the humandigestive system
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THE HUMANDIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Archana Das,Tangla
College,Tangla, Assam
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The human digestive tract is a long, highly coiled, muscular tube that stretches from mouth to anus.From mouth to the anus, the human food tube or the digestive tract is about 9 meters long.
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE TRACT
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9meters
THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE TRACT MEASUREMENT
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SPECIALIZED REGIONS WHERE DIGESTION TAKES PLACE
1. Food processing begins in the mouth.
2. The bite food is then swallowed and is moved through the pharynx to the esophagus.3. Then, food is mechanically and enzymatically digested in the stomach.
4. Most enzymatic digestion takes place in the small intestine.
5. The large intestine then eliminates wastes through anus.
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SPECIALIZED REGIONS WHERE DIGESTION TAKES PLACE
MOUTH
PHARYNX
ESOPHAGUS
STOMACHSMALL
INTESTINELARGE
INTESTINEANUS
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WITH OTHER ASSOCIATED ORGANS
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DIGESTION AS IT OCCURS….
1. Food processing begins in the mouth.
2. The bite food is then swallowed and is moved through the pharynx into the esophagus.
3. Then, food is mechanically and enzymatically digested in the stomach.
4. The liver secretes bile.
5. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes.
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DIGESTION AS IT OCCURS….
6. Most enzymatic digestion takes place in the small intestine.
7. Nutrients are digested as they move the digestive tract.
8. Nerves and hormones regulate digestion.
9. Absorption takes place mainly through the villi of the small intestine.10. The large intestine eliminates wastes leading to the opening for the elimination of wastes called anus.
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MECHANICAL PHASE – involves the breaking up of food into small pieces, pushing the food down the food tube, and mixing with it digestive juices
CHEMICAL PHASE – involves the further breaking up of the larger molecules of food into smaller molecules by the action of digestive enzymes
TWO PHASES OF DIGESTION
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MECHANICAL DIGESTION starts in the mouth where four kinds of teeth tear the food into pieces:
Four kinds of teeth: 1. INCISORS – thin-edged for cutting food2. CANINES – are pointed used for tearing3. MOLARS & PREMOLARS – specialized for crushing and grinding
DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
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THE HUMAN TEETH INSIDE MOUTH
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TEETH UPPER JAW
LOWER JAW
TOTAL
Incisors 2 ; 2 2 ; 2 8
Canine 1 ; 1 1 ; 1 4
Premolars
2 ; 2 2 ; 2 8
Molars 3 ; 3 3 ; 3 12
TOTAL: 32
THE PERMANENT DENTAL SET OF MAN
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Salivary glands secrete saliva. This saliva contains the enzyme called salivary amylase.
This salivary amylase enables the chemical digestion of Starch into Maltose & Dextrin
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
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HUMAN SALIVARY GLANDS
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STARCH Maltose
Salivary amylase
HOW MOUTH’S CHEMICAL DIGESTION IS DONE?
CARBOHYDRATES
Saliva makes food slippery and kills the germs by the action of
Lysozyme.
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THE PROCESS OF PERISTALSIS
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ESOPHAGUS – The canal that connects throat to the stomach.EPIGLOTTIS – It closes the opening to the nostrils during swallowingPERISTALSIS – A mechanism that pushes chewed food (bolus) and mixes it with digestive juices in stomachANTI-PERISTALSIS – results vomiting which prevents body from harmful substances that are ingested.
ESOPHAGUS ON CONDUCTING FOOD
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It is a bag-like structure where protein part of food is digested.
Once food enters, the folds of stomach wall called Rugae, it starts secreting HCl
DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH
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THE STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH
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The Parietal Cells of Gastric glands secret HCl and turns food into acidic
THE CHIEF CELLS secrete pepsinogen, an inactive enzyme precursor). When pepsinogen comes in contact with the acidic gastric juice, it becomes pepsin the main digestive enzyme of the stomach.
ENZYMATIC DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH
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Digestion is completed in the small intestine and nutrients are absorbed by villi through its wall.The small intestine is about 5 to 6 meters in length and has 3 regions.
