The Immune System

Chapter 39.1 & 39.2

(Pgs. 1022-1041)

Introductory Questions #11. Your Immune system protects your body from

many kinds of pathogens. Give three examples of a pathogen. Where do these pathogens come from?

2. Are all micoorganisms harmful to your body? Briefly explain your answer.

3. Looking at Table 39.1, determine if the following illnesses are caused by a virus or a bacteria.

-Tetanus -Influenza

-Chicken pox -Tuberculosis

Pathogens

• Meaning “pathos”- to suffer & “geneia” refers to producing

• Cause disease and illness• Disrupts homeostasis in the body• Includes agents such as:

– Bacteria– Protozoans– Fungi– Viruses– Other parasites

Human Infectious Diseases (pg. 1024)

Viruses Bacteria

Chicken pox Tetanus

Rabies Strept throat

InfluenzaTuberculosis

HIV/AIDS Meningitis

Video #1: Killer Viruses• While watching the video, write 15 key statements

on a separate sheet of paper.• Be sure to number each statement.

Introductory Questions #2

1. Some disorders are not caused by pathogens. Give three examples. (see pg. 1024) Explain how these are acquired by a person.

2. Name the rod-shaped pathogen Robert Koch discovered in the blood of sheep and cattle in 1876. What 4 steps are taken to identify a pathogen with a disease? Write these on the back of your cover sheet.

3. Do these steps only work with bacteria? Explain your answer.

Non-Pathogenic Disorders

• Hemphilia: (sex-linked trait) called bleeder’s disease.

• Osteoarthritis: degeneration from wear and tear in joint spaces. (aging process)

• Cirrhoisis: exposure to a chemical/toxin such as alcohol.

• Scurvy: Malnutrition (deficiency in Vitamin C) causing gums to bleed, teeth to losen, and wounds to heal poorly.

Pathogens• 1st proof was a pathogen was identified by

Robert Koch in 1876. • Developed postulates (method) of relating

a pathogen to a specific disease.– Pathogen must be found in host in every case– Pathogen must be isolated & grown in culture– Pathogen must cause disease if take from this

pure culture– Must be able to isolate the pathogen from new

host and shown to be the original pahtogen.

Exceptions of Koch’s Process

• STD’s: sexually transmitted diseases

• Viruses

Homework (Mon.)

• Reading guide:– Research a disease on the internet– Answer the questions posed on the guide for

the section “Before You Read”

Do Question #1 & #3

Homework Due (Tues.)

• Study Guide/Reinforcement Quest. #1-10

• Have research ready to share about a particular disease. (printout of website)

Introductory Questions #3

1. People who harbor pathogens without exhibiting any signs of the illness and unknowingly transmit it to others are called _________. (see pg. 1026)

2. The symptom-free period of time when a pathogen is transmitted and multiplying rapidly within the body is called the ___________ period.

3. Name three diseases that can be transferred from animals to humans. What are some non-living reservoirs of infectious disease?

Spreading of Infectious Diseases

• Pathogens begin from a reservoir which can include: Human body, Animals, and non-living sources such as water & soil.

• Achieved by a living organism (human body itself) or an inanimate object.

• People can “carry” the disease and not know they have it without showing any signs of illness.

• The first stage for the spread of a disease is called the incubation period.– Humans unknowingly pass it on to others– Influenza, Strept throat, STD’s like gonorrhea, and AIDS

are all examples

Transmission of Disease (pg. 1027)

• Pathogens are transmitted from a reservoir to a host in four main ways:– Direct contact (flu, cold, & STD’s)– An object (can house bacteria & other microorganisms)– The air (coughing or sneezing)– Intermediate organisms called “vectors” which include:

• Insects• Arthropods• Ticks, fleas, mosquitos, and flies

Homework (Wed.)

• Study Guide/Reinforcement Quest. #1-10

• Have research ready to share about a particular disease. (printout of website)

Homework Due: (Thurs.)

• Reading Guide 39.1 – Quest #4-10– Final Page “After You Read” #1 & 2 (Table)

• Disease research from those that didn’t share yesterday. (2pts)

(Note: must have a printout of website)

Introductory Questions #4

1. Name the four main ways that pathogens can be transmitted to a host from reservoirs. When diseases are transmitted by “vectors” what type of organisms are involved? (see pg. 1027)

2. Match the disease with its source:Lyme disease A. ticksWest Nile virus B. mosquitosRocky Mtn. spotted fever C. fleas & rats

3. When a disease is constantly present in a population we call this disease an ________ disease. Give an example. (see pg. 1027) What type of organisms produce antibiotic substances?

Video #3: Parasites

• Write 10 key Statements from the video.

