the johann sebastian bach biography

8/7/2019 The Johann Sebastian Bach Biography

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The Johann Sebastian Bach biographyThe Johann Sebastian Bach biography

(b Eisenach, 21 March 1685, d Leipzig; 28 July 1750)(b Eisenach, 21 March 1685, d Leipzig; 28 July 1750)

http://www.kunstderfuge.com/bios/bach.htmlhttp://www.kunstderfuge.com/bios/bach.html

Composer and organist. The most important member of the family, hisComposer and organist. The most important member of the family, hisgenius combined outstanding performing musicianship with supremegenius combined outstanding performing musicianship with supremecreative powers in which forceful and original inventiveness, technicalcreative powers in which forceful and original inventiveness, technicalmastery and intellectual control are perfectly balanced. While it was inmastery and intellectual control are perfectly balanced. While it was inthe former capacity, as a keyboard virtuoso, that in his lifetime hethe former capacity, as a keyboard virtuoso, that in his lifetime heacquired an almost legendary fame, it is the latter virtues andacquired an almost legendary fame, it is the latter virtues andaccomplishments, as a composer, that by the end of the 18th centuryaccomplishments, as a composer, that by the end of the 18th century

earned him a unique historical position. His musical language wasearned him a unique historical position. His musical language wasdistinctive and extraordinarily varied, drawing together anddistinctive and extraordinarily varied, drawing together andsurmounting the techniques, the styles and the general achievementssurmounting the techniques, the styles and the general achievementsof his own and earlier generations and leading on to new perspectivesof his own and earlier generations and leading on to new perspectiveswhich later ages have received and understood in a great variety ofwhich later ages have received and understood in a great variety ofways.ways.The first authentic posthumous account of his life, with a summaryThe first authentic posthumous account of his life, with a summarycatalogue of his works, was put together by his son Carl Philippcatalogue of his works, was put together by his son Carl PhilippEmanuel and his pupil J.F. Agricola soon after his death and certainlyEmanuel and his pupil J.F. Agricola soon after his death and certainlybefore March 1751 (published as Nekrolog, 1754). J.N. Forkel plannedbefore March 1751 (published as Nekrolog, 1754). J.N. Forkel planned

a detailed Bach biography in the early 1770s and carefully collecteda detailed Bach biography in the early 1770s and carefully collectedfirst-hand information on Bach, chiefly from his two eldest sons; thefirst-hand information on Bach, chiefly from his two eldest sons; thebook appeared in 1802, by when the Bach revival had begun andbook appeared in 1802, by when the Bach revival had begun andvarious projected collected editions of Bach's works were under way; itvarious projected collected editions of Bach's works were under way; itcontinues to serve, together with the 1754 obituary and the othercontinues to serve, together with the 1754 obituary and the other18th-century documents, as the foundation of Bach biography.18th-century documents, as the foundation of Bach biography.

BiographyBiography1. Childhood1. Childhood2. Luneburg2. Luneburg3. Arnstadt3. Arnstadt

4. Muhlhausen4. Muhlhausen5. Weimar5. Weimar6. Cothen6. Cothen7. Leipzig, 1723--97. Leipzig, 1723--98. Leipzig, 1729--398. Leipzig, 1729--399. Leipzig, 1739--509. Leipzig, 1739--50IconographyIconography


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Notes on Bach's music (extracts)Notes on Bach's music (extracts)Organ musicOrgan musicMusic for harpsichord, lute etc.Music for harpsichord, lute etc.Chamber musicChamber music

Orchestral musicOrchestral musicCanons, Musical Offering, Art of FugueCanons, Musical Offering, Art of Fugue

1. Childhood.1. Childhood.

The parents of Johann Sebastian were Johann Ambrosius Bach (11)The parents of Johann Sebastian were Johann Ambrosius Bach (11)and Maria Elisabeth Lmmerhirt (164494), daughter of a furrier andand Maria Elisabeth Lmmerhirt (164494), daughter of a furrier andtown councillor in Erfurt, Valentin Lmmerhirt (d 1665). Anothertown councillor in Erfurt, Valentin Lmmerhirt (d 1665). AnotherLmmerhirt daughter became the mother of Bachs cousin J.G.Lmmerhirt daughter became the mother of Bachs cousin J.G.Walther, suggesting that Lmmerhirt blood was perhaps notWalther, suggesting that Lmmerhirt blood was perhaps not

unimportant for the musical talents of the Bach familys greatest son.unimportant for the musical talents of the Bach familys greatest son.

Elisabeths elder half-sister Hedwig Lmmerhirt was the second wife ofElisabeths elder half-sister Hedwig Lmmerhirt was the second wife ofAmbrosius Bachs uncle, Johann Bach (4), organist of theAmbrosius Bachs uncle, Johann Bach (4), organist of thePredigerkirche in Erfurt. Elisabeth and Ambrosius, who had worked inPredigerkirche in Erfurt. Elisabeth and Ambrosius, who had worked inEisenach since 1671 as Hausmann and also as a musician at the ducalEisenach since 1671 as Hausmann and also as a musician at the ducalcourt of Saxe-Eisenach, were married on 8 April 1668, and had eightcourt of Saxe-Eisenach, were married on 8 April 1668, and had eightchildren, five of whom survived infancy; as well as Johann Sebastian,children, five of whom survived infancy; as well as Johann Sebastian,the last, these were three sons (nos.22, 71 and 23) and a daughter,the last, these were three sons (nos.22, 71 and 23) and a daughter,Maria Salome. The date of Johann Sebastians birth, 21 March 1685,Maria Salome. The date of Johann Sebastians birth, 21 March 1685,was carefully recorded by Walther in his Lexicon, by Sebastian himselfwas carefully recorded by Walther in his Lexicon, by Sebastian himselfin the family genealogy, and by his son as the co-author of thein the family genealogy, and by his son as the co-author of the

obituary. It is supported by the date of baptism (23 March; theseobituary. It is supported by the date of baptism (23 March; thesedates are old-style) in the register of St Georg. His godfathers weredates are old-style) in the register of St Georg. His godfathers wereJohann Georg Koch, a forestry official, and Sebastian Nagel, a GothaJohann Georg Koch, a forestry official, and Sebastian Nagel, a GothaStadtpfeifer. The house of his birth no longer stands; it is not theStadtpfeifer. The house of his birth no longer stands; it is not thehandsome old structure (Frauenplan 21) acquired by the Neuehandsome old structure (Frauenplan 21) acquired by the NeueBachgesellschaft in 1907 as the Bachhaus and established as a BachBachgesellschaft in 1907 as the Bachhaus and established as a BachMuseum. He would have been born in the house in the FleischgasseMuseum. He would have been born in the house in the Fleischgasse(now the Lutherstrasse) that Ambrosius Bach bought in 1674 after(now the Lutherstrasse) that Ambrosius Bach bought in 1674 aftergaining Eisenach citizenship.gaining Eisenach citizenship.After the time of the Reformation all children in Eisenach were obligedAfter the time of the Reformation all children in Eisenach were obliged

to go to school between the ages of five and 12, and (although there isto go to school between the ages of five and 12, and (although there isno documentary evidence of it) Sebastian must have entered one ofno documentary evidence of it) Sebastian must have entered one ofthe towns German schools in 1690. From 1692 he attended thethe towns German schools in 1690. From 1692 he attended theLateinschule (as had Luther, also an Eisenach boy); this offered aLateinschule (as had Luther, also an Eisenach boy); this offered asound humanistic and theological education. At Easter 1693 he wassound humanistic and theological education. At Easter 1693 he was47th in the fifth class, having been absent 96 half-days; in 1694 he47th in the fifth class, having been absent 96 half-days; in 1694 helost 59 half-days, but rose to 14th and was promoted; at Easter 1695lost 59 half-days, but rose to 14th and was promoted; at Easter 1695he was 23rd in the fourth class, in spite of having lost 103 half-dayshe was 23rd in the fourth class, in spite of having lost 103 half-days


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(perhaps owing to illness, but probably also to the deaths of his(perhaps owing to illness, but probably also to the deaths of hisparents). He stood one or two places above his brother Jacob, whoparents). He stood one or two places above his brother Jacob, whowas three years older and less frequently absent. Nothing more iswas three years older and less frequently absent. Nothing more isknown about his Eisenach career; but he is said to have been anknown about his Eisenach career; but he is said to have been anunusually good treble and probably sang under Kantor A.C. Dedekindunusually good treble and probably sang under Kantor A.C. Dedekind

at St Georg, where his father made instrumental music before andat St Georg, where his father made instrumental music before andafter the sermon and where his relation (2) Johann Christoph Bachafter the sermon and where his relation (2) Johann Christoph Bach(13) was organist. His musical education is matter for conjecture;(13) was organist. His musical education is matter for conjecture;presumably his father taught him the rudiments of string playing, butpresumably his father taught him the rudiments of string playing, but(according to Emanuel) he had no formal tuition on keyboard(according to Emanuel) he had no formal tuition on keyboardinstruments until he went to Ohrdruf. He later described Johanninstruments until he went to Ohrdruf. He later described JohannChristoph as a profound composer; no doubt he was impressed byChristoph as a profound composer; no doubt he was impressed bythe latters organ playing as well as by his compositions.the latters organ playing as well as by his compositions.Elisabeth Bach was buried on 3 May 1694, and on 27 NovemberElisabeth Bach was buried on 3 May 1694, and on 27 NovemberAmbrosius married Barbara Margaretha, ne Keul, the daughter of aAmbrosius married Barbara Margaretha, ne Keul, the daughter of a

former mayor of Arnstadt. Aged 35, she had already been twiceformer mayor of Arnstadt. Aged 35, she had already been twice

