the human mosaic chapter three
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The Human Mosaic CHAPTER THREE. Population Geography: Shaping the Human Mosaic. Kolkota, India. Introduction : What is geodemography? Spatial and ecological aspects of population density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standards, health, age, etc. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Human MosaicThe Human Mosaic
CHAPTER THREECHAPTER THREE
Population Geography: Population Geography:
Shaping the Human MosaicShaping the Human Mosaic
Kolkota, India
►Introduction:
►What is geodemography?
►Spatial and ecological aspects of population density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standards, health, age, etc.
►What parts of the world see population growth, what parts don’t? Why?
►> 7.2 billion people!
World Population Clock
► I) Demographic Regions
► A. Population Distribution and Density - uneven distribution of people on a global scale - largely unpopulated vs. thickly settled regions
>72% live on the Eurasian continent < 8% live on the North American continent
- Three major population clusters: 1) East Asia 2) Indian subcontinent 3) Europe
- population density vs. physiological density & carrying capacity:
“density beyond which people cease to be nutritionally self-sufficient"
What is the carrying capacity of a given piece of land?
How have projections changed?
Projections from an earlier edition.
Where does “our” oil come from? “Fracking” and related questions …
B. Patterns of Natality
- Birthrate (number of births / year / 1000)
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (children / woman)
(focus: women, family size, future development) - TFR < 2.1 leads to population decline - Worldwide contrasts of TFR values- Hong Kong (TFR 1.02) and Macao (TFR
0.91)!
C. Geography of Mortality
- Death Rates (number of deaths / year / 1000)
- worldwide contrasts in death rates - correlation to TFR? - sub-Saharan Africa? - Europe? - North America? - death comes in different forms
geographically
(We will talk about the diffusion of AIDS below.)
D. Population Explosion
- dramatic increase since 1900 (Why?) - decrease in death rates while TFR remains
high- result is geometrical population increase,
where doubling times become increasingly shorter
- 62 billion people!
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
"Human ability to multiply far exceeds our ability
to increase food production"
- Is that true? - Existential need to check population growth?- How? ----- Wars? Famine? What else?
Malthus’s Dismal Equation?
E. Or Population Implosion?
- Is the world overpopulated today? - Although we see decrease in TFR rates in
many countries, is the population explosion over?
F. The Demographic Transformation Model
- The Stages: 1) Pre-Industrial 2) Beginning Industrialization 3) Transitional 4) Industrialization Completed 5) Postindustrial Period
How do societies move from one stage to the next? Technical innovations? Birth control?
S-shaped world population curve
World Population Doubling Timeline
Compare this graph with the one on the following slide!
Demographic TransitionDemographic Transition
Figure 1.35
The Different Stages of the Demographic Transition
What’s wrong with this question?
G. Age Distribution
- Why do some countries have overwhelmingly young populations?
- Why does the age structure vary within the United States?
- Population Pyramids as devices to study age and gender characteristics of societies.
H. Geography of Gender
- geographical differences in sex ratio within the U.S. and throughout the world
- "gendered spaces" (from Mount Athos in Greece to Valdosta, Georgia)
- female infanticide (see China and India)
Residents of Sun City, Arizona
Sun City, Arizona
Population Pyramids
Population Pyramid of Botswana / Impact of AIDS epidemic
Population Pyramids from the USPopulation Pyramids from the US
Which of these represents Laredo (TX), Lawrence (KS), Naples (FL), or Cedar Rapids (IA)?
Greek Orthodox Monastery on Mount Athos
A “little emperor” with his grandparents in China
Segregated beach in Tel Aviv, Israel.
I. Standard of Living
- infant mortality rate (number of children/ 1000)
(measure for health, nutrition, sanitation, access to doctors, education, etc.)
- Human Development Index (literacy rates, life expectancy, wealth)
Human Development Index
II) Diffusion in Population Geography
How does demography relate to the theme of cultural diffusion?
A. Migration - from the early beginnings in central Africa to
today's examples of migration - push- and pull factors of migration - 50 million Europeans in the 19th century - change of national and international migration patterns over time - voluntary vs. forced migration
Migration events as described by ancient Aztecs
Source regions of US immigrants.
Foreign-born population as percentage of total population
Filipina domestic servants in Hong Kong.
European Refugee Crisis of 2015European Refugee Crisis of 2015
Dream turned nightmare
Dreams of a better future
Refugees outside a train station in Hungary
Fleeing from the bubonic plague in London in the 1600s
B. Disease Diffusion
- historical example from Europe (bubonic plague / cholera)- example of aids in Africa, its source of origin, and its
spread through the rest of the world - aspects of contagious, relocation, and hierarchical
diffusion - preconceived notions about the agents of diffusion
Mapping cholera in London (John Snow)
Early diffusion of HIV
C. Diffusion of Fertility Control
- importance for final two stages in demographic transformation model
- France as place of origin - Slow spread throughout Europe - China's "one couple, one child" policy (
with some exceptions)- 1970 a TFR of 5.9- 1980 a TFR of 2.7- 1990 a TFR of 2.2- 1994 a TFR of 2.0- 2007 a TFR of 1.7- negative side-effect of this policy in connection
with a culturally based preference for males?- recent discussions in China to do away with the
“one couple, one child” policy … why?- China changed its policy in October 2015!
Now two children per couple are allowed.
Use of birth control in Europe
III) Population Ecology
How is cultural ecology relevant to population geography?
A. Environmental Influence - population is being influenced by available resources,
climates, soils, etc. - tendency to live near coastlines and rivers, in
temperate climates, near water in dry climates, or away from regions prone to livestock diseases
B. Environmental Perception and Population Distribution - German and Italian speaking peoples of the Alps
(dairy culture versus warmth-loving crops)
- changing perceptions of regions rich in coal - perception influences migration
C. Population Density and Environmental Alteration - modification of habitats through adaptive strategies - correlation of population explosion and ecological
crisis - problem of overconsumption: the US with <5% of
world’s population consumes 25% of the resources
Overpopulation/deforestation: Haiti vs. Dominican Republic.
Human ImpactHuman Impact
Figure 1.36
IV) Cultural Interaction and Population Patterns
How are issues of globalization, culture & demography intertwined?
A. Cultural Factors - rice in Southeast Asia & potatoes in Ireland - The Navajo Indians, their hogans, and their lack of
migration
B. Political Factors - forced migration & ethnic cleansing - China's "one couple, one child" policy
C. Economic Factors - industrialization in Europe - changes in cotton cultivation/resulting northward
migration
D. Gender and Geodemography - 19th century Irish women to U.S. - Filipinas in Japan & Burmese women in Thailand
Population control in China.
Population control in China. Patterns?
V) The Settlement Landscape
How is the distribution of people reflected in the cultural landscape?
The example of rural settlement patterns:
A. Farm Villages - irregular clustered villages, street villages, green
villages, and checkerboard villages - what are strong-point, wet-point, and dry-point
settlements?
B. Isolated Farmsteads - what conditions favor dispersed settlements? - see North America, Australia, and New Zealand
C. Semi clustered Rural Settlements - hamlets, loose irregular villages, & row villages
D. Reading the Cultural Landscape - hypothetical farm village in Yucatan
Irregular clustered village in southeastern Tibet.
Irregular clustered village in northern Switzerland.
Street village in Siberia, Russia, along the Lena River.
Isolated farmstead in Iceland
Hypothetical modern Mayan checkerboard village.
Landscapes of Demographic Change
- industrialization, urbanization and shantytowns