the industrial revolution - mrs. motsinger · 2019. 2. 6. · new inventions were ... and better...
TRANSCRIPT
The Industrial Revolution
Do Now 01/29/19
Take a few
minutes to look
at the pictures
and analyze the
terms that may
be associated
with them using
the Industrial
Revolution
Vocabulary
Opener
Welcome to the Industrial Revolution
Big Ideas: 1. What conditions and developments contributed to Great Britain
starting the Industrial Revolution? 2. What new technology was created by or because of the Industrial
Revolution? 3. How did the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the
rest of Europe and the United States? 4. What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on urban life,
social classes, family life and standards of living? 5. Because of the earlier working conditions, what efforts were made
to improve them? How did that affect economies and countries? https://youtu.be/xLhNP0qp38Q
Essential Question
What push/pull factors cause people to move?
Overview - The Beginning
•The first industry to see a big change was the textile industry
around 1790
•Textiles – goods dealing with cloth or clothing
•Textile factories began using steam engine machines
•This led to textiles being produced quickly and cheaply in factories
•More people began to move to cities because factories were there
•This movement from country to city is urbanization
•Before this, most people lived on rural farms (farmers produced
enough for family)
•Now, goods were being made for capital gain, not just survival
The Agricultural Revolution
Revolution = CHANGE
WITH FEUDALISM AND MANORS, COMMUNAL LAND
FIELDS AFTER ENCLOSURE, SEPARATION OF LAND
Need for Development
Between 1500 and the 1750s several developments allowed
farmers in England to begin producing much more food per acre
of land than had been possible before:
• Parliament - introducing laws making the ownership of land
more secure and allowing farmers to group all their fields
together.
• New farming techniques and crops that made soil more
fertile and sustainable year round
• Better storage technology allowing harvested crops to last
longer.
• The spreading of new agricultural and scientific knowledge
thanks to improvements in printing.
Results of Developments
• Population of England began to
increase rapidly
– from just 2.5 million people in
1551 to almost 6 million by
1751.
• Existing technology couldn’t meet
the higher demand for goods
– due to demographic change +
fall in the cost of food
• Inventors used improved
scientific knowledge to produce
materials and goods much faster
and cheaper than before.
New farming Techniques
Iron Plow
Throughout the early 1700s new technologies helped improve farming and increased food production
Iron Plow Seed Drill Turnip Townshend
The wooden plow was useful in the sandy Mediterranean soil where it was invented, but did not work well in the dense wet soil of Europe. The Iron plow was heavy and strong enough to easily break Europe’s soil.
Jethro Tull created a seed drill to plant seeds in straight lines. These crops could be weeded easily.
Instead of leaving fields fallow, Townshend urged farmers to plant turnips, which restored exhausted soil.
Population Explosion More food=bigger population
Estimated population statistics: Britain in 1700: 5 million
Britain in 1800: 9 million Almost Double!!
The Industrial Revolution 1750-1850
Revolution = CHANGE
Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic and technological change in 18th and 19th century Great Britain.
• It commenced with the introduction of steam power, fueled primarily by coal.
It begins in Great Britain because they have plenty of natural resources
(like Coal) and many natural waterways
Industrial Change The Industrial revolution refers to the shift from simple hand
tools to complex machines AND from human & animal power to steam power.
Before
After
People live and work in small farming villages
During People move from farming villages
to new city centers based on industry- urbanization
Cities become overcrowded with working families
Why did Industrialization Start in England
ENGLAND HAD THE FOLLOWING:
• Colonial Empire: Colonies supplied
Britain with raw materials &
served as markets for finished
goods (mercantilism).
• Capital: wealthy merchants had
money to invest.
• Geography
– Island – good access for trade
– Irregular coastlines – great for
harbor/ports
– Mild temperatures (trade all
year)
Why did Industrialization Start in England
• Large Labor Supply: – Human Resources
• population explosion • machines replaced farmers
• Natural Resources: Coal & iron ore (abundant supply)
• New Technology: Textiles, Transportation, & Communication
• Stable government • Economy
Causes of Industrialization
1. Availability of natural resources for fuel (coal)
2. Capital (surplus money to invest) 3. Technological inventions and energy
Capital
Capital (money for investing) allowed for new
inventions:
Steam Engine- powered machines without
needing to be next to a moving
water source. Heats water by burning coal.
