The Jeffersonians

1801-1824

Election of 1800Mess in the electoral college

Result of the development of political parties

Bitter campaign

Tie between Burr and Jefferson (both Republicans)

Broken by House of Representatives (36th vote)Leads to 12th Amendment (1804)

Revolution of 1800

Many predicted the transfer of power to lead to conflict

Jefferson proved this untrue

Although the transfer of power was peaceful, Jefferson began immediately implementing Republican policies

Significant ideological changes take place

Jeffersonian IdealsLimited Government

Increased states rights

Government run by the people

Less aristocratic than the Federalists

“Educated citizenry”

Agrarian Economy

Yeoman farmer

Strict Constructionism

Reducing the size of the federal governmentNational debt had increased by 10 million under Federalists

TJ rejected Hamiltonian idea that debt was healthy

Attempted to pay off national debt without raising taxes

TJ’s measures

Streamlines federal government

Closed many overseas embassies

Reduced size of the army

Went to war with Barbary Pirates (cheaper than paying tributes)

Actually increases size of the navy

Virtually eliminates domestic taxes

Reducing Federalist influenceFederalist party had previously dominated all three

branches of government

Attempted to secure federalist influence in judiciary

Judiciary Act of 1801

Adams midnight appointments

Marbury v. Madison

Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its authority

Establishes principle of judicial review

Chief Justice Marshall clearly to opportunity to lecture TJ

Marshall will become arch rival of future Republicans

Attempt to impeach federalist justices

Pickering (removed)/Chase (unsuccessful)

Why is Marbury v. Madison considered the most important Supreme Court case in our history?

Louisiana Purchase 1803TJ strongly supported expansion of his agrarian nation

Spain had ceded Louisiana territory to Napoleon

TJ feared being sandwiched between Britain and France

Also feared losing port of New Orleans

France offered to sell Louisiana territory to US for 15 million

Jefferson accepted the offer

Doubled the size of the US (3 1/2 cents per acre)

TJ feared the purchase was unconstitutional

Violated Jeffersonian belief in strict constructionism

TJ drew up an amendment (never submitted )

Popularity of purchase ensured TJ’s reelection

Created the need to explore and map the new territory

TJ dispatches Lewis and Clark

Problems for JeffersonTJ’s second term marked by difficulties

Burr Conspiracy

Yazoo Land Deal

Collapse of peace between Britain and France

British impressment

Chesapeake Leopard affair

Embargo Act of 1807

Stifled economic activity in America

Enraged Federalists

Despite unpopular embargo Republican James Madison easily won election of 1808

Modified by Non Intercourse Act

later Macon’s Bill (Madison)

Who/what is represented by the major characters in the cartoon?

How did this political cartoon reflect the views of the country towards the Embargo Act?

War of 1812Major issue of James Madison’s 1st term

Causes of the War

British impressment of American shipping

Madison thought Britain was attempting to choke American trade

Economic recession in the South and West

Many Republicans blamed British policies for the recession

Desire for geographic expansion

North into Canada

Incitement of Western Indian tribes

British continued to sell arms to “belligerent” tribes

War of 1812War Hawks

Group of primarily young western Republican Congressmen who favored war with Britain

Wanted expansion and economic growth for their regions

Seized the opportunity to use the war to win support for Republican party and damage the Federalists

War of 1812Madison successfully convinced the Republican dominated

Congress to declare war on England

War went poorly for the United States (with few exceptions)

Ambitious American forces attempted to invade Canada

Inept officers were soundly defeated by the British

Major American success: defeat of British navy on the Great Lakes

British reinforcements land in Chesapeake Bay 1814

Burn Washington D.C.

Battle of New Orleans

After official cease fire

Andrew Jackson made a hero

War ends in a unspectacular fashion

War of 1812Treaty of Ghent 1814

British had nothing to gain despite superior position

Restored pre war status quo

Napoleon gone—impressment is a dead issue

Primary importance: Establishes the United States as a world power

Hartford Convention 1814

Federalists had strongly criticized the war

Last attempt to organize Federalist party

Propose New England secede (lacked support)

Propose to amend the Constitution to aid New England

End of the war took away their primary issue

Irony: Federalist benefited most from the war

MadisonMadison was a First Term Success/Second Term Failure

Economic Depression following war/embargo

Failures by Second Bank of the US

Easy Credit

Madison’s policies partially responsible for Panic of 1819

Clay’s American System (Goal: Increase Unity)

Internal improvements

Common currency

Recharter of Bank (1816)

Madison vetoes internal improvements (1817)

• Why would a period of growing nationalism follow the War of 1812?

MonroeEra of Good Feelings

Period of American nationalism following war

Social/cultural nationalism

Decrease in party politics (No Fed. Party)

Rapid population growth/Westward expansion

Adams Onis Treaty 1819

Economy boomed

Embargo/War plus protective tariffs caused growth of American industry

Panic of 1819

Ended by growing sectionalism and intraparty rivalries in the 1820’s

MonroeMissouri Compromise 1821

New states threatened balance of the Senate

Equal # of slave and free states

Compromise:

Maine as a free state

Missouri as a slave state

Established 36 30 line

Monroe Doctrine 1823

First official foreign policy

Two parts:

US stays out of European affairs

No future colonization of Western Hemisphere

Why was the Monroe Doctrine an unnecessary statement in many ways?