the interpretations of art: part ii, transitions and preromanticism

7/21/2019 The Interpretations of Art: Part II, Transitions and Preromanticism

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^ftfr Hkr`fmio7]lf A`tfrprftitak`s kc Irt

^irt AA7 ]ri`satak` i`m ^rfrkei`tabase


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Bk`tf`ts

Oast kc ]ihofs x

Ibd`kwofmjef`ts xa

A`trkmubtak`7 Boissabio ]ri`spirf`by i`m Xkei`tab Kpi-

quf`fss

9

9) ]lf Ekmfr` Bk`bfptak` kc ^kftry 98) I Jf`frio ]lfef kc tlf Zkrd 82) ]lf Yufstak` kc Eftlkm i`m Xfima`j-Rtritfjy 6=) I Hrafc Kvfrvafw kc tlf Bkepksatak` kc tlf Zkrd

3.2) ]lf Vàtafs is Aeatitak` kc tlf ]lfitfr 62

Bliptfr 87 ]lf Oiw kc tlf @iefOf Bamis Fxiepof 369) Bkmf i`m ]fxt 368) ]lf Bkmf kc Lk`kr :>2) ]lf Oibd kc Blkabf i`m Crffmke :2=) ]lf Mfitlmravf kc tlf ]fxt :36) ]lf Xkof kc tlf Da`j :3

Bliptfr =7 Ofirà`j Lkw tk Gumjf Hfiuty 9919) Ihi`mkà`j tlf @fkboissabio Fpastfef 9918) Irt i`m @iturf, i @fw Guxtipksatak 988

8.9) ]lf Xfkraf`titak` kc Irt 9888.8) ]lf Ruhoaef is i Yuioaty Cku`m a` @iturf 9868.2) Rajlt i`m Aeijf, i`m tlf @fw Mfcaàtak` kc Irt 98:

2) A` ûrsuat kc i Vàckre Rti`mirm kc ]istf 92>2.9) I Hrafc Rdftbl kc tlf ^rkhofe 92>2.8) A` ursuat kc Krmfr (Luef) 9292.2) A` ursuat kc Krmfr (Hurdf) 92:2.=) Hurdfs Iìoysas kc Hfiuty i`m Ruhoaeaty 9=8

=) Di`ts @ktak` kc ]ri`sbf`mf`tio Hfiuty 9===.9) Hfiuty is i` Fxpfraf`taio i`m is i]ri`sbf`mf`tio Yuioaty 9===.8) Hfiuty is Masa`tfrfst 9=6=.2) Hfiuty is Vàvfrsio 969


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=.=) Hfiuty is ûrpksavf`fss Zatlkut ûrpksf 962

6) Di`ts Bk`bfpt kc Jfàus 966

Bliptfr 67 ]lf Kraja`s kc Ei`, Oi`juijf, i`m ^kftry 9319) ]lf Xitakìo ^ra`bapof7 Kraja`s i`m Maccfrf`taio Rystfes 9318) ]lf Ckreitak` kc tlf Carst Zkrms i`m Hfckrf 9:8

8.9) ]lf Carst îssak`s i`m tlf Fefrjf`bfkc Oi`juijf 9:88.8) ]lf Xfcofbtavf ^rkbfss, i`m lkw tlf CarstZkrm Ca`ms Ats Ziy ]k Luei` Bk`sbakus`fss 9:3

8.8.9) ]lf @k`-Kraja` kc Oi`juijf 9:38.8.8) ]lf Kraja` kc Oi`juijf a` Xfisk` 9:1

2) ]lf Oava`j i`m tlf Mfim Oi`juijfs, Skabf i`m Zrata`j 9


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ÎX] ]LXFF7 XKEI@]ABARE

Bliptfr :7 A`vf`ta`j i` Ktlfr Xfioaty 8219) A`mavamuioase i`m ]ri`sbf`mf`tioase a` tlfXkei`tab îrimaje

821

8) ]lf Xkei`tab Irtast i`m tlf Masbk`tf`t Zatl tlf Zkrom 8=98.9) A sparitak` i`m tlf Ktlfr Zkrom 8=98.8) I Xiy kc Mae Oajlt 8=28.2) Irt is Iutk-Iccfbtak` 8=68.=) Eusab is Aeatitak` kc Cffoa`js4i Oi`juijf kc tlf Lfirt 8=1

2) Irt is i Vàvfrsio i`m A`caàtf ]isd 862

2.9) ]lf Safw kc Irt is Eytlkokjy 8622.8) ^kftry is i` A`caàtf Amfio 86:2.2) Xkei`tab Ark`y 861

=) ^laokskply i`m Irt. Irt Zatlkut Crief 838=.9) ]lf Zkrd kc Irt A`-i`m-Ckr-Atsfoc 838=.8) Rblfooa`js Maiofbtabs 832=.2) ]lf Vàvfrsf is Irt i`m tlfBk`strubtak` kc Jfàus 83=2) Mfsbf`ma`j a`tk tlf V`mfrjrku`m a` Rfirbl kc ]rutl 299=) Eftiplysabio Aj`kri`bf i`m tlfAepkrti`bf kc Aoofjahof Hkkds

29=

6) ]lf Eftiplysabio ]isd kc V`mka`j tlfMfitl kc tlf Hfokvfm

28>


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Bliptfr 2

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Boissabasts Ijia`st Boissabio Amfios

9) I`ktlfr @iturf

A` `fkboissabase, tlf ruofs kc tlf tlfitfr wfrf rfjirmfm is ìturiooiws rfjuoita`j tlf mriei. Zatla` tlf `fkboissabio pirimaje atsfoc,lkwfvfr, k`f hfja`s tk pfrbfavf tlfsf ruofs is irtacabaio bk`stria`ts k`pkftry, a`brfisa`joy hfbkea`j kutmitfm. Ac hfckrfli`m ìturfis tlfìturf kc mrieiaepoafm tlit tlf mriei wis krjiàzfm ibbkrma`j tkbfrtia` ìturio ritakìo sti`mirms, k`f hfja`s `kw tk u`mfrsti`m ì-turf is skeftla`j ekrf bliktab i`m maskrmfrfm. @iturf as `k ok`jfrtlf krmfr kc tla`js i`m ippfiri`bfs, `k ok`jfr i` krmfr watl i rfissur-a`j uàckreaty i`m lirek`y, rfpfita`j atsfoc is tlf sief crke wkrd tkwkrd.

Ac hfckrfli`m ìturf cu`mief`tiooy wis u`mfrstkkm is i` krmfr kcamf`tabio sti`mirms krjiàza`j maccfrf`t ippfiri`bfs, subl is mrieitabpkftry, ìturf as summfòy u`mfrstkkm is i` krmfr hfyk`m ruofs i`moiws. Ac hfckrfli`m, ìturf cu`mief`tiooy wis i okjab, rfpfitfm is tlfsief i`m ippoafm is tlf sief k` mavfrsf eitfraio, ìturf as `kw tlfkppksatf kc okjab. @kw ìturf as `ktrfpfitfm is tlf sief okjab kr ip-poafm is tlf sief ruofs tk mrieitab pkftry4 ìturf as i maskrmfr aèubl hfttfr ijrffef`t watl tlf tla`js, ippfiri`bfs, i`m plf`kefìtlfesfovfs. @iturf `kw jrkws a` tlf tla`js tlfesfovfs is i quioatyi`m fssf`bf kc tla`js, `kt is ioaf` i`m irtacabaio ei`-eimf rfjuoitak`s.]lus, jrimuiooy, ìturf jfts i`ktlfr mfcaàtak`, i mfcaàtak` ipprkx-aeitfoy kppksatf tk tlf ckrefr. @iturf as `kt ruof jkvfr`fm, at as skef-tla`j eubl ekrf bliktab, bk`cusfm, i`m u`prfmabtihof, i`m is subl athfttfr rfsfehofs a`ìtf i`m jf`frio luei` hflivakr i`m psyblkokjy.@iturf as `kt i okjabio krmfr kc tla`js hut i` a`lfrf`t (mas-) krmfr kcluei` hfa`js.


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]lf spfbtitkr, k`f hfja`s tk irjuf, as `k ok`jfr a`tfrfstfm a` trijf-

mafs rfstria`fm hy tlf ruofs kc tlf uàtafs. ]las rfjuoiraty hfbkefs ih-surm hfbiusf `fatlfr mkfs at mfpabt i ìturio mfvfokpef`t a` luei` oacf`kr mkfs at rfbkjàzf tlf ibtuio bipibaty kc ihstribtak` i`m aeijaìtakà` tlf spfbtitkrs.

Is wf livf sff`, tlf uàtafs wfrf efi`t tk prkvamf prkhihaoaty tktlf ibtak` k` tlf stijf. ]las prkhihaoaty wis vafwfm a` rfoitak` tk tlfspfbacab satuitak` kc tlf iumaf`bfs is spfbtitkrs. ]lfrf lim tk hf rf-sfehoi`bf hftwff` twkrfioatafs7 tlf ibtak` k` tlf stijf i`m tlf satui-tak` a` tlf tlfitfr lioo. At wis oadf i` fquitak`7 a` tlf amfio bisf, twklkurs lfrf slkuom fquio twk lkurs tlfrf4 k`f stijf lfrf slkuom fquiok`f poibf tlfrf. K`f rfioazfs `kw tlit efisura`j cabtak` ijia`st tlf

plysabio surrku`ma`js kc tlf iumatkraue i`m tlf stijf as tk ippoy lajloyirtacabaio i`m irhatriry sti`mirms tk mrieitab pkftry.

]lf ckrefroy bfofhritfm irjuef`t tlit spfbtitkrs witbla`j i poiyckr kòy i cfw lkurs kujlt `kt hf prfsf`tfm watl i` ibtak` fxtf`ma`jkvfr sfvfrio wffds kr ek`tls hfbiusf tlit wkuom strftbl tlfar pkwfrskc aeijaìtak` hfyk`m oaeats, tlas irjuef`t as `kt vioam i`y ok`jfr.@kw, tlf poiy slkuom ckreiooy rfcfr tk, kr ritlfr ckreiooy ioofjkrazf,i` fxtfrakrrfioaty, i rfioaty kutsamf tlf tlfitfr, tlf rfioaty kc luei` oacfis subl. ]las aepoafs tlit a` tlf pokt-bk`strubtak` k`f as summfòy pfr-eattfm tk a`boumf sfvfrio pokts. Xfjirma`j tlf muritak` kc ibtak` k`f as

iookwfm tk mfpabt sfvfrio yfirs kc i pfrsk`s oacf (Eibhftl i`m Da`jOfirjrimuiooy hfbkefs ofjataeitf fxiepofs kc jri`m tlfitfr). Caìooy,tlf stijf as `kw iookwfm tk aeijf sfvfrio maccfrf`t poibfs a` tlf fìbt-ef`t kc cabtak`. ]lf bkrrfspk`mf`bf hftwff` cabtak` i`m luei` oacf hf-bkefs aepkrti`t4 tlf tlfitfr as tk i ofssfr fxtf`t rfquarfm tk aooustritftlf bkmf i`m tk i lajlfr fxtf`t tkaooustritf oacf.

]lf `fw fpastfekokjy pavkts irku`m i `fw mfcaàtak` kc ìturf, `kok`jfr u`mfrstkkm is tlf okjabio krmfr kc tla`js i`m surcibfs hut is iuàvfrsio fssf`bf kc tlf luei` hfa`j. Zatl rfjirm tk hktl bk`tf`t i`mckre, tlas `fw mfcaàtak` rfstrubturfs tlf rfquarfef`ts kc tlf tlfitfr.Lkwfvfr kctf` tlf brfmk kc pkftry is aeatitak` kc oacf wis rfpfitfm a`

`fkboissabio wrata`j, tlf tlfitfr wis typabiooy aeatita`j kòy lajloyamfioazfm i`m styoazfm ckres kc oacf. ]lf tlfitfr wis `kt suppksfm tk ae-atitf tlf lastkrabio trutl, kr ritlfr, at wis kòy suppksfm tk aeatitf tlastrutl a` i` amfioazfm ei``fr4 at wis khoajfm tk hfiutacy tlas trutl tk cattlf stijf. ]lf haf`si`bf wis pursufm tk ibbkeekmitf jkkm tistfi`m bk`mubt, i`m tlf stijf kctf` prfsf`tfm i wkrom kc da`js, jkms, kr


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sfea-jkms, blkksa`j ats eitfraio crke bfrtia` wfoo-d`kw` lastkrabio kr

eytlkokjabio fvf`ts. ]las amfioazitak` kc pkftabio bk`tf`t as rfpoibfmwatl i uàvfrsioazitak` wlfrf luei` hfa`js irf mfpabtfm is tlfy irf,is ef` is tlfy ibt is ef`.

Iosk ckreiooy, tlf tlfitfr lis tk bkepoy watl tlf `fw rfquarfef`ts.]lf tlfitfr as `k ok`jfr suppksfm tk hf vafwfm is i seioo, boksfm u`-avfrsf kc ats kw`, is i masbkursf, i oi`juijf-jief watl ats kw` ruofswlabl tlf spfbtitkrs poiy ckr i bkupof kc lkurs wlaof suspf`ma`j tlfaribtuio oacf-wkrom, hfbiusf tlas oacf-wkrom wis `kt u`mfrstkkm is tlfitfr-eittfr. Ibbkrma`j tk tlf `fw pirimaje, tlf tlfitfr as `kt gust i prkv-a`bf watl ats wfoo-mfca`fm poibf a` tlf krmfr kc masbkursfs4 at lis kpf`fmup atsfoc tk tlf oacf-wkrom kc tlf pfkpof. @kw k`f mfei`ms tlit poiys

slkuom rfsfehof tlf ibtak`s kc rfio ef`. ]las mfei`m as aepoabat aÒfssa`js ciekus rfpumaitak` kc tlf boissabio stijf wlf` lf bkepoia`sihkut tlf aìàty kc tlf ruofs kc tlf Crf`bl tlfitfr, i`m sujjfsts tlit tlfpkft slkuom rfprfsf`t ef` a` tlfar uàvfrsioaty7 Ac pkep i`m ftaqufttfeidf eibla`fs kut kc ef`, at as tlf tisd kc tlf pkft tk eidf ef` ijia`kut kc tlfsf eibla`fs.9@kw tlf spfbtitkrs okkd ckr i mfoajltcuo bk`-cusak` a` tlf poiy rfsfehoa`j tlfar kw` oacf, `kt ckr ruofs.

]lus, tlf ruofs kc tlf uàtafs irf `kt ihi`mk`fm hfbiusf tlfy pfr sfirf aookjabio, irtacabaio, i`m a`tkofrihof bk`stria`ts k` tlf poiy, hut hf-biusf kc i` fpastfekokjabio hrfid wlfrf k`f imvkbitfs i`ktlfr a`tfr-

prftitak` kc lueiàty i`m ìturf. ]lf uàtafs irf `kt fxpksfm hy i uà-vfrsio rfisk`, summfòy wida`j up i`m hfbkea`j iwirf kc atsfoc. ]lfuàtafs livf tlfar okjab i`m ritakìoaty watla` i bfrtia` bk`tfxt, aì`ktlfr bk`tfxt tlfy oksf tlas okjab i`m ritakìoaty.

A` tlfsf masbussak`s, Rlidfspfirf hfbkefs tlf aooustrakus syehko kctlf pirimajeitab tri`sckreitak`. Ckrefroy bratabazfm ckr las brumf`fssi`m oibd kc skplastabitak , Rlidfspfirf as summfòy a`tfrprftfm is i pkfttruoy rfprfsf`ta`j tlf `fw uàvfrsio ìturf kc luei` hfa`js. A` `fkb-oissabio bratabase, Rlidfspfirf wis typabiooy vafwfm is brumf i`m u`rf-ca`fm, iotlkujl k`f lim mfvfokpfm i boissacabitkry systfe succabaf`toyrfca`fm tk ibd`kwofmjfsamfskc fxbfoof`bf a` Rlidfspfirf. Zatl tlf ma-

blktkey kc a`vf`takì`m bkpya`j, k`f lim i boissacabitkry tkko tk rfb-kjàzf i`m bkeef`m Rlidfspfirf is tlf a`vf`tkr, is tlf ìturiooyjactfm pkft, wlk wis `fvfrtlfofss a` `ffm kc ofirà`j i`m masbapoa`f.@kw tlas a`vf`tavf samf kc Rlidfspfirf as ibbf`tuitfm. Rlidfspfirf astlf ìturiooy jactfm pkft rfprfsf`ta`j oacf i`m luei` hfa`js is tlfy irf,i`m at mkfs `kt eittfr tlit lf oibds masbapoa`f. Rlidfspfirf as `kw quio-


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acafm hy las rfoitak`slap tk ìturf i`m tlrkujl tlf spk`ti`faty kc las

wkrd7 Ioo tlf aeijfs kc ìturf wfrf staoo prfsf`t tk lae, i`m lf mrfwtlfe `kt oihkrakusoy hut oubdaoy.8At `kw hfbkefs i quioacabitak` tlitlf as ofss fmubitfm, hut mriws upk` las kw` ìturio rfskurbfs7 ]lksfwlk ibbusf lae tk livf wi`tfm ofirà`j javf lae tlf jrfitfr bkeef`-mitak`4 lf wis ìturiooy ofir`fm4 lf `ffmfm `kt tlf spfbtibofs kc hkkdstk rfim ìturf4 lf okkdfm a`wirms i`m cku`m lfr tlfrf.2

A` tlf quktitak`, i` aepkrti`t maspoibfef`t kc tlf mfcaàtak` kc ì-turf as i``ku`bfm. Crke hfa`j skeftla`j k`f suppksfmoy as ihof tkofir` crke kr pfrbfavf tlrkujl tlf spfbtibofs kc hkkds, ìturf as `kwhfbkea`j skeftla`j kutsamf kr hfyk`mtlf mkeia` kc hkkds a`skcir isìturf ihkmfs a`samf fvfry luei` hfa`j. Zatl tlas `fw u`mfrsti`m-

a`j, ìturf as `kw skeftla`j tlitwratfs atsfoc, `kt skeftla`j iorfimywrattf` a` i`y hkkd. At as, a` fccfbt, skeftla`j `kt wrattf`, skeftla`jtlit bi``kt hf ofir`fm tlrkujl wrata`j. ]k hf ihof tk pfrbfavf i`mrfprfsf`t tlas a`samf, tlas u`-wrattf`, as iorfimy bk`samfrfm hy Mrymfì eird kc fxtrikrmaìry fxbfoof`bf i`m cku`m kòy a` i cfw pkfts sublis Rlidfspfirf.

