ARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2

copy 2010 International Mycological Association

You are free to share - to copy distribute and transmit the work under the following conditionsAttribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work)Non-commercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes No derivative works You may not alter transform or build upon this work For any reuse or distribution you must make clear to others the license terms of this work which can be found at httpcreativecommonsorglicensesby-nc-nd30legalcode Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the authorrsquos moral rights

123

INTRODUCTION

Biological diversity (biodiversity) encompasses the variety of life forms occurring in nature from the ecosystem to the genetic level as a result of evolutionary history (Wilson 1992) The idea that fungi form a kingdom distinct from plants and animals gradually became accepted only after Whittaker (1969) Presently the ldquofungirdquo as a mega-diverse group span three kingdoms most belonging to the Fungi (Eumycota) while others are classified in the Protozoa and Chromista (Straminipila) (Cavalier-Smith 1998 James et al 2006b) The word ldquofungirdquo lower case and not in italics is commonly used as a collective term for organisms traditionally studied by mycologists from all three kingdoms (Hawksworth 1991) The myxomycetes have also been traditionally studied by mycologists (Everhart amp Keller 2008 Rojas amp Stephenson 2008) and are included here

Estimates for the number of fungi in the world range up to ca 135 M species (McNeely et al 1990 Hawksworth 1991 2001 Hawksworth amp Kalin-Arroyo 1995 Hyde 1996 Hyde et al 1997 Tangley 1997 Groombridge amp Jenkins 2002 Brusca amp Brusca 2003 Rossman 2003 Crous et al 2006 Adl et al 2007 Kirk et al 2008) It might be expected that the predicted numbers of fungi on Earth would have been considerably greater than the 15 M suggested by Hawksworth (1991)

which is currently accepted as a working figure although recognized as conservative (Hawksworth 2001)

The 10th edition of Ainsworth amp Bisbyrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al 2008) provided a total of 98 998 for the number of fungal species accepted to date (excluding taxa treated under Chromista and Protozoa) Kirk et al (2008) reported 1 039 species chromistan fungal analogues and 1 165 as protozoan in which 1 038 are regarded as protozoan fungal analogues Percolozoa (Acrasida) Amoebozoa (Dictyostelia Myxogastria Protostelia) Cercozoa (Plasmodiophorida) which were previously treated as Myxomycota and Plasmodiophoromycota

Egyptrsquos geographical position at the junction between two large continents (Africa and Asia) and its inclusion as part of the Mediterranean basin has indelibly influenced both the people and the biota of the country socially economically and biologically Egypt is part of the Sahara of North Africa it has an area of about 1 M km2 divided by the River Nile into a western part including the Libyan Desert (681 000 km2) and an eastern part comprising the Eastern Desert (223 000 km2) and the Sinai Peninsula (61 000 km2) The Nile basin comprising the valley in the south (Upper Egypt) and Nile delta in the north (Lower Egypt) forms a riparian oasis (40 000 km2) that constitutes the densely inhabited farmlands of Egypt

The history fungal biodiversity conservation and future perspectives for mycology in Egypt

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

Botany Department Faculty of Science University of Suez Canal Ismailia 41522 Egypt e-mail zemo3000yahoocom

Abstract Records of Egyptian fungi including lichenized fungi are scattered through a wide array of journals books and dissertations but preliminary annotated checklists and compilations are not all readily available This review documents the known available sources and compiles data for more than 197 years of Egyptian mycology Species richness is analysed numerically with respect to the systematic position and ecology Values of relative species richness of different systematic and ecological groups in Egypt compared to values of the same groups worldwide show that our knowledge of Egyptian fungi is fragmentary especially for certain systematic and ecological groups such as Agaricales Glomeromycota and lichenized nematode-trapping entomopathogenic marine aquatic and coprophilous fungi and also yeasts Certain groups have never been studied in Egypt such as Trichomycetes and black yeasts By screening available sources of information it was possible to delineate 2281 taxa belonging to 755 genera of fungi including 57 myxomycete species as known from Egypt Only 105 taxa new to science have been described from Egypt one belonging to Chytridiomycota 47 to Ascomycota 55 to anamorphic fungi and one to Basidiomycota

Article info Submitted 10 August 2010 Accepted 30 October 2010 Published 10 November 2010

Key words checklistdistributionfungal diversitylichensmycobiotaspecies numbers

IMA FUNgUs middot vOlUME 1 middot NO 2 123ndash142

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

124

Kassas (2002) mentioned four gaps related to biodiversity knowledge the number of species on Earth the diversity of the less conspicuous organisms such as fungi bacteria algae and protozoa the role played by each species among biotic elements of ecosystems and the human ability to assess and forecast bio-ecological degradation

Documentation of the Egyptian fungi may be dated back to 4500 BC when ancient Egyptians produced a number of hieroglyphic depictions of plants (many of which are psychedelic) on walls and within texts throughout Egypt Temples with countless pillars are shaped like huge mushrooms with tall stems umbrella caps and mushroom engravings distributed all over the country (Fig 1) These are shaped like Amanita sporophores and some like Psilocybe Others look like bracket fungi and are decorated with pictures of an incredible variety of plants (Arthur 2000) In the Egyptian Book of the Dead the Papyrus of Ani (Budge 1967) mushrooms are called ldquothe food of the godsrdquo or ldquocelestial foodrdquo and ldquothe flesh of the godsrdquo

Studies on fungi in Egypt started at the beginning of the 19th century on lichens (eg Delile 1813a b Nylander 1864 1876 Muumlller 1880andashc 1884 Stizenberger 1890 1891) In the early 20th century Sickenberger (1901) and Steiner (1893 1916) provided information for collections of lichens from Egypt in the 19th and early 20th Century In the Flore drsquoEgypte Delile (1813a) presented a scientific study of Egyptian fungi into the early19th century (Mouchacca 2008) in which he described the gastromycete now known as Itajahya rosea (syn Phallus roseus Fig 1) which he had collected in Damietta and Assiut in 1798 and 1799 respectively It should be noted that some early works repeat previous records sometimes ambiguously as a result of the misinterpretation of synonyms and erratic use of infraspecific ranks further in the case of Sickenberger misspellings of scientific names (Seaward amp Sipman 2006)

By the beginning of the 20th century special attention was being given to phytopathogenic fungi on wild and domesticated plants of economic importance (eg Fletcher 1902 Reichert 1921 Fahmy 1923 Shearer 1924 Briton-Jones 1922 1923 1925 Bishara 1928 Melchers 1931 Sirag El-Din 1931 Abdel-Salam 1933)

Both Reichert and Melchers are considered the pioneer scientists in the documentation of Egyptian fungi Israel Reichert (1891ndash1975) went to study in Germany Here he obtained his doctorate on Die Pilzflora Aumlgypten in which 237 species were recognized of which 42 were new to science Unfortunately none of his specimens were retained in Egypt or if they were there is no record of their whereabouts today However earlier material collected before 1914 was present in the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem which Reichert used when compiling his list of 1921 but it is not known if these specimens survived World War II

In 1927 Leo E Melchers went to Egypt at the invitation of the Egyptian Minister of Agriculture as chief mycologist for 18 months He met a series of difficulties such as there being no records available on the occurrence distribution or dates of any mycological observations conducted previously by any investigator in Egypt and no mycological reference collection existing in the country His checklist however included 345 species of fungi especially those causing plant diseases (Melchers 1931)

No studies were carried out on the soil fungi until the 1930s yet it was to be expected that in such a country with rich agricultural traditions knowledge of these fungi should have attracted considerable interest Research on Egyptian soil fungi was probably commenced by Younis Salem Sabet (1898ndash1977) Sabet graduated in 1921 from the High School of Agriculture (now the Faculty of Agriculture of Cairo University) and soon after was sent to England to study botany at the University of London where he obtained a BSc (Hons) in 1925 After his return he joined the Ministry of Agriculture in the Plant Breeding Section In 1927 he was appointed lecturer in Botany in the faculty of Science of the newly established Egyptian University and in 1935 published his pioneering study which was followed by many other publications (Sabet 1936 1938 1939a) His exploration led to the discovery of three taxa which were described later as new to science

Sabet took the initiative in the establishment of some scientific organisations and served as a member and president for several years in some others Particularly of note were the Egyptian Academy of Sciences Egyptian Botanical Society Egyptian Science Union Egyptian Association for Scientific Culture Society of Applied Microbiology Egyptian Phytopathological Society Society for the History of Science and Society of Atomic Energy

Near the end of the 1930s new aspects of mycological research were introduced into Egypt by several investigators such as mycorrhizal fungi (Mostafa 1938 Sabet 1939b 1940 1945 Yousef 1946) biocontrol (Mostafa amp Gayed 1953) rhizosphere (Montasir et al 1956 Naim et al 1957) air (Saad 1958 Zaki 1960) and stored seeds and grains (Assawah amp El-Arosi 1960)

In 1956 late Magdy A Ragab (Department of Botany Faculty of Agriculture University of Cairo) isolated 16 new species for the first time from soil water and some plant hosts (Ragab 1956)

However the credit for initiating real research concerned with Egyptian fungi must be given to Abdel-Al H Moubasher

Fig 1 A Giant mushroom-like pillars (upper part) which are common in Egyptian temples B Description of Phallus roseus by Delile (1813a)

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 125

(Botany Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Fig 2) In the early 1960s with colleagues and students he broadened the scope of mycological research in Egypt by conducting many studies on fungi These included aspects such as cellulose-decomposition thermophily osmophily seed and grain mycobiota phylloplane fungi mycotoxins and aquatic fungi Moubasher with his colleagues and students have published more than 150 scientific papers to date and in 1993 he published his major contribution to mycology in the Arabic World the lavishly illustrated Soil fungi of Qatar and other Arab Countries (Moubasher 1993) He also invited outside specialists to run courses from the 1980s and trained many PhDs students Specialists included Colin Booth and David Hawksworth in the 1980s

El-Abyad amp Abu-Taleb (1993) summarized the habitat diversity of Egyptian fungi and in 1997 the late Samy M El-Abyad (Botany Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Fig 2) presented his pioneering attempt to update the checklist of Egyptian fungi 1 246 species were recorded of which 173 were referred to Mastigomycotina 41 to Zygomycotina 222 to Ascomycotina 143 to Basidiomycotina and 667 to Deuteromycotina Different ecological and taxonomic groups were not separated cited in the checklist such as protozoan fungal analogues (Myxomycota Plasmodiophoromycota) lichens yeasts aquatic and marine

fungi entomopathogenic fungi nematophagous fungi and mycorrhizal fungi A large numbers of taxa either reported in routine isolations or as novel taxa are completely absent from this list This may be due to his inability to trace the majority of references which is actually the main reason why updated information documenting the fungi of Egypt was needed today Amongst records lacking in the El-Abyad (1997) checklist are seven Podaxis species (Melchers 1931) Chaetomium gelasinosporum and C uniporum (Aue amp Muumlller 1967) C mareoticum (Besada amp Yusef 1969) Zygopleurage faiyumensis (Lundqvist 1969) Podospora aegyptiaca (Lundqvist 1970) Thermoascus aegyptiacus (Udagawa amp Ueda 1983) and Gelasinospora hippopotama (Krug et al 1994)

In addition to the previous efforts of Reichert (1921) Melchers (1931) El-Abyad amp Abu-Taleb (1993) and El-Abyad (1997) several other studies have added to the documentation of Egyptian fungi Moubasher (1993) Lado (1994) Mouchacca (1995 1999 2001a b 2003a b 2004 2005 2008 2009a b Fig 2) Moustafa amp Abdel-Azeem (2005a b 2006 2010) Moustafa (2006) and Seaward amp Sipman (2006)

The late Abdel Razak Abo-Sedah organized the Second African Regional Mycological Congress in Cairo in 1992 under the auspices of the IMA Committee for the

Fig 2 A selection of prominent mycologists who have contributed greatly to our knowledge of mycology in Egypt A Abdel-Al H Moubasher B Samy M El-Abyad C Jean Mouchacca D Abdul-Wahid F Moustafa E Farida T El-Hissy F Younis S Sabet g Israel Reichert H Youssef A Youssef

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

126

Development of Mycology in Africa Then in 1993 he founded the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB) in Al-Azhar University Cairo The major tasks of this centre were the establishment of a fungal culture collection the application of fungi in public health agriculture environment and industry and supporting researchers as well as research projects The centre actively participated in organizing further African regional and international conferences and meetings in Cairo in 1994 Vancouver in 1994 Zimbabwe in 1995 Cairo in 1996 on ldquoRegulations of fungal activitiesrdquo and again in Cairo in 1999 on ldquoFungi and the Environmentrdquo The center had collaborative agreements with the former International Mycological Institute (IMI) in the UK and collaborative activities with Egyptian universities as well as with others in the UK South Africa Mauritius Zimbabwe and Austria The centre also initiated and published The African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology from 1993 to 2001 which contained numerous contributions by Egyptian authors and also a mycological newsletter in Arabic

From the beginning of 2005 to the end of 2007 the Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment Project (BioMap) had as its primary objective to develop and strengthen biodiversity research monitoring and assessment across Egypt In this project an extensive e-database was established to map the distribution of species across Egypt and document up to 50 of the Egyptian fungi (ltbiomapegyptorggt)

As mentioned above the information concerning the fungi of Egypt is still incomplete and cannot be fully documented without an updated checklist of all taxa reported for the country The present contribution assesses the diversity of fungi in Egypt In addition major groups of fungi are discussed briefly to highlight the extent of their diversity followed by examples of habitats that are unique and deserve greater attention These data show that the present contribution is a preliminary one concerning the diversity of Egyptian fungi and therefore this summation is intended to enhance our knowledge of and stimulate research into the fungi of Egypt

MATERIAls AND METHODs

The present contribution is based on an exhaustive revision of the available literature and sources of the Egyptian fungi reported from the 19th century to the present including dissertations published papers compilations and checklists Name corrections authorities and taxonomic assignments of all taxa reported in this article were checked against the Index Fungorum database (ltindexfungorumorggt) In addition websites of international mycological centres such as the ATCC (USA) (ltatccorggt) CABI (UK) (lt1942037776grcindexhtmgt) CBS (The Netherlands) (ltcbsknawnlgt) MUCL (Belgium) (ltcabriorghtdigindex-ebrcnhtmlgt) and the catalogue of the culture collection of the Assiut University Mycological Center (AUMC 2010) were also consulted The systematic arrangement in the present article follows Kirk et al (2008)

This study extended to more than eight years in documenting and updating the information on Egyptian

fungi All results of the present study can be checked against the last updated checklist (El-Abyad 1997)

REsUlTs

general features of Egyptian fungiThe number of fungi recorded in Egypt is 2 281 species out of which 105 taxa have been described from Egypt as new to science one in Chytridiomycota 47 in Ascomycota 56 in anamorphic fungi and one in Basidiomycota Reichert introduced 24 of the new taxa representing 247 of the novel taxa followed by Jean Mouchacca and his colleagues (Laboratoire de Cryptogamie Museacuteum National drsquoHistoire Naturelle Paris) who described 18 new species (171 of the total) and Abdul-Wahid F Moustafa (Fig 2) and his colleagues and students at the Suez Canal University who contributed 11 new taxa

Protozoan fungal analoguesThe kingdom Protozoa contains 115 000 known species They are extremely diverse in their cell structure patterns of nutrition metabolic needs reproduction and habitat This kingdom contains a grab-bag of organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms Protozoa are extremely difficult to classify so for the purpose of this survey they are grouped by their nutritional patterns Protozoan fungal analogues are heterotrophic and most are decomposers that feed on dead plants and animals by endocytosis (Kendrick 2000) According to Kirk et al (2008) there are about 1 165 fungal protozoan analogues described Slime moulds are a small and relatively homogenous group of eukaryotic organisms and these are referred to as Myxomycota (Mycetozoa) In Egypt the slime moulds have never been the target of any widescale study (Lado 1994 Stephenson amp Stempen 1994) except for the pioneer study of Abdel-Raheem (2002) on those of Upper Egypt (Ndiritu et al 2009)

Abdel-Raheem (2002) reported 20 species belonging to 17 genera in his first inventory of the protozoan fungal analogues (Myxomycota) of Upper Egypt from wood bark of living and dead trees and leaf litter Exhaustive examination of all available literature concerning protozoan fungal analogues in Egypt led to the discovery of reports of Protostelium irregulare (as ldquoirregularisrdquo Olive amp Stoianovitch 1969) and Eidamella spinosa (Kowalik amp Sadurska 1973) The protozoan fungal analogues occurring on decaying wood bark leaf litter and papyrus papers presently amount to 57 species belonging to 25 genera For more details refer to the PBI Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans (ltslimemolduarkedufungidefaultaspxselected=NameDetai lsampNameId=F2C1B99A-6D50-4963-8BE1-15FFC34F8D5DampStateId=ampSort=ampTabNum=8gt) and Farghaly (2008) In addition three species representing three genera of Cercozoa (previously Plasmodiophoromycota) have been recorded Plasmodiophora Spongospora and Woronina No dictyostelid cellular slime moulds are so far known from Egypt (Cavender et al 2010)

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

124

Kassas (2002) mentioned four gaps related to biodiversity knowledge the number of species on Earth the diversity of the less conspicuous organisms such as fungi bacteria algae and protozoa the role played by each species among biotic elements of ecosystems and the human ability to assess and forecast bio-ecological degradation

Documentation of the Egyptian fungi may be dated back to 4500 BC when ancient Egyptians produced a number of hieroglyphic depictions of plants (many of which are psychedelic) on walls and within texts throughout Egypt Temples with countless pillars are shaped like huge mushrooms with tall stems umbrella caps and mushroom engravings distributed all over the country (Fig 1) These are shaped like Amanita sporophores and some like Psilocybe Others look like bracket fungi and are decorated with pictures of an incredible variety of plants (Arthur 2000) In the Egyptian Book of the Dead the Papyrus of Ani (Budge 1967) mushrooms are called ldquothe food of the godsrdquo or ldquocelestial foodrdquo and ldquothe flesh of the godsrdquo

Studies on fungi in Egypt started at the beginning of the 19th century on lichens (eg Delile 1813a b Nylander 1864 1876 Muumlller 1880andashc 1884 Stizenberger 1890 1891) In the early 20th century Sickenberger (1901) and Steiner (1893 1916) provided information for collections of lichens from Egypt in the 19th and early 20th Century In the Flore drsquoEgypte Delile (1813a) presented a scientific study of Egyptian fungi into the early19th century (Mouchacca 2008) in which he described the gastromycete now known as Itajahya rosea (syn Phallus roseus Fig 1) which he had collected in Damietta and Assiut in 1798 and 1799 respectively It should be noted that some early works repeat previous records sometimes ambiguously as a result of the misinterpretation of synonyms and erratic use of infraspecific ranks further in the case of Sickenberger misspellings of scientific names (Seaward amp Sipman 2006)

By the beginning of the 20th century special attention was being given to phytopathogenic fungi on wild and domesticated plants of economic importance (eg Fletcher 1902 Reichert 1921 Fahmy 1923 Shearer 1924 Briton-Jones 1922 1923 1925 Bishara 1928 Melchers 1931 Sirag El-Din 1931 Abdel-Salam 1933)

Both Reichert and Melchers are considered the pioneer scientists in the documentation of Egyptian fungi Israel Reichert (1891ndash1975) went to study in Germany Here he obtained his doctorate on Die Pilzflora Aumlgypten in which 237 species were recognized of which 42 were new to science Unfortunately none of his specimens were retained in Egypt or if they were there is no record of their whereabouts today However earlier material collected before 1914 was present in the Botanisches Museum in Berlin-Dahlem which Reichert used when compiling his list of 1921 but it is not known if these specimens survived World War II

In 1927 Leo E Melchers went to Egypt at the invitation of the Egyptian Minister of Agriculture as chief mycologist for 18 months He met a series of difficulties such as there being no records available on the occurrence distribution or dates of any mycological observations conducted previously by any investigator in Egypt and no mycological reference collection existing in the country His checklist however included 345 species of fungi especially those causing plant diseases (Melchers 1931)

No studies were carried out on the soil fungi until the 1930s yet it was to be expected that in such a country with rich agricultural traditions knowledge of these fungi should have attracted considerable interest Research on Egyptian soil fungi was probably commenced by Younis Salem Sabet (1898ndash1977) Sabet graduated in 1921 from the High School of Agriculture (now the Faculty of Agriculture of Cairo University) and soon after was sent to England to study botany at the University of London where he obtained a BSc (Hons) in 1925 After his return he joined the Ministry of Agriculture in the Plant Breeding Section In 1927 he was appointed lecturer in Botany in the faculty of Science of the newly established Egyptian University and in 1935 published his pioneering study which was followed by many other publications (Sabet 1936 1938 1939a) His exploration led to the discovery of three taxa which were described later as new to science

Sabet took the initiative in the establishment of some scientific organisations and served as a member and president for several years in some others Particularly of note were the Egyptian Academy of Sciences Egyptian Botanical Society Egyptian Science Union Egyptian Association for Scientific Culture Society of Applied Microbiology Egyptian Phytopathological Society Society for the History of Science and Society of Atomic Energy