**Be sure to number each statement.

Tonight’s Homework

• Textbook pg. 1030 Quest. #1-4

• Review for tomorrow’s quiz

• Bring in SSR reading for 2 extra credit pts.

• Review by taking a practice quiz from textbook website:

www.ca.bdol.glencoe.com

Assignment Packet Due Fri. 4/3

• Cover sheet (w/all four IQ’s answered)

• Reading guide 39.1

• Study Guide/Reinforcement (one page-front)

• Videos x3– Killer Viruses (15 statements)– Bacteria (fill in answers)– Parasites (10 statements)

• SSR- Your five key points & Presenters five points

SSR Guide for Presenters

• Give your name

• Hold up the your source

• FIVE key points with a brief summary of what you read.

• The rest of us need to write points discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover sheet.

The Immune System (Part II)

Chapter 39.2

(pgs. 1031-1047)

Schedule

• Today (4/13) - 4/16 (Thurs.) Chapter 39.2 NOTE: Quiz #10 Will be this Thursday!!! (not Friday)

• Review/Practice Star Test 90 Questions – 1st 45 Questions Given this Friday (Open Book)– 2nd 45 Question Given on Monday (Open Book)

Introductory Questions #1

1. Name three non-specific defenses to a foreign invader that enters the body.

2. Give two purposes that mucus serves in the body. Name two areas where mucus is secreted.

3. Name two white blood cells (WBC’s) that engulfs (phagocytize) foreing invaders. Which WBC releases histamine. What does histamine do?

Lines of Defense

Innate Immunity

• Non-Specific Defense Process

• First way (earliest) line of defense

• Involves:– Barriers– Body Secretions– White Blood Cells (WBC)– Inflammatory Response

Skin & Body Secretions

• Skin is a dry desolate place that is always replacing itself.*It’s been estimated that we slough off and replace

about 90 lbs. of skin in our lifetime!!!

• Secretions:– Mucus– Oil– Sweat– Tears– Saliva

Mucus

• Thick (viscous) fluid that is slightly sticky

• Traps microorganisms & foreign particles

• Prevents membranes from drying out

• Secreted by cells that line the – Digestive tract– Respiratory tract– Sinus cavities

Sweat, Tears, and Saliva

• All contain Lysozymes– Breaks down the cell wall of bacteria cells

• Tears & Saliva - have a small amount of antibiotic

• Sweat - has a high amount of salt

Inflammatory Response

• Characterized by:– Redness – Swelling– Pain– Heat

• Cells Involved:– Mast cells – Basophil: releases Histamine– Monocytes (Macrophages): WBC– Neutrophil: (WBC

The Inflammatory Response• Tissue injury; release of chemical signals~

• histamine (basophils/mast cells): • prostaglandins: increases blood flow & vessel permeability

• Dilation and increased permeability of capillary~ • chemokines: secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells

mediates phagocytotic migration of WBCs• Phagocytosis of pathogens~ • fever & pyrogens: leukocyte-released molecules increase body temperature

Histamine

• Substance that cause blood vessels to dilate

• Released by Mast cells & Basophil cells

• Cause the vessels to be more permeable and allow cells & substances to leak out.

• Causes redness & swelling

Phagocytic cells

• Surround & Engulf foreign invaders

• Present in body tissues & blood

• Include the following White blood Cells– Monocytes ----- become macrophages– Neutrophils– Eosinophils

Video #1: “The Immune System”(10 Statements)

Introductory Questions #1

1. Name three non-specific defenses to a foreign invader that enters the body.

2. Give two purposes that mucus serves in the body. Name two areas where mucus is secreted.

3. Name two white blood cells (WBC’s) that engulfs (phagocytize) foreign invaders. Which WBC releases histamine. What does histamine do?

Introductory Questions #2

1. Looking at the mini-lab 39.2 (pg. 1035), list the five white blood cells that we could look for in a prepared slide. Name the type of enzyme that a macrophage uses to digest particles it engulfs. (see pg. 1033)

2. When a wound is healing pus can form. What is pus composed of? Name the protein that protects cells from viruses. Briefly explain what an antigen is. (pg. 1035)

3. Name three organs that make up the lymphatic system. Which white blood cells make up a lymph node? Where can you find a high number of lymph nodes in the body?

