), vol Indlan provlde

Statutes ~anada(4-5 11, 40), Aug.

i b i d . , Parl. V o l . 15

Act,Amendment

E l i z , 11, 19),

99. 11. C . P a r l . , Vol . p. (Bil l C-21, 16 Vol. I I , 1912-17:

Elec t~ans , a1 ly 1 1 z. 11,

sec. subsec. 21 E l i z . 11, 3 9 ) , 248-50: Sec.

Cmadcan Etecakom A c t ; sec. (2e, i i i ) .

95 . CP, S t a t u t e s o f Canada (1-2 E l i z . cap. 14 May 1953, An A c t t o amend the I n d i a n Act

96. CP, H. o f Debates, 3 Sess. , 22 ., 1956, Vol . V I, p. 6407: I n d i a n Act (Bi l l 24 July 1956; see . I , p. 32: Act, Amendments t o f o r changes i n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , amount o f loans e tc . , 12 Jan. 1956,

97. See CP, o f E l i z . cap. 14 1956, pp. 285-94: An A c t t o amend the Indian Act.

98. See 1 Sess. , 24 1958, I , p. 91: Ind ian Act Amendment t o Give Indians R i g h t t o Vote i n Federal Electians, May 1958; pp. 949-50: I nd ian Act , Amendment respecting names on I n d i a n Register, 9 June 1958; pp. 1007-14: Canada Elections t o Protect Voting Rights o f Ind ians , 10 June 7958; Senate Debates, 1958, p . 514: Indian Bill-2nd reading, 13 Aug. 1958; Statutes o f Canada ( 7 cap. 1 3 Aug. 1958, p. 89: An A c t t o amend t h e Indian Act.

See CP, o f Debates, 3 Sess. , 24 1960, I , 31: Indian A c t Jan. 1960; pp. I n d i a n Act, Amendment t o given Ind ians Right t o Vote i n Federal 9 Mar. 1960, pp. 1925-54, especi 1952, 1955: Indian Act ( B i C-2) ; S t a t u t e s o f Canada (8-9 E l i cap. 8), 31 Mar. 1960, p. 47 : An A c t t o amend the Ind ian Act [amendment t o

(8-9 cap. 1 Aug. 1960, pp. 14 on Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s and D i s q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of Electors i n t h e Revised S t a t u t e s o f Canada 1952, cap. 23, p . 463, 14 and

86

J.E.

poli foward

th i gu i

1 i ze ul j e c t i

Hodgetts'

comuni ty . level

o f f 1 zens." :

ments, :

s7 rm become

or on

I

Malter F

Indi i n t o 1 1

t rans i

d i speci a1 1 s 1 a t i

Cmons 1950)

SUMMARY

I n t h e days when Canada was a sparsely se t t l ed ru ra l soc ie t y , few

regulations were needed to govern the re la t ionsh ip between I n d i a n people

and the " w h i t e " community. As Canada grew, both i n territory and popula-

t i o n , increased regulation became necessary to define the evolving relation-ship. Thus the l n d i an A c t became more complex and intruded more and more

into the daily l i f e o f Ind ian people, As Professor Hodgetts remarked

i n Pioneer Public Service (1955 ) :

Thus a cy devised in the 1830's was reiterated, elaborated, and c a r r i e d to Confederation. Almost i n t a c t i t has served up t o s day as the di ng star for administrators of Indian A f f a i r s . Probably i n no other sphere has such c o n t i n u i t y or consistency or clarity o f policy prevai led; probably i n no o the r area h a s there been such a marked f a i ure to real timate ob ves,

I n Professor view the main thrust o f Indian policy a f t e r 1830

was t o " c i v i l i z e " Indians and then "assirnil ate" them i n t o the " wh i te"

This meant " r a i s i n g them t o the moral and intellectual o f

t h e wh i t e man and preparing them t o undertake the ces and dut ies o f c i t i

The obvious continuity i n p o l i c y i s more striking when one examines s ta te- $

made 80 years apart, by two Ministers o f Ind ian A f f a i r s . I n 1880

S i r John A. Macdonald stated t h a t government I n d i a n policy was

. . . t o wean them by ow degrees, f their nomadi c hab i ts , which have almost an i n s t i n c t , and by s l o w degrees absorb them settle them the land. Meantime they must be fairly protected.

(House o f Commons Debates, 5 May 1880).