Near the end of the 1930s new aspects of mycological research were introduced into Egypt by several investigators such as mycorrhizal fungi (Mostafa 1938 Sabet 1939b 1940 1945 Yousef 1946) biocontrol (Mostafa amp Gayed 1953) rhizosphere (Montasir et al 1956 Naim et al 1957) air (Saad 1958 Zaki 1960) and stored seeds and grains (Assawah amp El-Arosi 1960)

In 1956 late Magdy A Ragab (Department of Botany Faculty of Agriculture University of Cairo) isolated 16 new species for the first time from soil water and some plant hosts (Ragab 1956)

However the credit for initiating real research concerned with Egyptian fungi must be given to Abdel-Al H Moubasher

Fig 1 A Giant mushroom-like pillars (upper part) which are common in Egyptian temples B Description of Phallus roseus by Delile (1813a)

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 125

(Botany Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Fig 2) In the early 1960s with colleagues and students he broadened the scope of mycological research in Egypt by conducting many studies on fungi These included aspects such as cellulose-decomposition thermophily osmophily seed and grain mycobiota phylloplane fungi mycotoxins and aquatic fungi Moubasher with his colleagues and students have published more than 150 scientific papers to date and in 1993 he published his major contribution to mycology in the Arabic World the lavishly illustrated Soil fungi of Qatar and other Arab Countries (Moubasher 1993) He also invited outside specialists to run courses from the 1980s and trained many PhDs students Specialists included Colin Booth and David Hawksworth in the 1980s

El-Abyad amp Abu-Taleb (1993) summarized the habitat diversity of Egyptian fungi and in 1997 the late Samy M El-Abyad (Botany Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Fig 2) presented his pioneering attempt to update the checklist of Egyptian fungi 1 246 species were recorded of which 173 were referred to Mastigomycotina 41 to Zygomycotina 222 to Ascomycotina 143 to Basidiomycotina and 667 to Deuteromycotina Different ecological and taxonomic groups were not separated cited in the checklist such as protozoan fungal analogues (Myxomycota Plasmodiophoromycota) lichens yeasts aquatic and marine

fungi entomopathogenic fungi nematophagous fungi and mycorrhizal fungi A large numbers of taxa either reported in routine isolations or as novel taxa are completely absent from this list This may be due to his inability to trace the majority of references which is actually the main reason why updated information documenting the fungi of Egypt was needed today Amongst records lacking in the El-Abyad (1997) checklist are seven Podaxis species (Melchers 1931) Chaetomium gelasinosporum and C uniporum (Aue amp Muumlller 1967) C mareoticum (Besada amp Yusef 1969) Zygopleurage faiyumensis (Lundqvist 1969) Podospora aegyptiaca (Lundqvist 1970) Thermoascus aegyptiacus (Udagawa amp Ueda 1983) and Gelasinospora hippopotama (Krug et al 1994)

In addition to the previous efforts of Reichert (1921) Melchers (1931) El-Abyad amp Abu-Taleb (1993) and El-Abyad (1997) several other studies have added to the documentation of Egyptian fungi Moubasher (1993) Lado (1994) Mouchacca (1995 1999 2001a b 2003a b 2004 2005 2008 2009a b Fig 2) Moustafa amp Abdel-Azeem (2005a b 2006 2010) Moustafa (2006) and Seaward amp Sipman (2006)

The late Abdel Razak Abo-Sedah organized the Second African Regional Mycological Congress in Cairo in 1992 under the auspices of the IMA Committee for the

Fig 2 A selection of prominent mycologists who have contributed greatly to our knowledge of mycology in Egypt A Abdel-Al H Moubasher B Samy M El-Abyad C Jean Mouchacca D Abdul-Wahid F Moustafa E Farida T El-Hissy F Younis S Sabet g Israel Reichert H Youssef A Youssef

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

126

Development of Mycology in Africa Then in 1993 he founded the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB) in Al-Azhar University Cairo The major tasks of this centre were the establishment of a fungal culture collection the application of fungi in public health agriculture environment and industry and supporting researchers as well as research projects The centre actively participated in organizing further African regional and international conferences and meetings in Cairo in 1994 Vancouver in 1994 Zimbabwe in 1995 Cairo in 1996 on ldquoRegulations of fungal activitiesrdquo and again in Cairo in 1999 on ldquoFungi and the Environmentrdquo The center had collaborative agreements with the former International Mycological Institute (IMI) in the UK and collaborative activities with Egyptian universities as well as with others in the UK South Africa Mauritius Zimbabwe and Austria The centre also initiated and published The African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology from 1993 to 2001 which contained numerous contributions by Egyptian authors and also a mycological newsletter in Arabic

From the beginning of 2005 to the end of 2007 the Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment Project (BioMap) had as its primary objective to develop and strengthen biodiversity research monitoring and assessment across Egypt In this project an extensive e-database was established to map the distribution of species across Egypt and document up to 50 of the Egyptian fungi (ltbiomapegyptorggt)

As mentioned above the information concerning the fungi of Egypt is still incomplete and cannot be fully documented without an updated checklist of all taxa reported for the country The present contribution assesses the diversity of fungi in Egypt In addition major groups of fungi are discussed briefly to highlight the extent of their diversity followed by examples of habitats that are unique and deserve greater attention These data show that the present contribution is a preliminary one concerning the diversity of Egyptian fungi and therefore this summation is intended to enhance our knowledge of and stimulate research into the fungi of Egypt

MATERIAls AND METHODs

The present contribution is based on an exhaustive revision of the available literature and sources of the Egyptian fungi reported from the 19th century to the present including dissertations published papers compilations and checklists Name corrections authorities and taxonomic assignments of all taxa reported in this article were checked against the Index Fungorum database (ltindexfungorumorggt) In addition websites of international mycological centres such as the ATCC (USA) (ltatccorggt) CABI (UK) (lt1942037776grcindexhtmgt) CBS (The Netherlands) (ltcbsknawnlgt) MUCL (Belgium) (ltcabriorghtdigindex-ebrcnhtmlgt) and the catalogue of the culture collection of the Assiut University Mycological Center (AUMC 2010) were also consulted The systematic arrangement in the present article follows Kirk et al (2008)

This study extended to more than eight years in documenting and updating the information on Egyptian

fungi All results of the present study can be checked against the last updated checklist (El-Abyad 1997)

REsUlTs

general features of Egyptian fungiThe number of fungi recorded in Egypt is 2 281 species out of which 105 taxa have been described from Egypt as new to science one in Chytridiomycota 47 in Ascomycota 56 in anamorphic fungi and one in Basidiomycota Reichert introduced 24 of the new taxa representing 247 of the novel taxa followed by Jean Mouchacca and his colleagues (Laboratoire de Cryptogamie Museacuteum National drsquoHistoire Naturelle Paris) who described 18 new species (171 of the total) and Abdul-Wahid F Moustafa (Fig 2) and his colleagues and students at the Suez Canal University who contributed 11 new taxa

Protozoan fungal analoguesThe kingdom Protozoa contains 115 000 known species They are extremely diverse in their cell structure patterns of nutrition metabolic needs reproduction and habitat This kingdom contains a grab-bag of organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms Protozoa are extremely difficult to classify so for the purpose of this survey they are grouped by their nutritional patterns Protozoan fungal analogues are heterotrophic and most are decomposers that feed on dead plants and animals by endocytosis (Kendrick 2000) According to Kirk et al (2008) there are about 1 165 fungal protozoan analogues described Slime moulds are a small and relatively homogenous group of eukaryotic organisms and these are referred to as Myxomycota (Mycetozoa) In Egypt the slime moulds have never been the target of any widescale study (Lado 1994 Stephenson amp Stempen 1994) except for the pioneer study of Abdel-Raheem (2002) on those of Upper Egypt (Ndiritu et al 2009)

Abdel-Raheem (2002) reported 20 species belonging to 17 genera in his first inventory of the protozoan fungal analogues (Myxomycota) of Upper Egypt from wood bark of living and dead trees and leaf litter Exhaustive examination of all available literature concerning protozoan fungal analogues in Egypt led to the discovery of reports of Protostelium irregulare (as ldquoirregularisrdquo Olive amp Stoianovitch 1969) and Eidamella spinosa (Kowalik amp Sadurska 1973) The protozoan fungal analogues occurring on decaying wood bark leaf litter and papyrus papers presently amount to 57 species belonging to 25 genera For more details refer to the PBI Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans (ltslimemolduarkedufungidefaultaspxselected=NameDetai lsampNameId=F2C1B99A-6D50-4963-8BE1-15FFC34F8D5DampStateId=ampSort=ampTabNum=8gt) and Farghaly (2008) In addition three species representing three genera of Cercozoa (previously Plasmodiophoromycota) have been recorded Plasmodiophora Spongospora and Woronina No dictyostelid cellular slime moulds are so far known from Egypt (Cavender et al 2010)

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 125

(Botany Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Fig 2) In the early 1960s with colleagues and students he broadened the scope of mycological research in Egypt by conducting many studies on fungi These included aspects such as cellulose-decomposition thermophily osmophily seed and grain mycobiota phylloplane fungi mycotoxins and aquatic fungi Moubasher with his colleagues and students have published more than 150 scientific papers to date and in 1993 he published his major contribution to mycology in the Arabic World the lavishly illustrated Soil fungi of Qatar and other Arab Countries (Moubasher 1993) He also invited outside specialists to run courses from the 1980s and trained many PhDs students Specialists included Colin Booth and David Hawksworth in the 1980s

El-Abyad amp Abu-Taleb (1993) summarized the habitat diversity of Egyptian fungi and in 1997 the late Samy M El-Abyad (Botany Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Fig 2) presented his pioneering attempt to update the checklist of Egyptian fungi 1 246 species were recorded of which 173 were referred to Mastigomycotina 41 to Zygomycotina 222 to Ascomycotina 143 to Basidiomycotina and 667 to Deuteromycotina Different ecological and taxonomic groups were not separated cited in the checklist such as protozoan fungal analogues (Myxomycota Plasmodiophoromycota) lichens yeasts aquatic and marine

fungi entomopathogenic fungi nematophagous fungi and mycorrhizal fungi A large numbers of taxa either reported in routine isolations or as novel taxa are completely absent from this list This may be due to his inability to trace the majority of references which is actually the main reason why updated information documenting the fungi of Egypt was needed today Amongst records lacking in the El-Abyad (1997) checklist are seven Podaxis species (Melchers 1931) Chaetomium gelasinosporum and C uniporum (Aue amp Muumlller 1967) C mareoticum (Besada amp Yusef 1969) Zygopleurage faiyumensis (Lundqvist 1969) Podospora aegyptiaca (Lundqvist 1970) Thermoascus aegyptiacus (Udagawa amp Ueda 1983) and Gelasinospora hippopotama (Krug et al 1994)

In addition to the previous efforts of Reichert (1921) Melchers (1931) El-Abyad amp Abu-Taleb (1993) and El-Abyad (1997) several other studies have added to the documentation of Egyptian fungi Moubasher (1993) Lado (1994) Mouchacca (1995 1999 2001a b 2003a b 2004 2005 2008 2009a b Fig 2) Moustafa amp Abdel-Azeem (2005a b 2006 2010) Moustafa (2006) and Seaward amp Sipman (2006)

The late Abdel Razak Abo-Sedah organized the Second African Regional Mycological Congress in Cairo in 1992 under the auspices of the IMA Committee for the

Fig 2 A selection of prominent mycologists who have contributed greatly to our knowledge of mycology in Egypt A Abdel-Al H Moubasher B Samy M El-Abyad C Jean Mouchacca D Abdul-Wahid F Moustafa E Farida T El-Hissy F Younis S Sabet g Israel Reichert H Youssef A Youssef

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

126

Development of Mycology in Africa Then in 1993 he founded the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB) in Al-Azhar University Cairo The major tasks of this centre were the establishment of a fungal culture collection the application of fungi in public health agriculture environment and industry and supporting researchers as well as research projects The centre actively participated in organizing further African regional and international conferences and meetings in Cairo in 1994 Vancouver in 1994 Zimbabwe in 1995 Cairo in 1996 on ldquoRegulations of fungal activitiesrdquo and again in Cairo in 1999 on ldquoFungi and the Environmentrdquo The center had collaborative agreements with the former International Mycological Institute (IMI) in the UK and collaborative activities with Egyptian universities as well as with others in the UK South Africa Mauritius Zimbabwe and Austria The centre also initiated and published The African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology from 1993 to 2001 which contained numerous contributions by Egyptian authors and also a mycological newsletter in Arabic

From the beginning of 2005 to the end of 2007 the Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment Project (BioMap) had as its primary objective to develop and strengthen biodiversity research monitoring and assessment across Egypt In this project an extensive e-database was established to map the distribution of species across Egypt and document up to 50 of the Egyptian fungi (ltbiomapegyptorggt)

As mentioned above the information concerning the fungi of Egypt is still incomplete and cannot be fully documented without an updated checklist of all taxa reported for the country The present contribution assesses the diversity of fungi in Egypt In addition major groups of fungi are discussed briefly to highlight the extent of their diversity followed by examples of habitats that are unique and deserve greater attention These data show that the present contribution is a preliminary one concerning the diversity of Egyptian fungi and therefore this summation is intended to enhance our knowledge of and stimulate research into the fungi of Egypt

MATERIAls AND METHODs

The present contribution is based on an exhaustive revision of the available literature and sources of the Egyptian fungi reported from the 19th century to the present including dissertations published papers compilations and checklists Name corrections authorities and taxonomic assignments of all taxa reported in this article were checked against the Index Fungorum database (ltindexfungorumorggt) In addition websites of international mycological centres such as the ATCC (USA) (ltatccorggt) CABI (UK) (lt1942037776grcindexhtmgt) CBS (The Netherlands) (ltcbsknawnlgt) MUCL (Belgium) (ltcabriorghtdigindex-ebrcnhtmlgt) and the catalogue of the culture collection of the Assiut University Mycological Center (AUMC 2010) were also consulted The systematic arrangement in the present article follows Kirk et al (2008)

This study extended to more than eight years in documenting and updating the information on Egyptian

fungi All results of the present study can be checked against the last updated checklist (El-Abyad 1997)

REsUlTs

general features of Egyptian fungiThe number of fungi recorded in Egypt is 2 281 species out of which 105 taxa have been described from Egypt as new to science one in Chytridiomycota 47 in Ascomycota 56 in anamorphic fungi and one in Basidiomycota Reichert introduced 24 of the new taxa representing 247 of the novel taxa followed by Jean Mouchacca and his colleagues (Laboratoire de Cryptogamie Museacuteum National drsquoHistoire Naturelle Paris) who described 18 new species (171 of the total) and Abdul-Wahid F Moustafa (Fig 2) and his colleagues and students at the Suez Canal University who contributed 11 new taxa

Protozoan fungal analoguesThe kingdom Protozoa contains 115 000 known species They are extremely diverse in their cell structure patterns of nutrition metabolic needs reproduction and habitat This kingdom contains a grab-bag of organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms Protozoa are extremely difficult to classify so for the purpose of this survey they are grouped by their nutritional patterns Protozoan fungal analogues are heterotrophic and most are decomposers that feed on dead plants and animals by endocytosis (Kendrick 2000) According to Kirk et al (2008) there are about 1 165 fungal protozoan analogues described Slime moulds are a small and relatively homogenous group of eukaryotic organisms and these are referred to as Myxomycota (Mycetozoa) In Egypt the slime moulds have never been the target of any widescale study (Lado 1994 Stephenson amp Stempen 1994) except for the pioneer study of Abdel-Raheem (2002) on those of Upper Egypt (Ndiritu et al 2009)

Abdel-Raheem (2002) reported 20 species belonging to 17 genera in his first inventory of the protozoan fungal analogues (Myxomycota) of Upper Egypt from wood bark of living and dead trees and leaf litter Exhaustive examination of all available literature concerning protozoan fungal analogues in Egypt led to the discovery of reports of Protostelium irregulare (as ldquoirregularisrdquo Olive amp Stoianovitch 1969) and Eidamella spinosa (Kowalik amp Sadurska 1973) The protozoan fungal analogues occurring on decaying wood bark leaf litter and papyrus papers presently amount to 57 species belonging to 25 genera For more details refer to the PBI Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans (ltslimemolduarkedufungidefaultaspxselected=NameDetai lsampNameId=F2C1B99A-6D50-4963-8BE1-15FFC34F8D5DampStateId=ampSort=ampTabNum=8gt) and Farghaly (2008) In addition three species representing three genera of Cercozoa (previously Plasmodiophoromycota) have been recorded Plasmodiophora Spongospora and Woronina No dictyostelid cellular slime moulds are so far known from Egypt (Cavender et al 2010)

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

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126

Development of Mycology in Africa Then in 1993 he founded the Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB) in Al-Azhar University Cairo The major tasks of this centre were the establishment of a fungal culture collection the application of fungi in public health agriculture environment and industry and supporting researchers as well as research projects The centre actively participated in organizing further African regional and international conferences and meetings in Cairo in 1994 Vancouver in 1994 Zimbabwe in 1995 Cairo in 1996 on ldquoRegulations of fungal activitiesrdquo and again in Cairo in 1999 on ldquoFungi and the Environmentrdquo The center had collaborative agreements with the former International Mycological Institute (IMI) in the UK and collaborative activities with Egyptian universities as well as with others in the UK South Africa Mauritius Zimbabwe and Austria The centre also initiated and published The African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology from 1993 to 2001 which contained numerous contributions by Egyptian authors and also a mycological newsletter in Arabic

From the beginning of 2005 to the end of 2007 the Biodiversity Monitoring and Assessment Project (BioMap) had as its primary objective to develop and strengthen biodiversity research monitoring and assessment across Egypt In this project an extensive e-database was established to map the distribution of species across Egypt and document up to 50 of the Egyptian fungi (ltbiomapegyptorggt)

As mentioned above the information concerning the fungi of Egypt is still incomplete and cannot be fully documented without an updated checklist of all taxa reported for the country The present contribution assesses the diversity of fungi in Egypt In addition major groups of fungi are discussed briefly to highlight the extent of their diversity followed by examples of habitats that are unique and deserve greater attention These data show that the present contribution is a preliminary one concerning the diversity of Egyptian fungi and therefore this summation is intended to enhance our knowledge of and stimulate research into the fungi of Egypt

MATERIAls AND METHODs

The present contribution is based on an exhaustive revision of the available literature and sources of the Egyptian fungi reported from the 19th century to the present including dissertations published papers compilations and checklists Name corrections authorities and taxonomic assignments of all taxa reported in this article were checked against the Index Fungorum database (ltindexfungorumorggt) In addition websites of international mycological centres such as the ATCC (USA) (ltatccorggt) CABI (UK) (lt1942037776grcindexhtmgt) CBS (The Netherlands) (ltcbsknawnlgt) MUCL (Belgium) (ltcabriorghtdigindex-ebrcnhtmlgt) and the catalogue of the culture collection of the Assiut University Mycological Center (AUMC 2010) were also consulted The systematic arrangement in the present article follows Kirk et al (2008)

This study extended to more than eight years in documenting and updating the information on Egyptian

fungi All results of the present study can be checked against the last updated checklist (El-Abyad 1997)

REsUlTs

general features of Egyptian fungiThe number of fungi recorded in Egypt is 2 281 species out of which 105 taxa have been described from Egypt as new to science one in Chytridiomycota 47 in Ascomycota 56 in anamorphic fungi and one in Basidiomycota Reichert introduced 24 of the new taxa representing 247 of the novel taxa followed by Jean Mouchacca and his colleagues (Laboratoire de Cryptogamie Museacuteum National drsquoHistoire Naturelle Paris) who described 18 new species (171 of the total) and Abdul-Wahid F Moustafa (Fig 2) and his colleagues and students at the Suez Canal University who contributed 11 new taxa

Protozoan fungal analoguesThe kingdom Protozoa contains 115 000 known species They are extremely diverse in their cell structure patterns of nutrition metabolic needs reproduction and habitat This kingdom contains a grab-bag of organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms Protozoa are extremely difficult to classify so for the purpose of this survey they are grouped by their nutritional patterns Protozoan fungal analogues are heterotrophic and most are decomposers that feed on dead plants and animals by endocytosis (Kendrick 2000) According to Kirk et al (2008) there are about 1 165 fungal protozoan analogues described Slime moulds are a small and relatively homogenous group of eukaryotic organisms and these are referred to as Myxomycota (Mycetozoa) In Egypt the slime moulds have never been the target of any widescale study (Lado 1994 Stephenson amp Stempen 1994) except for the pioneer study of Abdel-Raheem (2002) on those of Upper Egypt (Ndiritu et al 2009)

Abdel-Raheem (2002) reported 20 species belonging to 17 genera in his first inventory of the protozoan fungal analogues (Myxomycota) of Upper Egypt from wood bark of living and dead trees and leaf litter Exhaustive examination of all available literature concerning protozoan fungal analogues in Egypt led to the discovery of reports of Protostelium irregulare (as ldquoirregularisrdquo Olive amp Stoianovitch 1969) and Eidamella spinosa (Kowalik amp Sadurska 1973) The protozoan fungal analogues occurring on decaying wood bark leaf litter and papyrus papers presently amount to 57 species belonging to 25 genera For more details refer to the PBI Global Biodiversity of Eumycetozoans (ltslimemolduarkedufungidefaultaspxselected=NameDetai lsampNameId=F2C1B99A-6D50-4963-8BE1-15FFC34F8D5DampStateId=ampSort=ampTabNum=8gt) and Farghaly (2008) In addition three species representing three genera of Cercozoa (previously Plasmodiophoromycota) have been recorded Plasmodiophora Spongospora and Woronina No dictyostelid cellular slime moulds are so far known from Egypt (Cavender et al 2010)