widowed. Her first husband had been a musician, Johann Gntherwidowed. Her first husband had been a musician, Johann GntherBach (15), and her second a theologian, Jacobus Bartholomaei (bothBach (15), and her second a theologian, Jacobus Bartholomaei (bothmarriages had taken place in Arnstadt), and she brought to her thirdmarriages had taken place in Arnstadt), and she brought to her thirdmarriage two little daughters, Catharina Margareta and Christinamarriage two little daughters, Catharina Margareta and ChristinaMaria, one by each of her earlier husbands. A month beforeMaria, one by each of her earlier husbands. A month beforeAmbrosiuss own second marriage, on 23 October 1694, he and hisAmbrosiuss own second marriage, on 23 October 1694, he and hisfamily had celebrated the wedding of the eldest son, Johann Christophfamily had celebrated the wedding of the eldest son, Johann Christoph(22) in Ohrdruf. The music on that occasion was by Ambrosius Bach,(22) in Ohrdruf. The music on that occasion was by Ambrosius Bach,Johann Pachelbel from nearby Gotha and other friends and familyJohann Pachelbel from nearby Gotha and other friends and familymembers. This was probably the only occasion on which the then nine-members. This was probably the only occasion on which the then nine-

year-old Sebastian met Pachelbel, his brothers teacher. Barely threeyear-old Sebastian met Pachelbel, his brothers teacher. Barely threemonths after re-marrying, on 20 February 1695, Ambrosius Bach diedmonths after re-marrying, on 20 February 1695, Ambrosius Bach diedafter a long and serious illness. On 4 March the widow appealed to theafter a long and serious illness. On 4 March the widow appealed to thetown council for help; but she received only her legal due, and thetown council for help; but she received only her legal due, and thehousehold broke up. Sebastian and Jacob were taken in by their elderhousehold broke up. Sebastian and Jacob were taken in by their elderbrother Johann Christoph, organist at Ohrdruf.brother Johann Christoph, organist at Ohrdruf.Both were sent to the Lyceum. Jacob left at the age of 14 to beBoth were sent to the Lyceum. Jacob left at the age of 14 to beapprenticed to his fathers successor at Eisenach; Sebastian stayed onapprenticed to his fathers successor at Eisenach; Sebastian stayed onuntil 1700, when he was nearly 15, and thus came under the influenceuntil 1700, when he was nearly 15, and thus came under the influenceof an exceptionally enlightened curriculum. Inspired by theof an exceptionally enlightened curriculum. Inspired by the

educationist Comenius, it embraced religion, reading, writing,educationist Comenius, it embraced religion, reading, writing,arithmetic, singing, history and natural science. Sebastian entered thearithmetic, singing, history and natural science. Sebastian entered thefourth class probably about March 1695, and was promoted to thefourth class probably about March 1695, and was promoted to thethird in July: on 20 July 1696 he was first among the seven new boysthird in July: on 20 July 1696 he was first among the seven new boysand fourth in the class; on 19 July 1697 he was first, and wasand fourth in the class; on 19 July 1697 he was first, and waspromoted to the second class; on 13 July 1698 he was fifth; on 24 Julypromoted to the second class; on 13 July 1698 he was fifth; on 24 July1699 second, and promoted to the first class, in which he was fourth1699 second, and promoted to the first class, in which he was fourthwhen he left the school on 15 March 1700 and went to Lneburg.when he left the school on 15 March 1700 and went to Lneburg.


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In the obituary Emanuel stated that his father had his first keyboardIn the obituary Emanuel stated that his father had his first keyboardlessons from Christoph, at Ohrdruf; in 1775, replying to Forkel, he saidlessons from Christoph, at Ohrdruf; in 1775, replying to Forkel, he saidthat Christoph might have trained him simply as an organist, and thatthat Christoph might have trained him simply as an organist, and thatSebastian became a pure and strong fuguist through his own efforts.Sebastian became a pure and strong fuguist through his own efforts.That is likely enough; Christoph is not known to have been aThat is likely enough; Christoph is not known to have been a

composer. Several early biographers told the story of how Christophcomposer. Several early biographers told the story of how Christophwould not allow his brother to use a certain manuscript; how Sebastianwould not allow his brother to use a certain manuscript; how Sebastiancopied it by moonlight; how Christoph took the copy away from him;copied it by moonlight; how Christoph took the copy away from him;and how he did not recover it until Christoph died. Emanuel and Forkeland how he did not recover it until Christoph died. Emanuel and Forkelassumed that Christoph died in 1700, and that Sebastian, leftassumed that Christoph died in 1700, and that Sebastian, lefthomeless, went to Lneburg in desperation. Later authors, knowinghomeless, went to Lneburg in desperation. Later authors, knowingthat Christoph lived on until 1721, and that the brothers had been onthat Christoph lived on until 1721, and that the brothers had been ongood terms, have tended to reject the story perhaps unnecessarily,good terms, have tended to reject the story perhaps unnecessarily,for it may illustrate contemporary attitudes to discipline and restraint.for it may illustrate contemporary attitudes to discipline and restraint.In fact, the story fits in well with the little that is known of the OhrdrufIn fact, the story fits in well with the little that is known of the Ohrdruf

years, and with the idea that Sebastian taught himself composition byyears, and with the idea that Sebastian taught himself composition by

copying. Most probably he recovered his copy when he went tocopying. Most probably he recovered his copy when he went toLneburg. As for its contents, Forkel implied that it contained works byLneburg. As for its contents, Forkel implied that it contained works byseven famous composers, three of them northerners. He probablyseven famous composers, three of them northerners. He probablymisunderstood Emanuels reply to another of his questions; accordingmisunderstood Emanuels reply to another of his questions; accordingto the obituary, the manuscript was mainly southern (Froberger, Kerll,to the obituary, the manuscript was mainly southern (Froberger, Kerll,Pachelbel) as one would expect, since Johann Christoph had been aPachelbel) as one would expect, since Johann Christoph had been aPachelbel pupil. (A good idea of its contents can be obtained from aPachelbel pupil. (A good idea of its contents can be obtained from amanuscript collection compiled in 1692 by another of Pachelbelsmanuscript collection compiled in 1692 by another of Pachelbelspupils, J.V. Eckelt.) The larger of the two organs at Ohrdruf was inpupils, J.V. Eckelt.) The larger of the two organs at Ohrdruf was inalmost unplayable condition in 1697, and Sebastian no doubt pickedalmost unplayable condition in 1697, and Sebastian no doubt picked

up some of his expert knowledge of organ building while helping hisup some of his expert knowledge of organ building while helping hisbrother with repairs.brother with repairs.No documentary evidence exists to establish when Bach started toNo documentary evidence exists to establish when Bach started tocompose, but it is reasonable to suppose that it was while he lived incompose, but it is reasonable to suppose that it was while he lived inOhrdruf not least because other contemporaries, and his own sons inOhrdruf not least because other contemporaries, and his own sons indue course, began composing original music before reaching the agedue course, began composing original music before reaching the ageof 15. The earliest organ chorales in the Neumeister manuscript, asof 15. The earliest organ chorales in the Neumeister manuscript, aswell as such works as bwv749, 750 and 756, provide plausiblewell as such works as bwv749, 750 and 756, provide plausibleexamples of pieces composed before and around 1700. They areexamples of pieces composed before and around 1700. They arecharacterized by sound craftsmanship, observance of models providedcharacterized by sound craftsmanship, observance of models provided

by Pachelbel (his teachers teacher) and everywhere the sense of anby Pachelbel (his teachers teacher) and everywhere the sense of anendeavour to break away from musical conventions and findendeavour to break away from musical conventions and findindependent answers.independent answers.

2. Lneburg.2. Lneburg.

According to the school register, Sebastian left Ohrdruf ob defectumAccording to the school register, Sebastian left Ohrdruf ob defectumhospitiorum (for lack of board and lodging); clearly Christoph nohospitiorum (for lack of board and lodging); clearly Christoph no


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longer had room for his brother. Since the latters arrival he had hadlonger had room for his brother. Since the latters arrival he had hadtwo children; by March 1700 a third was expected; and (if localtwo children; by March 1700 a third was expected; and (if localtradition can be trusted) his house, now destroyed, was a meretradition can be trusted) his house, now destroyed, was a merecottage. The brothers problem seems to have been solved by Eliascottage. The brothers problem seems to have been solved by EliasHerda, Kantor and a master at the Lyceum. He had been educated atHerda, Kantor and a master at the Lyceum. He had been educated at

Lneburg, and no doubt it was he who arranged for Sebastian to goLneburg, and no doubt it was he who arranged for Sebastian to gonorth; probably he similarly helped Georg Erdmann, a fellow pupil ofnorth; probably he similarly helped Georg Erdmann, a fellow pupil ofSebastians, three years older, who left the school just before BachSebastians, three years older, who left the school just before Bach(for the same reason). According to the obituary they travelled(for the same reason). According to the obituary they travelledtogether. They must have reached Lneburg before the end of Marchtogether. They must have reached Lneburg before the end of Marchfor both were entered in the register of the Mettenchor (Matins choir)for both were entered in the register of the Mettenchor (Matins choir)by 3 April 1700 and probably sang in it within a matter of days forby 3 April 1700 and probably sang in it within a matter of days forHoly Week and Easter.Holy Week and Easter.The Michaeliskirche, Lneburg, had two schools associated with it: aThe Michaeliskirche, Lneburg, had two schools associated with it: aRitteracademie for young noblemen, and the Michaelisschule forRitteracademie for young noblemen, and the Michaelisschule for

commoners. There were also two choirs: the chorus symphoniacus ofcommoners. There were also two choirs: the chorus symphoniacus of