I eigkr fpastfekokjabio hrfid kbburs irku`m tlas `fw i`m maccfrf`t`ktak` kc ìturf4 at eiàcfsts atsfoc is lkstaoaty tk i`m suspabak` kc wrat-a`j (u`mfrstkkm is tlf jf`frab tfre ckr oiws, ruofs, strubturfs, efbli`-abs, mfbkrue, ftb.) Ac ckrefroy pkfts wfrf rfbkeef`mfm tk u`mfrsti`m

wrata`j (a` tlas spfbacab jf`frab sf`sf), pkfts irf a`brfisa`joy rfbke-ef`mfm tk u`mfrsti`m tlf u`-wrattf`, tlit as, tlf luei` skuo, tlfarkw`pkftab skuo, tlf skuo kc ìturf, tlf sibrfm ekef`t kc mava`f a`spa-ritak`. ^kfts, a` tlf fajltff`tl, à`ftff`tl, i`m twf`taftl bf`turafs, hf-bkef ìef-javfrs kc tla`js i`m stitfs kc icciars wlabl `kt yft livfcku`m fxprfssak` i`m irtabuoitak` hfbiusf tlfy fxast hfyk`m tlf vasahofwkrom a` i eftiplysabio uàvfrsf kutsamf tlf ri`jf kc sf`sfs. ]las ip-pfirs tk hf i jf`frio tf`mf`by a` ekmfr` Zfstfr` bratabase up tk tkmiy.

8) Bk`sfquf`bfs kc i` Fpastfekokjabio Hrfidmkw`

8.9) ]ri`sbf ma`j Ma sbkursf, Masbkvfra`j O ac f

Ckr tlf bratabs at hfbkefs i qufstak` wlit k`f kujlt tk aeatitf ictfrtlf tri`sjrfssak` kc tlf `fkboissabio amfios. ]lf bratabs kc `fkboissabase,oadf Gkl`sk` i`m Ofssa`j, `fvfr javf up tlf Irastktfoai` `ktak` kc irt isaeatitak` kc oacf. Hut tlas `ktak` jfts i` f`tarfoy maccfrf`t bk`tf`t. Rokw-


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oy, k`f mfvfokps i `fw amfi kc wlit oacf as, i` amfi iotkjftlfr maccfrf`t

crke tlf `fkboissabio bk`bfpt. Irt rfeia`s i` aeatitak` kc oacf, hutoacf watl i `fw i`m maccfrf`t bk`tf`t.

Zlf` tlf `fkboissabasts aeatitf oacf i`m ìturf, at as hfiutacafm i`mamfioazfm oacftlf haf`si`bf. Kctf` tlf oavfs kc tlf rkyioty i`m tlfarbkurt irf tlf khgfbts kc aeatitak`, i`m bk`sfquf`toy irf rfprfsf`tfm watli pkfts dff` sf`sf kc lkw tlf rkyioty oadf tk sff tlfesfovfsrfprfsf`tfm. ^kfts, oadf Rlidfspfirf, wlk tk i ofssfr fxtf`t khsfrvf tlasftaqufttf, irf bratabazfm hy Xlyefr i`m Skotiarf ckr brumf`fss. Rlidfs-pfirfs Xkei`s irf `kt succabaf`toy Xkei`, las da`js irf `kt bkepoftf-oy rkyio, i`m a` Lieoft at kccf`ms tlit tlf Miàsl Vsurpfr asrfprfsf`tfm is i mru`dirm, is Rieufo Gkl`sk` ekbda`joy rf`mfrs tlas

firoy Rlidfspfirf bratabase.=Zatl tlf fpastfekokjabio hrfidmkw` i ekrf jf`frio rfprfsf`titak`

kc oacf hfbkefs pkssahof. Xfprfsf`titak` kc tlf u`rfca`fm hfbkefs ofja-taeitf i`m as fvf` rfbkeef`mfm hy bratabs oadf Gkl`sk` i`m Ofssa`j.]lf mkbtra`fs kc vfrasaeaoatumf i`m haf`si`bfis mkbtra`fs pfr-tiaà`j tk tlf prkhihaoaty i`m ekrioaty kc tlf poiyirf bk`bfavfm isìrrkw i`m irtacabaio. Ac ìturf as tlf ìturf kc luei` hfa`js, is tlfyirf i`m livf hff` tlrkujl ioo taefs, tlf tlfitrabio rfprfsf`titak` kcda`js, jkms, i`m sfea-jkms mkfs `kt rfspk`m wfoo tk tlas `fw a`tfrfst aì rfprfsf`titak` kc luei`s is uàvfrsio i`m jf`frab hfa`js.

]las bratabase kc tlf irtacabaio i`m amfioazfm Crf`bl tlfitfr as a`ma-bitfm is firoy is a` Mrymf` wlf`, a` I` Fssiy k` Mrieitab ^kfsy,lfofts @fi`mfr (mfcf`ma`j tlf F`joasl tlfitfr) i`swfr Oasamfaus (mfcf`m-a`j tlf Crf`bl `fkboissabio tlfitfr)7 ]as truf, tlksf hfiutafs kc tlfCrf`bl pkfsy irf subl is waoo riasf pfrcfbtak` lajlfr wlfrf at as, hut irf`kt succabaf`t tk javf at wlfrf at as `kt4 tlfy irf a`mffm tlf hfiutafs kc istituf hut `kt kc i ei`.6

I bratabase kc pfrcfbtak`, kc tlf khoajitkry hfiutacabitak` kc cibtsrfprfsf`tfm k` tlf stijf, as iorfimy a`mabitfm. ]lf haf`si`bf as `kwa`tfrprftfm is irtacabaio, oacfofss, i`m efbliàbio. Ibtkrs fìbta`j tlfarbliribtfrs is stitufs mk `kt rfprfsf`t luei` hfa`js is tlfy rfiooy irf.

Rpfbtitkrs irf bk`sfquf`toy ioafìtfm crke rfio luei` oacf i`m ibtak`.]las wis, is ef`tak`fm, `kt tlf carst taef k`f a`tfrrkjitfm tlf `fkb-

oissabio ruofs kc tlf uàtafs kr tlf amfis kc mfbkrue. Zatla`tlf `fkbois-sabio pirimaje atsfoc, tlf ruofs kc tlf uàtafs wfrf a` cibt iorfimy mas-bussfm, i`m iosk bratabiooy masbussfm. Hut typabiooy k`f wkuom a`tfrrk-jitf tlfar a`lfrf`t okjabkr tlfarplaokokjabio skurbfs.3]lf ruofs kc tlf


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uàtafs i`m mfbkrue irf `kw bku`tfrfm hy i maccfrf`t typf kc irjuef`t,

uotaeitfoy i typf kc irjuef`tpfrtiaà`j tk prfsf`bf. ]lf ruofs kc tlfuàtafs irf `kt bratabazfm hfbiusf at as aepkssahof tk birry tlfe kut ib-bkrma`j tk tlf okjab wlabl tlfy tlfesfovfs irf suppksfm tk a`statutf4 tlfruofs irf `kw pfrbfavfm isioafìta`j. ]lfy ioafìtf luei` hfa`js crketlfar ìturf, mastkrt tlf rfprfsf`titak` kc wlit luei` hfa`js irf, i`measrfprfsf`t tlf pkwfrs kc luei` aeijaìtak`. @kw k`f rfioazfs tlittlf rfjuoitak`s kc tlf stijf irf cir ofss skplastabitfm tli` tlf bipibatykc luei` fxpfraf`bf i`m aeijaìtak` kutsamf tlf tlfitfr.

]las amfi kc i uàvfrsio ìturf kc ei`, is tlf truf khgfbt ckr irtastabrf`matak`, pfrefitfs tlf bratabase kc tlf irtacabaio `fkboissabio tlfitfrwatl ats maccfrf`t rfjuoitak`s. A` rfjirm tk trijabkefmy, at wis, ibbkrm-

a`j tk Crf`bl tlfitfr-tlfkry, aepkssahof tk eax trijfmy i`m bkefmy.K`f bkuom `kt ea`jof tlf eartl kc bkefmy watl tlf sfrakus`fss kc tlftrijab pokt hfbiusf tlf spfbtitkrs wfrf `kt ihof tk slact tlas quabdoycrke i sbf`f kc pissak` tk i sbf`f kc efrraef`t. At wis fstihoaslfm was-mke tlit trijfmy i`m bkefmy wfrf bk`trirafs, `kt tk hf rfprfsf`tfm a`tlf sief poiy. Is firoy is a` Mrymf` tlas amfi hfja`s tk sku`m lkookw,i`m las irjuef`t as hisabiooy tlit wlit wf irf bipihof kc mka`j a` rfiooacf wf bi` mk fquiooy wfoo a` tlf tlfitfr.

Lf tfoos us wf bi``kt sk spffmaoy rfbkoofbt kursfovfs ictfr i sbf`f kcjrfit pissak` i`m bk`bfrèf`t is tk piss tk i`ktlfr kc eartl i`m lu-ekr i`m tk f`gky at watl i`y rfoasl4 hut wly slkuom lf aeija`f tlf skuokc ei` ekrf lfivy tli` las sf`sfs; Mkfs `kt tlf fyf piss crke i` u`-pofisi`t khgfbt tk i pofisi`t a` i eubl slkrtfr taef tli` as rfquarfm tktlas; I`m mkfs `kt tlf u`pofisi`t`fss kc tlf carst bkeef`t tlf hfiutykc tlf oittfr; I bk`taùfm jrivaty dffps tlf sparat tkk eubl hf`t4 wfeust rfcrfsl at skeftaefs, is wf hiat a` i gkur`fy tlit wf eiy jk k`watl jrfitfr fisf.:

Iosk Gkl`sk` mfcf`ms tlf eaxturf kc tlf jf`rfs, i`m ippfios a` lasmfcf`sf fxpoabatoy tk ìturf is tlf iotfrìtavf k`f slkuom blkksf wlf`tlf ruofs kc bratabase hfbkef tkk rajam i`m a`cofxahof7 ]lit tlas as i

pribtabf Ttlf uàcabitak` kc trijfmy i`m bkefmyU bk`triry tk tlf ruofs kcbratabase waoo hf rfimaoy iookwfm4 hut tlfrf as iowiys i` ippfio kpf`crke bratabase tk ìturf.


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wlfrf sfvfrio pokts irf iookwfm. A` tlf Crf`bl poiys tlfrf as gust tlf

eia` pokt, wlfrfis a` tlf F`joasl tlfrf irf, hfsamfs tlf eia` pokt, i oktkc u`mfrpokts. ]lf sief as tlf bisf watl rfjirm tk bliribtfrs. ZlfrfCrf`bl poiys irf bf`tfrfm irku`m k`f eia` bliribtfr, tlf F`joasl livfi virafty kc bliribtfrs, i mavfrsaty issfssfm is ekrf pofisa`j sa`bf at asu`prfmabtihof i`m bk`tia`s surprasfs. At as a`caàtfoy pofisa`j tk hf ofma` i oihyra`tl kc mfsaj` wlfrf yku sff skef kc ykur wiy hfckrf yku, yftmasbfr` `kt tlf f`m taoo yku irravf it at.1 ]lus, tlf F`joasl tlfitfrrfprfsf`ts i bk`cusak` kc tla`js, ekrf oadf rfio oacf i`m ìturf.

I blafc imvkbitf ckr uàvfrsioaty i`m bkeek` sf`sf as RieufoGkl`sk`. A` Gkl`sk`s Rlidfspfirf bratabase, Rlidfspfirf as carst i`mckrfekst bkeef`mfm ckr las rf`matak`s kc tlf bkeek` i`m uàvfrsio a`

tlf luei` hfa`j. Rlidfspfirfs lfrkfs irf rfio ef`, fvf` wlf` tlfyirf rkyio. Rlidfspfirf mfpabts rfio oacf, `kt oacf bk`ca`fm, k` k`f li`m,tk tlf ckreio strabturfs kc tlf stijf i`m tlf tlfitfr lioo, i`m k` tlf ktlfrli`m, tk tlf tlfeitab strabturfs rfjirma`j tlf khoajitkry hfiutacabitakì`m ibbkeekmitak` kc tlf poiy tk i bfrtia` fstihoaslfm mfbkrue.

At waoo `kt fisaoy hf aeija`fm lkw eubl Rlidfspfirf fxbfos a` ibbke-ekmita`j las sf`taef`ts tk rfio oacf, hut hy bkepira`j lae watl ktlfriutlkrs.9>Rlidfspfirf lis `k lfrkfs4 las sbf`fs irf kbbupafm kòy hyef`, wlk ibt i`m spfid is tlf rfimfr tla`ds tlit lf slkuom laesfoclivf spkdf` kr ibtfm k` tlf sief kbbisak` . . . Rlidfspfirf ipprkx-

aeitfs tlf rfektf, i`m cieaoairazfs tlf wk`mfrcuo4 tlf fvf`t wlabl lfrfprfsf`ts waoo `kt lippf`, hut ac at wfrf pkssahof, ats fccfbts wkuomprkhihoy hf subl is lf lis issaj`fm. . . . ]las as tlf priasf kc Rlidfs-pfirf, tlit las mriei as tlf earrkur kc oacf.99Rlidfspfirf iowiys eidfsìturf prfmkeaìtf kvfr ibbamf`t. . . . Las stkry rfquarfs Xkei`s krda`js, hut lf tla`ds kòy kc ef`.98

Rlidfspfirfs mriei as i earrkr kc oacf. Hut oacf as `kw u`mfrstkkmis luei` ìturf wlabl lis `fvfr bli`jfm kr waoo bli`jf a` tlf bkursfkc lastkry, i ìturf wlabl rfeia`s a`viraihoy tlf sief. ]lfrfckrf, Rli-dfspfirf as iosk fxbusfm ac las lastkrabio cajurfs mk `kt ckookw tlf bus-

tkes kc tlfar lastkrabio taef, hfbiusf ac luei` ìturf as taefofss i`mu`bli`ja`j, Rlidfspfirf saepoy mfpabts tlf uàvfrsiooy luei` a` laslastkrabio bliribtfrs. Zatl tlas, Rlidfspfirf as boksfr tk tlf trutl kcluei` hfa`js, tli` irf tlksf pkfts wlk ciatlcuooy rfprfsf`t bli`ja`jbustkes a` tlfar pkftry. Rlidfspfirf mfpabts fektak`s i`m tfepfrs is


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tlas lastkrabio pka`t, tlf mablktkey hftwff` ìturf i`m buoturf, is at as

d`kw` tkmiy, as f`tarfoy `fw, hfbiusf ìturf a` tlas `fw sf`sf, is sae-poabaty, rustabaty, krajaìoaty, kr iutlf`tabaty, saepoy wis ihsf`t a` tlf`fkboissabio pirimaje.

8.8) ]lf Xfgfbtak` kc tlf Và tafs

Mrymf` bkepoia`s tlit wlf` tlf Crf`bl tlfitfr, hfbiusf kc tlf u`-atafs, prklahats tlf rfprfsf`titak` kc plf`kefì tlit mk `kt kbbur watlaì miy, at masbraeaìtfs ijia`st ioo tlf a`bamf`ts tlit `ffm ekrf tli`twf`ty-ckur lkurs kc rfprfsf`titak`. At mkfs `kt rfprfsf`t oacf uàvfrsio-

oy, hut kòy seioo mfpirtef`ts kc oacf. A` las bratabase kc tlf Crf`bltlfitfr, Mrymf`s @fi`mfr a`sasts tlit tlf tlfitfr slkuom hf javf` tlfpkssahaoaty kc rfprfsf`ta`j kbburrf`bfs tlit fxtf`m tlf bkepiss kc twf -ty-ckur lkurs.