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 127

Chromistan fungal analoguesThe kingdom Chromista (Straminipila) is a collection of eukaryotic walled microorganisms that produce heterokont wall-less cells in their life-cycles including some fungal-like groups that are not considered to be ancestors of any members of the Fungi (Lutzoni et al 2004) Kirk et al (2008) estimated the Chromistan fungal analogues as 1 039 known species and included the phyla Hyphochytriomycota Labyrinthista and Oomycota along with some taxa of uncertain position (incertae sedis)

The late Farida T El-Hissy (Botany Department Faculty of Science Assiut University Fig 2) was the founder of aquatic mycology research in Egypt El-Hissy and her students published more than 60 papers on this topic However the plant pathogenic Oomycota have been the target of many research investigations since 1921 and in the present study 186 taxa of chromistan fungal analogues were recorded of which 172 belong to 40 genera of Oomycota Four species and two genera of Labyrinthista were recorded while Hyphochytriomycota are represented by six species within three genera For more details refer to El-Helaly et al (1963 1966) Ali Hassanein et al (1972) Khallil et al (1995) and El-Hissy et al (1990 1992 1997 2004)

Fungi (Eumycota)

BlastocladiomycotaThis phylum was once considered part of the chytrids However most of the true chytrids (Chytridiomycota) produce a limited mycelium while Blastocladiomycota usually make extensive mycelia Thus they superficially resemble the water moulds to which they were thought to have been affiliated Like the chytrids Blastocladiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota are the only members of the fungi in which motility has been retained In overall growth habit the blastocladiomycetes tend to be eucarpic in which there is an extensive vegetative growth habit in which some part of the organism participates in reproduction (asexual and sexual) Members of this phylum do exhibit a complete alternation of generation between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte (Barr 1990 James et al 2006a) Kirk et al (2008) give a world total for Blastocladiomycota of 179 species In Egypt 27 species and one variety belonging to seven genera of Blastocladiomycota were found in this study For more details see Ragab (1956) Yusef (1964) Gad et al (1967) Gad amp Sadek (1968) El-Hissy (1974) El-Hissy et al (1997) El-Abyad (1997) Shoulkamy et al (2001) and Abdel-Moneim (2010)

Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota are a phylum of fungi that reproduce through the production of motile spores (zoospores) typically propelled by a single posteriorly directed flagellum These organisms often referred to as chytrid fungi or chytrids have a global total of approximately 1 000 described species (James et al 2006a) Based on biochemical characteristics including chitin in cell walls the α-aminoadipic acid lysine

synthetic pathway and storage carbohydrates (ie glycogen) Bartnicki-Garcia (1970) classified Chytridiomycota as true fungi and this is supported by current molecular studies (Hibbett et al 2007) In the past some authors considered the chytrids as a transitional group between protists and fungi because of their production of motile zoospores (Barr 1990) Kirk et al (2008) give the number known Chytridiomycota as 706

The study of Gaertner (1954) on Chytridiomycota of Africa is considered one of the pioneer mycological studies in Egypt However the real start of research on chytrids in Egypt must be credited to Samy Kamel Mohamed Hassan (Minia University) who obtained his PhD from the University of Warsaw for work on chytrids and aquatic fungi in 1982 Later Hassan and Mohamed Abdel-Wahab El-Naghy (Minia University) made a series of studies on chytrids in Egypt

Intensive revision of the nomenclature showed that 84 species belonging to 32 genera of Chytridiomycota were recorded in Egypt For more details see El-Naghy et al (1985 1987) Hassan (1991a-d 1993) Hassan amp Fadl-Allah (1991) Hassan amp Shoulkamy (1991) and Hassan amp Shaban (1991)

ZygomycotaZygomycota are a particularly ecologically diverse group of fungi occurring as saprobes (Mucorales) harmless inhabitants of arthropod guts (Harpellales) plant mutualists forming ectomycorrhizas (Endogonales) and pathogens of animals plants amoebae and especially other fungi (all Dimargaritales and some Zoopagales are mycoparasites) (James amp OrsquoDonnell 2007) Conversely some Mucorales have a negative economic impact as they cause storage rots or plant diseases while others can cause life-threatening opportunistic infections in diabetic immuno-suppressed and immuno-compromised patients In addition several species of Microsporidia cause serious human infections (de Hoog et al 2000 James amp OrsquoDonnell 2007)

According to Kirk et al (2008) the total world number of Zygomycota is 1 065 species Data collected from previous studies show the Zygomycota in Egypt to be fragmentary because members belonging to this group either have long been overlooked or simply reported as rare taxa during routine isolations

Abdel-Kader (1973) carried out a pioneering study in which he was able to isolate 11 species from a range of soils collected from various Egyptian localities The second most relevant study is probably that of Al-Alfy (1995) who reported 21 species from various substrates including soil dung stored seeds and grains and the phyllosphere In his recent contribution on Zygomycetes in Egypt Moustafa (2006) reported 33 species out of which nine were considered new Egyptian records

Revision of all available data showed that Zygomycota in Egypt comprises 70 taxa including eight varieties and seven special forms within 35 genera In addition Absidia aegyptiaca (Sartory et al 1939) is omitted from the list as no living or other type of authentic material is apparently preserved furthermore the name was not validly published as it lacked a

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

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128

Latin diagnosis (Mouchacca 1995) For more information on Egyptian Zygomycota refer to Kharboush (1969a b) Besada amp Yusef (1968) Abdel-Rahman et al (1990) Moubasher (1993) El-Abyad amp Abu-Taleb (1993) Swelim et al (1994) Mouchacca (1995) El-Abyad (1997) Abdel-Azeem (2003) Moustafa (2006) Ali amp Ibrahim (2008) Afify et al (2009) and Moubasher et al (2010)

GlomeromycotaThe Glomeromycota currently comprises 169 described species (Kirk et al 2008) The phylum is not as diverse as other phyla of fungi with only three families and such a modest number of species However they make up for this uniformity by being among the most abundant and widespread of all fungi As far as we know all species of Glomeromycota are mutualistic with plants forming endomycorrhizas Although there are various types of mycorrhizas involving different fungal and plant symbionts the arbuscular mycorrhiza type is the most widespread occurring in around 80 of plant species (Redecker amp Raab 2006)

The pioneering work of Mostafa (1938) and Sabet (1939b 1940 1945 Fig 2) is now accepted as the starting point of research on Egyptian Glomeromycota (Kelley 1950 Abdel-Moneim amp Abdel-Azeem 2009) These studies were followed by many other investigations concerned mainly with the ecology and physiology of endomycorrhizas in Egypt viz Fares (1986) Ishac et al (1986) Abdel-Fattah (1991) Aboulkhair amp El-Sokkary (1994) Mankarios amp Abdel-Fattah (1994) Abdel-Fattah amp Mankarios (1995) Abdel-Fattah amp Rabie (1995) Abdel-Fattah et al (1996) Abdalla amp Abdel-Fattah (2000) Abdel-Fattah (2001) and Abdel-Azeem et al (2007)

However surveys of Egyptian Glomeromycota are limited and had never been the sole target of any study until Fares (1986) conducted a survey of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas followed by Agwa (1990) on mycorrhizas and nodulation in some Egyptian plants After 10 years Agwa (2000) studied the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with medicinal plants as Glomales in Egypt (I)rdquo Agwa amp Abdel-Fattah (2002) followed up their work ldquoGlomales in Egypt (II)rdquo as an ecological view of some saline affected plants in the delta of the Mediterranean coast A study of the distribution of Glomales in the Egyptian Protectorates was published by Agwa amp Al-Sodany (2003) as ldquoGlomales in Egypt (III)rdquo which surveyed the distribution and ecology in some plants in the El-Omayed Biosphere Reserve Later other relevant studies were carried out by several investigators such as El-Zayat et al (2007) and Abdel-Moneim amp Abdel-Azeem (2009) on the Wadi Allaqi and Saint Katherine Protectorate respectively Recently Mansour (2010) screened 71 soil and root samples for endomycorrhizas in North Sinai and adopted some of them as biocontrol agents against fusarium-wilt of tomato

Eight genera and 19 species have been recorded in Egypt since 1938 Acaulospora Entrophospora Gigaspora Glomus Paraglomus Sclerocysti Scutellospora and Rhizophagus Both Paraglomus occultum and Rhizophagus were recorded and never cited in any publication related to Egyptian Glomeromycota For more details see Sabet (1939b) and Morton amp Redecker (2001)

Lichen-forming fungi Lichens are unique associations composed of two to three different organisms living together in a mutualistic relationship in which the fungal partner forms the external structure The name used is that of the fungal parter and the photosynthetic partner or partners have independent scientific names Estimates for the number of lichen fungi worldwide vary but a draft global checklist has 18 882 names of lichen-forming and allied fungi (Feuerer amp Hawksworth 2007)

Egyptian lichens have received the attention of many researchers since the early 1800s (Delile 1813a b Nylander 1864 1876 Muumlller 1880andashc 1884 Stizenberger 1890 1891 Sickenberger 1901 Steiner 1893 1916 Werner 1966 Galun amp Garty 1972 Temina et al 2004 2005 Seaward amp Sipman 2006) Egyptian investigators have participated in a few studiesof lichens namely in North Sinai (Khalil 1995) and on trees (Koriem 2003) and there have also been some physiological studies on the bionts (Koriem 2006) Khalil (1995) recorded 43 species belonging to 18 genera all of which are ascolichens without any basidiolichens at all and only one of these had a perithecioid ascoma (Gonohymenia sinaica)

Seaward amp Sipman (2006) reported 157 taxa of lichenized fungi (149 species and 8 infraspecific taxa) and six lichenicolous fungi (fungi obligately growing on lichens) Foliose lichens are very scarce only being represented by the genera Xanthoria (7 species) and Physcia (1 species) The fruticose growth form is better represented with members of the genera Ramalina Roccella Seirophora and Tornabea At the family level Teloschistaceae accommodated the most taxa (39) followed by Roccellaceae (16) and Physciaceae (12) For more information concerning Egyptian lichens please see check-lists of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi (ltbiologieuni-hamburgdechecklistsportalpagesportalpage_checklists_switchhtmgt) the Tel Aviv University Herbarium (TELA) (lttauacil~botanyTelalichenhtmlgt) Galun amp Garty (1972) Khalil (1995) Koriem (2003 2006) Temina et al (2004 2005) and Seaward amp Sipman 2006)

Ascomycota (non-lichenized)Numerically Ascomycota constitute by far the largest group of fungi so far known accommodating a relatively large assemblage of taxa estimated to be 65 of all described fungi (Kirk et al 2008) occurring in various habitats aquatic or terrestrial under moderate or stress conditions (Kodsueb et al 2008a b Kruys amp Ericson 2008 Thongkantha et al 2008) A large number of Ascomycota species are economically important (eg Fusarium spp Kvas et al 2009 Colletotrichum spp Damm et al 2009 Hyde et al 2009 Mycosphaerella spp Crous 2009) while few are edible (morels and truffles) and some are used also in the production of food (including bread) drinks organic acids mycofungicides fungal biofertilizers cosmetics and hormones (Kaewchai et al 2009 Hyde et al 2010)

This phylum encompasses biologically diverse forms Many are free-living saprobes including species which may be cellulose decomposers chitinolytic keratinolytic or

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 129

coprophilous others are parasitic forms including species which cause very serious plant diseases like powdery-mildew wood-canker ergot rot blight scab leaf curl and leaf-spots (eg Alves et al 2008 Aveskamp et al 2008 Simonis et al 2008 Wulandari et al 2009) Others that are considered symbiotic forms contain species which live in association with insects or algae (lichens) or roots of plants (mycorrhizas)

Ascomycota characteristically when reproducing sexually produce non-motile spores (ascospores) in a distinctive ldquoascusrdquo However some members of the Ascomycota do not reproduce sexually and do not form asci or ascospores (anamorphic Ascomycota) These asexual members are assigned to Ascomycota based upon morphological andor physiological similarities to ascus-bearing taxa and in particular by phylogenetic comparisons of DNA sequences In old classification systems these were often placed in a separate artificial phylum the deuteromycota (or ldquofungi imperfectirdquo) Molecular analyses can now place these genera and species among ascus-bearing taxa or more rarely in other phyla such as Basidiomycota

The first reports of mutualistic non-lichenized ascus-forming fungi from Egypt were those of Terfezia Tirmania and Morchella by Reichert (1921) and then Melchers (1931) who recorded six species Later Sabet (1935) recorded some saprobic Chaetomium species The saprobic Ascomycota did not receive attention and therefore information remained limited until the early 1970s when some research on the group was initiated by Moubasher and his co-workers during their studies on soil fungi Since then fragmentary information has been accumulating but these fungi had never been the main objective of any Egyptian study focusing on their ecology distribution and substrate preferences untill the study of Abdel-Azeem (2003)

Three hundred and three species of teleomorphic saprobic Ascomycota (including ascosporic yeasts) have been recorded from all terricolous substrates of Egypt (Moustafa amp Abdel-Azeem 2010 and unpubl) In their studies 10 species of edible Ascomycota were recorded from Egypt within the genera Morchella Terfezia and Tirmania In total 328 taxa were recorded in this survey of which only 32 species are ascosporic yeasts Binyamini (1973) reported Peziza vesiculosa as a coprophilous fungus from occupied Palestine and some samples were even collected from north Sinai during the occupation in 1967 but never cited as an Egyptian record in any checklist In addition Byssonectria tetraspora was recorded for the first time in Egypt by El-Saadawi amp Shabbara (1999) as an association between a fungus and a moss

For more details see Sabet (1936 1939a) Binyamini (1973) El-Saadawi amp Shabbara (1999) Abdel-Hafez et al (1995) Ibrahim (1995) El-Abyad (1997) Zaki et al (2005) Moustafa amp Abdel-Azeem (2005a b 2006 2008 2010) and Abdel-Azeem (2009)

Records of phytopathogenic fungi in Egypt were scattered through the literature until 1921 when Israel Reichert (Fig 2) carried out his pioneer study of Egyptian fungi This was followed by a comprehensive checklist of plant diseases

and fungi occurring in Egypt by Melchers (1931) Records concerning aspects of plant pathology in Egypt continued to be accumulated during many decades until El-Helaly et al (1963 1966) started to update the information and another updated bibliography of agricultural studies conducted in Egypt between the period 1900 to 1970 appeared (Ali Hassanein et al 1972) This revealed records of 82 species of teleomorphic plant pathogenic Ascomycota For more details please check Natrass (1933) Abou El-Seood (1968) Ghoniem (1985) El-Desouky amp El-Wakil (2003) Phillips et al (2006) and Hafez (2008)

Anamorphic genera are gradually disappearing into the overall ascomycete system though it will take many years before anamorph genera have fully integrated

A school of medical mycology in Egypt was formed at the beginning of 1967 when the late Youssef A Youssef (Ain Shams University Faculty of Science Fig 2) published two papers on fungus infection of the human ear Youssef and his students and colleagues became interested in medical mycology serology and fungi affecting human health For more details see Youssef amp Abdou (1967a b) Hassan et al (1980andashe 1981) Youssef amp Karam El-Din (1988a b) Karam El-Din et al (1994 andashc 1995 1996) and Youssef et al (1989 1992 1993)

In 1979 Ismail Abdel-Razak M El-Kady received credit as the Egyptian mycologist working on mycotoxin producing fungi in Egypt El-Kady and his coworkers studied the majority of aspects related to toxinogenic fungi eg factors affecting mycotoxin production toxinogenic taxa in food and feed and mutagenic effects of fungal toxins For more details see El-Kady amp Moubasher (1982 a b) and El-Kady et al (1989 1994)

In 1987 Mamdouh S Haridy (Minia University Faculty of Science) became the pioneer Egyptian mycologist in yeast identification and taxonomy having completed his PhD thesis on the taxonomy of yeasts (ldquoTaxonomie milchwirtschaftlich wichtiger Hefenrdquo Technical University Munich) He conducted a series of extensive studies on the Egyptian saprobic yeasts from different ecological habitats and sources (Haridy 1992a b 1993a b 1994a b 2002)

Recently other areas of Egyptian mycology have been established such as on the identification of human and plant pathogens by molecular techniques Youssuf A Gherbawy (Botany Department Faculty of Science South Valley University) focused on the identification of plant pathogens and saprobic fungi of food by means of molecular techniques (Gherbawy 2004 Gherbawy amp Abdelzaher 2002 Gherbawy amp Farghaly 2002 Gherbawy amp Voigt 2010) and Sherif M Zaki (Microbiology Department Faculty of Science Ain Shams University) extended the research of Youssef A Youssef using the molecular techniques in species identification of human pathogens (Zaki et al 2005 2009 Zaki 2008)

About 905 filamentous or yeast-like anamorphic fungi have been reported from Egypt These taxa colonize survive and multiply in air litter soil plant surfaces the human body and other substrates Of these only 28 are species

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

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130

of anamorphic ascomycetous yeasts which belong to three genera Furthermore five genera of basidiomycetous yeasts and 18 species are recorded from all habitats in Egypt

For more information consult Al-Doory (1968) Abdel-Fattah (1985) Sherief (1985) Bagy amp Abdel-Hafez (1985) Khater (1989) Shalouf (1989) Shindia (1990) Abdel-Mallek et al (1995) Abdul Wahid et al (1996) Hamdi amp Hassanein (1996) El-Tanash (1997) Shalaby (1999) Mahmoud (1999) Ismail amp Sabreen (2001) Teramoto et al (2001) Abdel-Wahab (2002) Farghaly et al (2004) Nofal amp Haggag (2006) Haggag et al (2007) Abdel-Hamed (2008) and Kottb (2008)

Aquatic and marine fungi Marine fungi form an ecological and not a taxonomic group (Raghukumar 2008 Jones et al 2009 Hyde et al 2000) Among these the obligate marine fungi grow and sporulate exclusively in seawater and their spores are capable of germinating in seawater (Hyde et al 1998) On the other hand facultative marine fungi are those obtained from freshwater or a terrestrial milieu and have undergone physiological adaptations that allow them to grow and possibly also sporulate in the marine environment (Kohlmeyer amp Kohlmeyer 1979) These fungi belong mostly to ascomycetes their anamorphs and a few basidiomycetes Among the straminipilan fungi those belonging to Labyrinthulomycetes comprising the thraustochytrids aplanochytrids and labyrinthulids are obligate marine fungi (Raghukumar 2002) and those belonging to the oomycetes are also fairly widespread in the marine environment

About 3000 fungi (exclusive of yeasts) have been reported from aquatic habitats of which Ascomycota (1 527 spp) and anamorphic taxa (785 spp) are the most diverse groups followed by Chytridiomycota (576 spp) with Basidiomycota (21 spp) as the least diverse group (Vijaykrishna et al 2006 Shearer et al 2007)

Anwar Abdel Aleem (Faculty of Science University of Alexandria) or Peripatetic Aleem as he was known among his colleagues is one of the most brilliant Arab marine botanists and oceanographer extraordinaire He is considered one of the pioneer marine Egyptian mycologists with studies on marine fungi dating back to 1950 (Aleem 1950andashc 1952andashc 1953 1962 1974 1975 1978 1980a b Aleem amp Mailbari 1981)

In Egypt obligate and facultative marine fungi are considered as forgotten fungi (Jones 2001) because they never featured in research topics until 1993 which is considered the starting point of marine mycology research in Egypt This provided Mohamed Abdel-Wahab (Botany Department Faculty of Science South Valley University Sohag Egypt) the possibility to publish his pioneering study on the Egyptian obligate mangrove-inhabiting fungi of the Red Sea in 1996 Three contributions of El-Sharouny et al (1998 1999) and Abd-Elaah (1998) shed light on the ecology and taxonomy of mangrovicolous algicolous and aquatic fungi of the Red Sea in Upper Egypt Abdel-Wahab (2000) obtained his PhD on the biodiversity of fungi in subtropical mangroves he recorded 25 fungi on intertidal wood of

Avicennia marina collected from three mangrove stands of the Red Sea coast of Egypt Abdel-Wahab et al (2001a b) published three new species Halosarpheia unicellularis Swampomyces aegyptiacus and S clavatispora from Red Sea mangroves Pang et al (2002) erected Jahnulales as a new lignicolous freshwater ascomycete order with the new species Patescospora separans from Egypt Abdel-Raheem (2004) studied the effect of different techniques on diversity of freshwater hyphomycetes in the River Nile (Upper Egypt) Abdel-Wahab (2005) examined the diversity of marine fungi on intertidal decayed wood of A marina and on decayed prop roots of Rhizophora mucronata in mangrove stands in the southern part of the Egyptian Red Sea coast 39 species were identified on decayed wood of A marina of which 19 were new records for Egypt and the Red Sea Freshwater fungi are those relying on freshwater for at least part of their life-cycle (Wong et al 1998 Raja et al 2009) Abdel-Aziz (2008) studied the diversity of aquatic fungi in Lake Manzala which was the first report of aquatic fungi from the lake Sixty taxa including 26 ascomycetes and 34 anamorphic fungi were recorded of which 19 species were new records for Egypt El-Sharouny et al (2009) studied the fungal diversity in brackish and saline lakes in Egypt 97 fungi (40 ascomycetes 55 anamorphic fungi and 2 basidiomycetes) were identified from 764 collections obtained from 545 samples of which 70 were new records for Egypt