Lines of Defense

Figure 23.13

Withdrawblood

Place in tube

PLASMA 55%

CONSTITUENT MAJOR FUNCTIONS

WaterSolvent forcarrying othersubstances

Salts

Osmotic balance,pH buffering, andregulation ofmembranepermeability

SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonate

Plasma proteins

Osmotic balance,pH bufferingClottingImmunity

Albumin

FibrinogenImmunoglobins(antibodies)

Substances transported by bloodNutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)Waste products of metabolismRespiratory gases (O2 and CO2)Hormones

Centrifuge

CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%

CELL TYPE NUMBER(per mm3 of blood)

FUNCTIONS

Erythrocytes(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport of

oxygen (and carbon dioxide)

Leukocytes(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000

Defense andimmunity

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Platelets 250,000–400,000

Blood clotting

Pg. 880

Red blood cells transport oxygen

Figure 23.14

-Hemoglobin transport of O2

-Red blood cells contain hemoglobin (250-300 million)

-RBC count:

4.2 – 6.2 million cells per mm3. (adult males & females)

-Average Lifespan: 120 days

-33% of RBC volume is hemoglobin

-2.4 million are destroyed per second and are replaced in the bone marrow

-No nucleus or mitochondria

White blood cells help defend the body

Figure 23.15

• White blood cells function both inside and outside the circulatory system – They fight infections and cancer

Basophil

Neutrophil

Monocyte

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

WBC Type and Function• WBC count: 7000 per µL (1:700 RBC’s)• Neutrophils: most abundant phagocytic cells in the blood

(60-70% of all WBC’s)• Eosinophils: containd oxidases & peroxidases

-increase during allergic reactions -parasitic infections

• Basophils: also important in allergic reactions -do not contain lysosomes -histamine in the cytoplasm (inflamm.) -heparin acts as an anticoagulant (prevents blood clots)

• Lymphocytes: produce antibodies attack bacteria & virusestwo types of cells form (B cells & T cells)

• Monocytes: Largest of all WBC’s that become macrophages (about 5% of all WBC’s)

Differentiation of Blood Cells in the Bone Marrow

Lymphatic System• Lymph: clear, watery fluid formed by interstial fluid• Nodes & Nodules: composed of lymphocytes filters

lymph• Key organs: tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen

and appendix• Has “dead end” vessels that are similar to veins

3 Major Functions:

-collects & returns interstitial fluid and protein to blood

-launches the immune response: defends the body

-absorb lipids from digestive tract

Figure 23.3

Right lymphaticduct, enteringvein

Thoracicduct

Appendix

Adenoid

Tonsil

Lymph nodes

Thoracic duct,entering vein

Thymus

Spleen

Bonemarrow Lymphatic

vessels

LYMPHATICVESSEL

VALVE

Bloodcapillary

Tissue cells

Interstitialfluid

LYMPHATICCAPILLARY

Masses oflymphocytes andmacrophages

Figure 24.7

Antigen molecules

Variety ofB cells in a lymph node

Cell growthdivision, anddifferentiation

Clone of manyeffector cellssecretingantibodies

Antibodymolecules

Antigen receptor(antibody oncell surface)

Endoplasmicreticulum

• Antigenic determinants are the molecules to which antibodies bind

Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them

Figure 24.6

Antibody Amolecules

Antigen

Antibody Bmolecule

Antigenicdeterminants

Antigen-bindingsites

Pg. 903

• An antibody molecule

Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity

Figure 24.10A

Figure 24.9

PRIMARY RESPONSE(initial encounterwith antigen)

Antigen

Antigen receptoron a B cell

Antigen bindingto a B cell

Memory B cell

Antibodymolecules

Plasma cell

Cell growth,division, anddifferentiation

SECONDARY RESPONSE(can be years later)

Cell growth,division, and furtherdifferentiation

Larger cloneof cells

Plasma cell

Antibodymolecules

Later exposure to same antigen

Memory B cell

Clone ofcells

Figure 24.11

Binding of antibodies to antigensinactivates antigens by

Neutralization(blocks viral binding sites;

coats bacterial toxins)

Agglutinationof microbes

Precipitation ofdissolved antigens

Activationof complement

Virus

Bacterium

Bacteria

Antigenmolecules

Complementmolecule

Foreign cell Hole

Enhances

Phagocytosis

Macrophage

Cell lysis

Leads to

Video Segment #2: Minding Your B’s & T’s

• Write 10 Key statements

Introductory Questions #3

SSR Guide for Presenters

• Give your name

• Hold up the your source

• FIVE key points with a brief summary of what you read.

• The rest of us need to write points discussed in the SSR boxes on your cover sheet.

Assignment Packet Due Fri. 3/27• Cover sheet (last week)• Reading guide 36.1• Reflex lab w/meter stick• Draw/Label of a Neuron• SSR#1-5 key points of your reading only

• Cover sheet #2 (this week)• Reading Guide 36.2• Drawings & labels of the brain (2 pgs)• Study guide/Reinforcement guide• Text Review Q’s Pgs 968-969 #1-11 & #19-24• Video guide sheets (x2)• Word List• SSR #2 (5 key points of yours & presenter)

Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured

Figure 23.16B

• When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets respond– They help trigger the

formation of an insoluble fibrin clot that plugs the leak