Hy tlfar Ttlf Crf`blU sfrvaof khsfrvitak`s kc tlf uàtafs kc taef i`mpoibf i`m a`tfjraty kc sbf`fs, tlfy livf hrkujlt k` tlfesfovfs tlitmfirtl kc pokt i`m ìrrkw`fss kc aeijaìtak` wlabl eiy hf khsfrvfm aìoo tlfar poiys. Lkw ei`y hfiutacuo ibbamf`ts eajlt ìturiooy lippf` a`twk kr tlrff miys wlabl bi``kt irravf watl i`y prkhihaoaty a` tlf bke-piss kc twf`ty-ckur lkurs;9:

]lf hisas kc Mrymf`s bratabase as tlit bk`ca`fm hy tlf ruofs kc tlfuàtafs, wf irf mfpravfm kc fxpfraf`ba`j oacf a` ats eiàckom, tlit tlfruofs aepoy i wistf kc kbburrf`bfs tlit bi``kt hf imfquitfoyrfprfsf`tfm watla` tlas bk`ca`fef`t. Hy suheatta`j kursfovfs tk tlfsfruofs wf saepoy oksf tkk eubl eitfraio wlabl tlf aeijaìtak` wkuomlivf f`gkyfm sffa`j rfprfsf`tfm. ]lf bratabase as riasfm crke i` fbk-`keabio pka`t kc vafw4 tlf rajam `fkboissabasts squi`mfr a`bamf`ts i`meitfraio.

A` Gkl`sk`, tlf bratabase kc tlf uàtafs hfbkefs ekrf rimabio i`mskplastabitfm. Gkl`sk`s hisab bkepoia`t as tlit tlf `fkboissabasts mf-

cf`ma`j tlf uàtafs bk`cusf cabtak` i`m rfioaty. ]lf ea`m iowiys rfvkotsijia`st ciosflkkm, tlf `fkboissabio bratabs irjufm, i`m ac tlf mriei mf-pirts tkk eubl crke ats rfsfehoi`bf watl rfioatytlit as, tlf rfioaty kctlf taef i`m poibf kc tlf tlfitfrat oksfs brfmuoaty. Gkl`sk` sues uptlf pka`t kc vafw.


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]lf `fbfssaty kc khsfrva`j tlf u`atafs kc taef i`m poibf irasfs crke tlf

suppksfm `fbfssaty kc eida`j tlf mriei brfmahof. ]lf bratabds lkom ataepkssahof, tlit i` ibtak` kc ek`tls kr yfirs bi` hf pkssahoy hfoafvfmtk piss a` tlrff lkurs4 kr tlit tlf spfbtitkr bi` suppksf laesfoc tk sat a`tlf tlfitfr, wlaof iehissimkrs jk i`m rftur` hftwff` masti`t da`js,wlaof ireafs irf ofvafm i`m tkw`s hfsafjfm.9


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masbkurijfm. ^kfts wfrf rfbkeef`mfm `kt tk fìbt cajlts i`m daooa`js

a` tlf poiy, hut kòy tk rfprfsf`t subl fvf`ts tlrkujl i ìrritak`. I daoo-a`j fìbtfm k` tlf stijf wkuom crajltf` i`m slkbd pfkpof, i`m at wkuomcurtlfrekrf ippfir aepoiusahof, hfbiusf `khkmy bkuom hra`j tlfe-sfovfs tk hfoafvf tlit at ibtuiooy lippf`fm. Fatlfr wiy, tlf spfbtitkrs io-ofjfmoy livf maccabuotafs sfpirita`j tlf ibtak` k` tlf stijf crke tlfarrfioaty is spfbtitkrs. ]lf spfbtitkrs irf fatlfr rfjirmfm is kvfroy ae-ijaìtavf hfa`jshfa`js wlk spk`ti`fkusoy oavf tlf fvf`ts k` tlfstijf i`m wlk bi``kt masta`juasl cabtak` i`m rfioaty, bk`sfquf`toyskefhkmy wlksf aeijaìtak` eust `kt hf fxpksfm tk slkbd4 kr tlfy irfrfjirmfm is ippoya`j i ritakìo bf`skrslap tk fvfrytla`j tlfy sffrfofjita`j stijf-fvf`ts tk tlf a`brfmuokus i`m aepoiusahof ac tlfy tri`s-

jrfss ritakìo stapuoitak`s. ]lf aoousak` kc tlf tlfitfr slkuom hf lfom a`tajlt rfa`s tk eia`tia` ats brfmuoaty ijia`st tlf gumjef`t kc tlas ritakìobf`skrslap. ]lfrfckrf, k`f slkuom `kt tri`sjrfss tlf tlfitfr,ckr fxie-pof, hy prfsf`ta`j kbburrf`bfs k` tlf stijf wlabl irf aepoiusahof, kr hyoftta`j tlf cabtak` mfvaitf crke tlf crief kc taef i`m poibf watla` wlablat u`ckoms.

A` hktl bisfs tlf hkrmfroa`f hftwff` cabtak` i`m rfioaty as crijaof,i`m skeftaefs a`vasahof. ]lf fccfbt kc tlf ruofs as tk bi`bfo tlas hku`-miry hftwff` aeatitak` i`m aeatitfm, hftwff` sajàcafr i`m sajàcafm,hftwff` stijf i`m bk`tfxt, hftwff` cabtak` i`m rfioaty. Hfbiusf kc tlf

ruofs, tlfsf twk rfioatafs irf rfoitfm4 tlf hkrmfroa`f hftwff` tlfe aseimf is ofist kccf`ma`j is pkssahof. A` tlas f`mfivkrmf`ku`bfm is rf-strabtavf tk irtastab brfitak` i cfw yfirs oitfrtlf rfoitak`slap hftwff`cabtak` i`m rfioaty as mriw` a` tlf tlfitfr. Ckreiooy tlf `fkboissabastshfoafvf a` tlf masta`btak` hftwff` cabtak` i`m rfioaty is i masta`btak` fs-tihoaslfm a` tlf tlfitfr. ]lfeitabiooy, lkwfvfr, tlf poiy typabiooy ae-atitfs i` i`baf`t lastkrabio kr eytlkokjabio wkrom, watl `k, kr oattof, rfc-frf`bf tk tlf iumaf`bf.

Zatl bratabs subl is Gkl`sk`, f`tarfoy maccfrf`t masta`juasla`j pra`-bapofs irf sujjfstfm4 i` f`tarfoy maccfrf`t mavama`j oa`f hftwff` cabtakì`m rfioaty as sujjfstfm. ]lf mavama`j oa`f as `kw fstihoaslfm hftwff`

cabtak` i`m wkromu`mfrstkkm a` i eubl wamfr sf`sf. ]lf ckreio rf-oitak`slap hftwff` aeatitak` i`m aeatitfm as `kt suppksfm tk ru`tlrkujl tlf tlfitfrstijf i`m poibf, ibtak` i`m taefhfbiusf fvfry-hkmy d`kws tlit tlfar satuitak` is spfbtitkrs lis `k pirt a` tlf ibtak`sk` tlf stijf4 fvfryhkmy d`kws tlit tlfy irf `kt satuitfm a` hut ipirtcrke tlf cabtak` k` tlf stijf. ]lf spfbtitkrs wkrom is spfbtitkrs, i`m


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tlf bliribtfrs (cabtavf) wkrom irf twk rimabiooy maccfrf`t wkroms watl

`k bk``fbtak` crke tlf hfja`à`j4 tlfy bi``kt fvf` hf bkepirfm. A`bk`sfquf`bf, k`f slkuom `k ok`jfr try tk ibbkeekmitf tlf cabtak` tktlf surrku`ma`js kc tlf iumaf`bfs. K`f slkuom `kt try tk prktfbt tlfspfbtitkrs crke fxpfraf`ba`j tlf ciosflkkms kc cabtak` hfbiusf tlf prf-suppksatak` tlit tlfy fxpfraf`bf stijf kbburrf`bfs is bkepitahof watltlfar kw` satuitak` as a`suota`joy ìavf. Rpfbtitkrs `ffm `k prktfbtak`4tlfy iorfimy d`kw tlit cabtak` as efrfoy cabtak`, stijf efrfoy stijf.

Zlf` cabtak` `k ok`jfr lis i bk``fbtak` tk tlf spfbacab barbues-ti`bfs kc tlf iumaf`bfs, cabtak` lis i bk``fbtak` tk tlf oacf -wkrom kcpfkpof. ]lf khgfbt aeatitfm as rfpoibfm crke tlfitfrtk oacf-wkrom, crkei rfoitak`slap hftwff` cabtak` i`m tlfitfr tk i rfoitak`slap hftwff` cab-

tak` i`m oacf-wkrom. @kw, cabtak` hfja`s tk aooustritf uàvfrsios ih-stribtfm crke i` krmaìry wkrom a` wlabl pfkpof oavf, tiod, i`m cffo.

2) Ihkoasla`j tlf îrioofoase Hftwff` ^kftry i`m îa`ta`j2.9) irioo fos Hftwff` kftry i`m ia`ta`j

Ibbkrma`j tk i bfofhritfm `fkboissabio mkbtra`f, pkftry i`m pia`ta`jwfrf pirioofo irts. ^kftry wis i spfida`j pabturf4 pia`ta`j wis muehpkftry. ]lfy fssf`taiooy mam tlf sief tla`j, hut tlfy mam at, rfspfbtavf-

oy, tioda`j i`m saof`toy.A` tlf fssiy, I îrioofo hftwaxt îa`ta`j i`m ^kftry, Mrymf` suesup tlf bkeekòy ibd`kwofmjfm saeaoiratafs. Ckr tlf ekst pirt tlfybk`bfr` tlf f`m, suhgfbt, i`m ei``fr kc tlf irtastab brfitak`. ]lf f`mas u`mfrstkkm is tlf a`strubtak` i`m pofisurf i pkfe kr pia`ta`j slkuomprkvamf4 tlf suhgfbt is wlit tlfy prkpfroy kujlt tk aeatitf, i`m tlfei``fr is lkw tlfy slkuom hf bkepksfm i`m strubturfm. A` tlfsf tlrffrfspfbts pkftry i`m pia`ta`j wfrf rfjirmfm is pirioofo irts.

]lus, tlf `fkboissabio mkbtra`f, mfcaà`j pkftry is pofisurf watl tlff`m tk tfibl, iosk suats pia`ta`j. Hktl jf`rfs eust pofisf, hut wlfrfispkftry pofisfs tlf ea`m, pia`ta`j pofisfs tlf fyf. A` hktl masbapoa`fs,

lkwfvfr, tlf lajlfr purpksf kc pofisurf as a`strubtak`7 ]lfy wkuomhktl eidf surf kc pofisa`j, i`m tlit a` prfcfrf`bf tk a`strubtak`.8> Acpkftry aeatitfs stkrafs kr ibtak`s, pia`ta`j aeatitfs hkmafs kr tla`js, huta` tlf blkabf kc fatlfr ibtak`s kr hkmafs tlfy hktl a`strubt hfbiusf tlfymk `kt blkksf tlfar suhgfbts a`masbraeaìtfoy. ]lfrf irf stkrafs wlablirf ekrf kr ofss prkpfr ckr i pkfe tk aeatitf is wfoo is tlfrf irf sbfì-


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raks i`m suhgfbts ekrf kr ofss prkpfr ckr i pia`ta`j tk tidf up. @fatlfr

pkfe `kr pia`ta`j kujlt tk aeatitf tlf aeekrio i`m okw. Is subl tlfya`strubt, kr kujlt tk a`strubt, tlf prkpfr, tlf jrfit, i`m tlf `khof7 ]lfsuhgfbt kc i pkft . . . as i jrfit ibtak` kc skef aoous trakus lfrk. ]as tlfsief a` pia`ta`j4 `kt fvfry ibtak`, `kr fvfry pfrsk`, as bk`samfrihoff`kujl tk f`tfr a`tk tlf boktl.89

Zlf` pia`ta`j i`m pkftry aeatitf, tlfy livf tk aeatitf a` tlf siefei``fr. Zlf` aeatita`j ìturf, pia`ta`j i`m pkftry irf `kt suppksfm tkaeatitf ìturf is at as, hut ìturf hfiutacafm. ]lf ruof kc tlf haf`si`bfcrke tlf `fkboissabio stijf iosk ippoafs tk pia`ta`j. ]lfy prfsf`t uswatl aeijfs ekrf pfrcfbt tli` tlf oacf a` i`y a`mavamuio4 i`m wf livftlf pofisurf tk sff ioo tlf sbittfrfm hfiutafs kc ìturf uàtfm hy i lippy

blfeastry, watlkut ats mfckreatafs kr ciuots.88]las as iosk i rfisk` wly hktl irts pofisf4 tlfy hktl aooustritf fof-

vitfm amfis a` ìturf4 tlfy aooustritf wlit biusfs imearitak`, i`m imea-ritak` as iowiys tlf biusf kc pofisurf.82ûrsua`j tlas khgfbtavf tlfyekrfkvfr usf tlf sief efi`s, is tlfy hktl usf mfbfat4 tlfy aeatitffatlfr khgfbts kr ibtak`s wlabl irf `kt rfio, fvf`ts wlabl irf ihsf`t, `ktprfsf`t, fvf`ts `k -fxastf`t.

Fvf` rfjirma`j tlf oiws kc tlf uàtafs kc poibf i`m taef tlfrf irfpirioofos hftwff` pkftry i`m pia`ta`j a`skcir is tlf amfios kc taef, tlfamfio kc fxprfssa`j i` ibtak` a` tlf slkrtfst spi` kc taef, i`m tlf amfio

kc tlf sa`juoiraty kc tlf poibf, as birrafm kut pfrcfbtoy a` pia`ta`j. A`pia`ta`j, fvfrytla`j as uàty is tlf pia`ta`j aooustritfs kòy k`f ekef`ti`m k`f poibf. ]lf pia`ta`j lis `k fxtf`sak` a` taef hut aooustritfs tlfprfjì`t ekef t, tlf a`sti`t, tlf prfsf`bf kc tlf `kw. îa`ta`j tlfrf-ckrf bkefs fvf` boksfr tk effta`j tlf ruofs kc tlf uàtafs kc poibf i`mtaef tli` tlf pkfe fvfr lis7 ]lf ibtak`, tlf pissak`, i`m tlf ei``frskc sk ei`y pfrsk`s is irf bk`tia`fm a` i pabturf irf tk hf masbfr`fm itk`bf, a` tlf twa`doa`j kc i` fyf.8=

Mrymf` iosk ippoafs tlf ruof kc tlf uàty kc ibtak` tk pia`ta`j. ]lfoiws kc bk`sastf`by i`m bklfrf`bf irf hisabiooy tlf sief a` pkftry is a`pia`ta`j. ]las as iosk tlf oiw kc tlf jrfitfst fbk`key. Ioo pfrsk`s a` tlf

poiy eust hf kc usf, is eust ioo cajurfs a` tlf pia`ta`j7 Ioo tla`js fosfirf oadf sax ca`jfrs tk tlf li`m, wlf` ìturf, wlabl as supfrcoukus a``ktla`j, bi` mk lfr wkrd watl cavf.86 ]lf pra`bapio bliribtfr a` tlfpoiy as tlf bf`tfr kc ibtak` i`m eust hf oadf i su` irku`m wlabl ioo tlfktlfr bliribtfrs barbof. A` pia`ta`j iosk tlf pra`bapio cajurf ippfirs a`


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tlf eamst kc tlf pabturf, u`mfr tlf pra`bapio oajlt, tk masta`juasl at crke

tlf rfst, wlabl irf kòy ats ittf`mi`ts.83Caìooy, tlf rfquarfef`t tlit i poiy slkuom hf bk`sastf`t iosk ippoafs

tk pia`ta`j. Is tlf pkft eust khsfrvf wlit as prkpfr ckr tlf hfja`à`j,tlf eammof, i`m tlf f`m kc i pkfe, i`m slkuom ivkam ea`joa`j tlfsfpirts, tlf pia`tfr eust iosk khsfrvf wlit as prkpfr tk pia`t a` tlf uppfrpirt i`m it tlf hkttke kc tlf bi`vis7 ]lf pia`tfr as `kt tk pia`t i bokumit tlf hkttke kc i pabturf, hut a` tlf uppfrekst pirts4 `kr tlf pkft tkpoibf wlit as prkpfr tk tlf f`m kr eammof, a` tlf hfja`à`j kc ipkfe.8:

Ckr tlfsf rfisk`s pia`ta`j i`m pkftry irf fstihoaslfm is amf`tabioirts, jkvfr`fm hy tlf hisabiooy sief Irastktfoai` ruofs. A` i `fkboissabio

pirimaje wlfrf maccfrf`t masbapoa`fs subl is istrk`key, oiw, tlfkokjy,eitlfeitabs, plaokskply kr lastkry irf mftfrea`fm ibbkrma`j tk tlfarfxbousavf khgfbt, irt as rfjirmfm is i`ktlfr uàquf masbkursf watla` tlfpirimaje, watlkut tlf maccfrf`t irts hfa`j curtlfr maccfrf`taitfm. Ofssa`jhfja`s tk maccfrf`taitf tlas fstihoaslfm masbkursf is lf sujjfsts bfrtia`fssf`taio masta`btak`s hftwff` pkftry i`m pia`ta`j. Crke tlas pka`t irtas `k ok`jfr saepoy rfjirmfm is k`f uàquf masbkursf watl tlf siefamf`tabio sft kc ruofs. A` Ofssa`j, i masta`btak` as fstihoaslfm hy tlf wiypkftry i`m pia`ta`j rfprfsf`t ibtak`. Ac pkftry rfprfsf`ts bk`taùkusibtak`, pia`ta`j rfprfsf`ts irrfstfm ibtak`. ]lus pkftry rf`mfrs i sub-

bfssak` kc fvf`ts, at rfprfsf`ts tla`js tlit kbbur stfp hy stfp, tla`js tlitu`ckom a` taef, wlfrfis pia`ta`j rf`mfrs kòy wlit bi` hf ibbueuoitfmsamf hy samf, skeftla`j tlit as jrkupfm tkjftlfr, skeftla`j tlit as bke-ha`fm a` spibf.

