Detail of William Clark with Shoshone guide Sacagawea at Three Forks of the Missouri in 1805.

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The presidency of Thomas Jefferson shapes the U.S. government. The Louisiana Purchase and the War of 1812 strongly affect the nation.

The Jefferson Era,18001816

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Section 1

Jefferson Takes OfficeWhen Jefferson becomes president in 1801, his party replaces Federalist programs with its own.

The Election of 1800

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Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr are Democratic-Republican candidates

1SECTION

Believe Alien and Sedition Acts violate Bill of Rights

Jefferson Takes Office

John Adams is Federalist candidate Thinks radicals, people with extreme political

views, will ruin nation Burr and Jefferson defeat Adams in

presidential election Burr, Jefferson receive same number of

electoral votes

Aaron Burr

Breaking the Tie

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House of Representatives breaks Burr/Jefferson tie

Others, like Alexander Hamilton, feel Burr is unreliable

Some Federalists fear Jeffersons views

Federalists control the House of Representatives

House elects Jefferson as president

The Talented Jefferson

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Jefferson has many talents:- advises Washington D. C. architects- skilled violinist, horseman, scientist, devoted

reader Book collection becomes core for the Library of

Congress

Jeffersons Philosophy

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Jefferson wants to unite Americans, promotes common life style

Believes such a nation upholds strong democratic values

Wants U.S. to remain a nation of small, independent farmers

Believes in a modest role for the central government

Undoing Federalist Programs

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Jefferson seeks to end many Federalist policies:- allows Alien and Sedition Acts to end- ends many taxes including whiskey tax- reduces number of Federal employees,

government debt

Marshall and the Judiciary

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Adams uses Judiciary Act of 1801 to appoint many Federalist judges

Cannot change judges because they are appointed for life

New president Jefferson is frustrated with Federalist judiciary

Before leaving office, Adams picks Chief Justice of Supreme Court

Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall in office for over 3 decades

Strengthens the federal courts, presides over Marbury v. Madison, 1803

John Marshall

Marbury v. Madison

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Before leaving office, Adams picks William Marbury as a justice

Marbury sues, case goes to Supreme Court

New Secretary of State James Madison refuses to install Marbury

Court rules that law under which Marbury sues is unconstitutional

Unconstitutional: contradicts the law of the Constitution

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Supreme Court establishes principle of judicial review- judicial reviewhas final say in interpreting

the Constitution- helps establish balance between 3

government branches

Continued Marbury v. Madison

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Jefferson purchases the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and doubles the size of the United States.

Section 2

The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

The West in 1800

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2SECTION

Many settlers move to region between Appalachians, Mississippi River

France, Spain want Louisiana Territory, Britain claims land in region

Kentucky, Tennessee become states (1800), Ohio becomes state (1803)

The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

Louisiana Territory between the Mississippi River, Rocky Mountains

Americans want free use of Mississippi River and New Orleans port

Spain settles California, Russians settle Pacific coast

Napoleon and New Orleans

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Louisiana Territory is claimed by France, then Spain

Angers many Americans who call for war with Spain, France

Before returning territory, Spain closes New Orleans to Americans

Spain returns territory to France (1800), French plan to colonize it

Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans from France

French ask if U.S. wants to buy all of Louisiana Territory

The Louisiana Purchase

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France, Napoleon offer Louisiana Territory to U.S. because: - U.S. determination to keep New Orleans- Frances problems with colonization- Napoleons costly war with Britain

Jefferson approves Louisiana Purchase on April 30, 1803

Buys territory for $15 million, doubles size of U.S.

Preparations for Lewis and Clark Expedition

Lewis and Clark Explore

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Jefferson chooses Meriwether Lewis to lead Louisiana exploration

Lewis chooses William Clark to pick, oversee volunteer force

Clark is accompanied by York, African American slave, skilled hunter

Expedition is known as Lewis and Clark expedition

Expedition sets out in summer of 1803, reaches St. Louis by winter

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Expedition leaves St. Louis (May 1804), heads up Missouri River

Reaches Mandan Indian villages in October, builds fort, spends winter

Relates well with Native Americans, describes landscape, animals

Explores river, hopes to find water route across continent

Leave with French trapper, Shoshone wife Sacagawea in spring 1805

Up the Missouri River

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Expedition reaches Great Falls of the Missouri

Sail down river to Pacific coast, spend winter, return following year

Shoshone help explorers cross Rockies, reach Columbia River

Reaches Rocky Mountains, Shoshone lands; Sacagawea is chiefs sister

Expedition brings back wealth of scientific, geographic information

On to the Pacific Ocean

BobTypewritten TextCLICK HERE FOR AN ANIMATED MAP OF THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/amer_hist_recon/resources/htmls/animations/ah10_anim_lewisclark.html

