the impact of wood burning on pm10 in flanders (belgium) · the impact of wood burning on pm10 in...

dr. Jordy Vercauteren

Essen – 1 Oct 2013

The impact of wood burning on PM10 in Flanders (Belgium)

Overview

1. Flemish Environment Agency “VMM”

2. Measuring PM in Flanders

3. “Chemkar” PM10

4. PM due to wood burning

5. Future research & challenges

6. Conclusions

Flemish Environment Agency

• Air quality monitoring

• Emission inventory (> EU)

• Water quality monitoring

• Coordination of water policy

• Waste water treatment plants

• …

• State of the environment www.environmentflanders.be

50p /1000p

http://www.environmentflanders.be/

Flemish Environment Agency

- All routine monitoring of air pollution in Flanders

• 31 sites for PM10

• 10 sites for PM2.5

• (NOx, O3, SO2, CO, PAH,

Heavy metals, BC,…)

Measuring PM10 in Flanders

Measuring PM in Flanders

1. Routine network with monitors a. beta-att. monitors (BAM, ESM)

b. FDMS monitors

c. MAAP for BC

2. Gravimetric measurement with low-vol-samplers a. Demonstration of equivalence

b. PM2.5 “AEI”

c. PM2.5 routine chemical analysis (#1)

d. PM10 chemical analysis projects

Chemkar PM10

- Campaigns of 1 year

- Sampling every 4th or 6th day

- 6-12 sites per campaign

- Analysis of • PM mass

• EC/OC

• Ions

• Elements

• (levoglucosan)

EC

4%

OM

20%

sea salt

8%

NO3

22%NH4

7%

nss SO4

12%

crustal matter

14%

???

14%

Chemkar PM10

1. 2006: general mix of sites

2. 2008: PM10 hotspots

3. 2010: wood burning

4. 2011: cities (3 sites per city)

incl. wood burning at urban background

5. 2013: cities (2 sites per city)

EC

4%

OM

20%

sea salt

8%

NO3

22%NH4

7%

nss SO4

12%

crustal matter

14%

???

14%

Chemkar PM10

EC

4%

OM

20%

sea salt

8%

NO3

22%NH4

7%

nss SO4

12%

crustal matter

14%

???

14%

1. Second. inorg. ions (=NO3+SO4+NH4)

41% (12.6 µg/m3)

2. Organic matter

20% (6.1 µg/m3)

3. Crustal matter

14% (4.3 µg/m3)

4. Sea salt

8% (2.4 µg/m3)

5. Elemental carbon (diesel soot)

4% (1.2 µg/m3)

31 µg/m3

• PM10 EC/OC TOT (NIOSH) OC x 1,4 = OM

• levoglucosan >> GC/MS (trimethylsilation)

OM (wood) = 9,1 Levoglucosan

PM (wood) = 10,7 Levoglucosan

>> Schmidl et al., Atm. Env. (2008)

Contribution of wood burning to PM10


‘brown carbon’

EC/OC split


0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1-Feb-

2010

1-Mar-

2010

1-Apr-

2010

1-May-

2010

1-Jun-

2010

1-Jul-

2010

1-Aug-

2010

1-Sep-

2010

1-Oct-

2010

1-Nov-

2010

1-Dec-

2010

1-Jan-

2011

1-Feb-

2011

µg

/m3

HAM GEN HOU MEC LIE BOR RET(H)


Sampling site in Hamme


0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

µg

/m3


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

HOU GEN HAM BOR MEC LIE RET(H) average

µg

/m3

Apr-Sep Oct-Mar

x6


µg/m3 PM10 EC OC OM OMWB PMWB

HOU 21.4 0.35 2.03 2.84 0.78 0.92

GEN 30.7 1.01 3.71 5.20 1.35 1.59

HAM 28.3 0.69 4.62 6.46 3.20 3.76

BOR 27.1 1.47 3.41 4.77 1.26 1.48

MEC 24.8 0.88 3.60 5.04 1.50 1.76

LIE 24.5 0.65 3.14 4.40 1.41 1.66

RET 22.2 0.48 2.97 4.15 1.20 1.41

All sites 26.1 0.84 3.42 4.69 1.53 1.80


>> levoglucosan conversion factor OK


# days > 50 µg/m3 HOU GEN HAM BOR MEC LIE RET TOT

incl. PM(wood) 4 10 7 7 5 7 3 43

excl. PM(wood) 3 7 2 3 2 3 3 23

difference -1 -3 -5 -4 -3 -4 0 -20

(sampling every 4th day)

Average contribution of PMwood on exceedance days = 6 µg/m3


• Chemkar IV: ‘4 cities’

– 8 times higher in winter vs summer

– Average for 4 urban backgrounds 1.4 µg/m3

– Smaller effect on exceedance days (3 µg/m3)

Future research

• link with PAHs

• Local variations in concentrations

– High amount of small hotspots

– Representative for larger area ?

• Conversion factor to PMwood ?

Challenges ?

What can be done ?

During a Winter Spare the Air Alert, the use of fireplaces, pellet stoves, wood stoves, fireplace inserts and outdoor fire pits is illegal. Those who burn wood during a Winter Spare the Air Alert will receive a warning for the first violation. A second violation may result in a $400 ticket.

San Fransisco Bay Area (> 7.000.000 inhabitants)

In last 5 winters: 4 – 15 alerts

What can be done ?

Conclusion

• Important contribution – Toxic – Annual: 1-2-(3) µg/m3 – 10% PM10 in winter

• Contributes to OC, not EC (NIOSH)

• Local hotspots!

• Can have a high impact on daily exceedances

>> Temporary measures !!! “check before you burn”

• Assessment of the contribution from wood burning to the PM10 aerosol

in Flanders, Belgium Willy Maenhaut et al. Sci. Tot. Env. 437 (2012) p 226 http://users.ugent.be/~wmaenhau/pubs2013/maenhaut_SCIT2012.pdf

http://users.ugent.be/~wmaenhau/pubs2013/maenhaut_SCIT2012.pdf



the impact of wood burning on pm10 in flanders (belgium) · the impact of wood burning on pm10 in...

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