Iotlkujl hktl pia`ta`j i`m pkftry a` i bfrtia` sf`sf pia`tpkftrypia`ts ibtak` i`m pia`ta`j pia`ts ibtakÒfssa`j `ktabfs tlf maccfr-f`bf tlit wlfrfis pkftry pia`ts ibtak` tlit u`ckoms atsfoc a` tlf subbfs-sak` kc taef, pia`ta`j pia`ts irrfstfm ibtak` a` wlabl tlf maccfrf`t pirtsirf irri`jfm samf hy samf a` spibf. îa`ta`j bkeha`fs khgfbts a` spibfwatlkut tlfe liva`j i tfepkrio i`m subbfssavf maef`sak`, wlfrfispkftry irri`jfs i sfrafs kc bk`taùkus ibtak`s i`m fvf`ts a` taef watl

`k spitaio mfptl.

2.8) A`tfrprftitak`s kc tlf Ekutl kc O ikbkk`


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Ofssa`j mfravfs tlas maccfrf`bf hftwff` pkftry i`m pia`ta`j crke las

rfcofbtak`s kvfr tlf sbuopturf,Oikbkk`(u`mfr tlf tfre pia`ta`jOfss-a`j a`boumfs ioo tlf poistab irts). ]las sbuopturf mfpabts tlf ìdfm Oik-bkk` strujjoa`j watl twk jai`t sìdfs is lf ittfepts tk rfsbuf las twksk`s crke tlfar mfimoy fehribf. A` las strujjof, Oikbkk` mkfs `kt slkwi`y saj` kc tkref`t fvf` tlkujl bkeef`titkrs bkeekòy issuefm tlitlf wis a` jrfit pia`. Las lioc-boksfm ekutl mkfs `kt fxprfss i`ysbrfiea`j, hut efrfoy i` kpprfssfm sajl, is Za`bdfoei`` mfsbrahfstlf strujjoa`j Oikbkk`.

Za`bdfoei`` stumafm tlas sbuopturfbkeekòy rfjirmfm is tlfjrfitfst wkrd kc Jrffd irt a` Za`bdfoei``s miysi`m `ktabfm tlitOikbkk` a` las ijkàza`j strujjof `fvfr rfvfios i`y pia`. ]lfrfckrf, tk

Za`bdfoei``, Oikbkk` as i` ibburitf fxprfssak` kc las tlfsas kc tlfmajàty i`m `khaoaty kc tlf Jrffd skuo. Oikbkk` fxprfssfs tlf `khofsaepoabaty i`m quaft jrfit`fss (Fmof Fa`ciot u`m staoof Jrf) kc tlfJrffd. Oikbkk` f`murfs tlf pia` a`coabtfm k` lae is i jrfit ei` slkuomf`murf pia`. Zlaof strujjoa`j watl tlf sfrpf`ts, lf mkfs `kt riasf i`ykutbry, bk`triry tk Sarjaos mfsbraptak` kc Oikbkk` a` tlf If`fam. Oik-bkk`, is mfpabtfm a` tlf Jrffd sbuopturf, succfrs, hut lf rfprfssfs lassuccfra`j. ]lfrfckrf, ibbkrma`j tk Za`bdfoei``, tlf sbuopturfrfprfsf`ts Jrffd sfrfàty i`m majàty.

]lf jf`frio i`m ekst masta`btavf bliribtfrastabs kc tlf Jrffd eistfr-pafbfs irf, caìooy, i `khof saepoabaty i`m quaft jri`mfur, hktl a` pkst-urf i`m fxprfssak`. Gust is tlf mfptls kc tlf sfi iowiys rfeia` bioelkwfvfr eubl tlf surcibf eiy rijf, sk mkfs tlf fxprfssak` kc tlf caj-urfs kc tlf Jrffds rfvfio i jrfit i`m bkepksfm skuo fvf` a` tlf eamstkc pissak`. Rubl i skuo as rfcofbtfm a` tlf cibf kc Oikbkk i`m `kt a`tlf cibf iok`fmfspatf las vakof`t succfra`j. ]lf pia` as rfvfiofm a` iootlf eusbofs i`m sa`fws kc las hkmy, i`m wf kursfovfs bi` ioekst cffo atis wf khsfrvf tlf pia`cuo bk`tribtak` kc tlf ihmkef` iok`f watlkut rf-jirma`j tlf cibf i`m ktlfr pirts kc tlf hkmy. ]las pia`, lkwfvfr, fx-prfssfs atsfoc watl `k saj` kc rijf a` las cibf kr a` las f`tarf hfira`j. Lffeats `k tfrrahof sbrfies subl i Sarjaos Oikbkk`, ckr tlf kpfà`j kc

las ekutl mkfs `kt pfreat at4 at as ritlfr i` i`xakus i`m trkuhofm sajl-a`j is mfsbrahfm hy Rimkoftk. ]lf plysabio pia` i`m tlf `khaoaty kc skuoirf mastrahutfm watl fquio strf`jtl kvfr tlf f`tarf hkmy i`m irf, is atwfrf, lfom a` hioi`bf watl k`f i`ktlfr. Oikbkk` succfrs, hut lf succfrsoadf Rkplkbofs ^laokbrftfs4 las pia` tkublfs kur vfry skuos, hut wfwasl tlit wf bkuom hfir easfry oadf tlas jrfit ei`.8


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Za`bdfoei`` fquitfs tlf oibd kc kutbry a` tlf stituf watl tlf majà-

ty i`m `khaoaty kc tlf Jrffd skuo, watl ats jrfitfr f`muri`bf i`m ihaoatytk tkofritf pia`.

Ofssa`j bk`tfsts tlas a`tfrprftitak`. A` Lkefrs mfsbraptak`s kc tlfJrffd lfrk, Ofssa`j ca`ms fvamf`bf tk tlf bk`triry hfbiusf Lkefr io-okws las lfrkfs tk bry kut a` pia` i`m succfra`j watlkut tlfsf kutbrafssuhtribta`j crke tlfar lfrkab mffms kr stiturf7 Hy tlfar mffms tlfy irfbrfiturfs kc i supfrakr krmfr, hy tlfar sf`sahaoatafs efrf ef`. 81Lke-frs lfrkfs fxprfss tlfar succfra`js watlkut bkeprkeasa`j tlf jrfit`fsskc tlfar skuos. ]lfrfckrf, Ofssa`j bk`boumfs tlit Jrffd majàty i`m `k-haoaty as `kt tlf rfisk` wly tlf sbuoptkr lis rfcusfm tk rfprfsf`t Oik-bkk` sbrfiea`j7 T]lf JrffdU hktl cfot i`m cfirfm4 lf uttfrfm las pia`

i`m las trkuhof4 lf wis isliefm kc `k luei` wfid fssfs.2>Sarjao tkk rfprfsf`tfm Oikbkk` is sbrfiea`j a` las If`fam. Ofssa`j

tlfrfckrf sujjfsts tlit is `fatlfr tlf Jrffds `kr tlf Xkei`s wfrficriam kc oftta`j tlfar lfrkfs bry kut, tlf sbuoptkr eust livf lim ktlfrrfisk`s ckr rfprfssa`j Oikbkk`s kutbry, rfisk`s tlit Sarjao, ckr fxie-pof, mam `kt livf a` las pkfe. ]las rfisk` as `kt cku`m a` tlf psyblkok-jy kc tlf Jrffds, tlfar majàty i`m sfrfàty, hut a` tlf spfbacab rfquarf-ef`ts ckr tlf irt kc sbuoptura`j atsfoc (kr a` jf`frio pia`ta`j). ]la srfisk` as hisabiooy cku`m a` sbuopturf is ckre, i`m `kt hfbiusf tlassbuopturf aeatitfs Jrffd oacf i`m psyblkokjy. Rbuopturf hfok`js tk i

jf`rf, ibbkrma`j tk wlabl at wkuom livf hff` u`ckrtuìtf ckr tlf sub-bfsscuo irt-wkrd ac Oikbkk` wfrf rfprfsf`tfm is sbrfiea`j a` pia`.]lfrfckrf, Ofssa`j mkfs `kt bk`tfst tlf amfi tlit tlf cajurf kc Oik-

bkk` mkfs `kt slkw pia`. Oadf Za`bdfoei``, lf a`tfrprfts tlf boksfmekutl kc Oikbkk` is tlf irtasts rfoubti`bf tk slkw pia`, hut lf f x-poia`s tlas rfoubti`bf maccfrf`toy. Za`bdfoei``s lastkrabio-psyblkokjabio fxpoiìtak` as maseassfm is a`vioam, i`m rfpoibfm watl i`fxpoiìtak` tlit pfrtia`s tk tlf ckreio rfquarfef`ts kc tlf poistab irts,i` fxpoiìtak` sfeakokjabio a` fssf`bf. Ac tlf caìo khgfbtavf kc poistabirt iek`j tlf Jrffds wis hfiuty, i`m ac tlfy bk`sfquf`toy ivkamfmfvfrytla`j tlit wkuom mastkrt i`m vakoitf tlas amfio, tlf` i pissakìtf

kutbry, i sbrfiea`j Oikbkk` mfpabtfm watl i mastkrtfm ekutl, wkuom kc-cf`m tlas amfio. ]las wis tlf ibtuio bk`samfritak` kc tlf irtast, i`m tlfrfisk` wly lf bkuom `kt oft Oikbkk` fxprfss las pia`.

]lf eistfr wis strava`j ictfr tlf lajlfst hfiuty, u`mfr tlf javf` bar-buesti`bfs kc hkmaoy pia`. ]las, a` ats cuoo mfckrea`j vakof`bf, at wis`kt pkssahof tk uàtf a` tlit. Lf wis khoajfm, tlfrfckrf, tk ihitf, tk


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oiroy `kvfo, i`m efrfoy rfpfits iorfimy fstihoaslfm bkepk`f`ts a` tlf

`fkboissabio pirimaje, Ofssa`j feplisazfs tlf maccfrf`bfs is i` kppk-satak`, `kt is i pirioofoase, hftwff` pia`ta`j i`m pkftry. ]lf maccfrf`bfhftwff` pia`ta`j i`m pkftry a`mabitfs lkw tlf irts livf masta`bt kh-gfbts7 hkmafs i`m ibtak`s, wlabl irf rfprfsf`tfm hy efi`s kc masta`btsaj`s7cajurfs i`m sku`ms. Hfbiusf kc tlas maccfrf`bf, pia`ta`j i`m pkf-try irf rf`mfrfm is twk quioatitavfoymaccfrf`t masbapoa`fs.

Zf livf i tlfkry kc twk fssf`taiooy maccfrf`t irtastab saj`-systfeswlfrf tlfrf irf efi`s kc rfprfsf`titak` (cajurfs i`m sku`ms) i`m kh-gfbts kc rfprfsf`titak` (hkmafs i`m ibtak`). Ekrfkvfr, tlf maccfrf`t bk`-tfxts a` wlabl tlfsf twk maccfrf`t saj`-systfes fxast irf fquiooy aepkr-ti`t ckr tlf mftfreaìtak` kc tlf maccfrf`bfs hftwff` pia`ta`j i`m pkf-

try. ]lus, tlf saj`-systfe kc pia`ta`j as ippoafm a` spibf (spibf bk`sta-tutfs tlf jf`frio bk`tfxt kc tlf vasuio rfprfsf`titak` kc tlf hkmy), wlf-rfis tlf saj`-systfe kc pkftry as ippoafm tk taef (taef bk`statutfs tlfjf`frio bk`tfxt kc tlf iumahof rfprfsf`titak` kc ibtak`).

]lf strubturio masta`btak` hftwff` pia`ta`j i`m pkftry as `kw careoyfstihoaslfm, i`m wf bi` mfsbrahf at hy efi`s kc tlf ckookwa`j sblfef7

]IHOF A A 7 Rtrubtur io Ma cc frf`bfs Hftwff` ia`ta `j i`m kftry, A

îa`ta`j ^kftry

Raj` Cajurf Rku`mXfcfrf`bf Hkmy Ibtak`Bk`tfxt Rpibf ]aef

Lkwfvfr, is at ippfirs wlf` Ofssa`j bk`taùfs las rfiskà`j, tlfsftwk saj`-systfes irf `kt is purf i`m masta`bt is mfsarfm. ]lf prkhofe astlit tlf rfspfbtavf rfcfrf`bfs, kr khgfbts, eiy hf rfprfsf`tfm a` hktlpia`ta`j i`m pkftry. Hkmafs irf `kt kòy rf`mfrfm a` spibfhy efi`s kccajurfs (i`m bkokrs), tlfy eiy iosk hf rf`mfrfm a` taefhy efi`s kc mas-bkursf. I`m ibtak`s irf `kt kòy rf`mfrfm a` tlf subbfssak` kc taef, huteiy iosk hf rf`mfrfm hy cajurfs a` spibf. ]lf rajam masta`btak` hftwff`

irt i`m pkftry tlus sffes u`mfrea`fmsfoc-mfbk`strubtfm.Qft ioo hkmafs fxast `kt a` spibf iok`f, hut iosk a` taef . . . pia`ta`j biìosk aeatitf ibtak`s, hut kòy hy wiy kc sujjfstak` tlrkujl hkmafs. K`tlf ktlfr li`m, ibtak`s bi``kt suhsast ckr tlfesfovfs, hut eust ittibl tkbfrtia` tla`js kr pfrsk`s . . . pkftry tkk mfpabts hkmafs, hut kòy hy wiykc sujjfstak` tlrkujl ibtak`s. îa`ta`j, a` lfr bkfxasta`j bkepksatak`s,


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bi` usf kòy k`f sa`jof ekef`t kc tlf ibtak`, i`m eust tlfrfckrf

blkksf tlf ekst prfjì`t, crke wlabl wlit prfbfmfs i`m ckookws waoohf ekst fisaoy ipprflf`mfm. Gust a` tlf sief ei``fr pkftry iosk biùsf, a` lfr bk`taùkus aeatitak`s, kòy k`f sa`jof prkpfrty kc tlf hk-mafs, i`m eust tlfrfckrf blkksf tlit k`f wlabl bioos up tlf ekst oava`jpabturf kc tlf hkmy k` tlit samf crke wlabl slf as rfjirma`j at.2=

It tlas pka`t, hkmafs `k ok`jfr fxast askoitfm crke pkftry. Iotlkujlaepfrcfbtoy i`m k`f-maef`sakìooy tlfy irf rfprfsf`tfm a` tlf bk`ta-ùue kc ibtak`. Ibtak` `k ok`jfr fxasts askoitfm crke pia`ta`j. Io-tlkujl rfprfsf`tfm a` kòy i sa`jof ekef`t, ibtak` as mfpabtfm a` pia`t-a`j a` i prfjì`t a`sti`t, a` subl i wiy tlit k`f bi` ipprflf`m wlit

prfbfmfm i`m wlit ckookws at. Zlfrf pia`ta`j kòy mfpabts tlf prfjì`tekef`t, pkftry mfpabts tlf subbfssak` kc taef, i`m wlfrf pia`ta`j caoosup i` f`tarf spibf, pkftry kòy mfpabts i k`f-maef`sakìo crijef`t kcspibf.

]lus, at ippfirs tlit pkftry i`m pia`ta`j slirf tlf usf kc taef i`mspibf, hut staoo maccfrf`toy. ]lf strubturio maccfrf`taitak` kc pkftry i`mpia`ta`j `kw mfpf`ms k` tlas maccfrf`t rfoitak`slaptk taef i`m spibf.Is rfjirms tk taef, pia`ta`j feplisazfs tlf a`sti`bf kc tlf `kw, wlf-rfis pkftry feplisazfs tlf subbfssak`, tlf bk`taùue kc a`sti`bfs. ^kf-try a`boumfs ioo tlf maef`sak`s kc taef a` ats mfsbraptak` kc ibtak`. Isrfjirms tk spibf, pia`ta`j mfpabts i` f`tarf khgfbt, a`bouma`j ioo ats

pirts a` ats mfpabtak`. ]lf khgfbt as hflfom a` i joi`bf, i` a`sti`t, wlf-rfis pkftry bi` kòy mfpabt i samf, i cibft, i crijef`t kc tlf khgfbt. ^kf-try mfsbrahfs tlf khgfbt crijef`t hy crijef`t subbfssavfoy, pka`t hypka`t4 ckr fxiepof, lfr mird liar, lfr houf fyfs, lfr rksy blffds, lfrsof`mfr `fbd.

]lf maccfrf`taitak` hftwff` pkftry i`m pia`ta`j `kw okkds oadf tlas7

]IHOF A A A 7 Rtrubturio Mac cfrf`bfs Hftwff` ia`ta`j i`m kftry, A A

îa`ta`j ^kftry

]aef A`sti`t Rubbfssak`

Rpibf Fxtf`sak` ^ka`t

^kftry rfprfsf`ts i` khgfbt is i subbfssak` kc pka`ts bk`sasta`j kchkmafs kr pirt kc hkmafs, i`m pia`ta`j rfprfsf`ts i` khgfbt is i` fxtf`-sak` a` spibf crkzf` a` i pirtabuoiroy sajàcabi t a`sti`t.