1. Duodenum2. Jejunum3. Ileum
DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
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THE THREE REGIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Most chemical digestion takes place in the duodenum, the first layer of the small
intestine.
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THE LAYERS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
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LIVER – The largest internal organ of the body and also one of the most complex organs which lies in the upper right. The liver secretes BILE
BILE – It is the fluid secreted by the liver which emulsifies fats
THE LIVER
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THE LIVER SECRETING BILE
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Secrets BILE and helps to maintain homeostasis by removing or adding nutrients to blood.Converts excess glucose to glycogen and stores it.Converts excess amino acids to fatty acids and ureaStores iron and certain vitamins.Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs and poisons.
FUNCTIONS OF A LIVER
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PANCREAS is an elongated gland that secretes both digestive enzymes and hormones. They help to regulate the level of glucose in the blood. The enzymes secreted by the pancreas are:
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin.
THE PANCREAS
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PANCREATIC LIPASE
Degrades fats
PANCREATIC AMYLASE
Breaks down almost all types of carbohydrates
except cellulose disaccharides
RIBONUCLEASE and
DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
Split RNA and DNA to free nucleotides
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin digest polypeptides to dipeptides resulting
to:
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THE PANCREAS RELEASES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
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1. Bile and digestive enzymes are released into the duodenum.
2. They act on the Chyme (a semi fluid mass of digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum)
3. Then enzymes produced by the epithelial cells lining the duodenum digest the major types of nutrients.
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
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Chyme moves through the digestive tract by peristalsis. Nutrients in the chyme come into contact with enzymes that digest them.1. Carbohydrates are digested to monosaccharides2. Proteins are digested to amino acids.3. Fats are digested to fatty acids
and glycerols
THE DIGESTED NUTRIENTS
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PROTEINS Amino acids
FATS Fatty acids & Glycerol
CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides
proteases
CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF COMPLEX MOLECULES
lipase
carbohydrases
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SOME HORMONES THAT REGULATE DIGESTION
HORMONE SOURCE TARGET TISSUE
ACTION
Gastrin Stomach (mucosa)
Stomach (gastric glands)
Stimulates gastric glands to secrete
pepsinogen
Secretin Duodenum
(mucosa)
Pancreas
Liver
Signals secretion to
Stimulate bile secretion
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Duodenum
(mucosa)
Pancreas
Gall bladder
Stimulates release of digestive
enzymes
Gastric Inhibitoy Peptide
(GIP)
Duodenum
(mucosa)
Stomach Decreases stomach churning
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ABSORPTION is the process by which nutrients are taken up by cells of the food tube.Absorption takes place through the villi of the small intestine.Digested food like amino acids, sugars, fatty acids & glycerol diffuse into the cells of the villi.
ABSORPTION
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THE STRUCTURE OF THE VILLUS
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THE PROCESS OF ABSORPTION
Most of the digested food diffuse into capillaries and reach the blood, while fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the lymph.
Through diffusion, digested food reaches the blood and lymph and undergoes a process called circulation.
The circulating fluids distribute the digested food to all the cells of the body.
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Undigested food passes through the large intestine. It is called “large” because its diameter is greater than that of the small intestine. The large intestine is 1.3m in length.
THE LARGE INTESTINE ELIMINATES WASTE
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THE STRUCTURE OF THE LARGE INTESTINE
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ELIMINATION is the process of getting rid of digestive wastes materials that have not been absorbed from the digestive tract and did not
participate in metabolic activities.
ELIMINATION OF WASTE
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Have a balance diet. Eat proper amount of food. Chew food well and eat slowly to facilitate digestion. Drink plenty of water. Balance your food with activities such as exercise.
TIPS FOR HEALTHY BODY
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Vegetables and fruitsMilk and milk productsMeat including fishCereals such as riceOther healthy foods
Always Remember: The greatest wealth is your Health.
YOUR BALANCE DIET SHOULD INCLUDE:
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ARCHANA DASTANGLA COLLEGE, ASSAM
Thanks !