The revision of all available data sources reveals that the total number of marine and aquatic fungi known in Egypt is 207 taxa (87 Ascomycota 117 anamorphic taxa and 3 Basi-diomycota) There is no checklist of aquatic Egyptian fungi so far For more details on these fungi see the website (ltfungilifeillinoisedugt) search mangrove fungi (ltfungilifeillinoisedusearchmangrove_fungigt) and check relevant studies (Khallil 2001 Abdel-Aziz 2004 Abdel-Wahab et al 2009 2010)

Entomopathogenic fungiThe taxonomy of the entomopathogenic fungi has received much attention since the 1970s More than 700 species of fungi are associated with insects spiders and mites (Samson et al 1988 Hajek amp St Leger 1994 Sung et al 2007 Aung et al 2008)

The invertebrate pathogenic fungi can be classified in the Mastigomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota and allied anamorphic fungi no truly entomopathogenic basidiomycetes have been documented (Samson et al 1988) Entomopathogenic fungi range from commensals or mutualists through ectoparasites which do not seriously affect their hosts to pathogens which are lethal and include representatives of all the groups of fungi (Hawksworth et al 1995)

Few records appeared reporting the occurrence of entomogenous fungi in Egypt until Natrass (1932) published preliminary notes on some of these fungi in Egypt He recorded five species Empusa grylli (= Entomophaga grylli) Beauveria bassiana Aspergillus flavus Mucor racemosum and Metarhizium anisopliae In the beginning of the 1960s

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

130

of anamorphic ascomycetous yeasts which belong to three genera Furthermore five genera of basidiomycetous yeasts and 18 species are recorded from all habitats in Egypt

For more information consult Al-Doory (1968) Abdel-Fattah (1985) Sherief (1985) Bagy amp Abdel-Hafez (1985) Khater (1989) Shalouf (1989) Shindia (1990) Abdel-Mallek et al (1995) Abdul Wahid et al (1996) Hamdi amp Hassanein (1996) El-Tanash (1997) Shalaby (1999) Mahmoud (1999) Ismail amp Sabreen (2001) Teramoto et al (2001) Abdel-Wahab (2002) Farghaly et al (2004) Nofal amp Haggag (2006) Haggag et al (2007) Abdel-Hamed (2008) and Kottb (2008)

Aquatic and marine fungi Marine fungi form an ecological and not a taxonomic group (Raghukumar 2008 Jones et al 2009 Hyde et al 2000) Among these the obligate marine fungi grow and sporulate exclusively in seawater and their spores are capable of germinating in seawater (Hyde et al 1998) On the other hand facultative marine fungi are those obtained from freshwater or a terrestrial milieu and have undergone physiological adaptations that allow them to grow and possibly also sporulate in the marine environment (Kohlmeyer amp Kohlmeyer 1979) These fungi belong mostly to ascomycetes their anamorphs and a few basidiomycetes Among the straminipilan fungi those belonging to Labyrinthulomycetes comprising the thraustochytrids aplanochytrids and labyrinthulids are obligate marine fungi (Raghukumar 2002) and those belonging to the oomycetes are also fairly widespread in the marine environment

About 3000 fungi (exclusive of yeasts) have been reported from aquatic habitats of which Ascomycota (1 527 spp) and anamorphic taxa (785 spp) are the most diverse groups followed by Chytridiomycota (576 spp) with Basidiomycota (21 spp) as the least diverse group (Vijaykrishna et al 2006 Shearer et al 2007)

Anwar Abdel Aleem (Faculty of Science University of Alexandria) or Peripatetic Aleem as he was known among his colleagues is one of the most brilliant Arab marine botanists and oceanographer extraordinaire He is considered one of the pioneer marine Egyptian mycologists with studies on marine fungi dating back to 1950 (Aleem 1950andashc 1952andashc 1953 1962 1974 1975 1978 1980a b Aleem amp Mailbari 1981)

In Egypt obligate and facultative marine fungi are considered as forgotten fungi (Jones 2001) because they never featured in research topics until 1993 which is considered the starting point of marine mycology research in Egypt This provided Mohamed Abdel-Wahab (Botany Department Faculty of Science South Valley University Sohag Egypt) the possibility to publish his pioneering study on the Egyptian obligate mangrove-inhabiting fungi of the Red Sea in 1996 Three contributions of El-Sharouny et al (1998 1999) and Abd-Elaah (1998) shed light on the ecology and taxonomy of mangrovicolous algicolous and aquatic fungi of the Red Sea in Upper Egypt Abdel-Wahab (2000) obtained his PhD on the biodiversity of fungi in subtropical mangroves he recorded 25 fungi on intertidal wood of

Avicennia marina collected from three mangrove stands of the Red Sea coast of Egypt Abdel-Wahab et al (2001a b) published three new species Halosarpheia unicellularis Swampomyces aegyptiacus and S clavatispora from Red Sea mangroves Pang et al (2002) erected Jahnulales as a new lignicolous freshwater ascomycete order with the new species Patescospora separans from Egypt Abdel-Raheem (2004) studied the effect of different techniques on diversity of freshwater hyphomycetes in the River Nile (Upper Egypt) Abdel-Wahab (2005) examined the diversity of marine fungi on intertidal decayed wood of A marina and on decayed prop roots of Rhizophora mucronata in mangrove stands in the southern part of the Egyptian Red Sea coast 39 species were identified on decayed wood of A marina of which 19 were new records for Egypt and the Red Sea Freshwater fungi are those relying on freshwater for at least part of their life-cycle (Wong et al 1998 Raja et al 2009) Abdel-Aziz (2008) studied the diversity of aquatic fungi in Lake Manzala which was the first report of aquatic fungi from the lake Sixty taxa including 26 ascomycetes and 34 anamorphic fungi were recorded of which 19 species were new records for Egypt El-Sharouny et al (2009) studied the fungal diversity in brackish and saline lakes in Egypt 97 fungi (40 ascomycetes 55 anamorphic fungi and 2 basidiomycetes) were identified from 764 collections obtained from 545 samples of which 70 were new records for Egypt

The revision of all available data sources reveals that the total number of marine and aquatic fungi known in Egypt is 207 taxa (87 Ascomycota 117 anamorphic taxa and 3 Basi-diomycota) There is no checklist of aquatic Egyptian fungi so far For more details on these fungi see the website (ltfungilifeillinoisedugt) search mangrove fungi (ltfungilifeillinoisedusearchmangrove_fungigt) and check relevant studies (Khallil 2001 Abdel-Aziz 2004 Abdel-Wahab et al 2009 2010)

Entomopathogenic fungiThe taxonomy of the entomopathogenic fungi has received much attention since the 1970s More than 700 species of fungi are associated with insects spiders and mites (Samson et al 1988 Hajek amp St Leger 1994 Sung et al 2007 Aung et al 2008)

The invertebrate pathogenic fungi can be classified in the Mastigomycota Zygomycota Ascomycota and allied anamorphic fungi no truly entomopathogenic basidiomycetes have been documented (Samson et al 1988) Entomopathogenic fungi range from commensals or mutualists through ectoparasites which do not seriously affect their hosts to pathogens which are lethal and include representatives of all the groups of fungi (Hawksworth et al 1995)

Few records appeared reporting the occurrence of entomogenous fungi in Egypt until Natrass (1932) published preliminary notes on some of these fungi in Egypt He recorded five species Empusa grylli (= Entomophaga grylli) Beauveria bassiana Aspergillus flavus Mucor racemosum and Metarhizium anisopliae In the beginning of the 1960s

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 131

Egypt started to apply biocontrol methods to insects by entomopathogenic fungi and Gad et al (1967) studied the occurrence of Coelomomyces indicus in Egypt

There are several studies on this ecological group of fungi in Egypt such as Badran amp Aly (1995) Shoulkamy et al (1997) Shoulkamy amp Lucarotti (1998) Hafez et al (1997) Sewify (1997) Abdel-Baky (2000) Sewify lt3intersciencewileycomjournal119022140abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0 - fn1fn1ampgt Hashem (2001) Abdel-Sater amp Eraky (2002) Ali (2003) lt3intersciencewileycomjournal119022140abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0 - fn1fn1gt Abdel-Mallek et al (2003 a b) El-Hady (2004) Mourad et al (2005) Abdel-Mallek amp Abdel-Rahman (2006) El-Maraghy et al (2006) and Moubasher et al (2010) As a result of these only 18 species belonging to 13 genera were recorded as entomopathogenic fungi of Egypt For more details please refer to this site (ltarseffpsnlcornelledugt)

Nematophagous fungiIn Egypt the study of nematophagous fungi dated back to 1963 when Hamdy Aboul-Eid (Department of Plant Pathology Nematology Laboratory National Research Centre Dokki Cairo) isolated and illustrated four species belonging to two genera Various studies on the biocontrol of nematodes by fungi have been the target of many studies in Egypt the most relevant are Ali (1994 1995) Ali amp Barakat (1994) Aboul-Eid et al (1997a b 2006) Ashour amp Moustafa (1999) and Amin amp Moustafa (2000) Out of these various data and information only 10 species belonging to seven genera were recorded as nematophagous fungi of Egypt

BasidiomycotaThe Basidiomycota contains about 31 503 described species which represents 318 of the known species of true Fungi (Kirk et al 2008) This group includes mushrooms puffballs bracket fungi and some yeasts (Petersen et al 2008 Wannathes et al 2009) Many Basidiomycota decay dead organic matter including wood and leaf litter symbiotic lifestyles (intimate mutually beneficial or harmful associations with other living organisms) are well developed in the Basidiomycota They include major plant pathogens such as ldquorustsrdquo (Uredinales) and ldquosmutsrdquo (Ustilaginales) which attack wheat and other crops and some human and animal pathogens Not all symbiotic Basidiomycota cause harm to their partners Indeed some form ectomycorrhizas with the roots of plants principally forest trees such as oaks pines dipterocarps and eucalypts (Smith amp Read 1997 Rinaldi et al 2008) Other symbiotic Basidiomycota form associations with insects including leaf-cutter ants termites scale insects wood wasps and bark beetles (Wheeler amp Blackwell 1984 Mueller et al 1998)

Macro-BasidiomycotaThe first information on hyphenate macro-basidiomycota (phytopathogenic or saprobic) in Egypt dates back to Delile (1813a) Melchers (1931) and Morse (1933) In her study on the genus Podaxis Morse referred to some samples collected from Egypt After six decades more information about macro-

basidiomycota came to light through a series of studies carried out by several investigators such as Mouchacca (1977) Zakhary (1979) Salem amp Michail (1980) Zakhary et al (1983) MalenCcedilon (1984) Assawah (1991) Chen (1999) Abu El-Souod et al (2000) El-Fallal (2003) El-Fallal amp Khedr (n dat) El-Fallal amp El-Diasty (2006) Kim et al (2006) and Abdel-Azeem (2009)

An exhaustive revision of all the available literature and sources mentioned since 1931 shows that 108 taxa belonging to 65 genera 104 species and 4 varieties of Egyptian macro-basidiomycotese had been recorded up to the present time

Plant pathogenic BasidiomycotaThough many basidiomycetes are saprobes or wood-rotters the Basidiomycota contains two common and destructive groups of plant pathogens rusts and smuts Rust fungi are the largest group of fungal plant pathogens containing 7 000 species that possess the most complex life-cycles in the kingdom fungi (Sert 2009) They are obligate biotrophs and cause disease on most crops ornamentals and many other plants (Hawksworth et al 1995) In addition to basidia and basidiospores rusts produce other types of spores such as teliospores spermatia aeciospores and uredospores Rusts that produce all five types of spores are referred to as macrocyclic while rusts that lack one or more spore type are referred to as microcyclic Unlike rusts smuts produce only basidiospores and teliospores which can survive in the soil away from a host plant Smuts commonly infect the ovaries of grains and are easily recognized by the formation of galls which contain masses of black spores (Agrios 2005)

The initial research and documentation of rust and smut diseases in Egypt was by Reichert (1921) Briton-Jones (1922) Philp amp Selim (1941) Abdel-Hak amp Abdel-Rehim (1950) Ragab amp Mahdi (1966) and Assawah (1969) Later in-depth research was carried out by Egyptian and other investigators with different targets such as taxonomy pathogenicity biocontrol and serology The most relevant studies are Sherif et al (1991) El-Shamy (1996) Baka amp Gjaerum (1996) Mennicken et al (2005) Abd El Fattah et al (2009) Abd EL-Ghany (2009) and Ismail et al (2009) Baka amp Gjaerum (1996) gave the first serious modern taxonomic treatment of local rusts reporting 23 rust species on various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants in the Nile Valley (see Mouchacca 2003b) As a result of these studies 112 species of plant pathogenic Basidiomycota belonging to 21 genera were recorded from Egypt

Total recorded species After the omission of duplicate names name correction allowance for synonyms and taxonomic assignments of all reported taxa from Egypt the number of the Egyptian fungi recorded is 2 281 taxa belonging to 755 genera (Table 1) At the generic level some genera exhibit an extraordinary high species richness such as Aspergillus (100 spp) and Penicillium (83) Other genera show moderate richness such as Chaetomium (53 spp) Fusarium (49) Puccinia (41) Pythium (30) and Alternaria (27)

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

132

DIsCUssION

It is generally accepted that only about 7 of all fungi have so far been discovered and about 93 still wait to be discovered Fungi are neglected organisms and they are not well protected but like animals and plants they are endangered by human activities Although the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity extends protection to all groups of organisms it is worded in terms of ldquoanimals plants and microorganismsrdquo and fungi do not fit well into these categories In Egypt and up to now fungal biodiversity and conservation topics have been overlooked As a result countries which signed the Convention have almost universally overlooked fungi in preparing their biodiversity conservation plans fungi are truly the orphans of Rio (Minter 2010)

Threats to fungi throughout the globe are of concern since they are not only beautiful but also play a significant role in human welfare Three steps were suggested by Moore et al (2001) for fungal conservation (1) conservation of habitats (2) in situ conservation of non-mycological reservesecological niches and (3) ex situ conservation especially for saprobic species growing in culture To help collections of fungal cultures to maintain appropriate standards the World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC) has formulated guidelines which outline the necessary requirements (Hawksworth 1991 Smith et al 2001 Smith 2003) There are 573 microbial culture collections in 68 countries registered in the World Directory of Collections of Microorganisms (DCM) (ltwfccinfodatacenterhtmlgt) In Egypt only two centers are recorded EMCC (WDCM583) Egypt Microbial Culture Collection Cairo Microbiological Resources Centre (Cairo MIRCEN) Ain Shams University and NODCAR WDCM822 Marwa Mokhtar Abd Rabo National Organization of Drug Control and research However Moubasher and his colleagues founded the Assiut University Mycological Centre (AUMC) in 1999 where more than 6 000 fungal isolates

belonging to more than 500 species are being preserved under low temperature (5 degC) deep-freezed (-80 degC) and lyophilized this is the biggest reference culture collection in the Arab countries The centre also has a collection of dried specimens (ie a fungarium) which is rare in Arab countries In spite of this the AUMC is not yet registered with the WFCC

The number of habitats that potentially support specialized fungi is enormous The fungi described as new to science during 1981 to 1990 were associated with 1 982 host genera or substrata (Hawksworth amp Rossman 1997) Some unexplored substrata and habitats from which these fungi were found include the rumens of herbivorous mammals algae lichens mosses marine plants including mangroves and driftwood rocks and insect scales

The Egyptian fungi are presently represented by 2 281 taxa (1 035 species and 395 genera) out of the 101 202 world estimate In comparing the fungal diversity recorded in Egypt with other countries it is important to mention that some ecological groups of fungi are completely ignored or have never been studied in a comprehensive way in Egypt such as Trichomycetes (a group of enigmatic fungi occurring in the hindguts of insects and other invertebrates Lichtwardt 2002) in addition to hypersaline and black yeasts Other groups needing more exploration such as algicolous fungi invertebrate associated fungi mycorrhizas endophytic fungi lichens wood deteriorating and coprophilous fungi The potential fungal resources of Egypt are globally important and there are vast areas that are still unexplored At present Egypt needs more investigators and funds to explore and develop this research field and therefore the extensive collection of fungi in unexplored areas remains a priority

This review will be followed by an updated checklist of all recorded Egyptian fungi up to the present a bibliographic study of Egyptian mycological research and a book on the fungi of Egypt supplemented with provisional keys to all species listed

Table 1 Numbers of recorded Egyptian fungigroups and Phyla El-Abyad (1997) Present survey

Protozoan fungal analoguesAmoebozoa 0 25

Cercozoa 0 3

Chromistan fungal analogues

Hyphochytriomycota 1 3

Labyrinthista 0 2

Oomycota 25 40

Incertae sedis 0 1

Blastocladiomycota 3 7

Chytridiomycota 21 32

Zygomycota 17 35

Glomeromycota 0 8

AscomycotaTeleomorphic genera 80 251

Anamorphic genera 181 261

Basidiomycota 32 87

Total no of genera recorded in Egypt 360 755

Total no of species recorded in Egypt 1246 2281

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 133

ACKNOWlEDgEMENTs

All my thanks to the late Samy M El-Abyad (Botany Department Faculty of Science Cairo University) for his courage in documenting the Egyptian fungi in 1997 I express my appreciation to Paul M Kirk (CABI Europe UK) for data on species names in the Index Fungorum database the late John C Krug (Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Royal Ontario Museum Toronto) for providing some unavailable papers I am further indebted to Jean Mouchacca (Laboratoire de Cryptogamie Museacuteum National drsquoHistoire Naturelle Paris) Yaacov Katan (Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environmental Quality Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel) and Hussien M Rashad (Ashtoum El-Gamil Protectorate Port Said Egypt) for their unfailing help during this work I also owe thanks to Robert A Blanchette (Forest Pathology and Wood Microbiology Research laboratory Minnesota University) and El-Sayeda M Gaml El-Din (Botany Department Faculty of Science Suez Canal University) for critical reading the manuscript I also thank Pedro W Crous (CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre Utrecht) who worked closely with me in preparing and editing the manuscript and photoplates and the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments

REFERENCEs

Abdalla ME Abdel-Fattah GM (2000) Influence of the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae on the development of peanut pod rot disease in Egypt Mycorrhiza 10 29ndash35

Abd-Elaah GA (1998) The occurrence of fungi along the Red Sea coast and variability among isolates of Fusarium as revealed by isozyme analysis Journal of Basic Microbiology 38 303ndash311

Abdel-Azeem AM (2003) Ecological and taxonomical studies on ascospore-producing fungi in Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Suez Canal University Egypt

Abdel-Azeem AM (2009) Operation Wallacea in Egypt I- A preliminary study on diversity of fungi in the world heritage site of Saint Katherine Egypt Assiut University Journal of Botany 38 29ndash54

Abdel-Azeem AM Abdel-Moneim TS Ibrahim ME Hassan MAA Saleh MY (2007) Effect of long-term heavy metal contamination on diversity of terricolous fungi and nematodes in Egypt - a case study Water Air and Soil Pollution 186 233ndash254

Abdel-Aziz FA (2004) Biodiversity of aquatic fungi from the River Nile to the Sea PhD thesis South Valley University Egypt

Abdel-Aziz FA (2008) Diversity of aquatic fungi on Phragmites australis at Lake Manzala Egypt Sydowia 60 1ndash14

Abdel-Baky NF (2000) Cladosporium spp an entomopathogenic fungus for controlling whiteflies and aphids in Egypt Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3 1662ndash1667

Abd El Fattah AI Alamri S Abou-Shanab RAI Hafez EE (2009) Fingerprinting of Ustilago Scitaminea (Sydow) in Egypt Using Differential Display Technique Chitinase Gene the Main Marker Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5 674ndash679

Abdel-Fattah GM (1985) Studies on thermophilic xylan-decomposing fungi in humus MSc thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Abdel-Fattah GM (1991) Some physiological and ecological studies on vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi PhD thesis Mansoura University Egypt

Abdel-Fattah GM (2001) Measurement of the viability of AM fungi colonized in roots using three different stains and its relation to growth and metabolic activities of soybean plants Microbiological Research 156 359ndash367

Abdel-Fattah GM Mankarios AT (1995) Functional activity of Glomus mosseae in the protection of soybean from infection by the pathogenic fungus Chalara elegans Egyptian Journal of Microbiology 30 207ndash305

Abdel-Fattah GM Rabie GH (1995) Improved growth and tolerance of cowpea to irrigation with waste effluents from fertilizerrsquos factories using mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus fasiculatum) Zagazig Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zagazig University 4 87ndash97

Abdel-Fattah GM Abo-Hamed SA Mohamed ZA (1996) The role of VA mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) and kinetin in alleviation of salinity stress in Pisum sativum plants 1- Plant growth photosynthetic pigments nodulation proline and nutrient contents 1st International conference on fungi Hopes and Challenges Cairo 2ndash5 September 1996 Al-Azhar University Egypt 67ndash81

Abd EL-Ghany TM El-Taher EM El-Sheikh HH (2009) Efficacy of fungal rust disease on Willow plant in Egypt Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3 1527ndash1539