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Zf irf a` cibt staoo ciba`j i bfrtia` pirioofoase hftwff` pkftry i`m

pia`ta`j is tlfy irf pirioofo a` tlf wiy tlfy maccfrrfjirma`j taef i`mspibf. ^kftry i`m pia`ta`j irf pirioofo a` tlfar maccfrf`bfs, is tlfsf mac-cfrf`bfs irf irtabuoitfm i`m ckreioazfm. ]lfy irf syeeftrabio a` tlfwiy tlfy slirf taef i`m spibf hfbiusf tlfy slirf tlf cu`mief`tio `k-tak` tlit tlfy hktl rfprfsf`t i pirt (i` fofef`t) i`m i wlkof (isprfim) kc skeftla`j. ^kftry rfprfsf`ts i sprfim a` tlf ckre kc tlfsubbfssak`, pia`ta`j a` tlf ckre kc tlf fxtf`sak`. ^kftry rfprfsf`ts i`fofef`t a` tlf ckre kc tlf pka`t, pia`ta`j a` tlf ckre kc tlf a`sti`t.îa`ta`j kòy tidfs pirta` taef, hut rfprfsf`ts tlf wlkofkc spibf4 pkf-try kòy tidfs pirta` spibf, hut rfprfsf`ts tlf wlkofkc taef. ]las bk`-statutfs Ofssa`js `fw sfeakokjabio pirioofoase hftwff` pkftry i`m

pia`ta`j. Hut tlas pirioofoase as bk`bfavfm a` krmfr tk fxpoia` wly pkf-try i`m pia`ta`j irf fssf`taiooy maccfrf`t ckres kc rfprfsf`titak`s, fssf`-taiooy maccfrf`t jf`rfs. At as `kt bk`bfavfm a` krmfr tk suppkrt tlfar fs-sf`taio amf`taty.

Ictfr Ofssa`js rfca`fef`t kr sfoc-mfbk`strubtak` kc las aàtaiomasta`btak` lf rfbkjàzfs tlit pkftry mkfs `kt saepoy bk`sast kc saj`srfprfsf`ta`j ibtak`. ^kftry iosk rfprfsf`ts hkmafs, tla`js fxasta`j a`spibf, hut at mkfs sk a` tlf fofef`t kc ìrritak`, masbkursf, i`m sku`m.Fvf` tlkujl tlas rfbkjàtak` ippfirs tk u`mfrea`f Ofssa`js aàtaio mas-ta`btak` hftwff` pkftry i`m pia`ta`j (rfspfbtavfoy mfsbraha`j ibtak` i`m

hkmafs), tlf masta`btak` survavfs muf tk i rlftkrabio bk strubtak`, i` iux-aoairy mfcaàtak` kc pkftry i`m pia`ta`j mfvasfm ibbkrma`j tk tlfar hfstpurpksf. ]lf hfst purpksfkc pkftry, tlf bk`sueeitak` i`m bkepoftak`kc ats a`ìtf tisd, as tk mfsbrahf ibtak`, bliribtfrs, i`m wkrom a` tlf bk`-taùue kc masbkursf. Zlf` at trafs tk mfsbrahf khgfbts, at mfvaitfs crketlas pitl, i`m hfbkefs pkkr pkftry. Zlfrfis a` pfrbfptak` wf survfyioo tlf pirts kc i wlkof i`m tlf bkehaìtak` kc tlfsf pirts a` k`f swactbk`bfptak`, tlf pkft, pia`stida`joy, `ffms ei`y mfsbraptak`s a` krmfr tkrf`mfr i bkepoftf aeijf kc i wlkof7 Zlit tlf fyf sffs it i joi`bf, lfbku`ts kut tk us jrimuiooy.26^kfts irf sk sokw a` tlfar mfsbraptak`s tlitwlf` tlfy livf caìooy mfsbrahfm tlf oist cfiturf kc i` khgfbt, wf livf

iorfimy ckrjkttf` tlfar mfsbraptak` kc tlf carst. Rtaoo, mfspatf tlas aepkss-ahof stria` k` kur efekry, wf irf fxpfbtfm tk u`mfrsti`m tlf aeijf mf-sbrahfm a` tlf bkursf kc ìrritak`. Zlit prfsf`ts `k prkhofe a` pfrbfp-tak`, tk hflkom i` aeijf a` k`f joi`bf, ippfirs tk hf aepkssahof a` mas-bkursf.


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]k tlf fyf tlf pirts hflfom rfeia` bk`sti`toy prfsf`t, i`m at bi` ru`

kvfr tlfe ijia` i`m ijia`4 ckr tlf fir, k` tlf bk`triry, tlf pirts lfirmirf okst ac tlfy mk `kt ihamf a` tlf efekry. I`m ac tlfy sk ihamf, wlittrkuhof, wlit fcckrt at bksts tk rf`fw tlfar aeprfssak`s, ioo kc tlfe a`tlfar muf krmfr, sk vavamoy, tk tla`d kc tlfe tkjftlfr watl fvf` i ekm-fritf swact`fss, i`m tlus tk irravf it i` fvf`tuio bk`bfptak` kc tlfwlkof.23

]las aepoafs tlit wlf`fvfr pkfts try tk mfsbrahf i tla`j a` krmfr tkeidf tlf tla`j ippfir watl jrfit boiraty, tlfy ciao, `kt hfbiusf oi`juijfbi``kt rfcfr tk tla`js, hut hfbiusf pkfts bi` `fvfr rf`mfr tlf tla`j watlsubl boiraty tlit at as bofiroy tri`seattfm tk tlf rfimfr. Zlf`, ckr fxie-

pof, pkfts try tk rf`mfr a` mftiao i cokwfr kr i cibf, tlfar fcckrts irf a`via` hfbiusf tlf rfimfr mkfs `kt iblafvf i bk`bfptak` kc tlf tla`j is atas bk`bfavfm hy tlf pkft7 A lfir a` fvfry wkrm tlf tkaoa`j pkft, i`m iecir f`kujl crke sffa`j tlf tla`j atsfoc.2:

A mk `kt mf`y tk spffbl a` jf`frio tlf pkwfr kc pkrtriya`j i hkmaoywlkof hy ats pirts7 spffbl bi` mk sk, hfbiusf ats saj`s kr bliribtfrs, io-tlkujl tlfy ckookw k`f i`ktlfr bk`sfbutavfoy, irf `fvfrtlfofss irha-triry saj`s4 hut A mk mf`y at tk spffbl is tlf efmaue kc pkftry, hfbiusfsubl vfrhio mfoa`fitak`s kc hkmafs ciao kc tlf aoousak` k` wlabl pkftrypirtabuoiroy mfpf`ms, i`m tlas aoousak`, A bk`tf`m, eust ciao tlfe ckr tlfrfisk` tlit tlf bkfxastf`bfkc tlf plysabio khgfbt bkefs k`tk bkooasak`

watl tlf bk`sfbutavf`fsskc spffbl, i`m tlf ckrefr hfa`j rfskovfm a`tktlf oittfr, tlf masefehfref`t kc tlf wlkof a`tk ats pirts as bfrtiaòyeimf fisafr, hut tlf caìo rfuàk` kc tlksf pirts a`tk i wlkof as eidfu`bkeekòy maccabuot i`m `kt sfomke aepkssahof.2


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rfimfr ckookws lkw tlas slafom as eimf, i`m lkw tlf maccfrf`t mfbkri-

tak`s i`m imkrèf`ts irf bkepoftfm u`mfr tlf lieefr i`m blasfo kc tlfirtasi`. At as tlfrfckrf mfsbrahfm is ibtak`.

^kfts irf rfbkeef`mfm tk ckookw tlas aeei`f`t bk`sfbutavf`fss kcoi`juijf, i`m rfstrabt tlfesfovfs tk aooustritf ibtak`. ]lfy bi``kt mfpabtplysabio hfiuty a` oi`juijf, ckr ac tlfy wasl tk javf tlf rfimfr i` ae-prfssak` kc i hfiutacuo cibf, tlf rfimfr eust pfrbfavf ioo tlf pirtstlffyfs, tlf `ksf, tlf blffds, tlf ekutl, ftb.is suhsasta`j samf hy samf,bkfxastf`toy. ]lf rfimfr slkuom hf ihof tk hflkom tlf cibf a` k`fjoi`bf, slkuom hf ihof, a` k`f bk`bf`trita`j jizf, tk sff tlas khgfbt ir-ri`jfm is i wlkof. Hut a` pkftry tlas irri`jfef`t kc i wlkof as aepkss-ahof hfbiusf kc tlf a`lfrf`t mfcabaf`by kc oi`juijf, ats bk`sfbutavf-

`fss. ]lf pkftab rfprfsf`titak` kc i hfiutacuo cibf mkfs `kt aepra`t at-sfoc is i wlkof a` tlf aeijaìtak` kc tlf rfimfr. ]lf rfimfr bi``kttri`soitf tlf mfsbrahfm mftiaos kc tlf cibf a`tk i bk`bfptak` kc tlf cibf.Bk`sfquf`toy, pkfts slkuom rfcria` crke mfsbraptak`s kc khgfbts4 tlfarfcckrts irf a` via` crke tlf hfja`à`j. Ijia` k`f kc Lkefrs oibkàbmfsbraptak`s kc hfiuty prkvamfs i` amfio tk Ofssa`j, hfbiusf lfrf Lke-fr efrfoy a`mabitfs hfiuty7 @arfus wis hfiutacuo4 Irblaoofs wis ekrfhfiutacuo staoo4 Lfof` pkssfssfm i mava`f hfiuty.21

Is subl oi`juijf bi``kt rfprfsf`t plysabio hfiuty. A` jf`frio at rf-eia`s a` tlf mird rfjirma`j rfprfsf`titak` kc tlf plysabio khgfbt. Iu-

tlkrs wlk livf trafm tk mfsbrahf Lfof` a` mftiao (mfsbraha`j lfr ciarhrkw, lfr ca`f bkepofxak`, lfr okvfoy cibf, lfr oirjf fyfs, lfr buroa`jfyfoislfs, lfr ykutlcuo blire, lfr piof bku`tfì`bf, ftb.) livf `kt prk-vamfm us, tlf rfimfrs, watl i`y khgfbtavf bk`bfptak` kc lfr7 ac i tlku-si`m ef` rfim tlas, fvfry ei` kc tlf tlkusi`m eidf ckr laesfoc laskw` bk`bfptak` kc lfr.=>

Hut tlas pkftabio a`succabaf`by rfjirma`j tlf tri`seassak` kc aeijfscrke iutlkr tk rfimfr mkfs `kt aepoy tlit pkftry a` jf`frio as i pkwfr-ofss ckre kc irt4 at gust livf i maccfrf`t pkwfr. ^kftry bi``kt rfprfsf`thfiuty a` i` aeijf, hut at bi` prkmubf tlf fccfbtshfiuty lis, ckr fxie-pof is wlf` at mfsbrahfs tlf iwf iek`jst tlf spfbtitkrs kc hfiuty7

îa`t us, tlf`, pkft, tlf sitascibtak`, tlf iccfbtak`, tlf okvf, tlf mfoajlt,wlabl hfiuty prkmubfs, i`m yku livf pia`tfm hfiuty atsfoc.=9 K`bfekrf Lkefr prkvamfs Ofssa`j watl i` fxiepof, i`m ijia` tlf hfiuty kcLfof` as tlf assuf. Lkefr a`mabitfs lfrf tlf pkwfr kc lfr hfiuty, `kt hymfsbraha`j lfr, hut hy mfsbraha`j tlf fxprfssak` kc iwf at prkvkdfs aì` issfehoy kc vf`frihof fomfrs7 Reioo hoief tlit ]rkgi`s i`m wfoo-


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jrafvfm Iblifi`s slkuom ckr subl i wkei` succfr wkfs ckr sk ok`j4 ckr

slf as a`mffm oadf i` aeekrtio jkmmfss tk okkd upk`.=8Lkefr kòy mf-sbrahfs lkw hfiuty fccfbts tlfsf vf`frihof kom ef`.

Hut is wfoo is pkftry bi``kt prkmubf tlf aeijf kc hfiuty, fxbfpt aàts fccfbts, pia`ta`j bi``kt rf`mfr tlf ispfbts kc hfiuty tlit prkmubftlfsf fccfbtsi`m `fatlfr slkuom at try. Ofssa`j rfcfrs tk twk irtasts,k`f wlk lis saepoy pia`tfm Lfof` a` ioo lfr ìdfm hfiuty, i`m k`f wlklis trafm tk pia`t tlf sbf`f Lkefr rfcfrs tk, wlf` Lfof` stfps a`tk tlfissfehoy kc fomfrs. Lfrf tlf irtast lis feplisazfm `kt Lfof`s hfiuty,hut tlf iwf kc tlf fomfrs. ]lfrf as `k mkuht tk Ofssa`js ea`m wlablpia`ta`j slkws rfio hfiuty7 ]lit Tpia`ta`jU a` wlabl A eysfoc cffo at, krtlas wlfrf A eust irjuf at crke tlf jraeibfs kc tlf susbfptahof jriy-

hfirms.=2]lf oittfr pia`ta`j as kut kc tlf qufstak` hfbiusf i oustcuookkd eidfs tlf ekst vf`frihof bku`tfì`bf ramabuokus.==

A` tlas sfeakokjabio bk`bfptak`, tlf irhatrira`fss kc tlf oa`juastabsaj` prfvf`ts cuoo i`m marfbt rfprfsf`titak` kc khgfbts a` tlf aeijaì-tak`. ]lf irhatrira`fss kc tlf oa`juastab saj` jf`fritfs i hrfibl hftwff`tlf aeijaìtak` kc tlf iutlkr i`m tlf aeijaìtak` kc tlf rfimfr4 ihrfibl tlit la`mfrs tlf tri`seassak` kc i tri`spirf`t oi`juijf rfim,u`mfrstkkm, i`m sff` hy tlf rfimfr is at wis krajaìooy bk`bfavfm hytlf iutlkr.


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Bliptfr =

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

Ofirà`j Lkw tk Gumjf Hfiuty

9) Ihi`mkà`j tlf @fkboissabio Fpastfef

Iotlkujl a` tlf `fkboissabio pirimaje k`f as praeiraoy bk`bfr`fmihkut lkw tk ippoy sti`mirms kc bkepksatak` i`m mfbkrue tk tlf wkrdkc irt, i ekrf jf`frio ittatumf tk irt as u`mfr masbussak`. A` Hkaofiu i`m^kpf, k`f as prfkbbupafm watl mftfreaà`j lkw k`f slkuom rfoitf tk irtcrke hktl tlf pfrspfbtavf kc tlf prkmubfr i`m tlf rfbfavfr kc irt. K`fmasbussfs tlf qufstak` kc tistf.

A` Hkaofiu i`m ^kpf, lkwfvfr, i uàckre i`m khgfbtavf tistf sffestk hf tidf` ckr jri`tfm, iotlkujl at eiy staoo hf u`mfr mfcaàtak`. A` i`fssf`taiooy prfsbraptavf bratabase, k`f fxbfos a` imvasfs ihkut wlit irt-

asts slkuom mk i`m wlit tlfy slkuom ivkam. A` jf`frio, tlfrf as `k mkuhttlit k`f eust ippoy bfrtia` pra`bapofs kc rfisk` i`m prkprafty tk tlfwkrd kc irt tk efft tlf rfbapaf`ts ipprkvio, i`m tk ivkam ramabuof.]lfsf pra`bapofs irf prfsueihoy amf`tabio a` ioo skbaftafs i`m a` ioo ijfs.

