Unit 2The Growth of New Ideas

As Europe emerges from the Middle Ages, exploration and overseas trade help spur large economic, political, and religious changes.

Crusaders prepare to travel to the Holy Land.

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The Growth of New Ideas

Renaissance ConnectionsSECTION 1

Traders, Explorers, and ColonistsSECTION 2

The Age of RevolutionSECTION 3

The Russian EmpireSECTION 4

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Section 1

Renaissance ConnectionsThe rebirth of art, literature, and ideas during the Renaissance changes European society.

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Renaissance Connections1SECTION

Europeans Encounter New Cultures

The Crusades• Crusades—series of expeditions from 1000s–

1200s- Western Europeans seek to capture Holy Lands from Muslims

• Open trade routes link Europe to southwest Asia, North Africa- Europeans rediscover ideas of ancient Greece, Rome

• Interest in ancient world sparks the Renaissance- cultural era of creativity, learning from 1300s–1500s

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The Rebirth of EuropeThe Italian City-States• Renaissance begins on Italian Peninsula in mid-

1300s• Peninsula is divided into independent city-states

- Florence is center of banking, trade, manufacturing

• New aristocrats live in cities; money comes from commerce not land

A Changing View of the World• Rich build large, luxurious homes; have best

food, clothes, jewels- emphasize education, arts

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Learning and the Arts FlourishThe Role of Patrons• Rich citizens become patrons; give artists, scholars

money, housing- hire architects for churches, buildings, sculptures, fountains

• Pride in city-states makes patrons seek top artists, scholars, poets

The Visual Arts: New Subjects and Methods• Renaissance artists create religious works, but also

other subjects- portraits of patrons; historical, mythological paintings

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continued Learning and the Arts Flourish

Leonardo da Vinci• Leonardo da Vinci—famous artist and scientist

- paints the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper• Skilled engineer, scientist, inventor

- fills notebooks with sketches of discoveries, inventions- has ideas for flying machines, parachutes,

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The Northern RenaissanceErasmus and Shakespeare• Renaissance’s inspiration spreads to Northern

Europe• Dutch scholar, philosopher Desiderius Erasmus

- criticizes church for its wealth, pokes fun at its officials

• William Shakespeare—English playwright in late 1500s, early 1600s- popular plays include Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth

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The ReformationMartin Luther• Some Northern Renaissance views conflict with

Roman Catholic Church- leads to Reformation—1500s movement to change church practices

• German monk Martin Luther disturbed by church’s wealth, corruption- opposes selling of indulgences—forgiving sins for money

• In 1517, he attacks church in 95 theses—statements of belief

• Luther is excommunicated—cast out of church, goes into hiding

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A Conflict over Religious BeliefsThe Spread of Protestant Ideas• Luther’s followers are called Protestants

- their protest at a meeting ends church’s tolerance of their beliefs

• Many still support church—conflict causes religious wars- 1555 Peace of Augsburg—German states pick own official religions

• By 1600, Protestantism spreads to England, Scandinavia

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continued A Conflict over Religious Beliefs

The Counter Reformation• Church movement of mid-1600s

- stops selling indulgences- new Society of Jesus (Jesuits) spreads Catholicism worldwide

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Section 2

Traders, Explorers, and ColonistsEuropean trade and exploration changes the lives of many people on both sides of the Atlantic.

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2SECTION

Traders, Explorers, and Colonists

Trade Between Europe and Asia

The Spice Trade• Europeans want Asian spices

- pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves preserve food, improve flavor

• Spice trade controlled by Italian merchants from Genoa, Venice- sail to eastern Mediterranean ports to get Asian goods

The Possibility of Great Wealth• Transport of goods is costly, so spices are

expensive in Europe- in 1400s, new direct trade route to Asia is sought

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Leaders in ExplorationExploring the African Coast• Portugal’s Prince Henry the Navigator seeks

shortcut to Asia- in early 1400s, sends explorers down coast of Africa

• Explorers return with gold dust, ivory, navigational knowledge

The Race Around Africa• Bartolomeu Dias rounds Africa’s south tip

(Cape of Good Hope) in 1488• A decade later, Vasco da Gama finds sea route

to India• Portugal puts trading posts on Indian Ocean

coasts, rules the seas

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Europe Enters a New AgeChristopher Columbus• Some believe shortest way to Asia is west

across Atlantic • Italian Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain,

leaves in 1492- when Columbus finds land in Caribbean, he thinks it is Asia

Ferdinand Magellan• In 1519, Spain funds Portuguese explorer

Ferdinand Magellan- killed in battle in Philippines after 18 months at sea- only 18 crewmen circumnavigate—sail completely around—the world

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continued Europe Enters a New Age

John Cabot• England’s Henry VII wants his share of new riches

- funds voyage by Italian-born Giovanni Caboto, called John Cabot- Cabot thinks north route across Atlantic might be shortcut to Asia

• Cabot sails from England in 1497, thinks he finds Asia- it was most likely present-day Newfoundland, Canada

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The Outcomes of ExplorationA Clash of Cultures• Europeans founded colonies on coasts of

Africa, the Americas • Imperialism—one country controls

government, economy of another• Lands already home to self-ruling peoples with

own traditions

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Religious Conversion• Christian European monarchs send

missionaries to colonies- want to convert conquered peoples to Christianity

• Hope new converts will help Christianity overcome powerful Islam

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continued The Outcomes of Exploration

The Spread of Diseases• Unknowingly, Europeans carry diseases to

colonies- smallpox, malaria, measles kill millions in the Americas

Slavery• Portuguese buy West African people to work as

slaves in Portugal• In some colonies, Europeans make native

peoples work land for them

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Section 3

The Age of RevolutionScientific, industrial, and political revolutions transform European society.

