The Influence of Racial and Ethnic Prejudice in the Sudanese/South Sudanese Political Speeches on the future of Sudan from(2004-2011)

By : Hamida Ibrahim Mohammed

Ruth Wodak, CDA Course 2007 2

Ethnography ofCommunication

(Hymes)

Ethnography ofCommunication

(Hymes)

Grounded Theory(Glaser / Strauss)

Grounded Theory(Glaser / Strauss) Membership

CategorizationDevice (Sacks)

MembershipCategorizationDevice (Sacks)

ObjektiveHermeneutik(Oevermann)

ObjectiveHermeneutics

(Oevermann)

NarrativeSemiotik

(Greimas)

Narrative Semiotics

(Greimas)

DifferenztheoretischeTextanalyse (Titscher /

Meyer)

Distinction TheoryText Analysis (Titscher /

Meyer)

SYMLOG (Bales /Cohen)

SYMLOG (Bales /Cohen)

Konversationsanalyse(Sacks, Schegloff,

Jefferson)

Conversation analysis(Sacks, Schegloff,

Jefferson)

InhaltsanalyseContent analysis

Funktionale Pragmatik(Ehlich / Rehbein)

Functional Pragmatics(Ehlich / Rehbein)

CDA nach FaircloughCDA ( Fairclough )

DiskurshistorischeMethode (Wodak)

Discourse historicalMethod (Wodak)

Critical Discourse Analysis(CDA)

Pragmatismus(Dewey)

Pragmatism(Dewey)

Phänomenologie(Husserl)

Phenomenology(Husserl) Ludwig

WittgensteinLudwig

Wittgenstein

Sprechakttheorie (Austin,Searle, Wunderlich)

Speech Act Theory(Austin,Searle, Wunderlich)

Semiotik(Morris)

Semiotics(Morris)

SystemischeKommunikationstheorie

(Luhmann)

SystemicCommunication Theory

(Luhmann)

Organonmodellder Sprache

(Bühler)

Organon modelof Language

(Bühler)

Prager Schule derstrukturalen Linguistik

(Jakobson)

Prague School ofStructural Linguistics

(Jakobson)

Cognitive Linguistics(Shank, Abelson)

Cognitive Linguistics(Shank, Abelson)

Functional SystemicLinguistics (Halliday)Functional SystemicLinguistics (Halliday)

RussischerFormalismus

(Todorov, Propp)

RussianFormalism

(Todorov, Propp)

StrukturaleLinguistik

(Saussure)

Structural Linguistics

(Saussure)

Kritische Theorie(Adorno, Habermas,

Horkheimer)

Critical Theory(Adorno, Habermas,

Horkheimer)

PhänomenologischeSoziologie (Schütz,

Thomas)

PhenomenologicalSociology (Schütz,

Thomas)

Georg SimmelGeorg Simmel

Social Anthropology(Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-

Pritchard, Malinowski)

Social Anthropology(Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-

Pritchard, Malinowski)

SymbolischerInteraktionismus(Mead, Blumer)

SymbolicInteractionism(Mead, Blumer)

Cultural Anthropology(Boas, Benedict)

Cultural Anthropology(Boas, Benedict)

Kultur-Strukturalismus(Levi-Strauss, Mauss)

Cultural-Structuralism(Levi-Strauss, Mauss)

Ethnomethodologie(Garfinkel, Cicourel)Ethnomethodology(Garfinkel, Cicourel)

Feldtheorie (Lewin)Field theory (Lewin)

TechnologischesKommunikations-

modell(Shannon/Weaver)

TechnologicalCommunication

Model(Shannon/Weaver)

Theorie d.Massen-

kommunikation(Lasswell)

Theory of Mass

Communication(Lasswell)

Differenztheorie(Spencer Brown)

Distinction theory(Spencer Brown)

Michel FoucaultMichel FoucaultPsychoanalyse

(Freud)Psychoanalysis

(Freud)

Hermeneutik(Dilthey,

Gadamer)

Hermeneutics(Dilthey,

Gadamer)

INVESTIGATING RACISM

• THE ‘OUTSIDE’ PERSPECTIVE• Politics (speeches, petitions, proposals of legal acts, pres-releases,

parliamentary debates ..etc.)• Media (texts from press, TV, radio, web)• Legal acts (official and regional acts, etc.)• Institutions (internal regulations, practical ‘gate-keeping’ guidelines, etc.)

• THE ‘INSIDE’ PERSPECTIVE• Investigating discursive ‘accounts’ of those experiencing discrimination

and exclusion • Gaining relevant knowledge about the many facets of racial

discrimination from the perspective of the marginalized and vulnerable

TWO LEVELS OF RACISM

• the level of ideology and beliefs (about groups, minorities, ‘Others’) – very often ‘imaginary racism’ without actual ‘races’ (stereotypes, prejudices) - ‘race’ is a construct!