I sf`sf kc lastkrabio masti`bf lis `kt yft mfvfokpfm, i`m a` tlfsfmasbussak`s k`f ippfios tk Lkribf i`m Irastktof is tlf khvakus iutlkra-tafs. ]istf as oadf i jf`frio fquaviof`t kc ei`da`m. Rurfoy pkfts bi` ciaotk u`mfrsti`m wlit jkkm tistf as hfbiusf tlfyoadf i`yhkmy fosfeiycioo vabtaes tk luei` criaotafs, subl is pramf i`m viàty4 hut tlf` ijia`,at kòy tidfs i ekrf rfcofbtavf i`m gumabakus pfrsk` tk pka`t kut wlitlis bkrruptfm tlfar gumjef`t, i`m lkw at bi` hf bkrrfbtfm. ]istf tlfrf-ckrf staoo lis tlf bliribtfr kc khgfbtavaty. At bi` hf prfsbrahfm a` i mktlasivkam tlit bratabase. At as tlas khgfbtavaty kc tistf wlabl `kwsokwoy u`mfrjkfs i tri`scajuritak` i`m i tri`seutitak` mura`j tlf fajl-tff`tl bf`tury. ]istf sokwoy mfvfokps a`tk iàmfioaty4at mfvfokps crkehfa`j i qufstak` kc bkmf a`tk hfa`j i qufstak` kc psyblkokjabio stitf kc


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ea`m, watl tlas tri`sckreitak` oksa`j ats bkeprflf`sahaoaty i`m tri`spi-

rf`by.A` Luef i`m Hurdf, i`m oitfr Di`t, k`f sueek`s up bk`samfrihof

fcckrts tk suhsti`taitf tlf amfi kc i uàckre tistf, hut i mkuht rfjirma`jtlas khgfbtavaty lis iorfimy a`vimfm tlf f`tfrprasf. K`f as crke tlf hf-ja`à`j iwirf kc tlf maccfrf`bfs hftwff` buoturfs, bku`trafs, i`m sa`jofa`mavamuios. ^rkmuba`j i `fkboissabio oast kc wlit as pofisi`t i`m wlitas kccf`savf as kut kc tlf qufstak`. Irt as `k ok`jfr prkmubfm ibbkrma`jtk i uàvfrsio irtastab pribtabf, i`m, ibbkrma`joy, tistf as `k ok`jfr prf-sbrahfm a` tlf prijeitabs kc i mk tlasivkam tlit bratabase. @kw tlfuàckreaty kc tistf prfsueihoy slkws atsfoc is uàckre rfibtak`s tk bfr-tia` jf`frio aeprfssak`s. Is wfoo is skur i`m swfft irf pfrbfavfm is

subl hy ioo pfkpof (ckr fxiepof ibbkrma`j tk Hurdf), tlfrf irf bfrtiaùàckre pfrbfptak`s kc hfiuty i`m ujoa`fss iek`j ioo pfkpof, ac i`m a`-skcir is tlf bk`matak`s ckr tlfsf pfrbfptak`s irf `kt mastkrtfm. ]lfsf(amfiooy) uàckre pfrbfptak`s hfir wat`fss tk tlf fxastf`bf kc i uàvfr-sio tistf. ^fkpof suppksfmoy eidf tlf sief hisab gumjef`ts wlf` pfr-bfava`j swfft`fss i`m hfiutykr hattfr`fss i`m ujoa`fss. I`m ac tlfuàckreaty kc tlas gumjef`t bi` hf irjufm, it ofist tlf fòajltf`fm i`ma`ckrefm iumaf`bfswatl amf`tabio fmubitakìo i`m skbaio hibd-jrku`mswkuom eidf tlf sief gumjef`ts. ]las as tk siy tlit it ofistis skk` is tlf rfbapaf`ts ofir` lkw tk pfrbfavf hfiuty i`m suhoaeaty,

tlfy ofir` tk gumjf uàckreoy. Ac tlf sief bk`tfxtuio barbuesti`bfs irfprfsf`t tk i gumja`j iumaf`bf, at kujlt tk irravf it saeaoir rfsuots. Mf-spatf tlf `fw maccabuotafs kc tlf tisd, k`f staoo f`mfivkrs tk issfrt i hisabamf`taty a` i cafom wlabl k`f iorfimy rfioazfs as a`cfstfm watl maccfrf`bfsa` kpaàk` i`m tia`tfm hy irmf`t pkofeabs hftwff` i`tijkàsts.

]lf qufstak` kc tistf `kw hfbkefs psyblkokjabio. Iotlkujl k`fbi``kt prkmubf i oast kc tlf hfiutacuo i`m tlf ujoy, k`f sureasfs tlitluei` ìturf, ea`m, kr sf`taef t ckookw bfrtia` amf`tabio pra`bapofs i`msti`mirms kc gumjef`t. K`f as a` tlas bk`vabtak` u`mkuhtfmoy a`sparfmhy @fwtk` i`m las mftfbtak` kc ìturio oiws hfla`m plf`kefì sff-ea`joy hfliva`j bliktabiooy.=6Hfbiusf luei`s rfbfavf aeprfssak`s a`

i saeaoir cislak`, i`m hfbiusf k`f issuefs tlf aeijaìtavf ippiritus tkhf tlf sief a` ioo luei`s, tlfy sffe tk lirhkr tlf sief jf`frio sti`-mirms kc tistf. ]istf as rfoitfm tk sf`taef`ts i`m aeijaìtak`. At hf-bkefs i` amfioaty wlabl as `kt, a` tlf caìo iìoysas, suhsti`taitfm a` tlfoa`juastab splfrf kc kpaàkì`m mfhitf, hut wlksf uàckreaty ritlfr mf-ravfs crke bfrtia` pkssahaoatafs kc bk`matak` ckr i jf`frio i`m uàvfrsio


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tfxts as usfm mfrkjitkraoy, a`mabita`j tlf irtacabaio, tlf prftf`mfm, tlf

`k`-jfùa`f, tlf frsitz. Ac `kw irt as tk hf ibd`kwofmjfm i`m rfbkj-àzfm, at eust hf ìturio. Hut at eust `kt gust aeatitf oacf i`m ìturf, ateust iccfbt i`m a`sparfis ìturf iccfbts i`m a`sparfs. At eust hf hfiuta-cuo i`m suhoaef a` i sf`sf saeaoir tk ìturf.

I masbussak` hy Immask` ihkut tlf poi`titak` kc F`joasl jirmf`s a`-mabitfs tlas `fw tf`mf`by. Immask` as masbk`tf`tfm watl F`joasl jir-mf`s hfbiusf tlfy irf tkk `fit i`m fofji`t. ]lfrf as tkk eubl irt i`mtkk oattof ìturf a` tlf trimatakìo wiy kc poi`ta`j F`joasl jirmf`s.

Zratfrs, wlk livf javf` us i` Ibbku`t kc Blaì, tfoo us, tlf A`liha-ti`ts kc tlit Bku`try oiujl it tlf ôi`titak`s kc kur Furkpfi`s, wlabl

irf oiam hy tlf Xuof i`m Oa`f4 hfbiusf, tlfy siy, i`y k`f eiy poibf]rffs a` fquio rkws i`m uàckre Cajurfs. ]lfy blusf ritlfr tk slfw iJfàus a` Zkrds kc tlas @iturf, i`m tlfrfckrf iowiys bk`bfio tlf Irthy wlabl tlfy marfbt tlfesfovfs. . . . Kur Hratasl Jirmf`frs, k` tlf bk`-triry, a`stfim kc luekura`j @iturf, okvf tk mfvaitf crke at is eubl ispkssahof. Kur ]rffs rasf a` Bk`fs, Jokhfs, i`m ^yrieams. Zf sff tlfeirds kc tlf Rbasskrs upk` fvfry ôi`t i`m Husl. A mk `kt d`kwwlftlfr A ie sa`juoir a` ey Kpaàk`, hut, ckr ey kw` pirt, A wkuom ri-tlfr okkd upk` i ]rff a` ioo ats Ouxurai`by i`m Maccusak` kc Hkujlsi`m Hri`blfs, tli` wlf` at as tlus but i`m traeefm a`tk i EitlfeitabioCajurf.=3

@kw, irt as tk bk`bfio irt. Rtaoo irt as ei`-eimf, hut at slkuom mas-juasf ats rfoitak` tk ei`, i`m rfmarfbt atsfoc tk ìturf. @kw, irt kujlt tkfccibf atsfoc is irt, i`m ittfept tk okkd oadf ìturf atsfoc. I`m is ìturfas rkujl i`m gijjfm, arrfjuoiraty i`m oibd kc syeeftry hfbkef `fwrfbkeef`mfm sti`mirms. ]lus, F`joasl jirmf`s maspofisf tlf spfbtitkrhy hfa`j tkk irtacabaio4 tlfy irf poi`tfm ibbkrma`j tk ruofs, oa`fs, i`meitlfeitabio slipfs mfvaita`j crke tlf slipfs kc ìturf. Hratasl jir-mf`frs slkw `k u`mfrsti`ma`j kc tlf `fw kraf`titak` kc irt, tlf amfitlit luei`s a` tlfar irt slkuom `kt mfek`stritf tlfar suprfeiby kvfrìturf hy eistfra`j at a` jfkeftrabio slipfs, hut a`stfim waooa`joy suh-

eat tlfesfovfs tk ìturfs u`prfmabtihaoaty i`m jri`mfur.Zlfrf irt a` tlf kom sf`sf ippfirfm tk hf i splfrf a` wlabl luei`sbk`strubtfm i u`mfrsti`ma`j kc tlfesfovfs, tlfar oavfs, tlfar surrku`m-a`js, kr tlfar ekrio pra`bapofs hy efi`s kc masta`bt i`m a`tfooajahof pra`-bapofs (subl is ruofs, ckres, slipfs, syeeftry, rfjuoiraty, hioi`bf),watl tlf a`trkmubtak` kc tlf `fw cislak`, luei`s irf rfbkeef`mfm tkmfbk`strubt tlas u`mfrsti`ma`j ijia`. Luei`s hfja` tk mf-u`mfrsti`m


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tlfesfovfs, tk rfvkdf, uèidf, mfhu`d tlf u`mfrsti`ma`j tlfy lim

bk`bfavfm kc tlfesfovfs i`m tlfar wkrom. ]lfy hfja` tk bk`samfr i `fwofàf`by rfjirma`j ruofs i`m strubturfs is i eubl ekrf supfrakr i`m sk-plastabitfm ittatumf, i`m tlf ckrefr strabt`fss is saepof-ea`mfm i`m a`-jfùkus. ]las uèida`j kc ckrefr luei` sfoc-u`mfrsti`ma`j rfsuotsa` tlf feplisas k` tlf fàjei kc ìturf, u`mfrstkkm `kw is skef-tla`j u`-ei`-eimfu`-ei`-eimf hktl a` tlf u`mfrsti`ma`j kc hf-a`j fxtra`sab ìturf u`tkublfm hy luei`s i`m a`tfrakr luei` ìturf,fquiooy krajaìo i`m uàvfrsio.

Irt lis `kw tk aeatitf kr rf`mfr kr a`sparf kr rfoitf atsfoc tk tlas u`-ei`-eimf (wlabl as gust i sy`k`yekus fxprfssak` ckr ìturf a` tlf`fw sf`sf)4 i`ytla`j fosf as ìavf i`m travaio. I ei`-eimf irt

fxlahata`j ats eimf-`fssas i ìavft.A` las cactl pipfr k` tlf pofisurfs kc tlf aeijaìtak`, Immask`

wratfs ihkut tlf Fccfbts kc @iturf i`m Irt Bkepirfm i`m Bk`tristfm.Las carst sf`tf`bf a`mabitfs tlas `fw rfsfrvitak` ijia`st irt. A` bke-pirask` tk ìturf, irt as mfcfbtavf.

Ac wf bk`samfr tlf Zkrds kc@iturf i`mIrt, is tlfy irf quioacafm tk f`-tfrtia` tlf Aeijaìtak`, wf slioo ca`m tlf oist vfry mfcfbtavf, a` Bke-pirask` kc tlf ckrefr. . . . ]lfrf as skeftla`j ekrf hkom i`m eistfroya` tlf rkujl birfofss Rtrkdfs kc @iturf, tli` a` tlf àbf ]kublfs i`mFehfooaslef`ts kc Irt.=:

Bkepirfm tk fxtra`sab ìturf, irt as aepfrcfbt i`m irtacabaio. Irt mkfs`kt rfprfsf`t tlf vist`fss, aeef`saty, i`m eijàcabf`bf kc ìturf. Irtrfprfsf`ts tlf mfoabitf i`m seioo, i`m tlfrfckrf at mkfs `kt javf rasf tktlf sief aeprfssak`s a` tlf pfrbfavfr is ìturf mkfs. A` tlas bli`jf kcpirimaje, tlf suhoaef jia`s `fw aepkrti`bf.

8.8) ]lf Ruhoaef is i Yuioa ty Cku`m a` @iturf

]lf krajaìo `ktak` kc tlf suhoaef, is at wis a`trkmubfm hy Ok`ja-ùs, wis prfsf`tfm a` i rlftkrabio tlfkry k` lkw pkftab styof i`m wrat-a`j iccfbts i` iumaf`bf. A` Ok`jaùs, tlf suhoaef a`mabitfm fxbfoof`bfpirtabuoiroy a` wrata`j, wlfrfis `kw, watl tlf bli`jf kc pirimaje, at astypabiooy bk`bfavfm is i` ifstlftab fxpfraf`bf, mfca`fm is i rfoitak`slaphftwff` luei` pfrbfptak` i`m aeprfssavf, fspfbaiooy ìturio, khgfbts.

A` Ok`jaùs, tlf tfre as usfm watl i sf`sf, eubl maccfrf`t crke tlfsf`sf ats jfts watl tlf ifstlftab rfvkoutak` kc tlf fajltff`tl bf`tury.


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]lf wkrm sajàcafs i bfrtia` fofvitak` kc styof, i bfrtia` fxbfoof`bf a`

wrata`j, i`m Ok`jaùs wkrd as i rlftkrabio wkrd k` lkw tk khtia` tlasfxbfoof`bf. A` Ok`jaùs masbussak`s, i suhoaef styof as mfca`fm is lfsujjfsts oa`juastab i`m styoastab bratfrai ckr tlf suhoaef. Las carst twk bra-tfrai irf bioofm a`ìtf4 tlfy mfsbrahf tlf `fbfssaty kc bfrtia` a`tf oofb-tuio i`m fektakìo bipibatafs kc tlf pkft7 tlf pkfts eust 9) hf a` bke-ei`m kc cuoo-hokkmfm amfistlfy eust eistfr strk`j i`m pkwfrcuoi`m fccfbtcuo amfis4 i`m 8) tlf pkfts eust hf a`sparfmtlfy eust wratfa` i stitf kc vflfef`t fektak`. ]lf oittfr tlrffbratfrai irf tfblàbioi`m bi` hf khtia`fm hy stumy, subl is tlf stumy kc 9) cajurfs kc tlkujlti`m spffbl, 8) `khaoaty kc spffbl, blkabf kc wkrms, i`m usf kc efti-plkr, i`m 2) majàty i`m fofvitak` a` spffbl. Ekst kc Ok`jaùs trfitasf

as mfvktfm tk tlf fxpoiìtak` kc tlfsf tfblàbio assufs. Ruhoaeaty, tlfrf-ckrf, as staoo i qufstak` kc khtiaà`j i bfrtia` tfblàquf a` tlf rfca`fef`tkc k`fs wrata`j, skeftla`j wlabl a` pra`bapof k`f bi` i ttia` hy khsfrv-a`j bfrtia` prfsbraptavf ruofs i`m oiws. Ibbkrma`j tk tlas rlftkrabiostumy, spffbl i`m pkftry eiy hf suhoaef, `kt ìturf, wlabl is tlfef asihsf`t a` tlf fssiy.

Immask` staoo feplisazfs tlf suhoaef is i qufstak` kc ca`f wrata`j.A` Immask`s a`tfrprftitak` kc Ok`jaùs, k`f slkuom pfrusf tlf vfryRparat i`m Rkuo kc ca`f Zrata`j, a`stfim kc pursua`j tlf efbliàbioruofs wlabl pfkpof kc oattof tistf eiy masbkursf upk`. ]las skuo kc rf-

ca`fm wrata`j as rfprfsf`tfm a` tlf amfi kc tlf suhoaef7 tlf jrfit, tlffofvitfm, i`m tlf istkàsla`j.

]lus iotlk a` ^kftry at hf ihskoutfoy `fbfssiry tlit tlf Vàtafs kc]aef, ôibf i`m Ibtak`, watl ktlfr ^ka`ts kc tlf sief ìturf, slkuomhf tlkrkujloy fxpoia`fm i`m u`mfrstkkm tlfrf as staoo skeftla`j ekrffssf`taio tk tlf Irt, skeftla`j tlit fofvitfs i`m istkàslfs tlf Ci`by,i`m javfs i Jrfit`fss kc Ea`m tk tlf Xfimfr, wlabl cfw kc tlf Bratabdshfsamfs Ok`jaùs livf bk`samfrfm.=


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]las feplisas k` i suhoaef styof bli`jfs sokwoy a` Immask` i`m

Hurdf. Ok`jaùs as rfbkjàzfm is feplisaza`j quioatafs a` pkftabio wrat-a`j wlabl irf maccfrf`t crke tlksf Irastktof ckreuoitfm, hfbiusf lfmkfs `kt feplisazf tlf ruofs kc uàty kr pokt is eubl is tlf ckreitak`kc sa`jof jrfit sf`tf`bfs. Lkwfvfr, a` bk`trist tk Ok`jaùs, tlf bratabshfja` tk pfrbfavf luei`s a` rfoitak` tk ìturf atsfoc, i`m a`tfrprft tlfcffoa`j kc suhoaeaty is i` fektakìo rfspk`sf tk tlf bk`crk`titak` hf-twff` luei` i`m ìturf. ]lf suhoaef hfbkefs i tfre ckr i bfrtia` rfoi-tak`slap hftwff` luei` i`m ìturf. At hfbkefs i tfre a`mabita`j tlfbk`crk`titak` hftwff` luei` i`m ìturf, a` wlabl tlf a`mavamuio rf-bkjàzfs iturfs jrfit`fss watl fxbatfef`t, rfspfbt, i`m cisbaìtak`.

]lf a`mavamuio rfcofbts lae- kr lfrsfoc a` ìturf. ]lf sajlt kc jrfit-

`fss caoos tlf skuo watl iwf i`m rfvfrf`bf, Immask` tfoos, hfbiusf lu-ei`s pfrbfavf skeftla`j tlit ippoafs tk tlfesfovfs i`m tlfar fxastf`-taio-skbaio barbuesti`bfs. Hrafcoy, tlfy pfrbfavf tlfar kw` crffmke a`ìturfs jrfit`fss. Hy tlf sajlt kc kpf` i`m a`caàtf lkrazk`s, i wkromkpf`s up, u`rfstria`fm hy oaeats i`m ruofs.