In 1950, E . Harris reviewed past po l i cy and announced the new:

The ultimate goal of our an policy i s the integra-tion o f the l ndi ans the genera l f e and economy of the country. I t i s recognized, however, t h a t during a temporary t ion p e r i od of varying length, depend-i ng upon the circumstances and stage o f development of

fferent bands, treatment and egi on are necessary.

(House o f Debates, 29 June ,

i

$ onc. 1

zens 1 i !

a1 ly " 1

i t l

relatfonship I r l ri

I b ri

l 1

i i

from from

I By

commercial 5 I Z

wi

cwnpulsory -

11, i 5 - - - - - - -

1 $

192.

Perhaps the only perceptible change up t o and inc lud ing 1951 was

i n semantics: Indians were now t o be "integrated" rather than "assimilated".

They were to become fi r s t class c i ti v ing i n the "mai ns tream" o f

Canadian society. A t regular in te rva ls , for one hundred and forty years,

essent i re-di scovered" and redefined t o

serve government objecti ves. However, the same policy has been

has only sustained f a i ure i n

accomplishing what i t s e t o u t t o do, the merits or e v i l s o f the ul t imate

goal notwithstanding.

The present Indian Act supposedly e x i s t s to regulate and systematize

the between Indian people and t h e m a j o r i t y society. Paradoxically, while i t i s intended t o be a mechanism f o r assimilat ion, the Indian Act

iso lates Indian people from other Canadians. The policy goal and legis la t ion are contradictory.

Since colonial times European a t t i tudes towards Ind ian people have

repeatedly changed and t h i s s i t u a t i o n was often reflected i n legis la t ion.

Early concerns were the iquor t r a f f i c , unscrupulous traders, and and specu-

lators. By Confederation, suspicion and f e a r had given way t o benevolence and

a desire t o p r o t e c t Indians u n t i l they chose t o take their place i n society.

To t h a t end, I n d i a n l eg is la t ion dealt mainly with protect ing reserve lands

trespass and damage, and Indian people the s o c i a l e v i l s of local

towns.

the turn o f t h e century, society had grown impat ient . I t saw Ind ian people i n possession o f large fert i le t rac ts of land, often not fu l ly u t i l i z e d ,

which were i n many places a hindrance to sett lement and expansion.

The protections i n the Act were reduced and measures t o acquire reserve l a n d ,

t h or without Ind ian consent, were introduced.

By 7920 t h i s impatience had become so grea t t h a t enfranchisement

a time o f

concern w i t h social problems, the Indian Act was changed t o remove most o f t h e

more discriminatory and repressive provi si ons. However, there was no change

i n the underlying p h i osophy and assumptions about t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between

was introduced i n the Ind ian Act . F i n a l ly , after World War

Indian people and "white" society.

admini

1

embarked 7egi sl

nqs

C m o n s .

perlod,

undentak~,n. she1

s "Wahbung"

' C i zen ' 1

w i s I

F

The Ind ian Act o f 1951 continued t o draw Indian cr i t ic ism. The Department

o f Indian A f f a i r s , successor t o earlier s t r a t i ve arrangements, and to

a arge extent the sole a m o f government which I n d i a n people encountered, was

a lso attacked f o r i t s intransigence, red tape, and l a c k o f innovation. Faced

w i t h such discontent, i n the mid-1960's the Department series

of measures t o canvass Indian o p i n i o n concerning prospect ive a t i ve

changes. This process was h i g h l i g h t e d by the issuance of "Choosing a Path",

the Hawthorn-Trernbl ay Report, and a series of country-wi de consultation meeti

In June 1969, a White Paper on Indian Pol icy was tabled i n the House of

The I n d i a n Act was t o be repealed, the Department phased o u t over a f ive-year

and a transfer t o the provinces of federal services t o Indf ans

The I n d i a n people rejected these proposals and i n 1970, faced w i t h near unanimous opposition, the Federal Government ved the Paper.

The Indian people made t h e i r objections c lear i n publ ica t ions such as the

"Red Paper" ( Indian Associati on of Alberta), (Manitoba Ind ian Brotherhood) , and Harold Cardinal s us. They wanted the I n d i a n A c t t o remain, b u t

ti s P

th ignificant changes.

Various i n i t i a t i v e s f o r more Indian p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the decision-making

process have been made i n the i n t e r v e n i n g years. I n 1978 the Federal Government and Ind ian people are aga in seeking change and poss ib le l e g i s l a t i v e amendments.

on a

.

81 b l iography

Domini [ 1897 7

Gavernment Indf 1850-1 V i ctori fenden. Pri n 8/5.

1882-1960.

1869-1960.

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1868-1960.

Par1 i awn 18/6,

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and

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