Spinning Jenny- Quickly produces thread.
Do Now 01/30/19
Close your eyes and really think
about this question. It can be tricky,
and you can’t say your
phone/ipad/computer/gaming
system.
(Take the whole 3 minutes to quietly
reflect)
What is one piece of
technology you can’t
bear to live without?
YouTube: Crash Course History of Science -
Industrial Revolution video
Transportation Systems Inventions allowed for the production of large quantities of product but transportation was slow. Turnpikes- private roads that charged $$ to transport on.
● named after medieval revolving devices with sharp pikes on them to keep people from using certain roads
● private road in 18th century had gates and guards and you had to pay a toll to use them.
Steamships- ships powered with steam could move faster and reliably without wind. Railroads- steam powered locomotives could carry large loads quickly across long distances. The first major line laid in 1830. Within 40 years lines crossed Europe and America. Canals - British began to widen rivers and cut canals to allow for more trade. Then, In 1825, the Erie Canal was built
7 of the Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
1. The steam engine –1765; used in factories machines; later for steamships and trains
2. Cotton gin - 1802; picked out sharp cotton seeds 3. Railroads – 1812; faster movement of goods and
people 4. Telegraph –1844; long distance communication 5. Steel –1858; much lighter than iron but just as
strong; skyscrapers now possible (Bessemer process)
6. Telephone – 1876: improved communication 7. The light bulb – 1880s; lanterns and candles no
longer necessary
Samuel Slater - “Father of the American Factory System”
•Built first US textile mill in 1793 in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
•Born in England on June 9, 1768
and worked in British factories.
•Slater came to US to make his
fortune in the textile industry.
•Slatersville Mill was the largest and
most modern industrial cotton mill
of its day
The Lowell Mills
Francis C Lowell
came to the US to
build British
factories & met up
with Boston
mechanic, Paul
Moody
Together they
improved the mill
and invented a
power loom that
revolutionized
textile
manufacturing
Technology and the Textile Industry
• Before, cloth was made by the domestic system, in which hand-powered spinning wheels and looms were used in workers’ cottages.
• In 1733, John Kay, British, invented the flying shuttle which cut in half the time needed to weave cloth.
• In 1764, James Hargreaves, a British carpenter, invented the spinning jenny, making it possible for one person to spin many threads at the same time.
Technology and the Textile Industry
• 1769 - Scottish mechanic James Watt, perfected the steam engine, and steam replaced water as the major source of power.
• American inventors Eli Whitney and Catherine Littlefield Greene, invented the cotton gin
• 1856 - British inventor Henry Bessemer, found a cheap way of removing the impurities from iron to make steel, which was harder and stronger than iron. – About five years later, Whitney developed the system of
interchangeable parts. • Late 1700s - Oliver Evans is the first to use automation • 1847 - Samuel Colt improves Bessemer’s idea and creates the
assembly line • 1863 - Frenchman Pierre-Emile Martin and Englishman William
Siemens invented the open-hearth process (cheaper way of producing steel
Activity - Create A New “Invention”
Ok, your turn. Elon Musk (you know...because I like
Tesla and the Space X program) is coming to TCEA
tomorrow to invest in the next great invention. You
have a fabulous idea! You just have to put the final
pieces together.
Invention “Checklist”:
1. Illustrate or describe in detail what it looks like?
2. What would it do?
3. How would you build it?
4. What industry does it help or belong in?
5. How much will it cost to produce?
6. Is it easy for someone else to reproduce before
you get a patent?
7. How would it make you money? Would it?
8. What are the benefits? Risks?
9. Do you sell it directly to consumers or to a
business?
10. Will it have the potential to HELP or DESTROY the
world!?
Use your imagination!
Effects of Industrialization
1)Urbanization and a general rise in the standard of living
2)Loss of Traditional way of Life
3)New Economic Systems
4)Doomsayers
1:53
1. Urbanization Movement of people to cities to find work.
What do you already know about the conditions in these factories and cities?
Child Labor
Dark, unsafe factories
Long hours and little pay
Poor living conditions
Do Now 01/31/19
https://youtu.be/8NPzLBSBzPI
NOW COMPARE THIS ONE
https://youtu.be/0Mv0pbsBWC0
Process before the Industrial Revolution
• FIRST •Cotton was sent to farm families who would spin cotton into
thread.
