The Jeffersonian Era

Chapter 3, Section 1

Pgs. 112-117

The election of 1800• Jefferson president

from 1801-1809• Bitter campaign

between Adams and Jefferson

• Smooth transition of power– Jefferson’s inaugural

address: “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”

Simplifying the Government• Jeffersonian

Republicanism: people should control govt. & a simple govt. is best

• Reduced the size of the army and navy

• Lowered costs

• Reduced the influence of the Bank of the US

John Marshall & the Supreme Court

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review– Only the Supreme Court

can declare a law unconstitutional

• John Marshall, Chief Justice for 34 years, helped to strengthen the power of the federal govt.

The Louisiana Purchase-1803

• The Louisiana territory (from the Miss. R. to the Rocky Mts.) doubled the size of the U.S.

• Jefferson authorized the purchase even though he had doubts about the constitutionality of the purchase

• $15 million: roughly $.03 an acre

• Lewis and Clark’s expeditions helped to open the territory to American settlement

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

• After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

• Madison was two-term President: 1808-1816

• Known as the “Father of the Constitution,” Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

Madison and the War of 1812

• Causes of the war: – Impressment– British supplying arms to Indians – War Hawk Congress

• U.S. not prepared for war; the West wanted the war, New England did not

• The British burned the Capitol in 1814• Most important U.S. victory – New Orleans,

Jan. 1815 (Andrew Jackson)

The Battle of New Orleans

This political cartoon gloats over the American naval victories over Great Britain in the Great Lakes in 1813 and 1814

Consequences of the War

• National heroes: Jackson and Harrison • End of Federalist Party (opposed the

war)• Development of American industry• Patriotism and Nationalism grew

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy• James Monroe, 5th

president, 1817-1825– John Quincy Adams,

Secretary of State• Florida purchased from

Spain, 1819• Agreement with Great

Britain for joint occupation of Oregon

• Monroe Doctrine– Warning to Europe to

not interfere with nations in Americas (N & S)

John Quincy Adams

THE MONROE DOCTRINE• In the early 19th

Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization

• In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

The first 4 presidents of the U.S. Can you name them?

Age of Jackson, Ch 3.2 (pgs. 120-127)

1825-1845

• TOPICS– Political Leaders

– Regional Economies

– Sectional Differences

– Jacksonian Democracy

John Calhoun

Martin Van BurenAndrew Jackson

William H. Harrison

Henry Clay

Political Leaders

• John Quincy Adams, 6th Pres., 1825-29• Andrew Jackson, 7th Pres., 1829-1837• Martin Van Buren, 8th Pres., 1837-1841• Wm. Henry Harrison, 9th Pres., 1841• John Tyler, 10th Pres., 1841-1845• John C. Calhoun, Senator, South Carolina• Henry Clay, Senator, Kentucky• Daniel Webster, Senator, Massachusetts

Regional Economies

• North: Manufacturing commerceo Trade, Shipping,

Textiles Production of materials

• South: AgriculturaloCotton & Tobacco

Sectional Differences• Missouri Compromise, 1820

– Free states vs. slave states

•Maine = free state•Missouri = slave state

The Louisiana Territory Split into 2 parts:Slavery banned in the North (except for Missouri) South of it was legal

Jacksonian Democracy• More voters = more

democracy

• Influence of western states

• Opposition to Bank of US

• Indian Removal Act oTrail of Tears

Indian Removal Act of 1830

• Forceful removal of Native Amer. To West

• Under the Authority of President Jackson

Removal of Native Americans• From 1831-33• Again in 1835

An estimated 30,000 Indians forced to move west of the Mississippi

Worcester v. Georgia 1832

• The Cherokee Nation took the state of Georgia to court

• They won their case Jackson refused to follow the order

• Even so, still forcibly removed

• Indians walked 1000s of miles 25% of the Cherokee would die along the way

Bank War

• Jackson was against 2nd National Bank Took federal money out of the national bank

•National bank went of existence•People began to think that Jackson had too much power•Whig Party was formed

Growth of Political Parties

Election of 1824John C. Calhoun

John Quincy AdamsWilliam Crawford

Henry ClayAndrew Jackson

Election of 1828Andrew Jackson

John Quincy Adams

Election of 1836Martin Van Buren

William Henry HarrisonDaniel Webster

Hugh White

Election of 1840Martin Van Buren

William Henry Harrison

DemocratRepublican

Whig

Panic of 1837

• Martin Van Buren President in 1836• By 1837- Banks that Jackson put money into

failed Helped cause the Panic of 1837 and a depression

• 1840-Van Buren loses to William Henry Harrison (Whig)