Abdel-Hafez SII El-Said AHM Maghraby TA (1995) Studies on fungi isolated from skin diseases and associated fungi of students in Qena and Red Sea Governorates Egypt Assiut Bulletin of Faculty of Science Assiut University 24 (2-D) 181ndash209

Abdel-Hak T Abdel Rehim MF (1950) Studies on long smut of sorghum in Egypt Laboratory Research Committee Monthly Report Ministry of Agriculture Egypt November volume 226ndash229 (in Arabic)

AbdEl-Hamed NA (2008) Ecological physiological and taxonomical studies on the genus Fusarium in Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Science Assiut University Egypt

Abdel-Kader MI (1973) Mucorales in Egyptian soil MSc thesis Faculty of Science Assiut University Egypt

Abdel-Mallek AY Abdel-Rahman MAA (2006) Mycopathogens of the corn leaf aphid Rhoplosiphum maidis (Fitch) infesting wheat plants in Assiut Egypt Ninth Arab Congress of Plant Protection 19ndash23 November 2006 Damascus Syria

Abdel-Mallek AY Omar SA Bagy M K (1995) Influence of licid on fungi of human hair and keratin degradation Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 8 119ndash126

Abdel-Mallek AY Abdel-Rahman MAA Hamam GHA (2003a) Survey of entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting cereal aphids (Homoptera Aphididae) in southern Egypt Proceedings of Abstracts of the 9th European Meeting of the IOBCWPRS Working group ldquoInsect Pathogens and Entomopathogenic Nematodesrdquo University Kiel Kiel Germany 2

Abdel-Mallek AY Abdel-Rahman MAA Omar SA Hamam GHA (2003b) Survey of entomopathogenic fungi naturally infecting cereal aphids infesting wheat plants in Assiut Bulletin of Faculty of Science Assiut University 32(2-D) 29ndash43

Abdel-Moneim TS (2010) Occurrence of nematophagous fungi in Ismailia Governorate Egypt The first international conference

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

134

on basic and applied mycology 9ndash11 March 2010 Assiut Egypt Abstract book 59

Abdel-Moneim TS Abdel-Azeem AM (2009) Operation Wallacea in Egypt II- Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different elevation wadis in Saint Katherine Protectorate Egypt Assiut University Journal of Botany 38 55ndash74

Abdel-Raheem AM (2002) Myxomycetes from Upper Egypt Microbiological Research 157 47ndash67

Abdel-Raheem AM (2004) Study of the effect of different techniques on diversity of freshwater hyphomycetes in the River Nile (Upper Egypt) Mycopathologia 157 59ndash72

Abdel-Rahman TMA Salama AM Ali MIA Tharwat HA (1990) Fibrinolytic activity of some fungi isolated from self-heated composted fertilizer Journal of Plant Research 103 313ndash324

Abdel-Salam MM (1933) Damping-off and other allied diseases of lettuce Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science 11 259

Abdel-Sater MA Eraky SA (2002) Bulbs mycoflora and their relation with three stored product mites Mycopathologia 153 33ndash39

Abdel-Wahab GHF (2002) Studies on the mycoflora of stored food MSc thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Abdel-Wahab MA (1996) Studies on mangrove-inhabiting fungi of the Red Sea MSc thesis Faculty of Science South Valley University Sohag Egypt

Abdel-Wahab MA (2000) Diversity of fungi in subtropical mangroves PhD thesis Faculty of Science South Valley University Sohag Egypt

Abdel-Wahab MA (2005) Diversity of higher marine fungi from Egyptian Red Sea mangroves Botanica Marina 48 348ndash355

Abdel-Wahab MA El-Sharouny HM Jones EBG (2001a) Two new intertidal lignicolous Swampomyces species from Red Sea mangroves in Egypt Fungal Diversity 8 35ndash40

Abdel-Wahab MA El-Sharouny HM Jones EBG (2001b) Halosarpheia unicellularis sp nov (Halosphaeriales Ascomycota) based on morphological and molecular evidence Mycoscience 42 255ndash260

Abdel-Wahab MA Nagahama T Abdel-Aziz FA (2009) Two new Corollospora species and one new anamorph based on morphological and molecular data Mycoscience 50 147ndash155

Abdel-Wahab MA Pang KL Nagahama T Abdel-Aziz FA Jones EBG (2010) Phylogenetic evaluation of anamorphic species of Cirrenalia and Cumulospora with the description of eight new genera and four new species Mycological Progress ltDOI 101007s11557-010-0661-xgt

Abdul Wahid OA Moustafa AF Moustafa AM (1996) Fungal population in the atmosphere of Ismailia City Aerobiologia 12 249ndash255

Abou El-Seood MS (1968) Survey of some fungal diseases of weeds and their relation to some economic crops MSc thesis Faculty of Agriculture Assiut University Egypt

Aboul-Eid HZ (1963) Studies on some aspects of nematode biological control MSc thesis Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University Egypt

Aboul-Eid HZ Abdel-Bari AM Korayem HA Noweer EA (1997a) Concomitant occurrence of nematode-antagonistic fungi and bacteria associated with prevalent nematodes in Mansouria region soils Egyptian Journal of Agronematology 1 37ndash58

Aboul-Eid HZ Abdel-Bari AM Ameen HA Noweer EA (1997b) The morphological identify of tweleve nematode-antagonistic fungi and the bacterium Pasteuria penterans isolated from El-Mansouria region soils (Giza Egypt) Egyptian Journal of Agronematology 1 59ndash76

Aboul-Eid HZ Hasabo SA Noweer EMA (2006) Effect of a nematode-trapping fungus Dactylaria brochopaga on Meloidogyne incognita infesting olives and coconut palms in Egypt International Journal of Nematology 16 65ndash69

Aboulkhair KS El-Sokkary IH (1994) Effect of salinity boron and sodium on the growth and root infection by VAM Rhizobium and Frankia of seedlings of three tree species Journal of Agricultural Sciences Egypt 19 2969ndash2980

Abu El-Souod SM Assawah S Bedaiwy M (2000) Survey of mushrooms and polypores fungi in Delta region of Egypt Proceeding of 1st International Conference of Biological Sciences (ICBS) Faculty of Science Tanta University 7ndash8 May 2000

Adl SM Leander BS Simpson AGB Archibald JM et al (2007) Diversity nomenclature and taxonomy of Protists Systematic Biology 56 684ndash689

Afify AS Mahmoud MA Emara HA Abdelkreem KI (2009) Phenolic Compounds and COD Removal from Olive Mill Wastewater by Chemical and Biological Procedures Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 3 1087ndash1095

Agrios GN (2005) Plant Pathology 5th edn Elsevier Academic Press London UK

Agwa HE (1990) Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and nodulation in some Egyptian plants PhD thesis Tanta University Egypt

Agwa HE (2000) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) in Egypt I A field survey of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with medicinal plants and effect of inoculation on growth of some plants African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 8 1ndash12

Agwa HE Abdel-Fattah GM (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) in Egypt II An ecological view of some saline affected plants in the Deltatic Mediterranean coastal land Acta Botanica Hungarica 44 1ndash17

Agwa HE Al-Sodany YM (2003) Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales) in Egypt III Distribution and ecology in some plants in El-Omayed Biosphere Reserve Egyptian Journal of Biology 5 19ndash26

Al-Alfy SM (1995) Ecological studies on Mucorales fungi in Ismailia Governorate MSc thesis Faculty of Science Suez Canal University Egypt

Al-Doory Y (1968) Theisolation of keratinophilic fungi from African soils Mycopathologia 36 113ndash116

Aleem AA (1950a) A fungus in Ectocarpus granulosus C Agardh near Plymouth Nature 165 119ndash120

Aleem AA (1950b) Phycomycetes marins de diatomees et drsquoalgues dans la region de Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyrenees-Orientales) Vie et Milieu 1 421ndash440

Aleem AA (1950c) Phycomycetes marins parasites de diatomees et drsquoalgues Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de lrsquoAcademie des Sciences 231 713ndash721

Aleem AA (1952a) Marine fungi from the west coast of Sweden Arkiv foumlr botanik 2 (3) 1ndash31

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 135

Aleem AA (1952b) Olpidiopsis feldmanni sp nov champignon marin parasite drsquoalgues de la famille des Bonnemaisoniacees Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de lrsquoAcademie des Sciences 235 1250ndash1252

Aleem AA (1952c) Sur la preacutesence de Melanopsamma tregoubovii Ollivier (Pyreacutenomycegravete) dans la Manche Occidentales Parasite de Dilophus fasciola (Roth) Howe Bulletin du Laboratoire Maritime de Dinard 36 21ndash24

Aleem AA (1953) Marine fungi from the west-coast of Sweden Arkiv foumlr Botanik 2 3 1ndash33 2 pls

Aleem AA (1962) Marine fungi from the White Sea Botanicheskii Zhurnal SSSR 47 1582ndash1595 Akademia Nauk Moscow and Leningrad USSR

Aleem AA (1974) Marine fungi from Romania Cercetari Marine Institutul Roman de Cercetari Marine Constanta 7 27ndash55

Aleem AA (1975) Marine fungi from Rumania Rapport Commission International pour lrsquoexploration scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee 23 73ndash74

Aleem AA (1978) New records of marine fungi from the Red Sea Bulletin Faculty of Science King Abdel-Aziz University Jeddah 2 131ndash132

Aleem AA (1980a) Pythium marinum Sparrow (Phycomycetes) infesting Porphyra leucosticta Thuret in the Mediterranean Sea Botanica Marina 23 405ndash407

Aleem AA (1980b) Distribution and ecology of marine fungi in Sierra Leone (tropical West Africa) Botanica Marina 23 679ndash688

Aleem AA Malibari AA (1981) Studies in tropical marine fungi I Mangrove fungi from Sierra Leone (West Africa) 1 Deuteromycetes Bulletin Faculty of Science King Abdul Aziz University Jeddah 5 51ndash58

Ali Hassanein MDE Morsi AAE El-Sherif MAE (1972) Annotated bibliography of agricultural studies conducted in Egypt Part one (1900ndash1970)

Ali AHH (1994) Studies on some fungal nematode antagonists in relation to nematode egg hatching and reproduction Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 4 57ndash65

Ali AHH (1995) Chaetomium spirale a potential fungus as a biocontrol agent for the reniform nematode on cotton Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 5 55ndash60

Ali AHH Barakat MLE (1994) Utilization of Trichoderma harzianum as a biological agent against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 4 67ndash77

Ali FU Ibrahim ZM (2008) Production and some properties of fibrinolytic enzyme from Rhizomucor miehei (Cooney amp Emerson) Schipper Journal of Applied Sciences Research 4 892ndash899

Ali MAM (2003) Biological and ecological studies of certain pets of honey bee PhD thesis Faculty of Agriculture Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt

Alves A Crous PW Correia A Phillips AJL (2008) Morphological and molecular data reveal cryptic speciation in Lasiodiplodia theobromae Fungal Diversity 28 1ndash13

Amin WA Mostafa FAM (2000) Management of Meloidogyne incognita infecting sunflower by integration of Glomus mosseae with Trichoderma viride T harzianum and Arthrobotrys oligospora Egyptian Journal of Agronematology 4 21ndash30

Arthur J (2000) Mushrooms and mankind the impact of mushrooms on human consciousness and religion Book tree Escondido

California USA Ashour EH Mostafa FAM (1999) Effect of certain heavy metals on

Meloidogyne spp on the growth effect of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora trap formation root-knot nematode infection and enzymes production Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 2 515ndash522

Assawah MW (1969) Pileolaria terebinthis on pistachio in UAR (Egypt) Phytopathologia Mediterranea 8 157ndash161

Assawah MW El-Arosi H (I960) Fungi associated with wheat barley and maize grains Egyptian Journal of Botany 3 64ndash79

Assawah WS (1991) Biochemical studies on some mushrooms in Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta Egypt

Aue R Muumlller E (1967) Vergleichende Untersuchungen an einigen Chaetomium Arten Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 77 187ndash207

AUMC (2010) Catalogue of Culture Collection 2nd edn Assiut University Mycological Center Assiut

Aung OM Soytong K Hyde KD (2008) Diversity of entomopathogenic fungi in rainforests of Chiang Mai Province Thailand Fungal Diversity 30 15ndash22

Aveskamp MM Gruyter J de Crous PW (2008) Biology and recent developments in the systematics of Phoma a complex genus of major quarantine significance Fungal Diversity 31 1ndash18

Badran RAM Aly MZY (1995) Studies on the mycotic inhabitants of Culex pipiens collected from fresh water ponds in Egypt Mycopathologia 132 105ndash110

Bagy MMK Abdel-Hafez AAI (1985) Mycoflora of camel and goat hairs from AI-Arish Egypt Mycopathologia 92 125ndash128

Baka ZA Gjaerum HG (1996) Egyptian Uredinales I Rusts on wild plants from the Nile Valley Mycotaxon 60 291ndash303

Barr DJS (1990) Phylum Chytridiomycota In Margulis L Corliss JO Melkonian M Chapman DJ (eds) Handbook of Protoctista 454ndash466 Jones amp Bartlett Boston USA

Bartnicki-Garcia S (1970) Cell wall composition and other biochemical markers in fungal phylogeny In Harborne JB (ed) Phytochemical Phylogeny 81-103 Academic Press London UK

Besada WH Yusef HM (1968) On the mycoflora of UAR soil Proceedings of the Egyptian Academy of Science 21 103ndash109

Besada WH Yusef HM (1969) Chaetomium mareoticum sp nov Transactions of the British Mycological Society 52 502ndash504

Binyamini N (1973) Coprophilous Fungi of Israel III Israel Journal of Botany 22 159ndash165

Bishara I (1928) Cotton insects Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Monthly Report 1 4

Briton-Jones HR (1922) The smuts of millet Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Technical Series Bulletin 18 1ndash9

Briton-Jones HR (1923) A wound parasite of cotton bolls Ministry of Agriculture EgyptTechnical Series Bulletin 19 1ndash8

Briton-Jones HR (1925) Mycological work in Egypt during the period 1920ndash1922 Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Technical Series Bulletin 49 1ndash129

Brusca RC Brusca GJ (2003) Invertebrates 2nd edn Sinauer Associates Sunderland Massachusetts USA

Budge EAW (1967) The Egyptian Book of the Dead (the papyrus of Ani) Dover Publications Mineola New York USA

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

136

Cavalier-Smith T (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life Biological Review 73 203ndash266

Cavender JC Landolt JC Ndiritu GG Stephenson SL (2010) Dictyostelid cellular slime moulds from Africa Mycosphere 1 147ndash152

Chen C (1999) Genetical and molecular systematic study on the genus Montagnea Fr a desert adapted Gasteromycete MSc thesis Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University USA

Crous PW (2009) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs Fungal Diversity 38 1ndash24

Crous PW Rong IH Wood A Lee S Glen H Botha W Slippers B Beer WZ de Wingfield MJ Hawksworth DL (2006) How many species of fungi are there at the tip of Africa Studies in Mycology 55 13ndash33

Damm U Woudenberg JHC Cannon PF Crous PW (2009) Colletotrichum species with curved conidia from herbaceous hosts Fungal Diversity 39 45ndash87

Delile AR (1813a) Flore drsquoEgypte ParisDelile AR (1813b) Florae aegyptiacae illustratio ParisEl-Abyad MS (1997) Biodiversity of Fungal Biota in Egypt Up-dated

check-list [Publication of National Biodiversity Unit No 7] Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

El-Abyad MS Abu-Taleb A (1993) II-Soil Fungi Ecology of fungal flora In Publication of National Biodiversity Unit No 1 Habitat Diversity 237ndash262 Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Egypt

El-Desouky SM El-Wakil AA (2003) Occurrence of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline of cantaloupe and watermelon in Egypt Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 31 141ndash150

El-Fallal AA (2003) Agaricales from the countryside and grasslands of East Delta region Egypt Journal of Environmental Sciences 26 339ndash352

El-Fallal AA Khedr AA [undated] Podaxis pistillaris (Lin ex Press) Fr an edible gasteromycete from Zaranik protected area North Sinai Egypt ltwwwmanseunegFacSciDarabicPCVS79069htmgt

El-Fallal AA El-Diasty GG (2006) Evaluation of Egyptian white-rot fungi for their ability to produce ligninolytic enzymes and decolorization of Poly R Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 17 1ndash44

El-Hady MM (2004) Susceptibility of the citrus brown mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) to the entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae Egyptian Journal for Biological Pest Control 14 409ndash410

El-Helaly A Ibrahim I Assawah M El-Arosi H Abou El-Dahab M Michael S Abdel-Rahim M (1963) General Survey of plant diseases and pathogenic organisms in the UAR (Egypt) until 1962 Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 8 1ndash107

El-Helaly A Ibrahim I Assawah M El-Arosi H Abou El-Dahab M Michael S Abdel-Rahim M Wasfy EH El-Goorani MA (1966) General Survey of plant diseases and pathogenic organisms in the UAR (Egypt) until 1965 Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 15 1ndash153

El-Hissy FT (1974) On freshwater fungi in Egypt Egyptian Journal of Botany 17 187ndash189

El-Hissy FT Khallil AM El-Nagdy MA (1990) Fungi associated with some aquatic plants collected from freshwater areas at Assiut

(Upper Egypt) Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 3 298ndash304

El-Hissy FT Khallil AM Abdel-Raheem AA (1992) Occurrence and distribution of zoosporic fungi and aquatic hyphomycetes in Upper Egypt Bulletin of Faculty of Science Assiut University 21(2-D) 45ndash64

El-Hissy FT El-Zayat S Khallil AM Massoud MS (1997) Aquatic fungi from the submerged mud of Aswan High Dam Lake Microbiological Research 152 27ndash32

El-Hissy FT Ali EH Abdel-Raheem AM (2004) Diversity of zoosporic fungi recovered from the surface water of four Egyptian lakes Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 4 77ndash87

El-Kady IA Moubasher MH (1982a) Toxigenicity and toxins of Stachybotrys isolates from wheat straw samples in Egypt Experimental Mycology 6 25ndash30

El-Kady IA Moubasher MH (1982b) Some cultural conditions that control biosynthesis of roridin E and satratoxin H by Stachybotrys chartarum Cryptogamie Mycologie 3 151ndash162

El-Kady IA Moubasher AH El-Maraghy SSM (1989) Zearalenone production by several genera of fungi other than Fusarium Egyptian Journal of Botany 31 99ndash108

El-Kady IA El-Maraghy SSM Zohri AA (1994) Mycotoxin producing potential of some isolates of Asperigllus flavus and Eurotium group from meat products Microbiolgical Research 149 297ndash307

El-Maraghy SS Abdel-Rahman MAA Abdel-Malek AY Hussein KA (2006) Natural incidence of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from soil in Assiut Egypt Ninth Arab Congress of Plant Protection 19ndash23 November 2006 Damascus Syria

El-Naghy MA Hassan SKM El-Komy HM (1985) Some chytrids from water streams in Minia Governorate Bulletin of Faculty of Science Assiut University 14 17ndash32

El-Naghy MA Hassan SKM El-Komy HM (1987) Saprophytic rhizophlyctoid and cladochytrioid fungi from water canals in Upper Egypt Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 1 77ndash102

El-Saadawi WE Shabbara HM (1999) The first report on a moss-fungus association in Egypt Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 17 221ndash229

El-Shamy MMG (1996) Studies on what rust diseases in Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh Tanta University Egypt

El-Sharouny HM Raheem AM Abdel-Wahab MA (1998) Manglicolous fungi of the Red Sea in Upper Egypt Microbiological Research 153 81ndash96

El-Sharouny HM Abd-Elaah GA Abdel-Wahab MA (1999) Fungal species isolated from algae and decayed leaves and the combined effect on salinity and temperature on three marine fungi Proceedings of the second International Conference on Fungi Hopes and Challenges Cairo 29th Sept ndash 1st Oct 1999 Vol I 39ndash52

El-Sharouny HM Gherbawy YAMH Abdel-Aziz FA (2009) Fungal diversity in brackish and saline lakes in Egypt Nova Hedwigia 89 437ndash450

El-Tanash AB (1997) Studies on some fungi degrading tannins MSc thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

El-Zayat SA Abdel-Azeem AM Abdel-Moneim TS Deyab AS (2007) Association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Southern Eastern

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

136

Cavalier-Smith T (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life Biological Review 73 203ndash266

Cavender JC Landolt JC Ndiritu GG Stephenson SL (2010) Dictyostelid cellular slime moulds from Africa Mycosphere 1 147ndash152

Chen C (1999) Genetical and molecular systematic study on the genus Montagnea Fr a desert adapted Gasteromycete MSc thesis Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University USA

Crous PW (2009) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Mycosphaerella and its anamorphs Fungal Diversity 38 1ndash24

Crous PW Rong IH Wood A Lee S Glen H Botha W Slippers B Beer WZ de Wingfield MJ Hawksworth DL (2006) How many species of fungi are there at the tip of Africa Studies in Mycology 55 13ndash33

Damm U Woudenberg JHC Cannon PF Crous PW (2009) Colletotrichum species with curved conidia from herbaceous hosts Fungal Diversity 39 45ndash87

Delile AR (1813a) Flore drsquoEgypte ParisDelile AR (1813b) Florae aegyptiacae illustratio ParisEl-Abyad MS (1997) Biodiversity of Fungal Biota in Egypt Up-dated

check-list [Publication of National Biodiversity Unit No 7] Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency

El-Abyad MS Abu-Taleb A (1993) II-Soil Fungi Ecology of fungal flora In Publication of National Biodiversity Unit No 1 Habitat Diversity 237ndash262 Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency Egypt