•NEXT •Thread was sent to artisans to dye and weave into cloth
•THEN •Dyed cloth was sent to small factories to create garments
What is wrong with this process?
Too slow and too expensive. Only small quantities could be produced keeping cost high
Origin of Textile Factory Workers
New inventions were bought by rich
capitalists. The machines turned out cheaper
and better products than the farm workers.
Thus the workers become disposable.
Jobs and Wages Samuel Courtauld built a silk mill in 1825 in
Halstead, Essex (South East England).
Before the Industrial Revolution, Halstead was an
agricultural community with a cottage industry
producing woolen cloth. In Halstead, as elsewhere
in England, unemployment among depressed
farming households and former wool workers
forced people to find work outside the home.
Because their labor was cheap, women more than
men were recruited into the textile factories that
sprang up all over Britain in the 19th century. This
is a chart of the Courtauld workforce in 1860. The
wages are in British schillings.
Source: http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/textile.html
Jobs and Wages (cont’d)
Source:
http://www.womeninwor
ldhistory.com/textile.html
The Assembly Line
• Labor = work • Even with machines, factories still needed labor forces or
“workforce” • Inventors developed a way to use machines and humans
together - the assembly line • Jobs no longer required specialized skills • People given certain jobs to perform over and over again
- boring • It was a step by step process; one person couldn’t begin
until another one finished • New method greatly increased production • Due to automation, assembly lines are not AS common,
but still used
Activity
You will take part in two separate activities to learn the link between The Industrial Revolution, Factories, Workers and Assembly Lines.
This will be a friendly competition. You will be placed into teams to complete two different “jobs”. One will focus on interchangeable parts and the other on the assembly line as a whole.
1. Happy Face Assembly Line Activity 2. Snack Mix Assembly Line activity
Do Now 02/01/19
Who’s Ready to Play
Industrial Revolution Game of
Extremes?!?!
IR Game of Extremes
2. Loss of Traditional Way of life
The customs and traditions of the farms and past are replaced by the “new” city ways. Traditional ways are blended or lost as a result
Effects on the Worker
How did the Industrial
Revolution affect the
workers?
Push for change!
• Working Conditions
• Worker’s wanting to be heard
https://youtu.be/_6ZFUkENEOI
Women and the Industrial Revolution
1850: 10% of white women were working
for pay outside home
• Large majority of working women
were single
• Left paying jobs once married
Idea of “Cult of domesticity” develops
• New concept of the perfect women:
homemaker
Jobs outside of the home empowered
married women
• Increased power & independence of
women in the home usually led to a
decline in family size
Effects on Workers - Living Conditions
● 1820: 1/2 of industrial
workers were children
under 10
● Some factory workers
lived in workhouses in
which they were
locked in for the night
and then carts came in
to get them in the
morning. They would
come back very late.
● Parents spent very
little time with their
children as they were
all working
More Effects on Workers
● Factory workers were in much worse shape physically than
the middle class
● They were exposed to all types of disease, and death rates in
industrial cities were very high.
● In many poor areas, only 1 out of 3 children lived past their
first birthday due to disease and unsanitary conditions.
● Due to poor living and working conditions, workers began to
fight against these conditions taking their complaints to the
companies and to the government
Activity
1. In small groups, read Barilla Taylor (15yo): Letters from a Factory Girl
2. Individually, answer the questions after Taylor’s letter 3. Create your own Journal Entry - key items
a. Imagine you are living during the Industrial Revolution and you are forced to
work in a factory (around 1880 in US)
b. Write about your life in a 2-3 paragraph journal entry - use a relatable date
c. What is your life like? What do you do at work? Do you make a lot of
money? What do you do when you’re not working? Friends? Where do you
live and what is it like?
d. Have good grammar, spelling, and capitalization
Do Now 02/05/19
Directions:
• Examine closely the images under the headings “Leisure,” “Clothing,” “Childhood
(work and play),” and “Living Conditions.” Discuss the questions under each section
heading as a group.
• Using the storyboard chart, write a short description of what you see in the images.
Place your description under the appropriate column: either “working class” or
“middle class.”
• Use the questions below to help you think about your descriptions.
1. How do these images help tell the story of living during the Industrial Revolution?
2. In what way is this story different from the world you live in?
3. In what way is the story similar?
• Save your descriptions to use in the post-activity assignment.