about 25 voices was led by the Mettenchor, which numbered about 15,about 25 voices was led by the Mettenchor, which numbered about 15,and was limited to poor boys. Members of the Mettenchor receivedand was limited to poor boys. Members of the Mettenchor receivedfree schooling at the Michaelisschule, up to 1 thaler per monthfree schooling at the Michaelisschule, up to 1 thaler per monthaccording to seniority, their keep, and a share in fees for weddings andaccording to seniority, their keep, and a share in fees for weddings andother occasions (Bachs share in 1700 has been put at 14 marks).other occasions (Bachs share in 1700 has been put at 14 marks).From the arrangement of the pay-sheets it has been deduced that theyFrom the arrangement of the pay-sheets it has been deduced that theywere both trebles. Bach was welcomed for his unusually fine voice; butwere both trebles. Bach was welcomed for his unusually fine voice; butit soon broke, and for eight days he spoke and sang in octaves. Afterit soon broke, and for eight days he spoke and sang in octaves. Afterthat he may or may not have sung, but no doubt he made himselfthat he may or may not have sung, but no doubt he made himselfuseful as an accompanist or string player. As the last extant pay-sheetuseful as an accompanist or string player. As the last extant pay-sheet

is that for 29 May 1700, no details are known; but it is clear that theis that for 29 May 1700, no details are known; but it is clear that theschool was short of instrumentalists at just this time.school was short of instrumentalists at just this time.At school, Bachs studies embraced orthodox Lutheranism, logic,At school, Bachs studies embraced orthodox Lutheranism, logic,rhetoric, Latin and Greek, arithmetic, history, geography and Germanrhetoric, Latin and Greek, arithmetic, history, geography and Germanpoetry. The Kantor was August Braun, whose compositions havepoetry. The Kantor was August Braun, whose compositions havedisappeared; the organist, F.C. Morhard, was a nonentity. The organdisappeared; the organist, F.C. Morhard, was a nonentity. The organwas repaired in 1701 by J.B. Held, who had worked at Hamburg andwas repaired in 1701 by J.B. Held, who had worked at Hamburg andLbeck; he lodged in the school, and may have taught Bach somethingLbeck; he lodged in the school, and may have taught Bach somethingabout organ building. There was a fine music library, which had beenabout organ building. There was a fine music library, which had beencarefully kept up to date; but whether choirboys were allowed tocarefully kept up to date; but whether choirboys were allowed to

consult it is uncertain. If Braun made good use of it, Bach must haveconsult it is uncertain. If Braun made good use of it, Bach must havelearnt a good deal from the music he had to perform; but his chieflearnt a good deal from the music he had to perform; but his chiefinterests probably lay outside the school. At the Nikolaikirche was J.J.interests probably lay outside the school. At the Nikolaikirche was J.J.Lwe (16291703), distinguished but elderly. The Johanniskirche wasLwe (16291703), distinguished but elderly. The Johanniskirche wasanother matter, for there the organist was Georg Bhm (16611733),another matter, for there the organist was Georg Bhm (16611733),who is generally agreed to have influenced Bach. It has been arguedwho is generally agreed to have influenced Bach. It has been arguedthat the organist of the Johanniskirche would not have been accessiblethat the organist of the Johanniskirche would not have been accessibleto a scholar of the Michaelisschule, since the two choirs were not onto a scholar of the Michaelisschule, since the two choirs were not on


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good terms, and that Bachs knowledge of Bhms music must havegood terms, and that Bachs knowledge of Bhms music must havecome later, through J.G. Walther. But Emanuel Bach stated in writingcome later, through J.G. Walther. But Emanuel Bach stated in writingthat his father had studied Bhms music; and a correction in a note tothat his father had studied Bhms music; and a correction in a note toForkel shows that his first thought was to say that Bhm had been hisForkel shows that his first thought was to say that Bhm had been hisfathers teacher. This hint is supported by the fact that in 1727 Bachfathers teacher. This hint is supported by the fact that in 1727 Bach

named Bhm as his northern agent for the sale of Partitas nos.2 andnamed Bhm as his northern agent for the sale of Partitas nos.2 and3. That seems to imply that the two were on friendly terms; it is3. That seems to imply that the two were on friendly terms; it islikelier that they became so between 1700 and 1702 than at any laterlikelier that they became so between 1700 and 1702 than at any laterdate.date.Bach went more than once to Hamburg, some 50 km away; probablyBach went more than once to Hamburg, some 50 km away; probablyhe visited his cousin Johann Ernst (25), who was evidently studyinghe visited his cousin Johann Ernst (25), who was evidently studyingthere about this time. The suggestion that he went to hear Vincentthere about this time. The suggestion that he went to hear VincentLbeck cannot be taken seriously, for Lbeck did not go to HamburgLbeck cannot be taken seriously, for Lbeck did not go to Hamburguntil August 1702, by which time Bach had almost certainly left theuntil August 1702, by which time Bach had almost certainly left thearea. He may have visited the Hamburg Opera, then directed byarea. He may have visited the Hamburg Opera, then directed by

Reinhard Keiser, whose St Mark Passion he performed during the earlyReinhard Keiser, whose St Mark Passion he performed during the early

Weimar years and again in 1726; but there is no solid evidence that heWeimar years and again in 1726; but there is no solid evidence that hewas interested in anything but the organ and in particular the organistwas interested in anything but the organ and in particular the organistof St Katharinen, J.A. Reincken, whose influence on the young Bach asof St Katharinen, J.A. Reincken, whose influence on the young Bach asboth theorist and practitioner it would be difficult to overestimate.both theorist and practitioner it would be difficult to overestimate.Marpurgs familiar anecdote makes the point neatly: how Bach,Marpurgs familiar anecdote makes the point neatly: how Bach,returning almost penniless to Lneburg, once rested outside an inn;returning almost penniless to Lneburg, once rested outside an inn;how someone threw two herring heads out on the rubbish heap; howhow someone threw two herring heads out on the rubbish heap; howBach a Thuringian, to whom fish were a delicacy picked them up toBach a Thuringian, to whom fish were a delicacy picked them up tosee if any portion were edible; how he found that they contained twosee if any portion were edible; how he found that they contained twoDanish ducats, and was thus able not only to have a meal, but also toDanish ducats, and was thus able not only to have a meal, but also to

undertake another and a more comfortable pilgrimage to Herrundertake another and a more comfortable pilgrimage to HerrReincken.Reincken.J.A. Reincken (?16231722), a pupil of Sweelinck and organist of StJ.A. Reincken (?16231722), a pupil of Sweelinck and organist of StKatharinen since 1663, was a father figure of the north GermanKatharinen since 1663, was a father figure of the north Germanschool. Bhm may have advised Bach to hear him; and his showyschool. Bhm may have advised Bach to hear him; and his showyplaying, exploiting all the resources of the organ, must have been aplaying, exploiting all the resources of the organ, must have been arevelation to one brought up in the reticent tradition of the south. Asrevelation to one brought up in the reticent tradition of the south. Asfor the organ itself, Bach never forgot it; in later years he described itfor the organ itself, Bach never forgot it; in later years he described itas excellent in every way, said that the 32 Principal was the best heas excellent in every way, said that the 32 Principal was the best hehad ever heard, and never tired of praising the 16 reeds. Whether hehad ever heard, and never tired of praising the 16 reeds. Whether he

actually met Reincken before 1720 is uncertain. If he did, Reinckenactually met Reincken before 1720 is uncertain. If he did, Reinckenmight have given him a copy of his sonatas; Bachs reworkings ofmight have given him a copy of his sonatas; Bachs reworkings ofthem (the keyboard pieces bwv954, 965 and 966) are more likely tothem (the keyboard pieces bwv954, 965 and 966) are more likely tohave been made soon after 1700 than 20 years later, when Bach nohave been made soon after 1700 than 20 years later, when Bach nolonger needed to teach himself composition.longer needed to teach himself composition.The market-place in Lneburg had been graced since the end of theThe market-place in Lneburg had been graced since the end of the17th century by a palace used for the visits of the Duke of Celle-17th century by a palace used for the visits of the Duke of Celle-Lneburg and his court; the principal ducal residence and seat ofLneburg and his court; the principal ducal residence and seat of


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government lay in Celle, some 80 km to the south. The duke, marriedgovernment lay in Celle, some 80 km to the south. The duke, marriedto Elonore dOlbreuse, a Huguenot of noble birth, was a pronouncedto Elonore dOlbreuse, a Huguenot of noble birth, was a pronouncedfrancophile and maintained an orchestra consisting largely offrancophile and maintained an orchestra consisting largely ofFrenchmen, which played in both Celle and Lneburg. Thomas de laFrenchmen, which played in both Celle and Lneburg. Thomas de laSelle, dancing-master at the Ritteracademie next door to Bachs schoolSelle, dancing-master at the Ritteracademie next door to Bachs school

in Lneburg, was also a member of the Celle orchestra. Emanuel Bachin Lneburg, was also a member of the Celle orchestra. Emanuel Bachknew that his father was often able to hear this famous orchestra andknew that his father was often able to hear this famous orchestra andthus to become acquainted with French taste. It cannot be ruled outthus to become acquainted with French taste. It cannot be ruled outthat Bach occasionally helped out as an instrumentalist when the courtthat Bach occasionally helped out as an instrumentalist when the courtorchestra played in the ducal residence in Lneburg.orchestra played in the ducal residence in Lneburg.The date of Bachs departure from Lneburg is not known, but we mayThe date of Bachs departure from Lneburg is not known, but we maysuppose that he completed his final school year after two years andsuppose that he completed his final school year after two years andleft school at Easter 1702. It seems unlikely that he remained inleft school at Easter 1702. It seems unlikely that he remained inLneburg for any length of time after that, for he left without hearingLneburg for any length of time after that, for he left without hearingBuxtehude and took extraordinary pains to do so in winter 17056. HeBuxtehude and took extraordinary pains to do so in winter 17056. He

probably visited relatives in Thuringia after Easter 1702. All that isprobably visited relatives in Thuringia after Easter 1702. All that is