• the level of social practices (who is included? Who is excluded?) – active practices of inclusion/exclusion; practices of limited access to resources and rights (e.g. labour and residence rights, language rights, etc.)

Statement of the Problem• This study attempts to trace racism and ethnic prejudice in

the Sudanese and South Sudanese leaders different speeches considering different audiences and occasions as the top elites in their communities. The targeted period (2005-2011) is thought to be the most suitable time, for both partners to present their future plans towards ‘the other’ into action. The analysis will be an attempt to reveal the hidden ideologies of racism and ethnic prejudice adopted by the elites of both sides represented in the president the National Congress Party Omer El Bashir and the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) Salva Kiir Mayardet.

Statement of the Problem• Racism and ethnic prejudice are serious problems in the

whole world that led and still leading to tensions between ethnic and religious groups that resulted in conflicts, wars and even genocides. In Sudan, a recent political, social and economical change has been resulted from the separation of the South. Racial and ethnic prejudice seemed to be one of the most significant reasons for the separation of the South in 2011. However, mistrust between the two Sudans lingers, and unresolved disputes and related security issues still threaten to pull the two countries back to war .

Statement of the Problem

• (why) Since political elites have the most control over such public discourse and communication, they also most responsible for the cognitive or ideological reproduction of racism. (van Dijk 1993)

• These hidden ideologies of racial prejudice are thought to be resulted in political and social action: on one hand ,in the Northern failure of offering a persuading discourse and actions about an attracting unity to the South, and on the other hand ,in the southern blatant racial presentation for the separation as a convincing choice for the southerners . Racial and ethnic prejudice is the one of the major keys in understanding the nature of the North -South long history of trust crisis and conflict which continues even after the separation

Statement of the Problem

• This study is focusing on the discursive reproduction of racism to show that in spite of the carefully well-prepared self-image as tolerant and leaders, the elites are fundamentally a part of the problem of racial prejudice(vanDijk 2000).

• The study formulates a plea that advocates a broader use of discourse analysis in the political science to show that problems in political science can in principle be studied more completely and sometimes more adequately when it is realized that the issues have an important discursive dimension. (van Dijk 2001)

Questions of the research

1 – What influential role does elite discourse play in the development, reinforcement, legitimating, and hence reproduction of racial and ethnic prejudice towards the other?

• 2- What are the social, political, and cultural contexts and functions of such discourse ?

• 3- What are the structures and strategies of discourse that tell us about under-lying ethnic or racial prejudices that expressed by each leader ?

Methodology

• This study methodology is under the big umbrella of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) which is one of the most popular interdisciplinary approaches that investigates discourse. CDA studies and analyses the written and spoken texts, to reveal the discursive sources of power, dominance, inequality and bias. It examines how these discursive sources are maintained and reproduced within specific social, political and historical contexts.”(van Dijk 1998: 13 ).

Methodology (I) Discourse Historical Approach

• DHA is a multimethodical, multitheoretical trend of analysing political discourse, it works with different approaches on the basis of a variety of empirical data as well as background information. ( Wodak 2001)

1.‘‘The approach is problem-oriented, not focused on specific linguistic items’ 2. The approach is interdisciplinary on several levels: in theory, in the work itself, in

teams, and in practice’ 3. The historical context is integrated into the interpretation of discourses and

texts’ 4. ‘The theory as well as the methodology is eclectic; i.e., theories and methods are

integrated which are helpful in understanding and explaining the object under investigation’. 5. ‘Multiple genres and multiple public spaces are studied, and intertextual and

interdiscursive relationships are investigated. Recontextualisation is the most important process in connecting these genres as well as topics and arguments (topoi)’.

Methodology (II) Rhetoric• The second method is the rhetoric : • A- The traditional rhetorical operations: repetition, ‘irrelevant’

addition, deletion, semantic operations. • B- Rhetorical strategies which are:• 1- Constructive strategies with subgroups( strategies of

justification and unification and cohesivation).• 2- Strategies of transformation which address the difference

from an established status to another new one.• 3- Strategies of perpetuation which presuppose and/or

emphasize positive political continuity (strategy of avoidance is one sub-category of this category). (Recento2003, Wodak 1999, Flowerdew2002)

Method

• The data which is the written or spoken texts of the speeches of the two leaders will be collected from different possible archives , since it will be difficult to trace each single speech by the two leaders, those speeches will be selected with the consideration of different occasions and audiences (contexts). Then they will be analyzed using the methodologies mentioned above. The selected speeches will be in the span of time from 2004 when the first real initiative peace agreement assigned until 2011 when the referendum resulted in secession of the South.