Do Now 02/06/19
Complete the Industrial Revolution Economic mini-DBQ chart you received at the door.
Do Now 02/07/19
Using the first page of the
packet you received at the door,
answer the following questions:
1. What is the difference
between a reform
movement and a
revolutionary movement
2. Make some predictions
about the types of reform
movements that may come
out of the Industrial
Revolution
https://youtu.be/ejJRhn53X2M
Why? How could music be a source of inspiration?
Laura Griffing’s words call for an immediate
“Strike, strike, the workers’ anvil. For the cause
of labor.
Strike for your homes and freedom. Strike for
each friend and neighbor. Everyone.
For the cause and reform laws. Now demand
complete protection.”
Continue reading her lyrics. What could be the
purpose? Do you think something like a song can
inspire or unite people?
Effect on the Cities
How did the Industrial
Revolution affect the
cities?
Push for change!
• The middle class makes demands for
voting rights and educational
opportunities
• Urbanization - positive and negatives
• Women want equal rights as men
since they are working outside the
home now.
URBANIZATION
TOWN OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND AROUND 1770
TOWN OF MANCHESTER, ENGLAND AROUND 1880 (red square is the slide from before!)
Effects on Cities - Living Conditions
• An apartment building where poor
people live
• Often families of 8 or 9 lived in a
single room of just 7sq ft!
• Housing was filthy and unsanitary
• Many orphans lived in the streets
• Due to rapid urbanization, cities
grew too fast to support the
number of people coming in.
Continued Effects on Cities
• Air pollution- air was polluted from coal-fired furnaces.
• It caused smog to hang over cities and soot caused lung
disease for those in the towns.
• Water Pollution- Open sewers filled with human and animal
waste were in large cities making drinking water unclean
• River Thames in London became so polluted one summer
that it made the city stink so bad it was called the “Great
Stink”
• Results: unsanitary living conditions, traffic on roadways,
overcrowding in housing
Worker Reforms
In order to protest companies, workers began to organize and
form trade unions –an organization set up to improve the
working conditions of its members
• Individuals would be fired if they spoke out against
companies, but there is “strength in numbers” and workers
in all types of industries from textile to coal miners began to
organize
• Unions bargained with employers for better/shorter hours,
higher pay, and better working conditions
More on Worker Reforms
Company owners still possessed all the wealth so how
could trade unions make a difference?
• If collective bargaining failed, workers could go on strike-
work stoppage by a group of employees with the objective of
gaining better wages or working conditions
• Strikes would stop factories immediately, employers would
lose potentially millions of dollars
• Strikes meant that workers weren’t making money but put
pressures on the employers
• By 1871, strikes were legal in Great Britain and elsewhere-
unions could fight for better conditions in all industries
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire, 1911
• Workers at the Triangle Shirtwaist complained about awful working conditions and long hours
• Owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris would not listen to workers’ complaints
• 146 workers, mostly immigrant women, died when a fire
broke out in the factory at 4:45pm
• The factory was overcrowded/dirty resulting in panic when
the fire broke out.
• Workers were unable to escape due to poor architectural
design, and because the doors were locked to keep workers
in and labor organizers out
• Resulted in new fire safety codes, and sparked a new
conversation about industrial labor in America
Start of Government Reforms
• Parliament in England in the 1830s and 1840s began to
pass laws to protect workers. Some laws required
owners to put up fencing around machines and keep
factories cleaner
1. Factory Act (1833)- Children under age 9 couldn’t work in
a textile mill, and children 9-13 could only work 8 hours a
day. They had to go to school for 3 hours/day
2. Mines Act (1842)- girls and boys under age 10 couldn’t
work in mines
3. Ten Hour Bill (1847)- stated that women and children in
any industry in Great Britain could only work a maximum
of 10 hours/day
Pleas for Child Labor Reform
This newspaper ad
is marked Child
Labor. Would it get
attention from both
sides?
Why do you think
they mention
wanting private
money to get
politics out of the
conversation?
3. New Economic Systems
-Capitalism
-Communism
Shift from a traditional economic system based on bartering and trade to mostly money based exchanges.
Basic Belief with Industrialization
• Laissez Faire (lehs-ay-FAIR) – Economic policy of letting owners of industry to set
working conditions without interference of government.
