the human rights-based approach to development: a u.n. system perspective brc/hurist workshop,...
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The human rights-based approach to development: a
U.N. system perspective
BRC/HURIST workshop,Bratislava, 1 October 2004
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Questions about a HRBA ..
• What?
• Why?
• Who?
• How?
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‘‘WhatWhat’ are human rights?’ are human rights? NEEDS
RIGHTS
sPeople as object with needs
Needs only imply promises
People as
subjects with claims
Rights always imply obligations
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What rights?
Freedom of associationFair trialEducation
Freedom from discrimination
Freedom of thought
Freedom of religion Freedom of conscience Health
Life
Favourable and just work conditions
Food Shelter
Asylum
NationalityClothing
Vote
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What obligations?
• Respect – ‘don’t violate’
• Protect – make sure others don’t violate
• Fulfill – facilitate, or if necessary, provide directly
• Source: human rights treaties, national law
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What obligations?.. right to health
Availability, accessibility, acceptabilityRespect: cost exemptions for poorest;
don’t withhold HIV anti-retroviralProtect: regulating service providersFulfill: progressively realise the right
Non-discriminationProcess: participation, transparency,
monitoring progressive realisation, and mechanisms for redress
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Entitlement
Accountability
Rights-holders
Duty-bearers
Rights-holders & duty bearers
RIGHT TO HEALTHWOMEN OF ETHNIC MINORITY ‘A’
Highest attainable standard of health
Ministries re health, housing, education, financeParliamentariansLocal authorities/healthservices; judiciaryInternational actors
Non-discriminatory and enabling laws, policiesResource allocationSpecial measures for thedisadvantagedInformation, transparency, redress
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What is a HRBA?
1. Development furthers human rights as defined in international standards
2. Human rights standards, principles, guide development cooperation and UNCT programming in all sectors and phases
3. UNCT programming contributes to the development of capacities of:
• ‘duty bearers’ to meet their obligations
• ‘rights-holders’ to claim their rights
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What ‘capacities’?
• Authority: the ‘may’; human rights obligations defined in laws, policies (int’l standards); no overlap in duties, duplication, ambiguity
• Responsibility: the ‘should’; acceptance of duty, motivation, commitment (moral, legal basis); incentives and sanctions, checks and balances
• Resources: the ‘can’; human (knowledge, qualification and competencies),financial resources, institutions; organisational
• Also: communications capacities
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What ‘capacities’, contd..
duty bearers
rights holders
CSO
• laws
• policies
• services
•data, monitoring
•remedies
• information, education
• participation
• organisation
• monitoring
• access to remedies
(administrative, judicial)
fulfill duties
claim rights
UN-CT support
laws an
d p
olicies,
techn
ical assistance
service delivery
advo
cacy
Info
rmatio
n, parti
cipatio
n,
organisatio
n, monito
ring
Capacity building
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HRBA reinforces, not replaces, ‘good programming’
• Participation• Empowering strategies• Outcomes are as important as processes• Locally owned development• Reduce disparity and avoid retrogression• Analysis of root causes• Accountability and monitoring
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Why a HRBA?
1. Legal and policy reasons: ‘must’
2. Instrumental reasons: ‘should’
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The ‘must’: law and policy
1. UN Charter (Article 1), Staff Rules
2. International law: obligation to ‘respect’ (e.g. IBRD Operational Policies; IFC)
3. S-G’s reform 1997: ‘mainstreaming’
4. S-G’s reform 2002: ‘Action 2’
5. UNDG guidelines: CCA/UNDAF, PRSPs
6. Agencies’ policies and guidelines
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‘Action 2’ of S-G’s 2002 reforms
• In order to support Member States in achieving their Millennium Declaration goals:
• Action 2: ‘The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights will develop and implement a plan, in cooperation with UNDG and ECHA, to strengthen human rights-related UN actions at country level.’
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‘Action 2’ of S-G’s 2002 reforms
• Human rights ‘bedrock requirement’ and collective responsibility of UN system
• UNDG Action Plan: strengthen ‘national human rights promotion and protection systems:’ laws, institutions, policies, info/education, redress
• 3-year implementation strategy for more cooperative and effective UN support: UNCTs
• CCAs, UNDAFs ‘systematically integrate’ human rights (PRSPs, MDGR: promotion of hrs)
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The ‘should’: better programming
1. Enhanced accountability and empowerment
2. Non-discrimination and equality: reaching the excluded
3. Analysing root causes of problems
4. Minimising ‘elite capture’
5. Minimising risk of violent conflict
6. Greater sustainability
7. Equal relevance of all human rights: CPR, ESCR: integrated approaches to root causes of problems
8. Empirical and policy research: ERR, aid, governance
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Who is doing it?
• UN system
• Bilaterals
• NGOs: Care, Save the Children, ActionAid, WaterAid
• Multilateral Development Banks? IDB, IDA/IBRD, IFC
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Examples in CCAs
• Serbia and Montenegro CCA: duty-bearer, root cause ID’n; claim-holders: data disaggregation, information, organisation, advocacy, redress; clear linkages to human rights and MDG standards
• Zambia CCA: rights-based analysis including traditional customs v. women’s rights to land; ESCR; UNCT role in monitoring ‘progressive realisation’ of the right to education (budget % GDP)
• Angola CCA identified where government fell short of its obligations under human rights law
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Risks and challenges
• Entrenched power structures• Good-looking documents v. static
reality• Rhetorical, cosmetic change: ‘rights lite’• How to assess impacts and results,
including qualitative, long-term changes? E.g. girls’ education
• Relevance of empirical evidence• Incentives and disincentives in UN
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How? A short checklist (see p.12 HURIST Guidelines; p.42 CCA/UNDAF
Guidelines)
1. What human rights issues are involved? (treaties, laws, expert recommendations)
2. What groups are particularly vulnerable or disadvantaged? (right-holders; disaggregate data)
3. Who must respond? (duty-bearers)4. What ‘capacities’ are necessary to help
right-holders claim their rights, and duty-bearers fulfill their duties?
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How, specifically?
• Entry points and strategies depend upon agency mandate and national context (e.g. UNICEF in different regions)
Illustrations HURIST Programme reviews;FAQ, p.18: Urban Governance
Initiative, Citizen Report Card RMAP (Bosnia);
Asia Pacific ‘Rights and Justice’ sub-practice