definitely known is that he competed successfully for the vacant postdefinitely known is that he competed successfully for the vacant postof organist at St Jacobi in Sangerhausen (the organist was buried on 9of organist at St Jacobi in Sangerhausen (the organist was buried on 9July), but the Duke of Weissenfels intervened and had J.A. Kobelius, aJuly), but the Duke of Weissenfels intervened and had J.A. Kobelius, asomewhat older man, appointed in November. Bach is next heard of atsomewhat older man, appointed in November. Bach is next heard of atWeimar, where he was employed at the court as a musician for theWeimar, where he was employed at the court as a musician for thefirst two quarters of 1703; the court accounts have him down as afirst two quarters of 1703; the court accounts have him down as alackey, but he described himself as a Hofmusikant (court musician) inlackey, but he described himself as a Hofmusikant (court musician) inthe Ursprung. This was at the minor Weimar court, that of Dukethe Ursprung. This was at the minor Weimar court, that of DukeJohann Ernst, younger brother of the Duke Wilhelm Ernst whom BachJohann Ernst, younger brother of the Duke Wilhelm Ernst whom Bachserved from 1708 to 1717. Possibly the Duke of Weissenfels, havingserved from 1708 to 1717. Possibly the Duke of Weissenfels, having

refused to accept Bach at Sangerhausen, found work for him atrefused to accept Bach at Sangerhausen, found work for him atWeimar; another possibility is that Bach owed his appointment to aWeimar; another possibility is that Bach owed his appointment to adistant relation of his, David Hoffmann, another lackey-musician.distant relation of his, David Hoffmann, another lackey-musician.Of the musicians with whom Bach now became associated, three areOf the musicians with whom Bach now became associated, three areworth mentioning. G.C. Strattner (c16441704), a tenor, became vice-worth mentioning. G.C. Strattner (c16441704), a tenor, became vice-Kapellmeister in 1695, and composed in a post-Schtz style. J.P. vonKapellmeister in 1695, and composed in a post-Schtz style. J.P. vonWesthoff (16561705) was a fine violinist and had travelled widely,Westhoff (16561705) was a fine violinist and had travelled widely,apparently as a diplomat, and is said to have been the first to composeapparently as a diplomat, and is said to have been the first to composea suite for unaccompanied violin (1683). Johann Effler (c16401711)a suite for unaccompanied violin (1683). Johann Effler (c16401711)was the court organist: he had held posts at Gehren and Erfurt (wherewas the court organist: he had held posts at Gehren and Erfurt (where

Pachelbel was his successor) before coming in 1678 to Weimar, wherePachelbel was his successor) before coming in 1678 to Weimar, whereabout 1690 he moved to the court. He may have been willing to handabout 1690 he moved to the court. He may have been willing to handover some of his duties to Bach, and probably did something of theover some of his duties to Bach, and probably did something of thekind, for a document of 13 July 1703 at Arnstadt, where Bach nextkind, for a document of 13 July 1703 at Arnstadt, where Bach nextmoved, describes Bach as court organist at Weimar a post that wasmoved, describes Bach as court organist at Weimar a post that wasnot officially his until 1708.not officially his until 1708.


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3. Arnstadt.3. Arnstadt.

The Bonifaciuskirche at Arnstadt had burnt down in 1581, and wasThe Bonifaciuskirche at Arnstadt had burnt down in 1581, and wassubsequently rebuilt in 167683; it then became known as the Neuesubsequently rebuilt in 167683; it then became known as the NeueKirche, and so remained until 1935, when it was renamed after Bach.Kirche, and so remained until 1935, when it was renamed after Bach.In 1699 J.F. Wender contracted to build an organ, which by the end ofIn 1699 J.F. Wender contracted to build an organ, which by the end of

1701 had become usable; on 1 January 1702 Andreas Brner was1701 had become usable; on 1 January 1702 Andreas Brner wasformally appointed organist. The organ was complete by June 1703,formally appointed organist. The organ was complete by June 1703,and was examined before 3 July; there were more examiners thanand was examined before 3 July; there were more examiners thanone, but only Bach was named and paid, and it was he who played theone, but only Bach was named and paid, and it was he who played theorgan for the first time. The result was that on 9 August Bach wasorgan for the first time. The result was that on 9 August Bach wasoffered the post over Brners head; at the same time, to prevent anyoffered the post over Brners head; at the same time, to prevent anysuch collisions as are to be feared, Brner was given other work. Bachsuch collisions as are to be feared, Brner was given other work. Bachaccepted the post by handshake on 14 August 1703. The exact dateaccepted the post by handshake on 14 August 1703. The exact dateof his removal to Arnstadt is not known, nor is his address. As his lastof his removal to Arnstadt is not known, nor is his address. As his lastboard and lodging allowance was paid to Feldhaus, he probably spentboard and lodging allowance was paid to Feldhaus, he probably spent

at least that year in either the Golden Crown or the Steinhaus, both ofat least that year in either the Golden Crown or the Steinhaus, both of

which belonged to Feldhaus. Considering his age, and local standards,which belonged to Feldhaus. Considering his age, and local standards,he was well paid; and his duties, as specified in his contract, werehe was well paid; and his duties, as specified in his contract, werelight. Normally, he was required at the church only for two hours onlight. Normally, he was required at the church only for two hours onSunday morning, for a service on Monday, and for two hours onSunday morning, for a service on Monday, and for two hours onThursday morning; and he had only to accompany hymns. He thus hadThursday morning; and he had only to accompany hymns. He thus hadplenty of time for composition and organ playing, and he took as hisplenty of time for composition and organ playing, and he took as hismodels Bruhns, Reincken, Buxtehude (all northerners) and certainmodels Bruhns, Reincken, Buxtehude (all northerners) and certaingood French organists. There is no evidence as to whether he tookgood French organists. There is no evidence as to whether he tookpart in the theatrical and musical entertainments of the court or thepart in the theatrical and musical entertainments of the court or thetown.town.

Bach was in no position to put on elaborate music at Arnstadt. TheBach was in no position to put on elaborate music at Arnstadt. TheNeue Kirche, like the other churches, drew performers from twoNeue Kirche, like the other churches, drew performers from twogroups of schoolboys and senior students. Only one of these groupsgroups of schoolboys and senior students. Only one of these groupswas capable of singing cantatas; it was supposed to go to the Neuewas capable of singing cantatas; it was supposed to go to the NeueKirche monthly in the summer, but there does not appear to haveKirche monthly in the summer, but there does not appear to havebeen a duty roster. The performers naturally tended to go to thebeen a duty roster. The performers naturally tended to go to thechurches that had an established tradition and friendly organists; andchurches that had an established tradition and friendly organists; andBach had no authority to prevent this, for he was not a schoolmasterBach had no authority to prevent this, for he was not a schoolmasterand was younger than many of the students. Further, he never hadand was younger than many of the students. Further, he never hadmuch patience with the semi-competent, and was apt to alienate themmuch patience with the semi-competent, and was apt to alienate them

by making offensive remarks. One result was his scuffle with J.H.by making offensive remarks. One result was his scuffle with J.H.Geyersbach (b 1682). On 4 August 1705 he and his cousin Barbara,Geyersbach (b 1682). On 4 August 1705 he and his cousin Barbara,elder sister (aged 26) to his future wife, fell in with six students whoelder sister (aged 26) to his future wife, fell in with six students whohad been to a christening feast; one of these was Geyersbach, whohad been to a christening feast; one of these was Geyersbach, whoasked why Bach had insulted him (or his bassoon), and struck him inasked why Bach had insulted him (or his bassoon), and struck him inthe face with a stick. Bach drew his sword, but another studentthe face with a stick. Bach drew his sword, but another studentseparated them. Bach complained to the consistory that it would beseparated them. Bach complained to the consistory that it would beunsafe for him to go about the streets if Geyersbach were notunsafe for him to go about the streets if Geyersbach were not


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punished, and an inquiry was held. The consistory told Bach that hepunished, and an inquiry was held. The consistory told Bach that heought not to have insulted Geyersbach and should try to live peaceablyought not to have insulted Geyersbach and should try to live peaceablywith the students; further, he was not (as he claimed) responsible onlywith the students; further, he was not (as he claimed) responsible onlyfor the chorales but was expected to help with all kinds of music. Bachfor the chorales but was expected to help with all kinds of music. Bachreplied that if a musical director were appointed, he would be willingreplied that if a musical director were appointed, he would be willing

enough.enough.Bach, unimpressed, asked for four weeks leave, and set off for LbeckBach, unimpressed, asked for four weeks leave, and set off for Lbeck what is more, on foot, says the obituary, adding that he had an what is more, on foot, says the obituary, adding that he had anoverwhelming desire to hear Buxtehude. Dates and distance cast someoverwhelming desire to hear Buxtehude. Dates and distance cast somedoubts on his straightforwardness. He left Arnstadt about 18 October,doubts on his straightforwardness. He left Arnstadt about 18 October,and was therefore due to be back, or well on his way back, by aboutand was therefore due to be back, or well on his way back, by about15 November; he would thus have been unable to hear even the first15 November; he would thus have been unable to hear even the firstof Buxtehudes special services, which were given on various datesof Buxtehudes special services, which were given on various datesfrom 15 November to 20 December. Perhaps, like Mattheson andfrom 15 November to 20 December. Perhaps, like Mattheson andHandel before him, he went primarily to see if there was any chance ofHandel before him, he went primarily to see if there was any chance of

succeeding Buxtehude, and was put off by the prospect of marryingsucceeding Buxtehude, and was put off by the prospect of marrying

Buxtehudes daughter, aged 30; in any case, by 1705 there was a rivalBuxtehudes daughter, aged 30; in any case, by 1705 there was a rivalin the field. However that may be, he stayed almost three months atin the field. However that may be, he stayed almost three months atLbeck, and was absent altogether for about 16 weeks, not returningLbeck, and was absent altogether for about 16 weeks, not returningto Arnstadt until shortly before 7 February 1706, when heto Arnstadt until shortly before 7 February 1706, when hecommunicated.communicated.On 21 February the consistory asked Bach why he had been away forOn 21 February the consistory asked Bach why he had been away forso long; his replies were unsatisfactory and barely civil. They nextso long; his replies were unsatisfactory and barely civil. They nextcomplained that his accompaniments to chorales were too elaboratecomplained that his accompaniments to chorales were too elaboratefor congregational singing, and that he still refused to collaborate withfor congregational singing, and that he still refused to collaborate withthe students in producing cantatas; further, they could not provide athe students in producing cantatas; further, they could not provide a