• Harrison dies soon after Vice-President John Tyler takes over

Andrew Jackson: Indian Removal Speech

• Read • Answer Attached Questions 1-10 in

your notebook• Speech Critique From 2 Sides:

Jacksonians vs. Cherokees or Seminoles

Manifest Destiny, 3.3 (pgs.130-138)

• Manifest Destiny: the belief that the U.S. had a moral mission to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific

• The “Manifest Destiny President”: James K. Polk, Democrat, 1845-1849, 11th president (promised to add CA, OR and TX to the US)

• By 1853 the U.S. had acquired all of the territory in the continental U.S.

President Polk and Westward Expansion

• He interpreted his election, though he only won by a narrow margin, as an endorsement of his expansionist position.

• In his inaugural address (1845), he spent considerable time defending U.S. expansion as a means of creating and preserving a more powerful Union.

• Many believed Many believed that their that their movement movement westward was westward was predestined by predestined by GodGod

• Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny was the belief was the belief that the U.S. that the U.S. would expand would expand “from sea to “from sea to shining sea”shining sea”

Artists were inspired by Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny: The Ideology of Expansionism

• Americans grappled with the question of what to do with the Mexican and Native American people to be displaced by migration.

• The US risked conflict with nations that had claim to land in North America.

• Some desired the capacity for expanded trade with Asia, others were compelled to spread "civilization" and Christianity.

• The belief that it was the nation’s God-given right to expand according to its needs was encompassed in the slogan, "Manifest Destiny.”

Settling the Frontier• Manifest Destiny inspired people to move

west– Pioneers traveled the Santa Fe and Oregon

Trails beginning in the 1830s

• In 1847 Mormons moved west & settled in Utah to escape religious persecution – Led by Brigham Young

• In 1846 the Oregon Territory to the 49th parallel was acquired by treaty with Great Britain

The Overland Trails• The 7 month, 2,000 mile

journey from Missouri to the coast was expensive and hazardous. Pace 15 Miles per day

• Anxious about conflict with Native Americans the most deadly hazards to travelers were accidents and disease.

• Oregon = the major destination of migrants until 1848, when the discovery of gold in California diverted the stream of settlers southward.Wagon ruts from the Oregon Trail,

visible today in Idaho

The Overland Trails

Texas• Texas fought a war

with Mexico and became independent in 1836

• U.S. annexation of Texas was delayed because Texas would be a slave state

• Election of 1844 focused on the issue of Manifest Destiny and Texas– Who was elected?

• Gold discovered in 1848

• CA admitted to the Union in 1850 because of the Compromise of 1850Allowed CA to

enter as a free state

Congress passed a stronger Fugitive Slave Law

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH• After gold was discovered

at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850

• Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners

• By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000

3.3 Questions1. Why was the concept of Manifest Destiny

such an appealing one to Americans in the 1840s? Explain & Gives Examples.

2. What were the Benefits & Drawbacks of believing in Manifest Destiny? Use specific references to the section to support your response.

Think about: • The growth of cities• Impact on Native Americans• The effect on the country as a whole

Territorial Expansion, 1830-1860

1830

Territorial Expansion, 1830-1860

1850

Territorial Expansion, 1830-1860

1860

Mexican War 1846-18483.3 con’t

10/2

Causes of the Mexican War

1. Manifest Destiny

2. Texas Annexation by the United States

3. Boundary dispute between Mexico and the U.S. over the boundary of Texas

Manifest Destiny - Review

• Belief that it was America’s God-given right and duty to expand west to the Pacific Coast

Boundary Dispute

• Texas & U.S. claim that the Rio Grande marks the southern border of Texas

• Mexican government rejects this idea and argues that the real southern border is the Nueces River

Nueces River boundaryRio Grande boundary

Steps to War• June 1845: President

Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to take U.S. troops into disputed border region

• Polk claims this action is to protect Texas from possible Mexican attack

Steps to War• Meanwhile, Polk sent

diplomat John Slidell to Mexico City to negotiate the purchase California & New Mexico for $30 million

• Mexican officials refused to meet with Slidell

John Slidell

Steps to War• March 1846 – General Taylor’s troops

made camp at the Rio Grande in disputed territory

• April 1846 – Mexican commander insisted U.S. troops must leave area and Taylor refused to move

• Mexican forces crossed the Rio Grande and attacked group of 63 U.S. soldiers

• 11 Americans killed

Steps to War

• May 11, 1846 – Polk addressed Congress

• He declared that “Mexico has shed American blood upon the American soil.”

