Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005

The Johns Hopkins University

Chemical Propulsion Information Agency

BulletinA DTIC-Sponsored DoD Information Analysis Center

continued on page 4

Serving the Propulsion Community for Over Fifty Years

Refurbished Apollo Test Stand Supports Hybrid Rocket Firing

Huygens Descent Device Establishes New Solid Propellant Milestone in SpaceBy T. L. Moore

As the global scientific community celebrated the near-perfectlanding of the European Space Agency’s Huygens spacecraft on thesurface of Saturn’s moon, Titan, on January 14, the builders of thespacecraft and its components were likewise reveling in the successof the mission. The Huygens probe’s historic descent to Titan (seeillustration) was accomplished by the successful operation of a DescentControl Subsystem that was manufactured by Martin-BakerEngineering Ltd of the United Kingdom. As Huygens reached theentry interface altitude of 1270 km above Titan, the programmeddeployment of the three-parachute Descent Control Subsystem slowedthe spacecraft from a speed of about 18000 km/hr to 1400 km/hr, andthen to a landing speed of 5 to 6 meters per second.

Contents:Call for Papers........................................3-4

Test Medium Working Group.................5

NIMIC (MSIAC) Workshop........................6

In Memoriam, Ronald F. Dettling...........6

JANNAF Subcommittee Best Papers....7

PERCORP 2004 Now Available...............7

SBIR News: Focus on MACH I , Inc...........8

T. Boggs/H. McSpadden Retire........10-11

CPIA Publications List.......................2CPIA Ti/Bi List.....................................2Bulletin Board (Mtgs).......................3JANNAF Meeting Calendar..........back

Illustration courtesy of NASA

On 21 January, a large hybrid rocket motor was test fired at the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Test Stand 2-A, theApollo era test stand which was rededicated in January 2004, following a major refurbishment effort.

The operational test stand was recently readied for its first customer, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, MichoudOperations, the winner of one of four contracts awarded by the joint DefenseAdvanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) / Air Force Small Launch Vehicle(SLV) “Falcon” program. Falcon is a 36-month long Phase II effort to developand demonstrate an affordable and responsive space lift capability. DARPAand the Air Force are currently supporting four companies investigating a rangeof Small Launch Vehicle designs.

Lockheed Martin’shybrid rocket combinesaspects of both solid andliquid rocket tech-nologies. Hybrid motorstypically consist of asolid fuel grain (e.g.,HTPB, PMMA)separated from agaseous or liquidoxidizer, until combinedin the combustionchamber during motoroperation.Static Firing of Lockheed Martin Hybrid Rocket Motor

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005Page 2

CPIA offers a variety of services to its subscribers, including responses totechnical/bibliographic inquiries. Answers are usually provided within three workingdays and take the form of telephoned, telefaxed, electronic or written technicalsummaries. Customers are provided with copies of JANNAF papers, excerptsfrom technical reports, bibliographies of pertinent literature, names of recognizedexperts, propellant/ingredient data sheets, computer program tapes and instructions,and/or theoretical performance calculations. The CPIA staff responds to nearly800 inquiries per year from over 180 customer organizations. CPIA invites inquiriesvia telephone, fax, e-mail, or letter. For further information, please contact TomMoore at 410-992-7306, or e-mail: tmoore@jhu.edu. Representative recent inquiriesinclude:

The Chemical Propulsion Information Agency(CPIA), a DoD Information Analysis Center, issponsored and administratively managed by theDefense Technical Information Center (DTIC).CPIA is responsible for the acquisition, compila-tion, analysis, and dissemination of information anddata relevant to chemical, electric, and nuclear pro-pulsion technology. In addition, CPIA providestechnical and administrative support to the JointArmy-Navy-NASA-Air Force (JANNAF) Inter-agency Propulsion Committee. The purpose ofJANNAF is to solve propulsion problems, affectcoordination of technical programs, and promotean exchange of technical information in the areasof missile, space, and gun propulsion technology.A fee commensurate with CPIA products and ser-vices is charged to subscribers, who must meet se-curity and need-to-know requirements.