]lf Ea`m kc Ei` ìturiooy litfs fvfry tla`j tlit okkds oadf i rfstria`tupk` at . . . TIU spibakus Lkrazk` as i` Aeijf kc Oahfrty, wlfrf tlf Fyflis rkke tk ri`jf ihrkim, tk fxpitaitf it oirjf k` tlf Aeef`saty kc atsSafws, i`m tk oksf atsfoc ieamst tlf Sirafty kc Khgfbts tlit kccfr tlfe-sfovfs tk ats Khsfrvitak`.=1

@iturf hfbkefs i` fàjeitab earrkr7 tlf ekrf maccabuot tk rfim, tlfekrf fijfroy a`tfrprftfm. Zlit as truf a` ìturf as `kw pkssahoy truf ckrluei`s is wfoo. @iturfs u`prfmabtihaoaty i`m maccusak` rfcofbts tlf u`-prfmabtihof i`m maccusf a` tlf a`mavamuio. ]lf jrfit a` ìturf stradfs a`tlf a`mavamuio i blkrm kc jrfit`fss. Kpf` lkrazk`s earrkr tlf crffmkekc luei`s.

8.2) Rajlt i`m Aeijf, i`m tlf @fw Mfca à tak` kc Ir t

Zatl tlas jrkwa`j feplisas k` fxtfrakr ìturf, sajlt iosk iblafvfsa`brfisa`j sajàcabi`bf a` tlf rf`matak` kc irt. ]lf suhoaef as carst i`mckrfekst mftfrea`fm a` rfoitak` tk sajlt. Ruhoaeaty as i rfspk`sf tk wlitas pfrbfavfm is aeprfssavf i`m iwfskef, wlaof a` Ok`jaùs suhoaeatystaoo wis i` fektakìo rfspk`sf tk wlit wis lfirm a` spffblfs, kr rfima` wrata`js4 tlfrfckrf, i bk`bfpt pfrtiaà`j tk tlf fir.


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Fvf` tlkujl Immask` masbussfs lkw tk rf`mfr i` fccfbtavf i`m suh-

oaefstyof, hfiuty i`m suhoaeaty pfrtia`s tk pfrbfptak`, hfbiusf wrata`jrfbrfitfs a` aeijaìtak` tlf hfiutacuo kr iwfskef pfrbfptak` kc tlf kh-gfbt. ]lrkujl tlf sajlt tlf irtasts rfbfavf tlf wkrom. Rajlt as tlf pis-sijf crke tlf wkrom tk ea`m i`m u`mfrsti`ma`j. Irtasts rfoitf fxbousavf-oy tk tlas sf`sf-quioaty a` tlfar oatfriry prkmubts. Irt kujlt tk vasuioazfsf`sf-aeprfssak`s4 at as mfravfm crke, i`m kujlt tk rf-prfsf`t, vasahofkhgfbts.

]lus, sajlt lis hfbkef tlf ekst aepkrti`t sf`sf a` rf`mfra`j i`mbkeprflf`ma`j pkftry. I bfrtia` kbuoir-bf`trase mftfrea`fs ifstlft-abs. I` kbuoir-bf`trase, ibbkrma`j tk wlabl Immask` sujjfsts twk ei-gkr pofisurfs rfsuota`j crke sajlt, i praeiry pofisurf(wlabl saepoy a`-

mabitfs tlf pofisurf a` pfrbfava`j i prfsf`t khgfbt) i`m i sfbk`mirypofisurf (wlabl a`mabitfs tlf aeijaìtavf ibtavaty kc rfbkoofbta`j ae-ijfs mfravfm crke pfrbfptak`s kc ckrefroy prfsf`t khgfbts).

Kur sajlt as tlf ekst pfrcfbt i`m ekst mfoajltcuo kc ioo kur Rf`sfs. Atcaoos tlf Ea`m watl tlf oirjfst Sirafty kc Amfis . . . At as tlas Rf`sfwlabl curàslfs tlf Aeijaìtak` watl ats Amfis4 sk tlit hy tlf ôfisurfskc tlf Aeijaìtak` kr ci`by . . . A lfrf efi` subl is irasf crke vasahofKhgfbts, fatlfr wlf` wf livf tlfe ibtuiooy a` kur Safw, kr wlf` wfbioo up tlfar Amfis a`tk kur Ea`ms hy îa`ta`js, Rtitufs, Mfsbraptak`, kri`y tlf oadf Kbbisak`. Zf bi``kt a`mffm livf i sa`jof Aeijf a` tlf

Ci`by tlit mam `kt eidf ats carst F`tri`bf tlrkujl tlf Rajlt, hut wflivf tlf ^kwfr kc rftiaà`j, iotfra`j i`m bkepku`ma`j tlksf Aeijfs. .. . Hy tlf pofisurfs kc tlf Aeijaìtak`, A efi` kòy subl ôfisurfs isirasf krajaìooy crke Rajlt, i`m tlit A mavamf tlfsf ôfisurfs a` twkDa`ms7 Ey Mfsaj` hfa`j carst kc ioo tk masbkursf kc tlksf ^raeiry ôfi-surfs kc tlf Aeijaìtak`, wlabl f`tarfoy prkbffm crke subl Khgfbts isirf hfckrf kur Fyfs4 i`m a` tlf `fxt poibf tk spfid kc tlksf Rfbk`miryôfisurfs kc tlf Aeijaìtak` wlabl cokw crke tlf Amfis kc vasahof Kh-gfbts, wlf` tlf Khgfbts irf `kt ibtuiooy hfckrf tlf Fyf, hut irf bioofmup a`tk kur Efekrafs.6>

]lf cibt tlit i` irtastab brfitak` crfquf`toy mkfs `kt (i`m pfrlips

rirfoy) mfpf`m k` ibtuio fxasta`j aeijfs, hut ckr fxiepof tidfs ats ae-ijfs crke i pli`tiseijkrabio i`m eytlkokjabio uàvfrsf, as fxpoia`fmhy tlf a`trkmubtak` kc sfbk`miry pofisurfs. Rfbk`miry pofisurfs kc ae-ijaìtak` bk`sast kc rfbkoofbtfm ibtuio aeijfs wlabl irf bkepku`mfmibbkrma`j tk ktlfr oiws tli` tlksf a` tlf feparabio wkrom. ]lus, sajltcarst prkvamfs tlf aeijaìtak` watl aeijfs, hut ictfr tlas a`trkmubtak` kc


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aeijfs, irtasts irf ihof tk rfbioo tlfsf aeijfs i`m tk rfkrjiàzf i`m rf-

strubturf tlfe a`tk i virafty kc vasak`s wlabl tlfy ca`m ekst ijrffihofi`m f`tfrtiaà`j. Rfbk`miry pofisurf irasfs crke tlas rfbkoofbtak` kcaeijfs. Rfbk`miry pofisurf tlfrfckrf irasfs crke tlf rfbkoofbtak` kcihsf`t aeijfswlfrfis praeiry pofisurf irasfs crke tlfpfrbfptak` kcprfsf`t aeijfs. ^raeiry pofisurf rfoitfs praeiraoy tk ìturf, sfbk`mirypraeiraoy tk irt, kr i curtlfr mavasak wlabl as oitfr quioacafm i`m ekm-acafmpraeiry pofisurf as bk`bfr`fm watl tlf suhoaef, sfbk`miry watlhfiuty.

At as pkssahof tk mfca`f tlf cu`btak` i`m khgfbt kc irt tlrkujl tlfsfpofisurfs kc aeijaìtak`. Irt as bk`ca`fm tk i spfbacab irfi kc luei`bkjàtavf ibtavaty mfca`fm is aeijaìtak`. ]las aeijaìtak` as mfca`fm is

i` ibtavaty satuitfm hftwff` sf`sukus i`m a`tfoofbtuio ibtavatafs4 aeija-ìtak` as i efmaue hy wlabl tlf `fbfssaty kc irt as fxpoia`fm i`m gus-tacafm.

K` k`f li`m, aeijaìtak` as mfca`fm is i sf`sukus ibtavaty, hut at asmaccfrf`t crke ktlfr sf`sukus ibtavatafs hy hfa`j bk`ca`fm tk tlf ea`m.K`f tlf ktlfr li`m, iotlkujl rfoitfm tk ea`m i`m a`tfoofbt, aeijaìtakàs staoo i sf`sukus ibtavatykr it ofist i` ibtavaty watl sf`sukus rkkts,wlit masta`juaslfs aeijaìtak` crke purf a`tfoofbtuio ibtavatafs, i`mbk`sfquf`toy crke masbkursfs huaot k` u`mfrsti`ma`j, subl is sbaf`tacabkr plaokskplabio masbkursfs. Rtaoo aehfmmfm a` tlf `fkboissabio piri-

maje, Immask` mfca`fs irt is i` ibtavaty hftwff` tlfsf twk hku`mirafs,tlf sf`sfs i`m tlf u`mfrsti`ma`j. ]lf pofisurfs kc praeiry aeijaìtakìrf ekrf rfca`fm tli` tlf saepof pofisurfs kc tlf sf`sfs i`m tlf pofi-surfs kc sfbk`miry aeijaìtak` irf `kt is rfca`fm is u`mfrsti`ma`j(wlabl bk`statutfs i ekrf pfrcfbt ckre kc d`kwofmjf, hfbiusf at prk-vamfs luei`s watl `fw d`kwofmjf, i`m aepoafs tlfar ekrio aeprkvf-ef`t). Lf`bf, tlf purpksf i`m khgfbt kc irt as fstihoaslfm watla` tlfsfhku`mirafs. A` i saepof sblfef at eiy okkd oadf tlas7

]IHOF AS7 ^raeiry i`m Rfbk`miry Aeijaìtak` is Efmaue

Rf`sf|

^raeiry aeijaìtak` ~ ^frbfptak`

|

Rfbk`miry aeijaìtak` ~ Zkrd kc irt

|

V`mfrsti`ma`j


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]lus, irt as staoo mfca`fm is i` ibtavaty ihkvf tlf brumf`fss kc tlfsf`sfs, hut hfokw a`tfoofbtuio rfca`fef`t7 ]lf pofisurfs kc aeijaì-tak`, tidf` a` tlfar cuoo Fxtf`t, irf `kt sk jrkss is tlksf kc Rf`sf, `kr skrfca`fm is tlksf kc tlf V`mfrsti`ma`j.69

Irt as i` f`gkyef`t wlabl pfrlips mkfs `kt aeprkvf d`kwofmjf,hut at as staoo ekriooy gustacafm. ]lf pofisurfs kc aeijaìtak` irf a``k-bf`t pofisurfs, rfbkeef`mfm hy Immask` hfbiusf tlfy aepoy i gustaca-ihof i`m `fbfssiry rfoixitak`. ]lfy irf pofisurfs a` wlabl i`y wasfei` eiy a`muojf laesfoc watlkut slief7 I Ei` slkuom f`mfivkr tkeidf tlf Rplfrf kc las a``kbf`t ôfisurfs is wamf is pkssahof, tlit lfeiy rftarf a`tk tlfe watl Ricfty.68@urtura`j tlfsf pofisurfs as bk`sa-

mfrfm jkkm ckr lfiotl. ]lfy javf tlf pfrsk` i vibitak` crke a`tfoofbtuiokbbupitak`s i`m hra`j lirek`y tk hktl ea`m i`m hkmy.

]lf ôfisurfs kc tlf Ci`by irf ekrf bk`mubtavf tk Lfiotl tli` tlksf kctlf V`mfrsti`ma`j, wlabl irf wkrdfm kut hy Ma`t kc ]la`da`j, i`m it-tf`mfm watl tkk vakof`t i Oihkur kc tlf Hria`. Mfoajltcuo Rbf`fs,wlftlfr a` @iturf, îa`ta`j, kr ^kftry, livf i da`moy A`couf`bf k` tlfHkmy, is wfoo is tlf Ea`m, i`m `kt kòy sfrvf tk bofir i`m hrajltf` tlfAeijaìtak`, hut irf ihof tk maspfrsf Jrafc i`m Efoi`blkoy, i`m sft tlfIàeio Rparats a` pofisa`j i`m ijrffihof Ektak`s.62

^kftry tlfrfckrf staoo pofisfs a` i ekriooy rfspk`sahof wiy. Is a``fkboissabase, at as staoo guxtipksfm tk cibt-kraf`titfm masbapoa`fs oadflastkry, ekrio plaokskply, kr tlf ìturio sbaf`bfs. I`m, is a` `fkbois-sabio masbkursf, at bkepofef`ts tlfsf lirm i`m ihstribt masbapoa`fshy prkvama`j luei s watl aeijfry tlit rfoixfs tlf ea`m i`m eidfspfkpof hfttfr suatfm tk tidf up tlfar ekrf sfrakus kbbupitak`s. ]las as itrimatakìo, utaoatirai` sfoc-gustacabitak` k` tlf purpksf kc pkftry.

Hut tlfrf as iosk i `fw tlfef a`trkmubfm a` Immask`, i`tabapita`jtlf prfrkei`tab masbkursf. Hfiuty as wlit as sff` kr rfprfsf`tfm a` ì-turf, i`m at as tlf sff`tlit skktlfs i`m rfoixfs tlf pfrsk`. At as i spfbac-ab fyf-pofisurf tlit sfrvfs tlf wfoo-hfa`j kc tlf pfrsk`. At as crke

okkda`j it tlf wkrom k`f rfbupfritfs crke tlf sfrakus`fss i`m bk`-stria`ts kc oacf.

2) A` ûrsuat kc i Vàckre Rti`mirm kc ]istf

2.9) I Hr afc Rdftbl kc tlf rkhofe


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Hktl Mivam Luef i`m Fmeu`m Hurdf wasl tk mftfrea`f i stihofsti`mirm kc tistf a` wlit ippfirs tk hf u`stihof i`m u`prfmabtihof kpa-àk`s rfjirma`j prkmubts kc irt, i`m a` jf`frio, pofisurfs bk`bfrà`j tlfsf`sfs7 aeijaìtak`, sku`m, i`m pioitf. Is k`f ibd`kwofmjfs tlit a`ma-vamuio sf`taef`ts mftfrea`f tistf, tlf tisd sffes aepkssahof crke tlfhfja`à`j. ]istf ippirf`toy mkfs `kt rfcfr tk cibts kr khgfbts kutsamf tlfa`mavamuio gumjef`t kc wlit as tistfcuo kr mastistfcuo. ]istf bi``kt hfprkvf` fatlfr truf kr ciosf. ]istf sffea`joy rfcfrs strabtoy tk pfrskìosf`taef`ts. @kw k`f hfja`s watl tlf issueptak` tlit tistf as bliktabi`m u`prfmabtihof, skeftla`j is maspiritf is sa`jof a`mavamuios. Hutcrke tlas hisab issueptak` k`f `k`ftlfofss prfsuefs tlit tlas mavfr-

jf`bf as ritlfr ippirf`t tli` rfio. K`f as, kr kujlt tk hf, ihof tk mftfbti`m fstihoasl i stihof pra`bapof kc gumjef`t hf`fitl tlf bliks, i pra`-bapof kc gumjef`t bkeek` tk ioo ei`da`m.6=K`f okkds ckr tlf stihof,tlf caxfm, tlf jf`frio, i`m tlf bkeek`, hfla`m tlf ippirf`t a`mavamuioa-ty kc tistf. Ippfiri`bf as supfrcabaio, hf`fitl at, i uàvfrsio sti`mirmkc tistf as bk`bfiofm.