.. , ,

II I Non-voting territory I

Party

Democratic-Republican

Federalist

The Presidential Election of 1

Candidate

Jefferson

Pinckney

Share of Electoral Vote Electoral Vote

162 92%

14 8%

BobHighlight

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2SECTION

Zebulon Pike leads expedition (1806) into southern Louisiana Territory

Heads into Spanish territory, arrested by Spanish, released (1807)

Finds Rocky Mountain peak that is later named Pikes Peak

Seeks source of Arkansas, Red rivers, follows Arkansas River to Rockies

Brings back descriptions of Great Plains, Rio Grande River Valley

Pikes Expedition

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First American explorers of the West bring back tales of adventure

Bring back valuable scientific, geographical information

The Effects of Exploration

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Jefferson tries to avoid involvement in the problems of other nations.

Section 3

Problems with Foreign Powers

Jeffersons Foreign Policy

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As president, Jefferson wants to focus on domestic concerns

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Advises U.S. to be friendly with nations, but not form alliances

Jeffersons effort to keep U.S. separate from other nations fails:- U.S. merchants are trading all over world- U.S. has closer contact with other nations- U.S. has little control over actions of foreign

nations

Problems with Foreign Powers

Problems with France and England

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Britain does not want U.S. to supply Britains enemies with provisions

France is angered by blockade, enacts laws to control foreign shipping

Sets up blockade (1805), allows certain American ships to reach Europe

If Americans obey French, their ships could be seized by British

If Americans obey British, their ships could be seized by the French

Continued . . .

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Britain uses impressment, or kidnapping, of American sailors

Famous impressment incident arouses widespread anger in America

Impressment interferes with U.S. trade

Continued Problems with France and England

Jefferson decides not to declare war on Britain

Trade as a Weapon

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Jefferson asks Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807- prohibits U.S. ships to sail to foreign ports- closes U.S. ports to British

Because of unpopular embargo, Jefferson loses election of 1808

Act hurts U.S. more than it does Britain, France

James Madison becomes president, Congress repeals embargo

Madison allows trade except with Britain, France

Tecumseh and Native American Unity

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Native Americans lose much land to settlers in the Northwest Territory

Many tribes answer Tecumsehs call for unity

Shawnee chief, Tecumseh says Native Americans must unite

U.S. defeats Shawnee at Battle of Tippecanoe, sets back unity movement

War Hawks

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British welcome Tecumseh, warriors in Canada

Westerners known as War Hawks call for war with Britain

British-Native American alliance angers Americans in the West

Andrew Jackson, War Hawks urge Congress to declare war

Americans also angry about British violation of American rights at sea

Congress declares war on Britain on June 18, 1812

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Section 4

The War of 1812Angered by Britains interference in the nations affairs, the United States goes to war.

The War Begins

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Britain does not want war with U.S., news reaches U.S. late

4SECTION

Congress approves war

The War of 1812

First phase of War of 1812, Britain focuses on defeating France

Britain does little in U.S. except blockade the American coast

Second phase, Britain focuses on defeating U.S.

When war is declared, U.S. military is weak, poorly trained

The First Phase of the War

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U.S. wins early naval victories

U.S. defeat British at Battle of the Thames in Canada; Tecumseh killed

U.S. commander Oliver Hazard Perry, fleet defeat British (1813)

U.S. victory ends British threat to the northwest

Oliver Hazard Perry

The Second Phase of the War

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After defeating Napoleon, Britain focuses on defeating the U.S.

Lawyer Francis Scott Key proudly watches U.S. defend Fort McHenry

British troops burn U.S. Capitol building, attack Fort McHenry

U.S. defeat British at battle of Lake Champlain (1814)

Writes song that expresses his pride, becomes U.S. national anthem

Continued . . .

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British troops approach New Orleans

Defeats British at the Battle of New Orleans

General Andrew Jackson patches together U.S. troops

Continued The Second Phase of the War

Britain, U.S. sign Treaty of Ghent, ends war Battle of New Orleans takes place after the

treaty is signed

BobTypewritten TextCLICK HERE FOR AN ANIMATED MAP OF THE MAJOR BATTLESOF THE WAR OF 1812

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/amer_hist_recon/resources/htmls/animations/ah10_anim_wr1812.html

The Legacy of the War

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War of 1812 has no clear winner but has important consequences:- U.S. war heroes increase American

patriotism- war breaks the strength of Native Americans- forces U.S. to manufacture goods previously

imported- U.S. proves it can defend itself against the

mightiest military power

Advanced US History Mr. Sarver

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