El-Desouky SM El-Wakil AA (2003) Occurrence of Monosporascus root rot and vine decline of cantaloupe and watermelon in Egypt Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology 31 141ndash150

El-Fallal AA (2003) Agaricales from the countryside and grasslands of East Delta region Egypt Journal of Environmental Sciences 26 339ndash352

El-Fallal AA Khedr AA [undated] Podaxis pistillaris (Lin ex Press) Fr an edible gasteromycete from Zaranik protected area North Sinai Egypt ltwwwmanseunegFacSciDarabicPCVS79069htmgt

El-Fallal AA El-Diasty GG (2006) Evaluation of Egyptian white-rot fungi for their ability to produce ligninolytic enzymes and decolorization of Poly R Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 17 1ndash44

El-Hady MM (2004) Susceptibility of the citrus brown mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) to the entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae Egyptian Journal for Biological Pest Control 14 409ndash410

El-Helaly A Ibrahim I Assawah M El-Arosi H Abou El-Dahab M Michael S Abdel-Rahim M (1963) General Survey of plant diseases and pathogenic organisms in the UAR (Egypt) until 1962 Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 8 1ndash107

El-Helaly A Ibrahim I Assawah M El-Arosi H Abou El-Dahab M Michael S Abdel-Rahim M Wasfy EH El-Goorani MA (1966) General Survey of plant diseases and pathogenic organisms in the UAR (Egypt) until 1965 Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 15 1ndash153

El-Hissy FT (1974) On freshwater fungi in Egypt Egyptian Journal of Botany 17 187ndash189

El-Hissy FT Khallil AM El-Nagdy MA (1990) Fungi associated with some aquatic plants collected from freshwater areas at Assiut

(Upper Egypt) Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences 3 298ndash304

El-Hissy FT Khallil AM Abdel-Raheem AA (1992) Occurrence and distribution of zoosporic fungi and aquatic hyphomycetes in Upper Egypt Bulletin of Faculty of Science Assiut University 21(2-D) 45ndash64

El-Hissy FT El-Zayat S Khallil AM Massoud MS (1997) Aquatic fungi from the submerged mud of Aswan High Dam Lake Microbiological Research 152 27ndash32

El-Hissy FT Ali EH Abdel-Raheem AM (2004) Diversity of zoosporic fungi recovered from the surface water of four Egyptian lakes Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 4 77ndash87

El-Kady IA Moubasher MH (1982a) Toxigenicity and toxins of Stachybotrys isolates from wheat straw samples in Egypt Experimental Mycology 6 25ndash30

El-Kady IA Moubasher MH (1982b) Some cultural conditions that control biosynthesis of roridin E and satratoxin H by Stachybotrys chartarum Cryptogamie Mycologie 3 151ndash162

El-Kady IA Moubasher AH El-Maraghy SSM (1989) Zearalenone production by several genera of fungi other than Fusarium Egyptian Journal of Botany 31 99ndash108

El-Kady IA El-Maraghy SSM Zohri AA (1994) Mycotoxin producing potential of some isolates of Asperigllus flavus and Eurotium group from meat products Microbiolgical Research 149 297ndash307

El-Maraghy SS Abdel-Rahman MAA Abdel-Malek AY Hussein KA (2006) Natural incidence of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from soil in Assiut Egypt Ninth Arab Congress of Plant Protection 19ndash23 November 2006 Damascus Syria

El-Naghy MA Hassan SKM El-Komy HM (1985) Some chytrids from water streams in Minia Governorate Bulletin of Faculty of Science Assiut University 14 17ndash32

El-Naghy MA Hassan SKM El-Komy HM (1987) Saprophytic rhizophlyctoid and cladochytrioid fungi from water canals in Upper Egypt Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 1 77ndash102

El-Saadawi WE Shabbara HM (1999) The first report on a moss-fungus association in Egypt Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 17 221ndash229

El-Shamy MMG (1996) Studies on what rust diseases in Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh Tanta University Egypt

El-Sharouny HM Raheem AM Abdel-Wahab MA (1998) Manglicolous fungi of the Red Sea in Upper Egypt Microbiological Research 153 81ndash96

El-Sharouny HM Abd-Elaah GA Abdel-Wahab MA (1999) Fungal species isolated from algae and decayed leaves and the combined effect on salinity and temperature on three marine fungi Proceedings of the second International Conference on Fungi Hopes and Challenges Cairo 29th Sept ndash 1st Oct 1999 Vol I 39ndash52

El-Sharouny HM Gherbawy YAMH Abdel-Aziz FA (2009) Fungal diversity in brackish and saline lakes in Egypt Nova Hedwigia 89 437ndash450

El-Tanash AB (1997) Studies on some fungi degrading tannins MSc thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

El-Zayat SA Abdel-Azeem AM Abdel-Moneim TS Deyab AS (2007) Association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Southern Eastern

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 137

Desert (Wadi El-Alaqi biosphere reserve) Aswan Egypt El-Minia Science Bulletin 18 158ndash182

Everhart SE Keller HW (2008) Life history strategies of corticolous myxomycetes the life cycle fruiting bodies plasmodial types and taxonomic orders Fungal Diversity 29 1ndash16

Fahmy T (1923) The production by Fusarium solani of a toxic excretory substance capable of causing wilting in plants Phytopathology 13 543

Fares CA (1986) Studies on vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal in Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Agriculture Ain Shams University Egypt

Farghaly MSEB (2008) Biodiversity and some physiological studies of Myxomycetes in Upper Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Science Sohag University Egypt

Farghaly RM Gherbawy YAMH Yousef MS (2004) Contamination of meat stored in home refrigerators in Qena (Egypt) Czech Mycolology 56 53ndash62

Feuerer T Hawksworth DL (2007) Biodiversity of lichens including a world-wide analysis of checklist data based on Takhatajanrsquos floristic regions Biodiversity and Conservation 16 85ndash98

Fletcher F (1902) Notes on two diseases of cotton Journal of Khedive Agricultural Society and School of Agriculture Giza Egypt 4 2

Gad MA Sadek S (1968) Experimental infection of Anopheles pharoensis larvae with Coelomomyces indicus Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association 43 387ndash391

Gad MA Sadek S Fateen AY (1967) The occurrence of Coelomomyces indicus in Egypt United Arab Republic Mosquito News 27 201ndash202

Gaertner A (1954) Uumlber das Vorkommen neiderer Erdphycomyceten in Afrika Schweden und an einigen mitteleuropaumlischen Standorten Archiv fuumlr Mikrobiologie 21 4ndash56

Galun M Garty J (1972) Lichens of north and central Sinai Israel Journal of Botany 21 243ndash254

Gherbawy YAMH (2004) Genetic variation among isolates of Alternaria spp from some Egyptian crops Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 28 77ndash89

Gherbawy YAMH Abdelzaher HMA (2002) Using of RAPD-PCR for Separation of Pythium spinosum Sawada into two varieties var spinosum and var sporangiferum Cytologia 67 83ndash94

Gherbawy YAMH Farghaly RM (2002) Mycological studies on chicken-viscera with the aid of RAPD-PCR techniques as a tool for confirmation Mycobiology 30 5ndash12

Gherbawy YAMH Voigt K (eds) (2010) Molecular Identification of Fungi Springer Heidelberg Germany

Ghoniem KEA (1985) Studies on Powdery Mildew diseases in Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Agriculture Kafr El-Sheikh Tanta University Egypt

Groombridge B Jenkins MD (2002) World Atlas of Biodiversity Earthrsquos Living Resources in the 21st Century University of California Press Los Angeles USA

Hafez M Zaki FN Moursy A Sabbour M (1997) Biological effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Seller) Anzeiger fuumlr Schaumldlingskunde 70 158ndash159

Hafez YM (2008) Effectiveness of the antifungal black seed oil against powdery mildews of cucumber (Podosphaera xanthii) and barley (Blumeria graminis fsp hordei) Acta Biologica Szegediensis 52 17ndash25

Haggag MW Saker MM Ibrahim AM (2007) Biocontrol activity and molecular characterization of three Tilletiopsis spp against grape powdery mildew Plant Protection Bulletin 49 39ndash56

Hajek AE St Leger RJ (1994) Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts Annual Review of Entomology 39 293ndash322

Hamdi A Hassanein AM (1996) Survey of Fungal Diseases in North Egypt LENS Newsletter 23(12) 52ndash56

Haridy MSA (1992a) A survey of yeasts found in the air of El-Minia city Egypt The Korian Journal of Mycology 20 269ndash272

Haridy MSA (1992b) Yeast flora of raw milk in El-Minia city Egypt Cryptogamie Mycologie 13 321ndash326

Haridy MSA (1993a) Yeast spoilage of some soft fruits in El-Minia city Egypt Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Assiut University 22 13ndash29

Haridy MSA (1993b) Yeast microflora of some aquatic habitats in El-Minia governorate Egypt Korian Journal of Mycology 21127ndash132

Haridy MSA (1994a) A survey of yeasts found in some plant flowers El-Minia Science Bulletin 7 77ndash88

Haridy MSA (1994b) Yeasts flora of bakeries in El-Minia city Egypt El-Minia Science Bulletin 7 89ndash98

Haridy MSA (2002) Occurrence of yeast in cultivated soils in El-Minia city Egypt Mycobiology 30 27ndash30

Hassan HY Waraki SE Madkour M Hussein HA Awad M Safwat T Youssef YA Taha M Hassan MN Hammad HA (1980a) The study of mycoflora of sputum in patients with various bronchopulmonary diseases in Egypt Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 23 5ndash18

Hassan HY Refai M Youssef YA Taha M Hassan MN Hammad HA Waraki SE Madkour M Hussein HA Awad M Safwat T (1980b) Incidence of yeasts in the sputum of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases in Egypt Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 23 27ndash32

Hassan HY Youssef YA Abogamra M Hammad HA Refai M (1980c) Mycological and serological studies on grain worker in mill factories in Cairo Egypt Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 23 33ndash48

Hassan HY El-Sarangawy A Youssef YA Hassan MN Taha M Hammad HA Refai M (1980d) Preliminary study of mycoflora in sputum of poultry workers and screening of their sera for antifungal precipitins Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 23 61ndash70

Hassan HY Youssef YA Refai M Taha M Barakat E (1980e) Fungi in the air of different departments of Ain Shams Hospitals Ain Shams Medical Journal 31 345ndash355

Hassan HY Awad M Taha M Youssef YA Refai M Hammad H Salem A (1981) The search of fungi in pleural effusion Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis 24 9ndash18

Hassan SKM (1991a) Chytrids in Egypt I- Saprophytic species of the cladchytriaceae from water streams Cryptogamie Mycologie 12 211ndash225

Hassan SKM (1991b) Chytrids in Egypt IIndash New records of species of Entophlyctidaceae Cryptogamie Mycologie 12 227ndash240

Hassan SKM (1991c) Chytrids in Egypt IIIndash Cellulolytic rhizophlyctoid fungi from water canals Bulletin of Faculty of Science Assiut University 19 (2ndashD) 283ndash298

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

138

Hassan SKM (1991d) Chytrids in Egypt V- Additional species and parasitic behaviour of some members Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 4 89ndash104

Hassan SKM (1993) Occurrence and distribution of Chytridiales related to some physical and chemical factors Acta Mycologica 28 31ndash38

Hassan SKM Fadl-Allah EM (1991) Studies of some zoosporic fungi in soils of Upper Egypt Acta Mycologia 27 157ndash170

Hassan SKM Shaban JM (1991) Common chytrids in moist soil in ElndashMinia during different seasons Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 4 131ndash144

Hassan SKM Shoulkamy MA (1991) Chytridiaceous fungi from water streams in Upper Egypt Zentralblatt Mikrobiologie 146 509ndash523

Hawksworth DL (1991) The fungal dimension of biodiversity magnitude significance and conservation Mycological Research 95 641ndash655

Hawksworth DL (2001) The magnitude of fungal diversity the 15 million species estimate revisited Mycological Research 105 1422ndash1432

Hawksworth DL Kalin-Arroyo MT (1995) Magnitude and Distribution of Biodiversity In Heywood V (ed) Global biodiversity assessment 107ndash191 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press

Hawksworth DL Rossman AY (1997) Where are all the undescribed fungi Phytopathology 87 888ndash891

Hawksworth DL Kirk PM Sutton BC Pegler DN (1995) Ainsworth and Bisbyrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi (8th Ed) CAB International Wallingford UK

Hibbett DS Binder M Bischoff JF et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi Mycological Research 111 509-547

Hoog GS de Guarro J Gene J Figueras MJ (2000) Atlas of Clinical Fungi 2nd edn Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Baarn The Netherlands

Hyde KD (1996) Measuring biodiversity diversity of microfungi in north Queensland In Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests (Boyle TJB Boontawee B eds) CIFOR Bogor 271ndash286

Hyde KD Sarma VV Jones EBG (2000) Morphology and taxonomy of higher marine fungi In Marine Mycology- A Practical Approach (eds KD Hyde SB Pointing) 172ndash204 [Fungal Diversity Research Series No 1] Fungal Diversity Press Hong Kong

Hyde KD Froumlhlich J Taylor JE (1997) Diversity of ascomycetes on palms in the tropics In Biodiversity of Tropical Microfungi (ed KD Hyde) 141ndash156 Hong Kong University Press Hong Kong

Hyde KD Gareth-Jones EB Leantildeo E Ponting AD Vrijmoed LLP (1998) Role of fungi in marine ecosystems Biodiversity and Conservation 7 1147ndash1161

Hyde KD Cai L Cannon PF et al (2009) Colletotrichum ndash names in current use Fungal Diversity 39 147ndash182

Hyde KD Bahkali AH Moslem MA (2010) Fungi ndash an unusual source of cosmetics Fungal Diversity 43 1ndash9

Ibrahim RA (1995) Studies on desert truffles MSc thesis Faculty of Science Cairo University Cairo Egypt

Ishac YZ El-Haddad ME Daft MJ Ramadan EM El-Demerdash ME (1986) Effect of seed inoculation mycorrhizal infection and organic amendment on wheat growth Plant and Soil 90 373ndash382

Ismail AE Ghoneem KM Elwakil MA (2009) Puccinia pimpinellae a new pathogen on anise seed in Egypt Plant Pathology Journal 8 165ndash169

Ismail MA Sabreen MS (2001) Associated mycobiota of some types of cheese and cooking butter Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 44 176ndash190

James TY OrsquoDonnell K (2007) Zygomycota Microscopic lsquoPinrsquo or lsquoSugarrsquo Molds Version 13 July 2007 (under construction) httptolweborgZygomycota2051820070713 in The Tree of Life Web Project lttolweborggt

James TY Letcher PM Longcore JE Mozley-Standridge SE Porter D Powell MJ Griffith GW Vilgalys R (2006a) A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota) Mycologia 98 860ndash871

James TY Kauff F Schoch CL et al (2006 b) Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny Nature 443 818ndash822

Jones EBG (2001) The forgotten fungi facultative marine fungi In 8th International Marine and Freshwater Mycology Symposium Hurghada Egypt 13

Jones EBG Sakayaroj J Suetrong S Somrithipol S Pang KL (2009) Classification of marine Ascomycota anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota Fungal Diversity 35 1ndash187

Kaewchai S Soytong K Hyde KD (2009) Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers Fungal Diversity 38 25ndash50

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Soliman AK Elias M (1994a) Comparative serological study on Cryptococcosis African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 2 125ndash138

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY El-Kholy EM (1994b) Prevalence of fungi in clinical specimens from patients with fever of unknown origin leukemia and cancer African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 2 139ndash154

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Hassan Y (1994c) Prevalence of pathogenic yeast fungi in clinical specimens from patients with candidiasis African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 3 37ndash47

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Taher EM (1995) Mycotic keratitis Seasonal Etiological and Biochemical study African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 3 133ndash152

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Zaki Sh (1996) Distribution of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi among soil fungal flora in Egypt African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 4 23ndash39

Kassas M (2002) Biodiversity gaps in knowledge The Environmentalist 22 43ndash49

Kelley A (1950) Mycotrophy in plants Chronica Botanica Waltham Massachsetts USA

Kendrick B (2000) The Fifth Kingdom 3rd edn Focus Publishing Newbury Massachsetts USA

Khalil HME (1995) The effect of microenvironmental variation on the distribution of the macrolichens in Gebel Dalfa North Sinai Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Science Suez Canal University Egypt

Khallil AM (2001) Ingoldian and other filamentous fungi of hot springs Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Assiut University 30 (1-D) 21ndash31

Khallil AM El-Hissy FT Ali E (1995) Seasonal fluctuations of aquatic fungi recovered from Egyptian soil (Delta Region) Journal of Basic Microbiology 35 93ndash102

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

138

Hassan SKM (1991d) Chytrids in Egypt V- Additional species and parasitic behaviour of some members Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 4 89ndash104

Hassan SKM (1993) Occurrence and distribution of Chytridiales related to some physical and chemical factors Acta Mycologica 28 31ndash38

Hassan SKM Fadl-Allah EM (1991) Studies of some zoosporic fungi in soils of Upper Egypt Acta Mycologia 27 157ndash170

Hassan SKM Shaban JM (1991) Common chytrids in moist soil in ElndashMinia during different seasons Bulletin of Faculty of Science El-Minia University 4 131ndash144

Hassan SKM Shoulkamy MA (1991) Chytridiaceous fungi from water streams in Upper Egypt Zentralblatt Mikrobiologie 146 509ndash523

Hawksworth DL (1991) The fungal dimension of biodiversity magnitude significance and conservation Mycological Research 95 641ndash655

Hawksworth DL (2001) The magnitude of fungal diversity the 15 million species estimate revisited Mycological Research 105 1422ndash1432

Hawksworth DL Kalin-Arroyo MT (1995) Magnitude and Distribution of Biodiversity In Heywood V (ed) Global biodiversity assessment 107ndash191 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press

Hawksworth DL Rossman AY (1997) Where are all the undescribed fungi Phytopathology 87 888ndash891

Hawksworth DL Kirk PM Sutton BC Pegler DN (1995) Ainsworth and Bisbyrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi (8th Ed) CAB International Wallingford UK

Hibbett DS Binder M Bischoff JF et al (2007) A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi Mycological Research 111 509-547

Hoog GS de Guarro J Gene J Figueras MJ (2000) Atlas of Clinical Fungi 2nd edn Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Baarn The Netherlands

Hyde KD (1996) Measuring biodiversity diversity of microfungi in north Queensland In Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests (Boyle TJB Boontawee B eds) CIFOR Bogor 271ndash286

Hyde KD Sarma VV Jones EBG (2000) Morphology and taxonomy of higher marine fungi In Marine Mycology- A Practical Approach (eds KD Hyde SB Pointing) 172ndash204 [Fungal Diversity Research Series No 1] Fungal Diversity Press Hong Kong

Hyde KD Froumlhlich J Taylor JE (1997) Diversity of ascomycetes on palms in the tropics In Biodiversity of Tropical Microfungi (ed KD Hyde) 141ndash156 Hong Kong University Press Hong Kong

Hyde KD Gareth-Jones EB Leantildeo E Ponting AD Vrijmoed LLP (1998) Role of fungi in marine ecosystems Biodiversity and Conservation 7 1147ndash1161

Hyde KD Cai L Cannon PF et al (2009) Colletotrichum ndash names in current use Fungal Diversity 39 147ndash182

Hyde KD Bahkali AH Moslem MA (2010) Fungi ndash an unusual source of cosmetics Fungal Diversity 43 1ndash9

Ibrahim RA (1995) Studies on desert truffles MSc thesis Faculty of Science Cairo University Cairo Egypt

Ishac YZ El-Haddad ME Daft MJ Ramadan EM El-Demerdash ME (1986) Effect of seed inoculation mycorrhizal infection and organic amendment on wheat growth Plant and Soil 90 373ndash382

Ismail AE Ghoneem KM Elwakil MA (2009) Puccinia pimpinellae a new pathogen on anise seed in Egypt Plant Pathology Journal 8 165ndash169

Ismail MA Sabreen MS (2001) Associated mycobiota of some types of cheese and cooking butter Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal 44 176ndash190

James TY OrsquoDonnell K (2007) Zygomycota Microscopic lsquoPinrsquo or lsquoSugarrsquo Molds Version 13 July 2007 (under construction) httptolweborgZygomycota2051820070713 in The Tree of Life Web Project lttolweborggt

James TY Letcher PM Longcore JE Mozley-Standridge SE Porter D Powell MJ Griffith GW Vilgalys R (2006a) A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota) Mycologia 98 860ndash871

James TY Kauff F Schoch CL et al (2006 b) Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny Nature 443 818ndash822

Jones EBG (2001) The forgotten fungi facultative marine fungi In 8th International Marine and Freshwater Mycology Symposium Hurghada Egypt 13

Jones EBG Sakayaroj J Suetrong S Somrithipol S Pang KL (2009) Classification of marine Ascomycota anamorphic taxa and Basidiomycota Fungal Diversity 35 1ndash187

Kaewchai S Soytong K Hyde KD (2009) Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers Fungal Diversity 38 25ndash50

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Soliman AK Elias M (1994a) Comparative serological study on Cryptococcosis African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 2 125ndash138

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY El-Kholy EM (1994b) Prevalence of fungi in clinical specimens from patients with fever of unknown origin leukemia and cancer African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 2 139ndash154