Kapellmeister for him, and if he continued to refuse they would haveKapellmeister for him, and if he continued to refuse they would haveto find someone more amenable. Bach repeated his demand for ato find someone more amenable. Bach repeated his demand for amusical director, and was ordered to apologize within eight days. Frommusical director, and was ordered to apologize within eight days. Fromthe next case that the consistory heard that day it seems that therethe next case that the consistory heard that day it seems that therehad been actual disordres in the church between Bach and thehad been actual disordres in the church between Bach and thestudents. There is no evidence that Bach apologized, and thestudents. There is no evidence that Bach apologized, and theconsistory dropped the matter for eight months. They brought it upconsistory dropped the matter for eight months. They brought it upagain on 11 November, and Bach undertook to answer them in writing.again on 11 November, and Bach undertook to answer them in writing.They also accused him of inviting a stranger maiden to make music inThey also accused him of inviting a stranger maiden to make music inthe church, but for this he had obtained the parsons permission. Thethe church, but for this he had obtained the parsons permission. The

girl in question cannot have been his cousin and future wife, for shegirl in question cannot have been his cousin and future wife, for shehad long been resident in Arnstadt and therefore would be unlikely tohad long been resident in Arnstadt and therefore would be unlikely tobe described as a stranger.be described as a stranger.Neither Bach nor the consistory took further action; no doubt they sawNeither Bach nor the consistory took further action; no doubt they sawthat the problem would soon solve itself. Probably Bach had come backthat the problem would soon solve itself. Probably Bach had come backfrom Lbeck with exalted ideas about church music, requiring facilitiesfrom Lbeck with exalted ideas about church music, requiring facilitiesthat Arnstadt could not provide. His ability was becoming known; onthat Arnstadt could not provide. His ability was becoming known; on28 November he helped to examine an organ at Langewiesen. Forkel28 November he helped to examine an organ at Langewiesen. Forkel


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said that various posts were offered to him; and with the death of J.G.said that various posts were offered to him; and with the death of J.G.Ahle, on 2 December, a sufficiently attractive vacancy seemed to haveAhle, on 2 December, a sufficiently attractive vacancy seemed to havearisen.arisen.

4. Mhlhausen.4. Mhlhausen.Ahle had been a city councillor of Mhlhausen, organist of St BlasiusAhle had been a city councillor of Mhlhausen, organist of St Blasiusand a composer of minor rank. Musical standards had fallen during hisand a composer of minor rank. Musical standards had fallen during histenure of office, but the post was a respectable one and varioustenure of office, but the post was a respectable one and variouscandidates gave trial performances. One was to have been J.G.candidates gave trial performances. One was to have been J.G.Walther, the future lexicographer; he sent in two compositions for 27Walther, the future lexicographer; he sent in two compositions for 27February 1707 (Sexagesima), but withdrew after being told privatelyFebruary 1707 (Sexagesima), but withdrew after being told privatelythat he had no hope. Bach played at Easter (24 April) and may havethat he had no hope. Bach played at Easter (24 April) and may haveperformed Cantata no. 4. At the city council meeting on 24 May noperformed Cantata no. 4. At the city council meeting on 24 May noother name was considered, and on 14 June Bach was interviewed. Heother name was considered, and on 14 June Bach was interviewed. He

asked for the same salary that he was receiving at Arnstadt (some 20asked for the same salary that he was receiving at Arnstadt (some 20

gulden more than Ahles); the councillors agreed, and an agreementgulden more than Ahles); the councillors agreed, and an agreementwas signed on 15 June. At Arnstadt his success became known; hiswas signed on 15 June. At Arnstadt his success became known; hiscousin Johann Ernst (25) and his predecessor Brner applied for thecousin Johann Ernst (25) and his predecessor Brner applied for theNeue Kirche on 22 and 23 June. He resigned formally on 29 June, andNeue Kirche on 22 and 23 June. He resigned formally on 29 June, andpresumably moved to Mhlhausen within a few days. It was perhaps inpresumably moved to Mhlhausen within a few days. It was perhaps inJuly that he wrote Cantata no. 131; this was clearly intended for aJuly that he wrote Cantata no. 131; this was clearly intended for apenitential service, perhaps connected with a disastrous fire of 30 May.penitential service, perhaps connected with a disastrous fire of 30 May.It was not Bachs own Pastor Frohne who commissioned this cantata,It was not Bachs own Pastor Frohne who commissioned this cantata,but Pastor Eilmar of the Marienkirche a fact whose possiblebut Pastor Eilmar of the Marienkirche a fact whose possiblesignificance will be seen later. Bachs responsibilities in Mhlhausensignificance will be seen later. Bachs responsibilities in Mhlhausen

included also the convent of Augustinian nuns where there was anincluded also the convent of Augustinian nuns where there was anorgan by Wender without pedals; his principal duty there was to playorgan by Wender without pedals; his principal duty there was to playfor special services.for special services.On 10 August 1707 Tobias Lmmerhirt, Bachs maternal uncle, died atOn 10 August 1707 Tobias Lmmerhirt, Bachs maternal uncle, died atErfurt. He left Bach 50 gulden, more than half his salary, and thusErfurt. He left Bach 50 gulden, more than half his salary, and thusfacilitated his marriage to Maria Barbara (b 20 Oct 1684), daughter offacilitated his marriage to Maria Barbara (b 20 Oct 1684), daughter of(3) Johann Michael Bach (14) and Catharina Wedemann. The wedding(3) Johann Michael Bach (14) and Catharina Wedemann. The weddingtook place on 17 October at Dornheim, a village near Arnstadt; thetook place on 17 October at Dornheim, a village near Arnstadt; thepastor, J.L. Stauber (16601723), was a friend of the family andpastor, J.L. Stauber (16601723), was a friend of the family andhimself married Regina Wedemann on 5 June 1708. Pupils began tohimself married Regina Wedemann on 5 June 1708. Pupils began to

come to Bach at about this time, or perhaps even earlier. J.M.come to Bach at about this time, or perhaps even earlier. J.M.Schubart (16901721) is said to have been with him from 1707 toSchubart (16901721) is said to have been with him from 1707 to1717, and J.C. Vogler (16961763) to have arrived at the age of ten1717, and J.C. Vogler (16961763) to have arrived at the age of ten(at Arnstadt), to have left for a time, and to have returned from about(at Arnstadt), to have left for a time, and to have returned from about1710 until 1715. These two were his immediate successors at Weimar;1710 until 1715. These two were his immediate successors at Weimar;from their time onwards he was never without pupils.from their time onwards he was never without pupils.On 4 February 1708 the annual change of council took place, andOn 4 February 1708 the annual change of council took place, andCantata no. 71 was performed. It must have made an impression, forCantata no. 71 was performed. It must have made an impression, for


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the council printed not only the libretto, as was usual, but also thethe council printed not only the libretto, as was usual, but also themusic. Bach next drew up a plan for repairing and enlarging the Stmusic. Bach next drew up a plan for repairing and enlarging the StBlasius organ; the council considered this on 21 February, and decidedBlasius organ; the council considered this on 21 February, and decidedto act on it. Cantata no. 196 may have been written for Staubersto act on it. Cantata no. 196 may have been written for Stauberswedding on 5 June. At about this time Bach played before the reigningwedding on 5 June. At about this time Bach played before the reigning

Duke of Weimar, Wilhelm Ernst, who offered him a post at his court.Duke of Weimar, Wilhelm Ernst, who offered him a post at his court.On 25 June Bach wrote to the council asking them to accept hisOn 25 June Bach wrote to the council asking them to accept hisresignation.resignation.No doubt the larger salary at Weimar was an attraction, particularly asNo doubt the larger salary at Weimar was an attraction, particularly asBachs wife was pregnant. But it is clear, even from his tactful letter toBachs wife was pregnant. But it is clear, even from his tactful letter tothese councillors who had treated him well, that there were otherthese councillors who had treated him well, that there were otherreasons for leaving. He said that he had encouraged well-regulatedreasons for leaving. He said that he had encouraged well-regulatedchurch music not only in his own church, but also in the surroundingchurch music not only in his own church, but also in the surrounding villages, where the harmony was often better than that cultivatedvillages, where the harmony was often better than that cultivatedhere (Spitta found a fragment, bwv223, at nearby Langula). He hadhere (Spitta found a fragment, bwv223, at nearby Langula). He had

also gone to some expense to collect the choicest sacred music. Butalso gone to some expense to collect the choicest sacred music. But

in all this members of his own congregation had opposed him, andin all this members of his own congregation had opposed him, andwere not likely to stop. Some people no doubt disliked the type ofwere not likely to stop. Some people no doubt disliked the type ofmusic that he was trying to introduce. Further, Pastor Frohne maymusic that he was trying to introduce. Further, Pastor Frohne mayhave distrusted his organist; an active Pietist, he was at daggershave distrusted his organist; an active Pietist, he was at daggersdrawn with the orthodox Pastor Eilmar of the Marienkirche Bach haddrawn with the orthodox Pastor Eilmar of the Marienkirche Bach hadbegun his Mhlhausen career by working with Eilmar, and they hadbegun his Mhlhausen career by working with Eilmar, and they hadbecome intimate enough for Eilmar and his daughter to be godparentsbecome intimate enough for Eilmar and his daughter to be godparentsto Bachs first two children.to Bachs first two children.The council considered his letter on 26 June and reluctantly let him go,The council considered his letter on 26 June and reluctantly let him go,asking him only to supervise the organ building at St Blasius. Howeverasking him only to supervise the organ building at St Blasius. However

badly Bach may have got on with his congregation, he was evidentlybadly Bach may have got on with his congregation, he was evidentlyon good terms with the council. They paid him to come and perform aon good terms with the council. They paid him to come and perform acantata at the council service in 1709, and possibly also in 1710 (allcantata at the council service in 1709, and possibly also in 1710 (alltrace of these works is lost). In 1735 he negotiated on friendly termstrace of these works is lost). In 1735 he negotiated on friendly termswith the new council on behalf of his son Johann Gottfried Bernhardwith the new council on behalf of his son Johann Gottfried Bernhard(47). He is not known to have been paid for supervising or opening the(47). He is not known to have been paid for supervising or opening theSt Blasius organ, but he may have done so.St Blasius organ, but he may have done so.

