the individual & the organisation-part 1-lecture 4

8/3/2019 The Individual & the Organisation-Part 1-Lecture 4

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The Individual & TheOrganisation

Lecture 4


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Session Objectives

By the end of this session you will beable to:

Discuss the main tenets of the Psychoanalytic ApproachDiscuss the Trait and Type PersonalityTheories

List some of the popular personality tests,and some of the factors they measureDefine perception, list its main principles andidentify some common perceptual distortions


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Psychoanalytic Approach - TheWork of Sigmund Freud

Freud believed there are three majorelements of personality: Structure,Development and Dynamics (see pgs. 90-91 of manual)Structure consists of:-The id = primitive, pleasure seeking urgesthat require immediate gratificationEgo = Mediator between the id and the realworldSuperego = Representation of Social Values

& Morals


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Personality Types and Traits

Refer to page 90 of your study manual forsome of the main merits and critiques of the Psychoanalytic ApproachPersonality Types and Traits - attempts toclassify features of the personality based oncharacteristic patterns of behaviour.

E.g. Carl Jungs Introvert/Extrovert theory.Introvert shy withdrawn, prefers towork alone . Extrovert - sociable, seeksout others, works well with others


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Understanding the Self

Refer to Pages 92-93 of manual foradditional views of trait and type personalityin the works of Steers, Eysenck.

A different way to look at personality is inrelation to how people see themselves to emphasise their own self conceptsCarl Jungs Work - The Self = The Personal-the image we would like to present to theworld + The Social - a combination of howothers see us and our perception of theirview.


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Measures of Personality

A variety of standardised tests areavailable to assess the personality

Most popular include paper & penciltests that ask the respondent to agreeor disagree with a statement or showsome measure of agreement on some

rating scale, or to choose between 2 ormore paired items.Refer to page 96 of manual fordifficulties/challenges with personalitytests


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Perception Definitions & TheProcess

Perception is:The process by which we extract meaningfrom what may appear to be a confused andconfusing universe.It includes sensation which is thentransformed by the receiver into meaningful

information.Perception therefore is highly subjectiveRefer to pages 98-99 for an example of perceptual process


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Perception The Process

Refer to Diagram on page 98 which mapsthe Perceptual Process using the Systems

ApproachPerception in this model=The middle boxwhich takes the inputs (data from senses)and transforms them into outputs.For perception to occur, stimuli must bereceived, and correctly interpreted. Peoplewith relatively common culture & similarexperiences may agree on the perceptionof events


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Why We Perceive Differently

Processing of sensory stimuli involvesclassifying and fitting them into

patterns and categories that we havelearnt and recognise because of ourcognitive development & experiences.

Selectivity - Only certain stimuli areselected by us for processing (wewould have sensory overload if we didnot!)


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Perceptual Sets Individuals cometo recognise events in certain ways,and organise experiences into aframework of familiar groupingsFigure-Ground ambiguity Refer tothe figures on Page 101 for examples.

What is for one person a centralfeature of an issue is for someone elsemerely a background factor


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Stereotyping Predicting a series of traitsfrom just one characteristic.Halo effect Use of a single trait or eventto predict or assess other traits. (See Page102 of manual for example)Locus of Control Different people may

view the location of the source of control, thelocus of control as being cited either withinthemselves (internals) or outside themselves(externals)


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For Next Week

Complete Reading of Unit 5

Thank you for your attendance,participation & enthusiasm.

Have a great week!

the individual & the organisation-part 1-lecture 4

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