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Hassan Y (1994c) Prevalence of pathogenic yeast fungi in clinical specimens from patients with candidiasis African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 3 37ndash47

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Taher EM (1995) Mycotic keratitis Seasonal Etiological and Biochemical study African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 3 133ndash152

Karam El-Din AA Youssef AY Zaki Sh (1996) Distribution of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic fungi among soil fungal flora in Egypt African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 4 23ndash39

Kassas M (2002) Biodiversity gaps in knowledge The Environmentalist 22 43ndash49

Kelley A (1950) Mycotrophy in plants Chronica Botanica Waltham Massachsetts USA

Kendrick B (2000) The Fifth Kingdom 3rd edn Focus Publishing Newbury Massachsetts USA

Khalil HME (1995) The effect of microenvironmental variation on the distribution of the macrolichens in Gebel Dalfa North Sinai Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Science Suez Canal University Egypt

Khallil AM (2001) Ingoldian and other filamentous fungi of hot springs Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Assiut University 30 (1-D) 21ndash31

Khallil AM El-Hissy FT Ali E (1995) Seasonal fluctuations of aquatic fungi recovered from Egyptian soil (Delta Region) Journal of Basic Microbiology 35 93ndash102

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 139

Kharboush MAM (1969a) On the ecology of soil fungi I-Distribution of the soil fungal flora in the different types of soil in the UAR Bulletin of Faculty of Science Alexandria University 9 683ndash698

Kharboush MAM (1969b) On the ecology of soil fungi II-Some ecological aspects of the soil fungal flora in the UAR Bulletin of Faculty of Science Alexandria University 9 699ndash716

Khater HM (1989) Survey of soil from different sites at Cairo for yeast fungi MSc thesis Faculty of Science Ain Shams University

Kim HM Paik S Ra KS Koo KB Yun JW Choi JW (2006) Enhanced production of exopolysaccharides by fed-batch culture of Ganoderma resinaceum DG-6556 The Journal of Microbiology 44 233ndash242

Kirk P Cannon PF Minter DW Stalpers JA (2008) Ainsworth amp Bisbyrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi 10th edn CAB International Wallingford UK

Kodsueb R McKenzie EHC Lumyong S Hyde KD (2008a) Diversity of saprobic fungi on Magnoliaceae Fungal Diversity 30 37ndash53

Kodsueb R McKenzie EHC Lumyong S Hyde KD (2008b) Fungal succession on woody litter of Magnolia liliifera (Magnoliaceae) Fungal Diversity 30 55ndash72

Kohlmeyer J Kohlmeyer E (1979) Marine Mycology The Higher Fungi Academic Press New York USA

Koriem AM (2003) Light and electron microscopic study of the lichen Xanthoria Parietina infecting fruit trees in Egypt 8th Arab Congress of Plant Protection 12ndash16 October 2003 El-Beida Libya

Koriem AM (2006) First isolation and cultivation of the fungus and the alga of the lichen Xanthoria parietina infecting mango trees in Egypt 9th Arab Congress of Plant Protection 19ndash23 November 2006 Damascus Syria

Kottb MR (2008) Survey and characterization of Trichoderma and Gliocladium species and specification of their biocontrol ability MSc thesis Faculty of Science Suez Canal University Egypt

Kowalik R Sadurska I (1973) Microflora of papyrus from samples of Cairo Museum Studies in Conservation 18 1ndash24

Krug JC Khan RS Jeng RS (1994) A new species of Gelasinospora with multiple germ pores Mycologia 86 250ndash253

Kruys Aring Ericson L (2008) Species richness of coprophilous ascomycetes in relation to variable food intake by herbivores Fungal Diversity 30 73ndash81

Kvas M Marasas WFO Wingfield BD Wingfield MJ Steenkamp ET (2009) Diversity and evolution of Fusarium species in the Gibberella fujikuroi complex Fungal Diversity 34 1ndash21

Lado C (1994) A checklist of myxomycetes of Mediterranean countries Mycotaxon lII 117ndash185

Lichtwardt R (2002) Biogeographical implications of trichomycete distributions (Abstract) IMC7 Book of Abstracts p 48

Lundqvist N (1969) Zygopleurage and Zygospermella (Sordariaceae s lat Pyrenomycetes) Botanska Notiser 122 353ndash374

Lundqvist N (1970) New Podospora (Sordariaceae s lat Pyrenomycetes) Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 64 409ndash420

Lutzoni FF Kauff CJ Cox D et al (2004) Assembling the fungal tree of life progress classification and evolution of subcellular traits American Journal of Botany 91(10) 1446ndash1480

Mahmoud YAG (1999) First environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans and var gatti from the Gharbia Governorate Egypt Mycopathologia 148 83ndash86

Malenccedilon G (1984) Phallus roseus A Delile 1813 alias Itajahya rosea (Delile) Ed Fischer 1929 Bulletin de la Socieacuteteacute Mycologique de France 100 15ndash33

Mankarios AT Abdel-Fattah GM (1994) Ecology of VA-mycorrhiza in Some Egyptian soils Egyptian Journal of Botany 34 135ndash152

Mansour MAI (2010) Endomycorrhizal fungi as a biocontrol mean of tomato-fusarial ndashwilt in North Sinai MSc thesis Faculty of Education University of Suez Canal Al-Arish Egypt

McNeely JA Miller KR Mittermeier R Werner TB (1990) Conserving the Worldrsquos Biological Diversity International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Gland Switzerland

Melchers LE (1931) A check list of plant diseases and fungi occurring in Egypt Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 34 41ndash106

Mennicken M Maier W Oberwinkler F (2005) A contribution to the rust flora (Uredinales) on Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) in Africa Mycotaxon 91 39ndash48

Minter DW (2010) Conservation of fungi the orphans of the Rio De Janeiro Convention In The First International Conference on Basic and applied Mycology 9ndash11 March 2010 Assiut Egypt 22ndash23

Montasir AH Mostafa MA Elwan SH (1956) Development of soil microflora under Zygophylum album L and Zygophylum coccinum L Ain Shams Science Bulletin No 1

Moore D Nauta MN Evans SE Rotheroe M (eds) (2001) Fungal Conservation Issues and Solutions Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK

Morse EE (1933) A study of the genus Podaxis Mycologia 25 1ndash33Morton JB Redecker D (2001) Two new families of Glomales

Archaeosporaceae and Paraglomaceae with two new genera Archaeospora and Paraglomus based on concordant molecular and morphological characters Mycologia 93 181ndash195

Mostafa MA (1938) Mycorrhiza in Tropaeolum majus L and Phlox drummondii Hook Annals of Botany 2 481ndash490

Mostafa MA Gayed SK (1953) Interaction between Trichoderma viride and Fusarium vasinfectum and its possible bearing on the biological control of the cotton-wilt disease in Egypt Extrait du Bulletin de lrsquoInstitut drsquoEacutegypte 35 191ndash211

Moubasher AH (1993) Soil fungi of Qatar and other Arab Countries The Scientific and Applied Research Centre University of Qatar

Moubasher AH Abdel-Rahman MA Abdel-Mallek AY Hammam GHA (2010) Biodiversity of entomopathogenic fungi infecting cereal and cabbage aphids in Assiut In The First International Conference on Basic and applied Mycology 9ndash11 March 2010 Assiut Egypt 34

Mouchacca J (1977) Les champignons de la momie de Ramsegraves Comptes Rendus de lrsquoAcademie des Sciences de Paris 285 515ndash517

Mouchacca J (1995) Check-list of novel fungi from the Middle East described mainly from soil since 1930 Sydowia 47 240ndash257

Mouchacca J (1999) A list of novel fungi described from the Middle East mostly from non-soil substrata Nova Hedwigia 68 149ndash174

Mouchacca J (2001a) Biodiversiteacute des reacutecentes deacutecouvertes fongiques dans les eacutetats arides de lrsquoest meacutediterraneacuteen (Moyen-Orient) Bocconea 13 131ndash143

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

140

Mouchacca J (2001b) New fungi described from north east Africa and other Arab countries since 1940 What conclusions could be drawn from this scientific activity Cairo University African Studies Review 23 49ndash84

Mouchacca J (2003a) Annotated basic references of novel fungal taxa introduced from the Middle East (1940ndash2000) Mycotaxon 88 19ndash40

Mouchacca J (2003b) A selection of bibliography on the biodiversity and phytopathology of African fungi (ndash1994) Cryptogamie Mycologie 24 213ndash263

Mouchacca J (2004) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East (1940ndash2000) omissions from previous notes Cryptogamie Mycologie 25 149ndash171

Mouchacca J (2005) Mycobiota of the arid Middle East check-list of novel fungal taxa introduced from 1940 to 2000 and major recent biodiversity Journal of Arid Environments 60 359ndash387

Mouchacca J (2008) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East introduced prior to the year 1940 I - Non lichenized Ascomycetes Cryptogamie Mycologie 29 365ndash388

Mouchacca J (2009a) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East introduced prior to the year 1940 II ndash Anamorphic fungi Hyphomycetes Cryptogamie Mycologie 30 199ndash222

Mouchacca J (2009b) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East introduced prior to the year 1940 III ndash Anamorphic fungi Coelomycetes Cryptogamie Mycologie 30 377ndash403

Moustafa AF (2006) Fungi of Egypt Zygomycetes AUMC Descriptions No 1 Assiut

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2005a) Zygopleurage zygospora (Sepg) Boedijn a new record to the Egyptian Ascomycetes Assiut University Journal of Botany 34 165ndash169

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2005b) The genus Chaetomium in Egypt El-Minia Science Bulletin 16 235ndash256

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2006) Some new records to the Egyptian Ascomycetes with a provisional key to their identification Assiut University Journal of Botany 35 87ndash103

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2008) Thielavia gigaspora a new thermotolerant ascomycete from Egypt Microbiological Research 163 441ndash444

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2010) An annotated check-list of Egyptian Ascomycota reported from soil and other terricolous substrates [Unpublished data]

Mourad AK Zaghloul OA Kady EL Nemat FM Morsy ME (2005) A novel approach for the management of the chalkbrood disease infesting honeybee Apis mellifera L (Hymenoptera Apidae) colonies in Egypt Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences 70 601ndash611

Mueller UG Rehner SA Schultz TR (1998) The evolution of agriculture in ants Science 281 2034ndash2038

Muumlller J (1880a) Les lichens drsquoEgypte Revue Mycologique 2 38ndash40Muumlller J (1880b) Enumeratio lichenum aegyptiacorum hucusque

cognitorum [1] Revue Mycologique 2 40ndash44Muumlller J (1880b) Enumeratio lichenum aegyptiacorum hucusque

cognitorum [2] Revue Mycologique 2 73ndash83Muumlller J (1884) Enumerationis lichenum aegyptiacorum Supplement

I Revue Mycologique Toulouse 6 15ndash20Naim MS Mahmoud SAZ Hussein AM (1957) Qualitative and

quantitative studies on the rhizosphere microflora of some

Egyptian cotton varieties Ain Shams Science Bulletin 2 65ndash83Natrass RM (1932) Preliminary notes on some entomogenous fungi

in Egypt Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Technical Series Bulletin 120 1ndash9

Natrass RM (1933) A new species of Hendersonula (H toruloidea) on deciduous trees in Egypt Transactions of the British Mycological Society 18 189ndash198

Ndiritu GG Winsett KE Spiegel FW Stephenson SL (2009) A checklist of African myxomycetes Mycotaxon 107 353ndash356

Nofal MA Haggag WM (2006) Integrated management of powdery mildew of mango in Egypt Crop Protection 25 480ndash486

Nylander W (1864) Lichenes in Aegypto a cel Ehrenberg collecti Actes de la Socieacuteteacute Linneacuteenne de Bordeaux 25 63ndash70

Nylander W (1876) Lichenes in Aegypto a cel Larbalestier collecti Flora 59 281ndash285

Olive LS Stoianovitch C (1969) Monograph of the genus Protostelium American Journal of Botany 56 979ndash988

Pang KL Abdel-Wahab MA Sivichai S El-Sharouny HM Jones EBG (2002) Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes Ascomycota) a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes Mycological Research 106 1031ndash1042

Petersen RH Desjardin DE Kruumlger D (2008) Three type specimens designated in Oudemansiella Fungal Diversity 32 81ndash96

Phillips AJL Oudemans PV Correia A Alves A (2006) Characteri-sation and epitypification of Botryosphaeria corticis the cause of blueberry cane canker Fungal Diversity 21 141ndash155

Philp J Selim AG (1941) Rust-resistant wheats for Egypt Nature 147 209ndash209

Ragab MA (1956) A contribution to the fungi of Egypt Mycologia 48 167ndash168

Ragab MA Mahdi MT (1966) Studies on Tolyposporium ehrenbergii the cause of long smut of Sorghum in Egypt (UAR) Mycologia 58 184ndash191

Raghukumar C (2002) Bioremediation of coloured pollutants by terrestrial versus facultative marine fungi In Fungi in the Marine Environment (ed KD Hyde) 317ndash344 [Fungal Diversity Research Series no7] Fungal Diversity Press Hong Kong

Raghukumar C (2008) Marine fungal biotechnology an ecological perspective Fungal Diversity 31 19ndash35

Raja HA Ferrer A Shearer CA (2009) Freshwater ascomycetes a new genus Ocala scalariformis gen et sp nov and two new species Ayria nubispora sp nov and Rivulicola cygnea sp nov Fungal Diversity 34 79ndash86

Redecker D Raab P (2006) Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) recent developments and new gene markers Mycologia 98 885ndash895

Reichert I (1921) DiePilzflora Aumlegypten Englerrsquos Botanischen Jahrbuumlchen 56 595ndash727

Rinaldi AC Comandini O Kuyper TW (2008) Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity separating the wheat from the chaff Fungal Diversity 33 1ndash45

Rojas C Stephenson SL (2008) Myxomycete ecology along an elevation gradient on Cocos Island Costa Rica Fungal Diversity 29 117ndash127

Rossman AY (2003) A strategy for an All Taxa Inventory of Fungal Biodiversity In Biodiversity and Terrestrial Ecosystems( eds CI Peng CH) 169ndash194 Taipei

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 141

Saad SI (1958) Studies in atmospheric pollen grains and fungus spores at Alexandria Annals of Allergy 21 471

Sabet YS (1935) A preliminary study of Egyptian soil fungi Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Egyptian University Cairo 5 1ndash29

Sabet YS (1936) Preliminary study of Penicillium egyptiacum v Beyma Zentralblatt fuumlr Bakteriologie 94 97ndash102

Sabet YS (1938) Contributions to the study of Penicillium egyptiacum v Beyma Transactions of the British Mycological Society 21 198ndash210

Sabet YS (1939a) On some fungi isolated from soil in Egypt Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Fouad I University Egyptian University Cairo 19 1ndash112

Sabet YS (1939b) Cotton mycorrhiza Nature 144 37Sabet YS (1940) Mycorrhizal habit in the date palm (Phoenix

dactyliferea L) Nature 145 782Sabet YS (1945) Reactions of citrus mycorrhiza to manurial treatment

Proceeding of Egyptian Acadamy of Science 1 21ndash28Salem MA Michail SH (1980) Inonotus psuedohisbidus on Populous

nigra in Egypt Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74 107ndash110

Samson RA Evans HC Latg JP (1988) Atlas of Entomopathogenic fungi Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Sartory A Meyer J Tawfik Z (1939) Contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude drsquoune Mucoraceacutee Absidia aegyptiacum n sp ferment alcoolique de la Bouza drsquoEgypte Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Sciences Paris 208 1842ndash1843

Seaward MRD Sipman HJM (2006) An updated checklist of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi for Egypt Willdenowia 36 537ndash555

Sert HB (2009) Additions to rust and smut fungi of Turkey Phytoparasitica 37 189-192

Sewify G (1997) Occurrence and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi in Egypt In 7th National conference of pest and diseases of vegetables and fruits in Egypt Ismailia Suez Canal University Egypt 25ndash26 November 1997 380ndash395

Sewify G Hashem YM (2001) Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin on cellular defence response and oxygen uptake of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L (Lep Pyralidae) Journal of Applied Entomology 125 533ndash536

Shalaby KEEM (1999) Physiological studies on some chitin-degrading fungi MSc thesis Faculty of Science Zagazig University Egypt

Shalouf HMS (1989) Studies on fungal leaf spots of some plants in Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Shearer CA Descals E Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B Kohlmeyer J Marvanovaacute L Padgett D Porter D Thorton HA Voglmayr H Raja HA Schmit JP (2007) Fungal biodiversity in aquatic habitats Biodiversity and Conservation 19 49ndash67

Shearer A (1924) Cotton wilt 3rd Annual Report Cotton Research Board Ministry of Agriculture Egypt 37

Sherief AA (1985) Studies on xylan-decomposing fungi Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Sherif S Ghanem EH Shafik I Mustafa EE Abdel-Aleem MM (1991) Integrated control of wheat loose smut in Egypt Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science 22 153ndash163

Shindia AAE (1990) Studies on fungal degradation of composts

in Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Zagazig University Egypt

Shoulkamy MA Lucarotti CJ (1998) Pathology of Coelomomyces stegomyiae in larval Aedes aegypti Mycologia 90 559ndash564

Shoulkamy MA Lucarotti CJ El-Ktatny MST Hassan SKM (1997) Factors affecting Coelomomyces stegomyiae infections in adult Aedes aegypti Mycologia 89 830ndash836

Shoulkamy MA Abdelzaher HMA Shahin AAB (2001) Ultrastructural changes in the muscles midgut hemopoietic organ imaginal discs and Malpighian tubules of the mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae infected by the fungus Coelomomyces stegomyiae Mycopathologia 149 99ndash106

Sickenberger E (1901) Lichenes Memoires de lrsquoInstitut drsquoEgypte 4 319ndash331

Sirag El-Din A (1931) The citrus twig gum disease in Egypt Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Technical Series Bulletin 109 1ndash16

Simonis JL Raja HA Shearer CA (2008) Extracellular enzymes and soft rot decay Are ascomycetes important degraders in fresh water Fungal Diversity 31 135ndash146

Smith D (2003) Culture collections over the world International Microbiology 6 95ndash100

Smith D Ryan MJ Day JG (eds) (2001) The UK National Culture Collection Biological Resource properties maintenance and management UK National Culture Collection Egham

Smith SE Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal Symbiosi 2nd ed Academic Press London

Steiner J (1893) Beitraumlge zur Lichenenflora Griechenlands und Egyptens Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 102 152ndash176

Steiner J (1916) Aufzaumlhlung der von J Bornmuumlller im Oriente gesammelten Flechten Annals Naturhistorische Museum Wien 30 24ndash39

Stephenson SL Stempen H (1994) Myxomycetes a hand book of slime molds Timber Press Portland Oregon USA

Stizenberger E (1890) Lichenaea Africana Berichte uumlber die Taumltigkeit der St Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1888ndash89 105ndash249

Stizenberger E (1891) Lichenaea Africana Berichte uumlber die Taumltigkeit der St Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1889ndash90 133ndash268

Sung GH Hywel-Jones NL Sung JM Luangsa-Ard JJ Shrestha B Spatafora JW (2007) Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi Studies in Mycology 57 5ndash59

Swelim MA Baka ZAM El-Dohlob SM Hazzaa MM El-Sayed TI (1994) Mycoflora of stored poultry fodder in Egypt and their ability to produce aflatoxins Microbiological Research 149 435ndash442

Tangley L (1997) How many species are there US News and World Report Aug 18 1997 ltwwwusnewscomusnewsculturearticles970818archive_007681htmgt

Temina M Wasser SP Nevo E (2004) New records of lichenized fungi from the Near East Mycologia Balcanica 1 139ndash151

Temina M Nevo E Wasser SP (2005) The lichen genus Acarospora in Israel and its vicinity Nova Hedwigia 80 433ndash451

Teramoto Y Yoshida S Ueda S (2001) Characteristics of Egyptian boza and a fermentable yeast strain isolated from the wheat bread World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 17 241ndash243

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

140

Mouchacca J (2001b) New fungi described from north east Africa and other Arab countries since 1940 What conclusions could be drawn from this scientific activity Cairo University African Studies Review 23 49ndash84

Mouchacca J (2003a) Annotated basic references of novel fungal taxa introduced from the Middle East (1940ndash2000) Mycotaxon 88 19ndash40

Mouchacca J (2003b) A selection of bibliography on the biodiversity and phytopathology of African fungi (ndash1994) Cryptogamie Mycologie 24 213ndash263

Mouchacca J (2004) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East (1940ndash2000) omissions from previous notes Cryptogamie Mycologie 25 149ndash171

Mouchacca J (2005) Mycobiota of the arid Middle East check-list of novel fungal taxa introduced from 1940 to 2000 and major recent biodiversity Journal of Arid Environments 60 359ndash387

Mouchacca J (2008) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East introduced prior to the year 1940 I - Non lichenized Ascomycetes Cryptogamie Mycologie 29 365ndash388

Mouchacca J (2009a) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East introduced prior to the year 1940 II ndash Anamorphic fungi Hyphomycetes Cryptogamie Mycologie 30 199ndash222

Mouchacca J (2009b) Novel fungal taxa from the arid Middle East introduced prior to the year 1940 III ndash Anamorphic fungi Coelomycetes Cryptogamie Mycologie 30 377ndash403