– Term is French for “let do” – Basically saying...Leave business alone! – From the Enlightenment: Government puts burden
on business and interferes with businesses’ profits
Capitalism
▪ Wealthy people (entrepreneurs) and companies will invest money, capital, into factories
▪ Entrepreneurs believed they would make money off of
the growing demand.
▪ The idea is it takes money to make money
Adam Smith and Capitalism
Wrote “The Wealth of Nations” (1776)
• Defended a Free Economy
• Liberty guaranteed economic ($) progress
• Created 3 Natural Laws of Economics
– Law of Self-Interest
– Law of Competition
– Law of Supply and Demand
Capitalist Cycle
•Capitalism •Growing Demand
•Investors buy machines to produce large quantities
•Supply increases, prices fall
•Lower prices fuel more demand
Capitalist Problems Capitalist systems tend to push for Laissez Faire, or non-regulation by the government. Such systems, however, allow businesses to exploit the workers, as they place profits above all else. As such, workers are forced to work long hours for low wages, in unsafe conditions. Eventually, the workers unite in unions and vote for new politicians to force changes. We call these times of reform, the Progressive Era.
Socialism
• Founder - Charles Fourier Saint-Simon
• Definition - Factors of production are owned
by the government
• Goal
– End poverty and promote equality
– Plan your community vs. Freedom of
choice
Communism
• Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto – predicted that the workers would overthrow the capitalists (private owners making $$)
• Communism - political system that supports
extreme socialism – anti-capitalism – Classless society – wealth and power shared by all – State would eventually wither away – pure communism
Haves and Have-nots
Bourgeoisie: they own the means of production and control society
The Entrepreneurs and investors The bosses
Haves Have-nots
Proletariat: they own nothing and work for the bourgeoisie
The workers The proletariats will struggle against the bosses
Stages of Communism
According to Marx, history has been the story of the struggle between the workers and bosses.
1) Capital
2) Factories are built
3) Factories need workers
4) Conflict
5) Communism
#1 Capital
Remember one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution is capital, or surplus money used for investment.
#2 Build Factories
#3 Factories need Workers
#4 Conflict Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie
#5 Communist Revolution
Karl Marx: Father of
Communism
“The proletariat will rise above
the bourgeoisie and set up a
communist society: class less
and shared property. “
Communism
Wrote theory in the book “Communist Manifesto”
• Theory: – Have’s – Bourgeoisies (Oppressor) – Have Not’s - Proletariats (Oppressed) – Proletariats (workers) will always overthrow the
Bourgeoisies (middle class, business owners) and then they become the new bourgeoisies.
• Communism is the final phase of Marxism - created by Karl Marx and friend Frederick Engles
4. Doomsayers Some saw the new industrialization as a negative for society. Thomas Malthus believed the growing population would outgrow the food supply. “Poverty and misery are unavoidable because population is increasing faster then the food supply”
David Ricardo felt there was no hope for the working class to escape poverty unless they limit their family sizes. He created the Iron Law of Wages.
Iron Law of Wages
High wages to appeal to the few available workers
Families have more children
Wages start to fall because kids are working. Increasing the labor force
Capitalist Cycle
1 2
3
4
5
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Goods produced cheaper
and faster than before.
Increase in improved and
efficient transportation,
like railroads (to move
goods)
Growth of cities -
urbanization - brings new
ideas and mixture of
culture.
Less effort on humans,
since machines made
easier and less tiring
Most products were
cheaper to buy (supply &
demand)
Negative Effects of the
Industrial Revolution
1. Long hours and low pay (anyone could do
the job)
2. Dangerous and poor working conditions
3. Children often worked in factories for their
family
4. Bad living conditions in cities – small
apartments
5. There were usually no sewer systems or
trash collection
6. More air pollution from factories
7. Led to more diseases because of this poor
sanitation
1 2
3
4
5
Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Long hours and
low pay
Dangerous and
poor working
conditions
Children often
worked in factories
for their family
DBQ intro
When writing an intro, you should always include a definition of the theme or topic:
Industrial Revolution: What does Industry mean:
What does Revolution mean:
What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries. This revolution was a time period of change in the way we produce our goods, transitioning from slowly hand made products to mass produced goods using machines. While we still produce using machines, the industrial revolution itself caused many positives and negatives as Britain changed.