• Two days later Congress declared war on Mexico

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

• Southern boundary of Texas set at the Rio Grande

• U.S. gained:– Present-day states of CA, NV, & UT– Most of AZ and NM

• U.S. agreed to pay $15 million to Mexico and pay debts of Mexico to U.S. citizens

Support of the War

• For many Americans the war led to greater national pride

1.Many people who supported the war believed it would spread republican values

2.Many southerners supported the war, thinking any territory won would be organized into slave states

Opposition to the War• Many members of the Whig Party thought

the conflict was unjustified

1.Northern abolitionists feared any territory gained in the war might be organized into slave states

2.Illinois Congressman Abraham Lincoln wrote the “Spot Resolutions” in 1848 – asking Polk to show the spot where American blood had been shed on American soil

1. What is Manifest Destiny?2. Who is the “Manifest Destiny President”?3. What was Henry David Thoreau trying to

argue for in his essay Civil Disobedience?4.Identify a cause of the Panic of 18375.What was the Trail of Tears?6.Explain the differences between the

economies of the North & the South.7.What was the Monroe Doctrine?8.Explain Jeffersonian Republicanism.

The Market Revolution, 1800-1850 (Section 3.4, pgs. 139-143)

• Production of goods moved from the home to the factory– More buying and selling

• Transportation systems developed– regions became more

interdependent

• The North became a center for commerce and manufacturing

Improvements and Inventions

1. Telegraph (Samuel F. B. Morse) – improved communications for businesses and helped keep trains moving on time

2. Steamboat (Robert Fulton) – helped move people and goods on western rivers to the Mississippi

3. Canals – created new waterways and linked the East and the West

4. Railroads – replaced canals beginning in the 1830s

By the 1840s America had more than 3,300 miles of canals. By the 1850s canals had given way to railroads with over 9,000 miles of track. The most famous, the Erie Canal, connected the Northeast to the Great Lakes.

The Changing Workplace• New machines

replaced skilled artisans

• Textile mills in Lowell, Mass. were model factory towns– Young girls moved

from rural areas to work in the mills (paid lower wages)

– Conditions for workers worsened (12-14 hour work days)

Strikes (work stoppages) against the Lowell Mills in 1834 and 1836 were unsuccessful

•Unskilled workers were easily replaced

Immigration• 3 million immigrants

between 1845-54• The Great Potato

Famine caused one million Irish to immigrate to the U.S.

• The Irish faced discrimination b/c of their Catholic faith and their willingness to work for low wages

How some viewed the Irish immigration

Trade Unions

• The 1830s: hard times and labor unrest

• The National Trades’ Union was formed to help workers receive better conditions and higher wagesoFaced opposition from bankers and owners

• The Supreme Court upheld workers right to strike in 1842 in Commonwealth v. Hunt

Reforming American Society, 1830-1860

Section 3.5, pgs. 144-149

1. A Second Great Awakening (1790-1840) inspired many to improve conditions in society

A camp revival meeting in the 1830s

The growth of Churches & religion in this era

Reforming American Society, 1830-1860

Section 3.5, pgs. 144-149

2. Abolition: movement to abolish Slavery Most important movement

3. Transcendentalism sought truth through observation of nature Ralph Waldo Emerson

William Lloyd Garrison most radical; published The Liberator

Slavery• 4 million American-

born slaves by 1860• Fear of slave

rebellions (Nat Turner, 1831) led to harsher slave codes

• Frederick Douglass– Escaped slave who spoke against

slavery– Unlike Garrison, he believed slavery

could be abolished without violence

Emerson Douglass

Garrison

Women and Reform• Increased opportunities for women to work outside of

the home; many reform causes• Discrimination against women in the abolitionist

movement led to a women’s rights movement

–Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Declaration of Rights called for women’s suffrage

– Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony

• Sojourner Truth, African-American abolitionist and supporter of women’s rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention in New York, 1848

• Dorothea Dix worked to improve conditions for the mentally ill

• The Grimke Sisters were Southern abolitionists who fought against slavery

• Emma Willard and Mary Lyon opened academic institutions for women

• Elizabeth Blackwell became the first woman to graduate from a medical college and opened up a hospital for women and children

• Many women worked for the cause of temperance (anti-alcohol)