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3SECTION

The Age of Revolution

Changes in Science and Industry

The Scientific Revolution• In 1500s, 1600s, discoveries lead to Scientific

Revolution• Italy’s Galileo Galilei studies stars, planets with

new telescope• Holland’s Antoni van Leeuwenhoek examines

water with microscope• Sweden’s Carolus Linnaeus develops

classification system - makes it possible to classify all living things on Earth

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continued Changes in Science and Industry

The Industrial Revolution• New machines do jobs once done by humans,

animals• Industrial Revolution changes how goods are

produced- machines are grouped into factories- placed near streams for power

• By late 1700s, steam engines allow factories to be built in cities- people move from countryside to cities for work

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The Workshop of the WorldHard Work for Low Pay• Industrial Revolution begins in England in late

1700s- first factories make large amounts of textiles fast, cheap

• England is called “The Workshop of the World”• Factories need labor force—workers

- earn more in cities, but work long hours for low pay

• In 1838, women, children make up 75% of textile workers

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continued The Workshop of the World

The Spread of Industrialization• England’s textile industry is step in the

development of capitalism- factories, businesses are privately owned- owners decide what goods to produce, sell them at a profit

• Industrialization spreads to Germany, France, Belgium, U.S.

• Cities grow rapidly, become crowded and dirty- diseases spread, smoke fills skies, pollution fouls rivers

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The French RevolutionRipe for Political Change• By 1780s, French government is in debt from

bad investments, wars• Food shortages, heavy taxes make life hard for

working people• King Louis XVI, wife Marie Antoinette live in

luxury

Storming the Bastille• Citizens’ demands for change are ignored• French Revolution, July 1789—mobs storm

Paris’s Bastille prison• By 1791, new constitution makes all citizens

equal

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continued The French Revolution

The French Republic• France becomes a republic in 1792• Louis, Marie beheaded in 1793 for treason—

betraying one’s country• Revolutionary leaders don’t tolerate disagreement

- Reign of Terror—17,000 people are executed in 1793–94

Napoleon• In 1799, General Napoleon Bonaparte takes

over, ends the disorder• New equality stirs French nationalism—pride in,

loyalty to, nation

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Section 4

The Russian EmpireStrong leaders build Russia into a large empire, but the country’s citizens have few rights and struggle with poverty.

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The Russian Empire

Russia Rules ItselfThe First Czars of Russia• Mongols rule Russia from 1200s–1400s• Ivan the Terrible becomes the first czar—

emperor—in 1547, at age 16- known for cruelty, has Russia constantly at war

• Russia has unlimited government—one ruler has all power

Conflicts at Home• First czars see rich nobles as threat—Ivan has

many murdered• Laws make peasants into serfs, forced to stay

on their farms

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The Expansion of RussiaA Window on the West• Peter the Great—intelligent, visionary ruler from

1682–1725• Defeats Sweden in war, gains Baltic Sea coast;

builds port city- new capital St. Petersburg—“window on the west”

• Peter wants closer ties to Western Europe- seeks Scientific Revolution ideas, inventions to modernize Russia- reforms army, builds schools, makes Russia stronger

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continued The Expansion of Russia

A Great Empress• Catherine the Great controls Russia from 1762–

1796• Adds vast new lands to empire, including

Ukraine, Belarus• Starts schools, encourages art, science, literature• Builds towns, expands trade, creates powerful

nation• Catherine considers freeing peasants, but nobles

won’t let her- in 1770s, Catherine crushes peasant uprising

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A Divided RussiaThe Nobles• Have children educated in Germany, France;

speak French at home• Exposed to Western European ideas about

government and its citizens• Noble army officers, government officials support

the czar- 1825 attempt to replace the government by a group of nobles fails

The Serfs• In 1861, Alexander II ends serfdom

- serfs have to pay a heavy tax; are given poor land; gain little

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continued A Divided Russia

Bloody Sunday• Students, artists, writers are unhappy with

treatment of serfs• Workers complain about low pay, work conditions• In 1905, workers march to St. Petersburg’s palace

with demands- many are shot by government troops- news of “Bloody Sunday” spreads across Russia

• People’s anger with government, czar grows

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The End of the Russian EmpireThe Russian Revolution• Czar Nicholas II cannot keep Russia out of World

War I in 1914- allies with France, Britain; suffers huge losses against Germany

• Cities have food shortages; workers go on strikes• Revolutionaries organize workers against czar;

army turns on him• 1917 Russian Revolution removes Nicholas; czar

and family killed- ends 300 years of Romanov rule, 400 years of czars’ rule

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