5. Weimar.5. Weimar.

When he announced his resignation from Mhlhausen, Bach said thatWhen he announced his resignation from Mhlhausen, Bach said thathe had been appointed to the Duke of Weimars Capelle undhe had been appointed to the Duke of Weimars Capelle undKammermusik, and it was long thought that he did not becomeKammermusik, and it was long thought that he did not becomeorganist at once. In fact, Weimar documents show that on 14 Julyorganist at once. In fact, Weimar documents show that on 14 July1708, when his reception money was paid over, he was called the1708, when his reception money was paid over, he was called thenewly appointed court organist, and that he was almost always sonewly appointed court organist, and that he was almost always socalled until March 1714, when he became Konzertmeister as well.called until March 1714, when he became Konzertmeister as well.Effler, it seems, was pensioned off on full salary (130 florins); on 24Effler, it seems, was pensioned off on full salary (130 florins); on 24


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December 1709 he received a small gift as an old sick servant, andDecember 1709 he received a small gift as an old sick servant, andhe died at Jena on 4 April 1711.he died at Jena on 4 April 1711.It is said that Bach wrote most of his organ works at Weimar, and thatIt is said that Bach wrote most of his organ works at Weimar, and thatthe duke took pleasure in his playing. His salary was from the outsetthe duke took pleasure in his playing. His salary was from the outsetlarger than Efflers (150 florins, plus some allowances); it waslarger than Efflers (150 florins, plus some allowances); it was

increased to 200 from Michaelmas 1711, 215 from June 1713, and 250increased to 200 from Michaelmas 1711, 215 from June 1713, and 250on his promotion in 1714. On 20 March 1715 it was ordered that hison his promotion in 1714. On 20 March 1715 it was ordered that hisshare of casual fees was to be the same as the Kapellmeisters.share of casual fees was to be the same as the Kapellmeisters.Moreover, he seems to have had a fair amount of spare time, in which,Moreover, he seems to have had a fair amount of spare time, in which,for instance, to cultivate the acquaintance of Telemann while the latterfor instance, to cultivate the acquaintance of Telemann while the latterwas at Eisenach (170812). Together with the violinist Pisendel hewas at Eisenach (170812). Together with the violinist Pisendel hecopied a concerto in G of Telemanns (D-Dl), probably duringcopied a concerto in G of Telemanns (D-Dl), probably duringPisendels visit to Weimar in 1709.Pisendels visit to Weimar in 1709.Six of Bachs children were born at Weimar: Catharina (bap. 29 DecSix of Bachs children were born at Weimar: Catharina (bap. 29 Dec1708; d 14 Jan 1774); (8) Wilhelm Friedemann (45) (b 22 Nov 1710);1708; d 14 Jan 1774); (8) Wilhelm Friedemann (45) (b 22 Nov 1710);

twins (b 23 Feb 1713; both died in a few days); (9) Carl Philipptwins (b 23 Feb 1713; both died in a few days); (9) Carl Philipp

Emanuel (46) (b 8 March 1714); and Johann Gottfried Bernhard (47)Emanuel (46) (b 8 March 1714); and Johann Gottfried Bernhard (47)(b 11 May 1715). The various godparents show that Bach and his wife(b 11 May 1715). The various godparents show that Bach and his wifekept in touch with relations and friends from Ohrdruf, Arnstadt andkept in touch with relations and friends from Ohrdruf, Arnstadt andMhlhausen, besides making fresh contacts at Weimar; it isMhlhausen, besides making fresh contacts at Weimar; it isnoteworthy that Telemann was godfather to Emanuel.noteworthy that Telemann was godfather to Emanuel.On 13 March 1709 Bach, his wife, and one of her sisters (probably theOn 13 March 1709 Bach, his wife, and one of her sisters (probably theeldest, Friedelena, who died at Leipzig in 1729) were living with Adameldest, Friedelena, who died at Leipzig in 1729) were living with AdamImmanuel Weldig, a falsettist and Master of the Pages. They probablyImmanuel Weldig, a falsettist and Master of the Pages. They probablystayed there until August 1713, when Weldig gave up his house,stayed there until August 1713, when Weldig gave up his house,having secured a similar post at Weissenfels. Weldig was godfather tohaving secured a similar post at Weissenfels. Weldig was godfather to

Emanuel; Bach (by proxy) to a son of Weldigs in 1714. Weldigs houseEmanuel; Bach (by proxy) to a son of Weldigs in 1714. Weldigs housewas destroyed in 1944; where Bach lived before and after the givenwas destroyed in 1944; where Bach lived before and after the givendates is not known.dates is not known.Since 29 July 1707, J.G. Walther (the lexicographer) had been organistSince 29 July 1707, J.G. Walther (the lexicographer) had been organistof the Stadtkirche; he was related to Bach through his mother, aof the Stadtkirche; he was related to Bach through his mother, aLmmerhirt, and the two became friendly. On 27 September 1712Lmmerhirt, and the two became friendly. On 27 September 1712Bach stood godfather to Walthers son. Forkel told a story of howBach stood godfather to Walthers son. Forkel told a story of howWalther played a trick on Bach, to cure him of boasting that there wasWalther played a trick on Bach, to cure him of boasting that there wasnothing he could not read at sight. Their relations did not deteriorate,nothing he could not read at sight. Their relations did not deteriorate,as Spitta supposed; in 1735 Bach negotiated on Walthers behalf withas Spitta supposed; in 1735 Bach negotiated on Walthers behalf with

the Leipzig publisher J.G. Krgner, and Walthers references to Bach inthe Leipzig publisher J.G. Krgner, and Walthers references to Bach inhis letters to Bokemeyer carry no suggestion of any coolness. Fromhis letters to Bokemeyer carry no suggestion of any coolness. Fromone such letter it seems that during his nine years at Weimar Bachone such letter it seems that during his nine years at Weimar Bachgave Walther some 200 pieces of music, some by Buxtehude, othersgave Walther some 200 pieces of music, some by Buxtehude, otherscompositions of his own.compositions of his own.Of Bachs pupils, Schubart and Vogler have already been mentioned.Of Bachs pupils, Schubart and Vogler have already been mentioned.The pupil for whom Bach was paid by Ernst Augusts account in 1711The pupil for whom Bach was paid by Ernst Augusts account in 171112 was not Duke Ernst August himself but a page called Jagemann.12 was not Duke Ernst August himself but a page called Jagemann.


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J.G. Ziegler (16881747) matriculated at the University of Halle on 12J.G. Ziegler (16881747) matriculated at the University of Halle on 12October 1712, but before that he had studied with Bach for a year orOctober 1712, but before that he had studied with Bach for a year orso, and had been taught to play chorales not just superficially, butso, and had been taught to play chorales not just superficially, butaccording to the sense of the words; Bachs wife stood godmother toaccording to the sense of the words; Bachs wife stood godmother tohis daughter in 1718, and in 1727 Bach employed him as agent, inhis daughter in 1718, and in 1727 Bach employed him as agent, in

Halle, for Partitas nos.2 and 3. P.D. Krauter of Augsburg (16901741)Halle, for Partitas nos.2 and 3. P.D. Krauter of Augsburg (16901741)set out for Weimar in March 1712, and stayed until about Septemberset out for Weimar in March 1712, and stayed until about September1713. Johann Lorenz Bach (38) probably arrived in autumn 1713; he1713. Johann Lorenz Bach (38) probably arrived in autumn 1713; hemay have left Weimar by July 1717. Johann Tobias Krebs (16901762)may have left Weimar by July 1717. Johann Tobias Krebs (16901762)studied with Walther from 1710, with Bach from about 1714 untilstudied with Walther from 1710, with Bach from about 1714 until1717. Johann Bernhard Bach (41) worked with his uncle from about1717. Johann Bernhard Bach (41) worked with his uncle from about1715 until March 1719, alongside Samuel Gmelin (16951752), who1715 until March 1719, alongside Samuel Gmelin (16951752), whoappears to have left in 1717. C.H. Dretzel of Nuremberg (16971775)appears to have left in 1717. C.H. Dretzel of Nuremberg (16971775)may have been briefly with Bach. In 1731, when applying for a post,may have been briefly with Bach. In 1731, when applying for a post,T.C. Gerlach (16941768) implied that Bach had been teaching him byT.C. Gerlach (16941768) implied that Bach had been teaching him by

correspondence for 14 years, but his confused phraseology should notcorrespondence for 14 years, but his confused phraseology should not

be taken literally.be taken literally.The specification of the organ in the castle chapel, published in 1737,The specification of the organ in the castle chapel, published in 1737,has not always been reprinted correctly; in any case, it does nothas not always been reprinted correctly; in any case, it does notrepresent the organ that Bach left in 1717. Extensive alterations wererepresent the organ that Bach left in 1717. Extensive alterations weremade in 171930. Still less does the specification represent the organmade in 171930. Still less does the specification represent the organthat Bach was faced with in 1708, for he himself made even morethat Bach was faced with in 1708, for he himself made even moreextensive alterations in 171314. The organ is said to have been builtextensive alterations in 171314. The organ is said to have been builtby Compenius in 16578. It was overhauled in 17078, and a Sub-by Compenius in 16578. It was overhauled in 17078, and a Sub-Bass added, by J.C. Weishaupt, who carried out further maintenanceBass added, by J.C. Weishaupt, who carried out further maintenancework in 1712. A contract for alterations had however been signed onwork in 1712. A contract for alterations had however been signed on