Moustafa AF (2006) Fungi of Egypt Zygomycetes AUMC Descriptions No 1 Assiut

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2005a) Zygopleurage zygospora (Sepg) Boedijn a new record to the Egyptian Ascomycetes Assiut University Journal of Botany 34 165ndash169

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2005b) The genus Chaetomium in Egypt El-Minia Science Bulletin 16 235ndash256

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2006) Some new records to the Egyptian Ascomycetes with a provisional key to their identification Assiut University Journal of Botany 35 87ndash103

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2008) Thielavia gigaspora a new thermotolerant ascomycete from Egypt Microbiological Research 163 441ndash444

Moustafa AF Abdel-Azeem AM (2010) An annotated check-list of Egyptian Ascomycota reported from soil and other terricolous substrates [Unpublished data]

Mourad AK Zaghloul OA Kady EL Nemat FM Morsy ME (2005) A novel approach for the management of the chalkbrood disease infesting honeybee Apis mellifera L (Hymenoptera Apidae) colonies in Egypt Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences 70 601ndash611

Mueller UG Rehner SA Schultz TR (1998) The evolution of agriculture in ants Science 281 2034ndash2038

Muumlller J (1880a) Les lichens drsquoEgypte Revue Mycologique 2 38ndash40Muumlller J (1880b) Enumeratio lichenum aegyptiacorum hucusque

cognitorum [1] Revue Mycologique 2 40ndash44Muumlller J (1880b) Enumeratio lichenum aegyptiacorum hucusque

cognitorum [2] Revue Mycologique 2 73ndash83Muumlller J (1884) Enumerationis lichenum aegyptiacorum Supplement

I Revue Mycologique Toulouse 6 15ndash20Naim MS Mahmoud SAZ Hussein AM (1957) Qualitative and

quantitative studies on the rhizosphere microflora of some

Egyptian cotton varieties Ain Shams Science Bulletin 2 65ndash83Natrass RM (1932) Preliminary notes on some entomogenous fungi

in Egypt Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Technical Series Bulletin 120 1ndash9

Natrass RM (1933) A new species of Hendersonula (H toruloidea) on deciduous trees in Egypt Transactions of the British Mycological Society 18 189ndash198

Ndiritu GG Winsett KE Spiegel FW Stephenson SL (2009) A checklist of African myxomycetes Mycotaxon 107 353ndash356

Nofal MA Haggag WM (2006) Integrated management of powdery mildew of mango in Egypt Crop Protection 25 480ndash486

Nylander W (1864) Lichenes in Aegypto a cel Ehrenberg collecti Actes de la Socieacuteteacute Linneacuteenne de Bordeaux 25 63ndash70

Nylander W (1876) Lichenes in Aegypto a cel Larbalestier collecti Flora 59 281ndash285

Olive LS Stoianovitch C (1969) Monograph of the genus Protostelium American Journal of Botany 56 979ndash988

Pang KL Abdel-Wahab MA Sivichai S El-Sharouny HM Jones EBG (2002) Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes Ascomycota) a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes Mycological Research 106 1031ndash1042

Petersen RH Desjardin DE Kruumlger D (2008) Three type specimens designated in Oudemansiella Fungal Diversity 32 81ndash96

Phillips AJL Oudemans PV Correia A Alves A (2006) Characteri-sation and epitypification of Botryosphaeria corticis the cause of blueberry cane canker Fungal Diversity 21 141ndash155

Philp J Selim AG (1941) Rust-resistant wheats for Egypt Nature 147 209ndash209

Ragab MA (1956) A contribution to the fungi of Egypt Mycologia 48 167ndash168

Ragab MA Mahdi MT (1966) Studies on Tolyposporium ehrenbergii the cause of long smut of Sorghum in Egypt (UAR) Mycologia 58 184ndash191

Raghukumar C (2002) Bioremediation of coloured pollutants by terrestrial versus facultative marine fungi In Fungi in the Marine Environment (ed KD Hyde) 317ndash344 [Fungal Diversity Research Series no7] Fungal Diversity Press Hong Kong

Raghukumar C (2008) Marine fungal biotechnology an ecological perspective Fungal Diversity 31 19ndash35

Raja HA Ferrer A Shearer CA (2009) Freshwater ascomycetes a new genus Ocala scalariformis gen et sp nov and two new species Ayria nubispora sp nov and Rivulicola cygnea sp nov Fungal Diversity 34 79ndash86

Redecker D Raab P (2006) Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) recent developments and new gene markers Mycologia 98 885ndash895

Reichert I (1921) DiePilzflora Aumlegypten Englerrsquos Botanischen Jahrbuumlchen 56 595ndash727

Rinaldi AC Comandini O Kuyper TW (2008) Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity separating the wheat from the chaff Fungal Diversity 33 1ndash45

Rojas C Stephenson SL (2008) Myxomycete ecology along an elevation gradient on Cocos Island Costa Rica Fungal Diversity 29 117ndash127

Rossman AY (2003) A strategy for an All Taxa Inventory of Fungal Biodiversity In Biodiversity and Terrestrial Ecosystems( eds CI Peng CH) 169ndash194 Taipei

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 141

Saad SI (1958) Studies in atmospheric pollen grains and fungus spores at Alexandria Annals of Allergy 21 471

Sabet YS (1935) A preliminary study of Egyptian soil fungi Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Egyptian University Cairo 5 1ndash29

Sabet YS (1936) Preliminary study of Penicillium egyptiacum v Beyma Zentralblatt fuumlr Bakteriologie 94 97ndash102

Sabet YS (1938) Contributions to the study of Penicillium egyptiacum v Beyma Transactions of the British Mycological Society 21 198ndash210

Sabet YS (1939a) On some fungi isolated from soil in Egypt Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Fouad I University Egyptian University Cairo 19 1ndash112

Sabet YS (1939b) Cotton mycorrhiza Nature 144 37Sabet YS (1940) Mycorrhizal habit in the date palm (Phoenix

dactyliferea L) Nature 145 782Sabet YS (1945) Reactions of citrus mycorrhiza to manurial treatment

Proceeding of Egyptian Acadamy of Science 1 21ndash28Salem MA Michail SH (1980) Inonotus psuedohisbidus on Populous

nigra in Egypt Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74 107ndash110

Samson RA Evans HC Latg JP (1988) Atlas of Entomopathogenic fungi Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Sartory A Meyer J Tawfik Z (1939) Contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude drsquoune Mucoraceacutee Absidia aegyptiacum n sp ferment alcoolique de la Bouza drsquoEgypte Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Sciences Paris 208 1842ndash1843

Seaward MRD Sipman HJM (2006) An updated checklist of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi for Egypt Willdenowia 36 537ndash555

Sert HB (2009) Additions to rust and smut fungi of Turkey Phytoparasitica 37 189-192

Sewify G (1997) Occurrence and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi in Egypt In 7th National conference of pest and diseases of vegetables and fruits in Egypt Ismailia Suez Canal University Egypt 25ndash26 November 1997 380ndash395

Sewify G Hashem YM (2001) Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin on cellular defence response and oxygen uptake of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L (Lep Pyralidae) Journal of Applied Entomology 125 533ndash536

Shalaby KEEM (1999) Physiological studies on some chitin-degrading fungi MSc thesis Faculty of Science Zagazig University Egypt

Shalouf HMS (1989) Studies on fungal leaf spots of some plants in Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Shearer CA Descals E Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B Kohlmeyer J Marvanovaacute L Padgett D Porter D Thorton HA Voglmayr H Raja HA Schmit JP (2007) Fungal biodiversity in aquatic habitats Biodiversity and Conservation 19 49ndash67

Shearer A (1924) Cotton wilt 3rd Annual Report Cotton Research Board Ministry of Agriculture Egypt 37

Sherief AA (1985) Studies on xylan-decomposing fungi Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Sherif S Ghanem EH Shafik I Mustafa EE Abdel-Aleem MM (1991) Integrated control of wheat loose smut in Egypt Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science 22 153ndash163

Shindia AAE (1990) Studies on fungal degradation of composts

in Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Zagazig University Egypt

Shoulkamy MA Lucarotti CJ (1998) Pathology of Coelomomyces stegomyiae in larval Aedes aegypti Mycologia 90 559ndash564

Shoulkamy MA Lucarotti CJ El-Ktatny MST Hassan SKM (1997) Factors affecting Coelomomyces stegomyiae infections in adult Aedes aegypti Mycologia 89 830ndash836

Shoulkamy MA Abdelzaher HMA Shahin AAB (2001) Ultrastructural changes in the muscles midgut hemopoietic organ imaginal discs and Malpighian tubules of the mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae infected by the fungus Coelomomyces stegomyiae Mycopathologia 149 99ndash106

Sickenberger E (1901) Lichenes Memoires de lrsquoInstitut drsquoEgypte 4 319ndash331

Sirag El-Din A (1931) The citrus twig gum disease in Egypt Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Technical Series Bulletin 109 1ndash16

Simonis JL Raja HA Shearer CA (2008) Extracellular enzymes and soft rot decay Are ascomycetes important degraders in fresh water Fungal Diversity 31 135ndash146

Smith D (2003) Culture collections over the world International Microbiology 6 95ndash100

Smith D Ryan MJ Day JG (eds) (2001) The UK National Culture Collection Biological Resource properties maintenance and management UK National Culture Collection Egham

Smith SE Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal Symbiosi 2nd ed Academic Press London

Steiner J (1893) Beitraumlge zur Lichenenflora Griechenlands und Egyptens Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 102 152ndash176

Steiner J (1916) Aufzaumlhlung der von J Bornmuumlller im Oriente gesammelten Flechten Annals Naturhistorische Museum Wien 30 24ndash39

Stephenson SL Stempen H (1994) Myxomycetes a hand book of slime molds Timber Press Portland Oregon USA

Stizenberger E (1890) Lichenaea Africana Berichte uumlber die Taumltigkeit der St Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1888ndash89 105ndash249

Stizenberger E (1891) Lichenaea Africana Berichte uumlber die Taumltigkeit der St Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1889ndash90 133ndash268

Sung GH Hywel-Jones NL Sung JM Luangsa-Ard JJ Shrestha B Spatafora JW (2007) Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi Studies in Mycology 57 5ndash59

Swelim MA Baka ZAM El-Dohlob SM Hazzaa MM El-Sayed TI (1994) Mycoflora of stored poultry fodder in Egypt and their ability to produce aflatoxins Microbiological Research 149 435ndash442

Tangley L (1997) How many species are there US News and World Report Aug 18 1997 ltwwwusnewscomusnewsculturearticles970818archive_007681htmgt

Temina M Wasser SP Nevo E (2004) New records of lichenized fungi from the Near East Mycologia Balcanica 1 139ndash151

Temina M Nevo E Wasser SP (2005) The lichen genus Acarospora in Israel and its vicinity Nova Hedwigia 80 433ndash451

Teramoto Y Yoshida S Ueda S (2001) Characteristics of Egyptian boza and a fermentable yeast strain isolated from the wheat bread World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 17 241ndash243

Mycology in EgyptARTIC

LE

v o l u m e 1 middot n o 2 141

Saad SI (1958) Studies in atmospheric pollen grains and fungus spores at Alexandria Annals of Allergy 21 471

Sabet YS (1935) A preliminary study of Egyptian soil fungi Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Egyptian University Cairo 5 1ndash29

Sabet YS (1936) Preliminary study of Penicillium egyptiacum v Beyma Zentralblatt fuumlr Bakteriologie 94 97ndash102

Sabet YS (1938) Contributions to the study of Penicillium egyptiacum v Beyma Transactions of the British Mycological Society 21 198ndash210

Sabet YS (1939a) On some fungi isolated from soil in Egypt Bulletin of the Faculty of Science Fouad I University Egyptian University Cairo 19 1ndash112

Sabet YS (1939b) Cotton mycorrhiza Nature 144 37Sabet YS (1940) Mycorrhizal habit in the date palm (Phoenix

dactyliferea L) Nature 145 782Sabet YS (1945) Reactions of citrus mycorrhiza to manurial treatment

Proceeding of Egyptian Acadamy of Science 1 21ndash28Salem MA Michail SH (1980) Inonotus psuedohisbidus on Populous

nigra in Egypt Transactions of the British Mycological Society 74 107ndash110

Samson RA Evans HC Latg JP (1988) Atlas of Entomopathogenic fungi Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Sartory A Meyer J Tawfik Z (1939) Contribution agrave lrsquoeacutetude drsquoune Mucoraceacutee Absidia aegyptiacum n sp ferment alcoolique de la Bouza drsquoEgypte Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Seacuteances de lrsquoAcadeacutemie des Sciences Paris 208 1842ndash1843

Seaward MRD Sipman HJM (2006) An updated checklist of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi for Egypt Willdenowia 36 537ndash555

Sert HB (2009) Additions to rust and smut fungi of Turkey Phytoparasitica 37 189-192

Sewify G (1997) Occurrence and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi in Egypt In 7th National conference of pest and diseases of vegetables and fruits in Egypt Ismailia Suez Canal University Egypt 25ndash26 November 1997 380ndash395

Sewify G Hashem YM (2001) Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch) Sorokin on cellular defence response and oxygen uptake of the wax moth Galleria mellonella L (Lep Pyralidae) Journal of Applied Entomology 125 533ndash536

Shalaby KEEM (1999) Physiological studies on some chitin-degrading fungi MSc thesis Faculty of Science Zagazig University Egypt

Shalouf HMS (1989) Studies on fungal leaf spots of some plants in Egypt MSc thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Shearer CA Descals E Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B Kohlmeyer J Marvanovaacute L Padgett D Porter D Thorton HA Voglmayr H Raja HA Schmit JP (2007) Fungal biodiversity in aquatic habitats Biodiversity and Conservation 19 49ndash67

Shearer A (1924) Cotton wilt 3rd Annual Report Cotton Research Board Ministry of Agriculture Egypt 37

Sherief AA (1985) Studies on xylan-decomposing fungi Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Mansoura University Egypt

Sherif S Ghanem EH Shafik I Mustafa EE Abdel-Aleem MM (1991) Integrated control of wheat loose smut in Egypt Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science 22 153ndash163

Shindia AAE (1990) Studies on fungal degradation of composts

in Egypt PhD thesis Faculty of Science Zagazig University Egypt

Shoulkamy MA Lucarotti CJ (1998) Pathology of Coelomomyces stegomyiae in larval Aedes aegypti Mycologia 90 559ndash564

Shoulkamy MA Lucarotti CJ El-Ktatny MST Hassan SKM (1997) Factors affecting Coelomomyces stegomyiae infections in adult Aedes aegypti Mycologia 89 830ndash836

Shoulkamy MA Abdelzaher HMA Shahin AAB (2001) Ultrastructural changes in the muscles midgut hemopoietic organ imaginal discs and Malpighian tubules of the mosquito Aedes aegypti larvae infected by the fungus Coelomomyces stegomyiae Mycopathologia 149 99ndash106

Sickenberger E (1901) Lichenes Memoires de lrsquoInstitut drsquoEgypte 4 319ndash331

Sirag El-Din A (1931) The citrus twig gum disease in Egypt Ministry of Agriculture Egypt Technical Series Bulletin 109 1ndash16

Simonis JL Raja HA Shearer CA (2008) Extracellular enzymes and soft rot decay Are ascomycetes important degraders in fresh water Fungal Diversity 31 135ndash146

Smith D (2003) Culture collections over the world International Microbiology 6 95ndash100

Smith D Ryan MJ Day JG (eds) (2001) The UK National Culture Collection Biological Resource properties maintenance and management UK National Culture Collection Egham

Smith SE Read DJ (1997) Mycorrhizal Symbiosi 2nd ed Academic Press London

Steiner J (1893) Beitraumlge zur Lichenenflora Griechenlands und Egyptens Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 102 152ndash176

Steiner J (1916) Aufzaumlhlung der von J Bornmuumlller im Oriente gesammelten Flechten Annals Naturhistorische Museum Wien 30 24ndash39

Stephenson SL Stempen H (1994) Myxomycetes a hand book of slime molds Timber Press Portland Oregon USA

Stizenberger E (1890) Lichenaea Africana Berichte uumlber die Taumltigkeit der St Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1888ndash89 105ndash249

Stizenberger E (1891) Lichenaea Africana Berichte uumlber die Taumltigkeit der St Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 1889ndash90 133ndash268

Sung GH Hywel-Jones NL Sung JM Luangsa-Ard JJ Shrestha B Spatafora JW (2007) Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi Studies in Mycology 57 5ndash59

Swelim MA Baka ZAM El-Dohlob SM Hazzaa MM El-Sayed TI (1994) Mycoflora of stored poultry fodder in Egypt and their ability to produce aflatoxins Microbiological Research 149 435ndash442

Tangley L (1997) How many species are there US News and World Report Aug 18 1997 ltwwwusnewscomusnewsculturearticles970818archive_007681htmgt

Temina M Wasser SP Nevo E (2004) New records of lichenized fungi from the Near East Mycologia Balcanica 1 139ndash151

Temina M Nevo E Wasser SP (2005) The lichen genus Acarospora in Israel and its vicinity Nova Hedwigia 80 433ndash451

Teramoto Y Yoshida S Ueda S (2001) Characteristics of Egyptian boza and a fermentable yeast strain isolated from the wheat bread World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 17 241ndash243

i m a f u n G u S

ARTICLE

142

Thongkantha S Lumyong S McKenzie EHC Hyde KD (2008) Fungal saprobes and pathogens occurrence on tissues of Dracaena loureiri and Pandanus spp Fungal Diversity 30 149ndash179

Udagawa S Ueda S (1983) Thermoascus aegyptiacus Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 24 135

Vijaykrishna D Jeewon R Hyde KD (2006) Molecular taxonomy origins and evolution of freshwater ascomycetes Fungal Diversity 23 351ndash390

Wannathes N Desjardin DE Hyde KD Perry BA Lumyong S (2009) A monograph of Marasmius (Basidiomycota) from Northern Thailand based on morphological and molecular (ITS sequences) Fungal Diversity 37 209ndash306

Werner RG (1966) Notes de lichenologie libano-syrienne VIII et egyptienne Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France 113 74ndash83

Wheeler Q Blackwell M (1984) Fungus-insect Relationships Columbia University Press New York

Whittaker RH (1969) New concepts of kingdoms of organisms Science 163 150ndash160

Wilson EO (1992) The Diversity of Life Harvard University Press Cambridge Massachusetts USA

Wong KMK Goh TK Hodgkiss IJ Hyde KD Ranghoo VM Tsui CKM Ho WH Wong SW Yeun TK (1998) Role of fungi in freshwater ecosystems Biodiversity and Conservation 7 1187ndash1206

Wulandari NF To-anun C Hyde KD Duong LM Gruyter J de Meffert JP Groenewald JZ Crous PW (2009) Phyllosticta citriasiana sp nov the cause of Citrus tan spot of Citrus maxima in Asia Fungal Diversity 34 23ndash39

Yousef HM (1946) The mycorrhizae of Iris germanica Lange and Asparagus sperengeri Regel Proceedings of Egyptian Academy of Science 20 45ndash61

Youssef YA Abdou MH (1967a) Studies on fungus infection of the external ear I Mycological and clinical observations Journal of Laryngology and Otology 81 401ndash412

Youssef YA Abdou MH (1967b) Studies on fungus infection of the external ear II On the chemotherapy of Otomycosis Journal of Laryngology and Otology 81 1005ndash1012

Youssef YA Karam El-Din A (1988a) Airborne spore of opportunistic fungi in the atmosphere of Cairo Egypt I Mould Fungi Grana 27 89ndash92

Youssef YA Karam El-Din A (1988b) Airborne spores of opportunistic fungi in the atmosphere of Cairo Egypt II Yeast Fungi Grana 27 247ndash250

Youssef YA Karam El-Din A Mohamed A (1989) Survey of soil for human pathogenic fungi from Ismailia Governorate Egypt Bulletin of Faculty of Science Mansoura University 16 153ndash163

Youssef YA Karam El-Din A Hassanein SM (1992) Occurrence of keratinolytic fungi and related dermatophytes in soils in Cairo Egypt Zentralblatt fuumlr Mikrobiologie 147 80ndash85

Youssef YA Karam El-Din A Ismail ThFM (1993) Occurrence of Cryptococcus meningitis in Cairo Egypt African Journal of Mycology and Biotechnology 1 107ndash115

Yusef HM (1964) Observations on phytopathogenic fungi new to UAR (Egypt) Journal of Botany of the United Arabic Republic 7 87ndash94

Zakhary JW (1979) Studies on edible mushrooms in Egypt MSc Thesis Faculty of Agriculture Alexandria University Egypt

Zakhary JW Abo-Bakr TM El-Mahdy AR El-Tabery SAM (1983) Chemical composition of wild mushrooms collected from Alexandria Egypt Food Chemistry 11 31ndash41

Zaki MK (1960) Studies on dissemination of pollen grains and spores in Cairo area MSc thesis Cairo University Egypt

Zaki SM (2008) Molecular Identification of Phaeohyphomycosis Agents Inhabiting Natural environments in Egypt International Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry 4 293ndash301

Zaki SM Mikami Y Karam El-Din AA Youssef YA (2005) Keratinophilic fungi recovered from muddy soil in Cairo vicinities Egypt Mycopathologia 160 245ndash251

Zaki SM Ibrahim N Aoyama K Shetaia YM Abdel-Ghany K Mikami Y (2009) Dermatophyte Infections in Cairo Egypt Mycopathologia 67 133ndash137

Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem