Shanna R. Simpson-Singleton

Professor Kenneth Shiskowski, Ph.D.Mathematics Department

The History of Cryptology

SUMMERIANS OF MESOPOTAMIA

An ancient civilization (approx. 3000 B.C.E – 1800 B.C.E.) that populated Mesopotamia, an area between the Tigris and Euphrates Valley.

They are often referred to as the cradle of civilization.

Credited for the creation of the written language as a form cryptography.

Used the substitution method of cryptography to encrypt cuneiform messages on stone tablets.

Sources: http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia Photo from:

http://www.livius.org/a/1/mesopotamia/gilgamesh_louvre.JPG

ANCIENT EGYPTIANS A very religious and ritualistic

ancient civilization (3100 B.C.E. – 330 B.C.E,).

Known best for its architecture of temple, monuments, and tombs.

Used the substitution method of cryptology to amuse travelers and created a dramatic affect with ancient religious texts.

Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg and (Pinock, p. 12)

Photo from: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg

JULIUS CAESARA Roman emperor that is

credited for building the Great Roman Empire.

Used the Caesar cipher, an affine transformation cipher, to secretly communicate with his generals.

Sources: http://i94.photobucket.com/albums/l97/bfnmusic/Freedom%20Papers/Stewart%20Synopsis/AncientEgyptianFamily.jpg and (Pinock, p. 12)

Photo from: http://www.desitin.dk/images/JuliusCaesar.jpg

BLAISE de VIGENÉREA French diplomat and

cryptographer (1523-1596).The Vigenère cipher is named after

him, although it was later discovered that he may not have created this cipher. (maybe Giovan Battista Bellaso created the cipher).

Later created the autokey cipher. Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re

Photo from: http://www-ivs.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/bs/lehre/wise0102/progb/vortraege/mzoellner/vigenere.jpg

GILBERT VERNAMAn AT&T Bell Labs engineer

(1890-1960).Credited for creating the

stream cipher and the Vernam cipher for telecommunications. Also co-created the one-time pad cipher with Joseph Mauborgne.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Vernam Photo from:

http://www.aldebaran.cz/bulletin/2005_14/vernam.jpg

Joeseph MauborgneMajor General of the

US Army (1881-1971).Co-created the one-

time pad cipher with Gilbert Vernam.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mauborgne

Photo from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg/180px-Joseph_Mauborgne.jpg

LESTER HILLCreated the Hill

Cipher in 1929.Patented a machine for

his cipher which is pictured on the left of this text.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_cipher

Photo from: http://www.und.nodak.edu/org/crypto/crypto/.hill4.html

Co-published the exponentiation cipher with Martin Hellman.

It is said that the algorithm was first discovered by Roland Silver, but Pohlig and Martin published their independent research first.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlig-Hellman_algorithm

STEPHEN POHLIG

MARTIN HELLMANPrevious Stanford

professor (born 1945).Co-created/published the

exponentiation cipher, the Knapsack cipher, and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange system.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Hellman

Photo from: http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/uploads/pics/Martin-Hellman.jpg

Engineer and Mathematician that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (1924-1997).

Co-created what is now known as the public-key cryptosystem with Clifford Cocks and Michael Williamson.

Although these gentlemen created the public-key cryptosystem in addition to many other cryptosystems and key generators first, they were forced to keep the information classified. It was not announced/published until after Ellis died in 1997.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Ellis

JAMES H. ELLIS

CLIFFORD COCKSMathematician and

cryptographer that worked for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency) (born December 28, 1950).

Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Malcolm Williamson.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Cocks Photo from :

http://www.simonsingh.net/images/610.jpg

MALCOLM WILLIAMSONMathematician that worked

for the GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters for the British Intelligence Agency).

Co-created the public-key cryptosystem with James H. Ellis and Clifford Cocks.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Williamson_(cryptographer) Photo from:

http://www.livinginternet.com/g/williamson_malcolm1.JPG

RALPH MERKLEProfessor at Georgia

Tech. University (born February 2, 1952).

Co-creator of the Knapsack cipher along with Martin Hellman.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Merkle

Photo from: http://www.nndb.com/people/410/000028326/ralph-c-merkle.jpg

RONALD RIVESTProfessor at MIT

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (born 1947)

Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Rivest

Photo from: http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg

ADI SHAMIRCryptographer and

cryptanalyst (born July 6, 1952).

Co-created the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Leonard Adleman.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shamir Photo from:

http://www.iacr.org/fellows/2004/RonRivest.jpg

LEONARD ADLEMANProfessor at the University

of Southern California and a theoretical computer scientist (born December 31, 1945).

Co-creator of the RSA cryptosystem along with Ronald Rivest and Adi Shamir.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Adleman Photo from:

http://infosecurity.us/images/professor_len_adleman.jpg

MICHAEL RABINProfessor at Harvard

University and Hebrew University (born September 1, 1931).

Creator of the Rabin system and various other cryptosystems.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rabin Photo from: http://www.hno.harvard.edu/gazette/2001/04.26/photos/06-rabin-450.jpg

WHITFIELD DIFFIEChief Security Officer and

Vice President of Sun Microsystems Laboratories(born June 5, 1944).

Co-creator of the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange System along with Martin Hellman.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie Photo from:

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/164/384100611_05768d08a7_o.jpg

JAMES MASSEYRetired professor

(born 1934).Co-created the

Massey-Omura Cryptosystem along with Jim K. Omura.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Massey

Photo from: http://www.win.tue.nl/math/eidma/courses/minicourses/massey/Massey1.jpg

JIM K. OMURATechnology strategist

and security advisor.Co-created the

Massey-Omura Cryptosystem along with James Massey.

Source: http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/bios/2005bell.html Photo from: http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs/about/awards/bios/2005Bell.jpg

TAHER ELGAMALChief technical officer

and Co-Chair of the Board of Directors at Securify (born August 18, 1955).

Creator of the Elgamal cryptosystem.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taher_Elgamal Photo from: http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/april2006/internet13.jpg