29 June 1712 with H.N. Trebs (16781748), who had moved from29 June 1712 with H.N. Trebs (16781748), who had moved fromMhlhausen to Weimar in 1709. Bach and he had worked together onMhlhausen to Weimar in 1709. Bach and he had worked together ona new organ at Taubach in 170910, opened by Bach on 26 Octobera new organ at Taubach in 170910, opened by Bach on 26 October1710; in 1711 he gave Trebs a handsome testimonial, and in 1713 he1710; in 1711 he gave Trebs a handsome testimonial, and in 1713 heand Walther became godfathers to Trebss son. Bach and Trebsand Walther became godfathers to Trebss son. Bach and Trebscollaborated again about 1742, over an organ at Bad Berka. Trebsscollaborated again about 1742, over an organ at Bad Berka. Trebssnew organ was usable during 1714; he had done 14 days tuning by 19new organ was usable during 1714; he had done 14 days tuning by 19May, and was paid off on 15 September. Of this rebuild nothing isMay, and was paid off on 15 September. Of this rebuild nothing isknown, except that either Bach or the duke was determined that theknown, except that either Bach or the duke was determined that theinstrument include a Glockenspiel; great trouble was taken overinstrument include a Glockenspiel; great trouble was taken over

obtaining bells from dealers in Nuremberg and Leipzig, and it seemsobtaining bells from dealers in Nuremberg and Leipzig, and it seemsthat the original set of 29 (a number hard to account for) had to bethat the original set of 29 (a number hard to account for) had to bereplaced because of difficulties over blend and pitch. In 1737 thereplaced because of difficulties over blend and pitch. In 1737 theorgan had a Glockenspiel on the Oberwerk, but alterations had beenorgan had a Glockenspiel on the Oberwerk, but alterations had beenmade in 171920 and it does not follow that the Glockenspiel of 1714made in 171920 and it does not follow that the Glockenspiel of 1714was on a manual.was on a manual.In December 1709 and February 1710 Bach was paid for repairingIn December 1709 and February 1710 Bach was paid for repairingharpsichords in the household of the junior duke, Ernst August andharpsichords in the household of the junior duke, Ernst August and


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Prince Johann Ernst. On 17 January 1711 he was godfather to aPrince Johann Ernst. On 17 January 1711 he was godfather to adaughter of J.C. Becker, a local burgher. In February 1711 Princedaughter of J.C. Becker, a local burgher. In February 1711 PrinceJohann Ernst went to the University of Utrecht. From 21 FebruaryJohann Ernst went to the University of Utrecht. From 21 February1713 Bach was lodged in the castle at Weissenfels. Duke Christians1713 Bach was lodged in the castle at Weissenfels. Duke Christiansbirthday fell on 23 February, and it is now known that Cantata no. 208birthday fell on 23 February, and it is now known that Cantata no. 208

was performed in this year, not in 1716. The earlier date is stylisticallywas performed in this year, not in 1716. The earlier date is stylisticallysuitable; moreover, it is compatible both with the watermark of thesuitable; moreover, it is compatible both with the watermark of theautograph score and with the fact that in this score Bach contradictedautograph score and with the fact that in this score Bach contradictedsharps by flats rather than by naturals an old-fashioned habit that hesharps by flats rather than by naturals an old-fashioned habit that hegave up progressively during 1714.gave up progressively during 1714.About May 1713 the young prince returned from Utrecht, apparentlyAbout May 1713 the young prince returned from Utrecht, apparentlywith a good deal of music, for in the year from 1 June there were billswith a good deal of music, for in the year from 1 June there were billsfor binding, copying and shelving (some of the music came fromfor binding, copying and shelving (some of the music came fromHalle). In February 1713 he had been in Amsterdam, and may haveHalle). In February 1713 he had been in Amsterdam, and may havemet the blind organist J.J. de Graff who was in the habit of playingmet the blind organist J.J. de Graff who was in the habit of playing

recent Italian concertos as keyboard solos. This may have given rise torecent Italian concertos as keyboard solos. This may have given rise to

the numerous concerto arrangements made by Walther and Bach.the numerous concerto arrangements made by Walther and Bach.On 7 September 1713 Bach was probably at Ohrdruf, standingOn 7 September 1713 Bach was probably at Ohrdruf, standinggodfather to a nephew; and on 6 November he took part in thegodfather to a nephew; and on 6 November he took part in thededication of the new Jakobskirche at Weimar (there is no evidencededication of the new Jakobskirche at Weimar (there is no evidencethat he composed any of the music). On 27 November he was atthat he composed any of the music). On 27 November he was atWeimar, as godfather to Trebss son. At about this time he seems toWeimar, as godfather to Trebss son. At about this time he seems tohave gone to Halle, perhaps to buy music, and to have becomehave gone to Halle, perhaps to buy music, and to have becomeaccidentally involved with the authorities of the Liebfrauenkirche. Theaccidentally involved with the authorities of the Liebfrauenkirche. Theorganist there (Zachow, Handels teacher) had died in 1712, and theorganist there (Zachow, Handels teacher) had died in 1712, and theorgan was being enlarged to a three-manual of 65 stops. The story hasorgan was being enlarged to a three-manual of 65 stops. The story has

to be pieced together from hints in an incomplete correspondence; butto be pieced together from hints in an incomplete correspondence; butit looks as if the pastor, J.M. Heineccius, pressed Bach to apply for theit looks as if the pastor, J.M. Heineccius, pressed Bach to apply for thevacant post. Bach may have been involved in planning thevacant post. Bach may have been involved in planning theenlargement of the organ, when Zachow became incapacitated; at allenlargement of the organ, when Zachow became incapacitated; at allevents, he stayed in Halle from 28 November to 15 December at theevents, he stayed in Halle from 28 November to 15 December at thechurch authorities expense. He also composed and performed achurch authorities expense. He also composed and performed acantata (lost), attended a meeting on 13 December 1713, was offeredcantata (lost), attended a meeting on 13 December 1713, was offeredthe post, and let the committee suppose that he had accepted it,the post, and let the committee suppose that he had accepted it,although he had not had time to find out what his casual fees wouldalthough he had not had time to find out what his casual fees wouldamount to. On 14 December they sent him a formal contract. Bachamount to. On 14 December they sent him a formal contract. Bach

replied on 14 January 1714, saying cautiously that he had not beenreplied on 14 January 1714, saying cautiously that he had not beenreleased from Weimar, was uneasy about his salary and duties, andreleased from Weimar, was uneasy about his salary and duties, andwould write again within the week. Whether he did so is not known;would write again within the week. Whether he did so is not known;but on February the committee resolved to tell him that his salary wasbut on February the committee resolved to tell him that his salary wasnot likely to be increased. Thus at Halle he could expect a slightlynot likely to be increased. Thus at Halle he could expect a slightlysmaller salary than he was already getting; the attraction was thesmaller salary than he was already getting; the attraction was theorgan, more than twice as large. Bach must then have approached theorgan, more than twice as large. Bach must then have approached theduke, for on 2 March, at his most humble request, he becameduke, for on 2 March, at his most humble request, he became


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Konzertmeister (ranking after the vice-Kapellmeister), with a basicKonzertmeister (ranking after the vice-Kapellmeister), with a basicsalary of 250 florins from 25 February. In finally refusing the Hallesalary of 250 florins from 25 February. In finally refusing the Hallepost, he probably mentioned that figure, for the committee accusedpost, he probably mentioned that figure, for the committee accusedhim of having used their offer as a lever to extract more money fromhim of having used their offer as a lever to extract more money fromthe duke. This he denied on 19 March, in a letter so reasonable and sothe duke. This he denied on 19 March, in a letter so reasonable and so

obviously honest that he remained on good terms with Halle and wasobviously honest that he remained on good terms with Halle and wasemployed there as an organ examiner in 1716. Gottfried Kirchhoff hademployed there as an organ examiner in 1716. Gottfried Kirchhoff hadmeanwhile been appointed organist on 30 July 1714.meanwhile been appointed organist on 30 July 1714.Few cantatas (apart from the secular no. 208) can be ascribed to theseFew cantatas (apart from the secular no. 208) can be ascribed to theseearly Weimar years. Nos.18, 54 and 199 appear to date from 1713early Weimar years. Nos.18, 54 and 199 appear to date from 1713and clearly have no specific connection with the cantatas composedand clearly have no specific connection with the cantatas composedwith an eye to the church calendar from March 1714 onwards. Thewith an eye to the church calendar from March 1714 onwards. Thework performed at Halle in December 1713 was formerly thought to bework performed at Halle in December 1713 was formerly thought to beno. 21 (see F. Chrysander: G.F. Hndel (Leipzig, 185867/R)). Theno. 21 (see F. Chrysander: G.F. Hndel (Leipzig, 185867/R)). Theidea that it was no. 63 no longer stands up, although the forcesidea that it was no. 63 no longer stands up, although the forces

required for that work make it extremely unlikely that it was writtenrequired for that work make it extremely unlikely that it was written

for the Weimar court; a performance in Halle at Christmas 1715 isfor the Weimar court; a performance in Halle at Christmas 1715 isconceivable.conceivable.On 23 March 1714 it was ordered that cantatas should in future beOn 23 March 1714 it was ordered that cantatas should in future berehearsed in the chapel, not at home or in lodgings; and on Palmrehearsed in the chapel, not at home or in lodgings; and on PalmSunday, 25 March, Bach performed no. 182. This was the fourthSunday, 25 March, Bach performed no. 182. This was the fourthSunday after his appointment as Konzertmeister, when he had becomeSunday after his appointment as Konzertmeister, when he had becomeresponsible for writing a cantata every four weeks. As he evidentlyresponsible for writing a cantata every four weeks. As he evidentlyhoped to complete an annual cycle in four years, he did not keephoped to complete an annual cycle in four years, he did not keepstrictly to this rule; having written a cantata for Advent Sunday instrictly to this rule; having written a cantata for Advent Sunday in1714, he wrote for the last Sunday after Trinity in 1715, and for the1714, he wrote for the last Sunday after Trinity in 1715, and for the