K` i supfrcabaio vafw, wf eiy sffe tk maccfr vfry wamfoy crke fiblktlfr a` kur rfiskà`js, i`m `k ofss a` kur pofisurfs7 hut `ktwatlsti`m-a`j tlas maccfrf`bf, wlabl A tla`d tk hf ritlfr ippirf`t tli` rfio, at asprkhihof tlit tlf sti`mirm hktl kc rfisk` i`m ]istf as tlf sief a` ioo

luei` brfiturfs . . . ey pka`t a` tlas f`quary as tk ca`m wlftlfr tlfrfirf i`y pra`bapofs, k` wlabl tlf aeijaìtak` as iccfbtfm, sk bkeek` tkioo, sk jrku`mfm i`m bfrtia`, is tk suppoy tlf efi`s kc rfiskà`j sitas-cibtkraoy ihkut tlfe.66

Iotlkujl ibd`kwofmja`j maccfrf`bfs hftwff` pfkpof, buoturfs, i`mlastkrabio skbaftafs, k`f `k`ftlfofss ittfepts tk mfmubf i ìturio oiw, isft kc pra`bapofs wlabl eiy fstihoasl tistf is i uàvfrsio plf`kef`k`.A` tlas f`mfivkr, k`f pfrbfavfs maccfrf`bfs a` tistf is mastkrtak`s kc k`fvfratihof tistf, mastkrtak`s wlabl bi` hf bkrrfbtfm u`mfr amfio barbues-ti`bfs, kr wlabl bkuom hf foaeaìtfm hy fstihoasla`j i` amf`tabio bk`-

tfxt ckr tlf gumja`j i`m tista`j suhgfbts, kr tlrkujl bk`taùkus pribtabfkc tlf suhgfbts. A` tlf irjuef`t ckr k`f vfratihof tistf k`f sffds skef-tla`j sk saepof tlit fvfryk`f slkuom ijrff tk at7 At as ìturio ckr us tksffd i Rti`mirm kc ]istf4 i ruof, hy wlabl tlf virakus sf`taef`ts kcef` eiy hf rfbk`baofm4 it ofist, i mfbasak`, icckrmfm, bk`carea`j k`fsf`taef`t, i`m bk`mfeà`j i`ktlfr.63


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Ibbkrma`j tk tlas mftfreaìtak` kc stritfjy, k`f eust carst hf ittf`-

tavf tk tlf barbuesti`bfs u`mfr wlabl k`f pfrbfavfs hfiuty4 tlf ek-ef`t i`m poibf kc gumjef`t eust hf blksf` watl eftabuokus birf7 wfeust blkksf watl birf i prkpfr taef i`m poibf.3>]las prkpfr taef i`mpoibf tri`sparf wlf` tlf ea`m as a` pfrcfbt hioi`bf, tri`quaooaty, i`mfquaoahraue7 I pfrcfbt sfrfàty kc ea`m, i rfbkoofbtak` kc tlkujlt, imuf ittf`tak` tk tlf khgfbt.39 ]las as mfca`fm is i ekef`t wlfrf tlfea`m as crff kc fxtfrakr i`m a`tfrakr a`couf`bfs, i ekef`t wlfrf at asskofoy bk`tfepoita j tlf hfiutacuo khgfbt, wlfrf at lis ittia`fm i stitf kcihskoutf ittf`tavf`fss, i`m as bkepoftfoy iofrt tk tlf prfsf`bf kc ats kw`bk`tfepoitak` kc tlf wkrd kc irt. ]las as bk`sfquf`toy iosk i stitfwlfrf tlf ea`m as vkam kc a`tfrfst, is feplisazfm oitfr hy Di`t is i

eigkr bratfrak` rfquasatf ckr tlf bk`tfepoitak` kc hfiuty.A` krmfr tk hra`j k`fsfoc tk tlas stitf kc tri`quaooaty i`m fquaoahraue

kc ea`m, at as `fbfssiry tk ofir` lkw tk pfrbfavf i`m tistf hfiuty. Actlas pfrbfptak` mfei`ms i cuoo ittf`tavf`fss kc ea`m (i cuoo sfoc-prfsf`bf a` wlabl kutfr i`m a``fr masturhi`bfs irf foaeaìtfm), at as ae-pkrti`t tk mftfrea`f lkw tlas purf stitf kc ea`m as ittia`fm. Fxpoiaà`jtlas rfquarfef`t, Luef as `kt kòy ihstribt i`m amfioastab, lf trafs tkjavf pribtabio a`strubtak`s a` lkw tk iblafvf tlas cuoo irt ipprfbaitak`.Ittf`tavf`fss tk i`m ipprfbaitak` kc hfiutacuo khgfbts mfei`ms i dff`sf`sf kc masta`btak`s, bk`trists, i`m maccfrf`bfs. ^rfsf`bf a` tlf rfba-

paf`ts pfrbfptak` kc hfiuty as cku`mfm upk` i` ibquarfm pfrbfptak` kcmaccfrf`bfs.Carst, k`f eust hf ihof tk masta`juasl tlf sku`m crke tlf mfcfbtavf,

tlf lfiotly crke tlf aoo. Is wfoo is i pfrsk` watl i cfvfr bi``kt tistfckkm kr mra`d imfquitfoy (i ei` a` cfvfr wkuom `kt a`sast k` las pioitfis ihof tk mfbamf bk`bfrà`j coivkurs38), iosk a` tlf gumjef`t kc hfiutytlfrf eiy hf barbuesti`bfs mfhaoatita`j tistf. ]lfrf irf sku`m i`m mf-cfbtavf stitfs kc ea`m vioamita`j kr a`vioamita`j gumjef`ts. Hut is i sk-bioofm lfiotly stitf kc ea`m mkfs `kt prkvamf i`y suhsti`taio mfcaà-tak` kc tlf gumjef`t kc hfiuty, at rfeia`s tk hf mftfrea`fm wlit subl isku`m tistf kc hfiuty eajlt okkd oadf. Luef tlfrfckrf mftfrea`fs tlas

tistf curtlfr is mfoabiby,pribtabf, bkepirask`, i`m oibd kc prfgumabf.K`f ibquarfs mfoabiby kc tistf hy fxfrbasa`j tlf sf`taef`ts hy

wlabl k`f gumjfs tistf. ]las aepoafs triaà`j tlf sf`sfs tk mftfbt eaùtfquioatafs a` krmfr tk hf ihof tk masta`juasl hftwff` wlit pofisfs kr mas-pofisfs. Zatlkut mfoabiby k`f bi``kt masta`juasl tlf pofisurihof crketlf maspofisurihof. At as hfbiusf kc tlas oibd tlit ùefrkus pfkpof irf


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fxboumfm crke mfvfokpa`j i masta`juaslfm tistf. ^fkpof oibda`j mfoabiby

irf `kt ihof tk khsfrvf seioo maccfrf`bfs a`batfm hy tlf khgfbt, i`m tlasmfcabaf`by fxpoia`s tlfar easgumjef`ts. Lkwfvfr, pfkpof watl i sf`sfkc eaùtf maccfrf`bfs livf iblafvfm mfoabiby kc tistf.

]lfrf as i pirioofo, i` irtacabaio iìokjy, hftwff` tlf tistf kc ckkmi`m mra`d i`m tlf tistf kc hfiuty a` ifstlftab tlfkry. ]lf tistf kc ckkmi`m mra`d prkvamfs Luef, i`m ktlfrs, watl fxiepofs k` wlit tlf tistfkc hfiuty eajlt hf oadf. Is wf bi` tistf mfjrffs kc swfft`fss, wf irfsuppksfm tk tistf mfjrffs kc pfrcfbtak` a` i wkrd kc irt. Is i bk`ta-ùkus pribtabf kc tlf pioitf fxfrbasfs i mfoabitf tistf rfjirma`j ckkmi`m mra`d, bk`taùkus pribtabf kc kur gumjef`t kc tlf hfiutacuo fxfrbas-fs i sf`sf kc pfrcfbtak` i`m aepfrcfbtak` a` tlf wkrd kc irt.

I jkkm pioitf as `kt trafm hy strk`j coivkrs hut hy i eaxturf kc seiooa`jrfmaf`ts, wlfrf wf irf staoo sf`sahof kc fibl pirt . . . A` i oadf ei``fri quabd i`m ibutf pfrbfptak` kc hfiuty i`m mfckreaty eust hf tlf pfr-cfbtak` kc kur ef`tio tistf.32

]lfrfckrf iosk pribtabf as aepfritavf tk tlf mfvfokpef`t kc tistf.Hfiuty mkfs `kt i``ku`bf atsfoc tk tlf rfbapaf`t suhgfbt4 at as masbfr`fmtlkujl pribtabf, u`mfrstkkm is i triaà`j a` tlf ihaoaty tk masbfr` maccfr-f`bfs. ]las pribtabf as fssf`taio i`m cu`mief`tio a` tlf mfvfokpef`t kcjkkm tistf tk tlf fxtf`t tlit aàtaiooyi`m prakr tktlas pribtabf tlfrf as

`k tistf, `k sf`sf kc hfiuty. Zatlkut fxfrbasf i`m pribtabf, tlf suhgfbtmkfs `kt masbfr` tk wlabl mfjrff at sf`sfs pofisurf kr maspofisurf rf-jirma`j i` khgfbt7 sk imvi`tijfkus as pribtabf tk tlf masbfrèf`t kchfiuty, tlit, hfckrf wf bi` javf gumjef`t k` i`y wkrd kc aepkrti`bf, atwaoo fvf` hf rfquasatf.3=

Hfckrf tlas rfquasatf pribtabf a` masbfrà`j i hfiutacuo khgfbt ishfiutacuo, tlfrf as saepoy k pfrbfptak` kc hfiuty. It tlas firoy stitf, tlfea`m as bk`cusfm, i`m i hfiutacuo khgfbt as okkdfm upk` is i`y ktlfr kh-gfbt.

Zlf` khgfbts kc i`y da`m irf carst prfsf`tfm tk tlf fyf kr aeijaìtak`,tlf sf`taef`t, wlabl ittf`ms tlfe, as khsburf i`m bk`cusfm4 i`m tlfea`m as, a` i jrfit efisurf, a`bipihof kc prk`ku`ba`j bk`bfrà`j tlfarefrats kr mfcfbts. . . . ]lfrf as i couttfr kr lurry kc tlkujlt wlabl it-tf`ms tlf carst pfrusio kc i`y pafbf, i`m wlabl bk`cku`ms tlf jfùa`fsf`taef`t kc hfiuty. ]lf rfoitak` kc tlf pirts as `kt masbfr`fm7 ]lf trufbliribtfrs kc styof irf oattof masta`juaslfm7 ]lf sfvfrio pfrcfbtak`s i`m


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mfcfbts sffe wrippfm up a` i spfbafs kc bk`cusak`, i`m prfsf`t tlfe-

sfovfs a`masta`btoy tk tlf aeijaìtak`.36

Zatl tlas feplisas k` pribtabf i`m fxpfraf`bf tlfrf as `k i prakrapra`bapof tk wirri`t tlf pfrbfptak` kc i hfiutacuo khgfbt. ]lf ihaoaty tkpfrbfavf i`m gumjf hfiuty hfbkefs i qufstak` kc fxfrbasf i`m fmubi-tak`. Lkw tk ittia` tlas pribtabf as curtlfr foubamitfm is at as `fbfssiry tkd`kw lkw k`f slkuom birry kut tlas pribtabf a` krmfr tk ittia` tlf bipi-haoaty tk masbfr` i`m gumjf mfjrffs kc hfiuty. I`m ijia` Luef fepli-sazfs tlf ihaoaty tk masbfr` maccfrf`bfs. I pfrsk` as prkpfroy tria`fm a`gumja`j hfiutyhy rfbfava`j tlf kppkrtuàty tk bkepirf maccfrf t da`mskc hfiuty. ]lus, i pfrsk` eiy mfvfokp mfoabiby kc tistf tlrkujlprib-

tabfa` eida`j bkepirask`shftwff` maccfrf`t wkrds kc irt.]las triaà`j kc i jkkm bratab iaes tk rfca`f sdaoos tlit ioo pfrtia` tk

tlf ihaoaty tk masbfr` maccfrf`bfs. Mfoabiby aepoafs tlit tlf bratab as ihoftk masbfr` maccfrf`t mfjrffs kc pofisurf i`m maspofisurf fvkdfm hy tlfkhgfbt a` qufstak`. ^ribtabf aepoafs kvfrbkea`j tlf krajaìo bk`cusakì`m a`maccfrf`bf kc tlf ea`m wlf` bk`crk`tfm watl i` ifstlftab khgfbt.]lf pribtabfm bratab as ihof quabdoy tk masta`juasl tlf iutlf`tab crke tlfaìutlf`tab, tlf jfùa`f crke tlf `k`-jfùa`f, tlf jkkm crke tlf him,hy efi`s kc las kr lfr psyblkokjabio rfibtak`s tk hfiuty. ]las bkepf-tf`bf as ibquarfm tlrkujl bkepirask` hftwff` wkrds, kr hftwff` mac-cfrf`t mfjrffs kc hfiuty.

Caìooy, oibd kc prfgumabf iosk bliribtfrazfs tlf jkkm bratab. ^rfgu-mabf efi`s tlit pfrsk`s irf uìhof tk masta`juasl hftwff` tlfar kw` sat-uitak` i`m bk`matak`s i`m tlf satuitak` i`m bk`matak`s u`mfr wlabl tlfwkrd tlfy irf gumja`j wis brfitfm. Oibd kc prfgumabf rfoafs k` i` ihaoa-ty tk masbfr` buoturio maccfrf`bfs.

I pfrsk` a`couf`bfm hy prfgumabf, bkepoafs `kt watl tlas bk`matak`4 hutkhstaìtfoy eia`tia`s las ìturio pksatak`, watlkut poiba`j laesfoc a`tlit pka`t kc vafw, wlabl tlf pfrckrei`bf suppksfs. Ac tlf wkrd hf im-mrfssfm tk pfrsk`s kc i maccfrf`t ijf kr ìtak`, lf eidfs `k iookwi`bfckr tlfar pfbuoair vafws i`m prfgumabfs4 hut, cuoo kc tlf ei``frs kc las

kw` ijf i`m bku`try, risloy bk`mfe`s wlit sffefm imearihof a` tlffyfs kc tlksf ckr wlke iok`f tlf masbkursf wis biobuoitfm.33

Hfiuty as i` fousavf qui`taty, hut fvf` tlkujl at fisaoy fsbipfs cuooytria`fm rfbapaf`ts kc hfiuty, at pfrsfvfrfs. Vìccfbtfm hy kutfr ckrbfsi`m a`couf`bfs, hfiuty pfrsasts i`m survavfs hy atsfoc, `ktwatlsti`ma`j


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ioo tlf maccfrf`t bk`tfxts i`m satuitak`s a` wlabl at as easrfbkj`azfm.

]lus, mfspatf fvfrytla`j, survavio i`m murihaoaty bliribtfrazfs hfiuty4tlit as, iotlkujl hfiuty eiy hf tfepkriraoy easu`mfrstkkm i`m easa`-tfrprftfm, at waoo iowiys survavf lastkrabiooy i`m fvf`tuiooy rfbfavf atsprkpfr ippriasio. Hfiuty as isbfrtia`fm hy7 tlf murihof imearitak`,wlabl ittf`ms tlksf wkrds, tlit livf survavfm ioo tlf biprabfs kc ekmfi`m cislak`.3:]las pfrsfvfri`bf i`m murihaoaty kc tlf prkpfr wkrd kcirt as i` a`mabitak` k` tlf fxastf`bf kc stihof sti`mirms kc tistf. I prkp-fr wkrd kc irt bi` `fvfr masippfir4 it ekst, at bi` hf tfepkriraoy rf-prfssfm kr easu`mfrstkkm.

]lfrf irf masijrffef`ts ihkut jkkm tistf hfbiusf `kt ioo pfkpof irffmubitfm kr livf pribtabf a` gumja`j tistf. I`m tlfrf irf masijrffef`ts

ihkut jkkm tistf fvf` iek`j pfkpof wlk livf tlas pribtabf, wlk irffmubitfm a` tlf rfquarfm mfoabiby.3


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Kc tlf tlrff pkwfrs kc tlf luei` hfa`jtlf sf`sfs, tlf aeijaì-

tak`, i`m tlf gumjef`t (a` tlit krmfr)tlf sf`sfs bk`statutf i cku`mi-tak` k` wlabl tlf ktlfr pkwfrs huaom, i cku`mitak` upk` wlabl aeij a-ìtak` i`m gumjef`t irf efrfoy mfravitak`s. Ac tlfrfckrf at bi` hf mfe-k`stritfm tlit luei`s livf i uàckre sf`sf kc pioitf, sajlt, kr lfira`j,tlfy prfsueihoy iosk livf i uàckre aeijaìtavf ibtavaty.

Hfbiusf tlas iìokjy hftwff` pioitf i`m ifstlftab gumjef`t as tidf`ckr jri`tfm, k`f stirts tlf irjuef`t hy masbussa`j swfft`fssi sivkrfvfryhkmy as ihof tk masta`juasl7 wlit sffes swfft tk k`f pioitf, asswfft tk i`ktlfr.31]lus, wlit k`f bi` fstihoasl rfjirma`j tistf a` ckkmi`m mra`d as iutkeitabiooy mfmubfm rfjirma`j tistf a` irt hfbiusf kc tlfbiusf-fccfbt rfoitak`slap hftwff` tlf sf`sfs i`m aeijaìtak`. ]lf

sf`sfs irf pfrbfavfm is biusfs prkvama`j tlf aeijaìtak` watl eitfraio.K`f issuefs tlit ioo luei`s irf f`mkwfm watl tlf sief pfrbfptavf i`mrfbfptavf ippiritus, i`m sf`sf-aeprfssak`s tlfrfckrf iccfbt suhgfbts kctlf sief da`m, kpfrita`j a` tlf sief ei``fr. Bk`sfquf`toy, tlf praei-ry sf`sf-aeprfssak`s `fbfssiraoy prkmubf amf`tabio rfspk`sfs a` lu-ei`s. ]lf pofisurfs i`m pia`s wlabl i` khgfbt fxbatfs a` k`f luei`hfa`j at eust fxbatf a` i`ktlfr, is wfoo is a` ioo luei` hfa`js. ]lfkrfta-biooy, ei`da`m as f`mkwfm watl i uàquf lkekjf`faty rfjirma`j tistf.Ioo ef` irf ijrffm tk bioo va`fjir skur, lk`fy swfft, i`m iokfs hattfr. .. . ]lfy ioo bk`bur a` biooa`j swfft`fss pofisi`t i`m skur`fss i`m hat-

tfr`fss u`pofisi`t.

:>

Lkwfvfr, is skk` is tlas tlfkry as a`trkmubfm, at as quioacafm, ekm-acafm, i`m imgustfm. Aeefmaitfoy, tlf uàckreaty kc tlf tistf kc tlf pi-oitf as ritlfr tlf fxbfptak` tli` tlf ruof hfbiusf crfquf`toy k`f fxpf-raf`bfs pfkpof prfcfrra`j tlf tistf kc skur kr hattfr tk tlit kc swfft7 Iei` crfquf`toy bkefs tk prfcfr tlf ]istf kc tkhibbk tk tlit kc sujir,i`m tlf coivkur kc va

the interpretations of art: part ii, transitions and preromanticism

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