second Sunday in Advent in 1716 (in 1717 he was in prison). Apartsecond Sunday in Advent in 1716 (in 1717 he was in prison). Apartfrom such intentional irregularities, there are gaps in the series, andfrom such intentional irregularities, there are gaps in the series, andthe strange thing is that these gaps became suddenly more numerousthe strange thing is that these gaps became suddenly more numerousafter the end of 1715. One of the gaps is accounted for by the death atafter the end of 1715. One of the gaps is accounted for by the death atFrankfurt on 1 August 1715 of the musically gifted Prince JohannFrankfurt on 1 August 1715 of the musically gifted Prince JohannErnst, plunging the duchy into mourning from 11 August to 9Ernst, plunging the duchy into mourning from 11 August to 9November 1715, when not a note of music might be played. FromNovember 1715, when not a note of music might be played. From1717 there are no cantatas at all. A tentative explanation will be1717 there are no cantatas at all. A tentative explanation will besuggested for this; but it is hard to see why Bachs usual allowance ofsuggested for this; but it is hard to see why Bachs usual allowance ofpaper was paid for on 16 May 1716 when he is not known to havepaper was paid for on 16 May 1716 when he is not known to have

performed any church cantatas between 19 January and 6 December.performed any church cantatas between 19 January and 6 December.On 4 April 1716 Bach, like the librettist Salomo Franck and the book-On 4 April 1716 Bach, like the librettist Salomo Franck and the book-printer, was paid for Carmina, bound in green taffeta, that had beenprinter, was paid for Carmina, bound in green taffeta, that had beenpresented on some unspecified occasion perhaps on 24 Januarypresented on some unspecified occasion perhaps on 24 Januarywhen Duke Ernst August had married Eleonore, sister of the Prince ofwhen Duke Ernst August had married Eleonore, sister of the Prince ofCthen. Ernsts birthday was celebrated in April; two horn players fromCthen. Ernsts birthday was celebrated in April; two horn players fromWeissenfels came to Weimar, possibly brought over for a repeatWeissenfels came to Weimar, possibly brought over for a repeatperformance of Cantata no. 208. Meanwhile, the new organ at Halleperformance of Cantata no. 208. Meanwhile, the new organ at Halle


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had been making progress, and on 17 April the council resolved thathad been making progress, and on 17 April the council resolved thatBach, Kuhnau of Leipzig and Rolle of Quedlinburg should be invited toBach, Kuhnau of Leipzig and Rolle of Quedlinburg should be invited toexamine it on 29 April. They all accepted; each was to receive 16examine it on 29 April. They all accepted; each was to receive 16thaler, plus food and travelling expenses. The examination began at 7thaler, plus food and travelling expenses. The examination began at 7a.m., and lasted three days until some time on 1 May, when thea.m., and lasted three days until some time on 1 May, when the

experts wrote their report, a sermon was preached and fine music wasexperts wrote their report, a sermon was preached and fine music wasperformed. On 2 May the organist and the three examiners met theperformed. On 2 May the organist and the three examiners met thebuilder to discuss details. The council, who behaved liberally, gave abuilder to discuss details. The council, who behaved liberally, gave atremendous banquet, whose date is usually given as 3 May (1 Maytremendous banquet, whose date is usually given as 3 May (1 Mayseems more likely).seems more likely).On 31 July 1716 Bach and an Arnstadt organ builder signed aOn 31 July 1716 Bach and an Arnstadt organ builder signed atestimonial for J.G. Schrter, who had built an organ at Erfurt. In 1717testimonial for J.G. Schrter, who had built an organ at Erfurt. In 1717Bach was mentioned in print for the first time: in the preface toBach was mentioned in print for the first time: in the preface toMatthesons Das beschtzte Orchestre, dated 21 February, MatthesonMatthesons Das beschtzte Orchestre, dated 21 February, Matthesonreferred to Bach as the famous Weimar organist saying that hisreferred to Bach as the famous Weimar organist saying that his

works, both for the church and for keyboard, led one to rate himworks, both for the church and for keyboard, led one to rate him

highly, and asked for biographical information.highly, and asked for biographical information.It is against this background that Bachs departure from Weimar has toIt is against this background that Bachs departure from Weimar has tobe considered. In 1703 he had been employed by Duke Johann Ernst;be considered. In 1703 he had been employed by Duke Johann Ernst;since his return in 1708, by Duke Wilhelm, Johanns elder brother. Thesince his return in 1708, by Duke Wilhelm, Johanns elder brother. Thebrothers had been on bad terms, and when Johann Ernst died in 1707brothers had been on bad terms, and when Johann Ernst died in 1707and his son Ernst came of age in 1709, things became no better. Forand his son Ernst came of age in 1709, things became no better. Forsome time the ducal disagreements do not seem to have affectedsome time the ducal disagreements do not seem to have affectedBach; perhaps they were kept within bounds by Superintendent Lairitz,Bach; perhaps they were kept within bounds by Superintendent Lairitz,and Ernsts younger half-brother (Johann, the composer) may haveand Ernsts younger half-brother (Johann, the composer) may havehad some influence. But the latter died in 1715, Lairitz on 4 Aprilhad some influence. But the latter died in 1715, Lairitz on 4 April

1716, and the new superintendent certainly failed to cope with the1716, and the new superintendent certainly failed to cope with thecourt difficulties; like the rest of Wilhelms household, he wascourt difficulties; like the rest of Wilhelms household, he wasforbidden to associate with Ernst. The musicians, though paid by bothforbidden to associate with Ernst. The musicians, though paid by bothhouseholds, were threatened with fines of 10 thaler if they servedhouseholds, were threatened with fines of 10 thaler if they servedErnst in any way.Ernst in any way.No extant Bach cantata can be securely dated between 19 January andNo extant Bach cantata can be securely dated between 19 January and6 December 1716; it may seem unlikely that this long, continuous gap6 December 1716; it may seem unlikely that this long, continuous gapwas due to casual losses. It is tempting to suppose that Bach found hiswas due to casual losses. It is tempting to suppose that Bach found hisposition embarrassing (owing to his early connection with the juniorposition embarrassing (owing to his early connection with the juniorcourt) and expressed disapproval of Duke Wilhelms behaviour bycourt) and expressed disapproval of Duke Wilhelms behaviour by

evading his own responsibilities. In fact, Bach does not seem to haveevading his own responsibilities. In fact, Bach does not seem to havedisapproved of the dukes behaviour until he discovered that a newdisapproved of the dukes behaviour until he discovered that a newKapellmeister was being sought elsewhere. Drese senior died on 1Kapellmeister was being sought elsewhere. Drese senior died on 1December 1716; his son, the vice-Kapellmeister, was by all accounts aDecember 1716; his son, the vice-Kapellmeister, was by all accounts anonentity. Bach produced Cantatas nos.70a, 186a and 147a for 6, 13nonentity. Bach produced Cantatas nos.70a, 186a and 147a for 6, 13and 20 December (three successive weeks, not months), but thereand 20 December (three successive weeks, not months), but therewere no more, as far as is known. By Christmas, Bach may have foundwere no more, as far as is known. By Christmas, Bach may have foundout that the duke was angling for Telemann. Negotiations without that the duke was angling for Telemann. Negotiations with


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Telemann came to nothing; but apparently Bach now set about lookingTelemann came to nothing; but apparently Bach now set about lookingfor a post as Kapellmeister. He was offered one by Prince Leopold offor a post as Kapellmeister. He was offered one by Prince Leopold ofCthen, brother-in-law to Duke Ernst (Bach and the prince hadCthen, brother-in-law to Duke Ernst (Bach and the prince hadprobably met at Ernsts wedding in January 1716) and theprobably met at Ernsts wedding in January 1716) and theappointment was confirmed on 5 August 1717. No doubt Bach thenappointment was confirmed on 5 August 1717. No doubt Bach then

asked Duke Wilhelms permission to leave, and no doubt he wasasked Duke Wilhelms permission to leave, and no doubt he wasrefused the duke being annoyed because his nephew had obviouslyrefused the duke being annoyed because his nephew had obviouslyhad a hand in finding Bach a job that carried more prestige and, athad a hand in finding Bach a job that carried more prestige and, at400 thaler, was better paid.400 thaler, was better paid.The duke and Bach must nevertheless have remained on speakingThe duke and Bach must nevertheless have remained on speakingterms for the time being, for at some date hardly earlier than the endterms for the time being, for at some date hardly earlier than the endof September Bach was in Dresden and free to challenge the Frenchof September Bach was in Dresden and free to challenge the Frenchkeyboard virtuoso Louis Marchand. Versions of this affair differ, butkeyboard virtuoso Louis Marchand. Versions of this affair differ, butaccording to Birnbaum (who wrote in 1739, probably under Bachsaccording to Birnbaum (who wrote in 1739, probably under Bachssupervision), Bach found himself at Dresden, and was not sent for bysupervision), Bach found himself at Dresden, and was not sent for by

special coach. Once there, some court official persuaded him tospecial coach. Once there, some court official persuaded him to

challenge Marchand to a contest at the harpsichord; the idea that theychallenge Marchand to a contest at the harpsichord; the idea that theywere to compete at the organ seems to have crept in later. Whateverwere to compete at the organ seems to have crept in later. Whatevermay be the truth about these and other details, it is universally agreedmay be the truth about these and other details, it is universally agreedthat Marchand ran away.that Marchand ran away.On his birthday, 30 October 1717, Duke Wilhelm set up an endowmentOn his birthday, 30 October 1717, Duke Wilhelm set up an endowmentfor his court musicians; and

the johann sebastian bach biography

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