The Bulletin is published bimonthly and is availablefree of charge to the propulsion community. Repro-duction of Bulletin articles is permissible, withattribution. Neither the U.S. Government, CPIA,nor any person acting on their behalf, assumes anyliability resulting from the use or publication of theinformation contained in this document, or warrantsthat such use or publication of the information con-tained in this document will be free from privatelyowned rights. The content of the Bulletin is ap-proved for public release, and distribution is unlim-ited.

Paid commercial advertisements published in the Bul-letin do not represent any endorsement by CPIA.

Rosemary Dodds Editor410-992-1905, ext. 219 Fax 410-730-4969E-mail: rdodds@jhu.eduWorld Wide Web: www.cpia.jhu.eduTechnical Advisor Michael J. FisherTechnical Advisor Peter ZeenderThe Johns Hopkins University/CPIA10630 Little Patuxent Parkway, Suite 202Columbia, Maryland 21044-3204

Operating under Contract: SPO700-97-D-4004

CPIA’s Technical/Bibliographic Inquiry Service

Technical Inquiries

Bibliographic Inquiries

• Safety and sensitivity characteristics of boron/potassium nitrate pellets(TI20041001).

• Propulsion technical data for Pedro Recruit vehicle (TI20050104).

• Phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate (PSAN) (BI20041206).• External insulation for canister-launched missiles (BI2004102901).• Burning rate/regression rate data for hybrid rocket fuels (BI20041213).• Use of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fiber in nozzles of

operational propulsion systems (BI20041217).• Stockpile reliability, aging, and surveillance reports on Basic TOW

missile rocket motors (BI20050126).• Small (less than 500 lbf) hydrazine thrusters (BI2005.• Shielding of rocket motors against fragment and bullet impact damage

(BI2005020201).• Particle size distribution measurement and analysis (BI2005020202).• Ultrafine or nanosize aluminum characterization and use in solid

propellants (BI2005020203).• Safety issues and aging characteristics related to nitroglycerin loss or

migration in extruded double base propellants (BI20050126).• Synthesis of aluminum hydride (BI20041229).

JSC CD-37, JANNAF Structures & Mechanical Behavior, Modeling &Simulation, and Nondestructive Evaluation, “Integrated Health Manage-ment and Reliable Service Life Prediction Workshop,” Oct. 2004.

Recent CPIA Publications

Have you checked out CPIA’ssecure Chemical PropulsionInformation Network (CPIN)yet?

Go to the CPIA Homepage atwww.cpia.jhu.edu and click onSecure CPIN Access. Then, clickon Sign up here to apply foraccess.

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005 Page 3

Various meetings and events of interest are listed below. We welcome all suchannouncements, so that the propulsion community can be better served with timelyinformation. The JANNAF Calendar appears on the back page. For additional industrymeetings, see our Calendar of Events webpage at http://www.cpia.jhu.edu/meetings/.

The The The The The BulletinBulletinBulletinBulletinBulletin Board Board Board Board Board

AIAA=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 703-264-7500; 800-639-2422, or www.aiaa.orgAFRL=Air Force Research Laboratory; For conference information, visit: http://www.usasymposium.com/nsmms or contact MichelleKubal at 937-254-7950, ext. 1168 or by email to mkubal@anteon.comASNT=American Society for Nondestructive Testing; http://www.asnt.org/events/events.htm; or call 614-274-6899ICT/IPS=Fraunhofer-Institut Chemische Technologie; http://www.ict.fhg.de, or email to Manuela Wolff: mw@ict.fhg.deISABE=International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines; www.isabe2005.com/ISICP= International Symposium on Special Topics in Chemical Propulsion; http://www.6-isicp.cl/; or Phone: 56-2-274 6714NDIA=National Defense Industrial Association; For conference information, visit www.ndia.org/ NIMIC=NATO Insensitive Munitions Information Center; point of contact: d.watt@hq.nato.intRMCS=Royal Military College of Science, For conference information, visit http://www.rmcs.cranfield.ac.uk/symposia/ome05Univ. of Pardubice= For additional information, visit http://marinkas.com/8th_seminar.html

NDES/RNTS/SMBSCall for Papers

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The 15th Nondestructive Evaluation,24th Rocket Nozzle Technology and 37th

Structures & Mechanical Behavior JointSubcommittee Meeting will be heldMonday through Friday, October 31 –November 4, 2005 at the Hilton San DiegoMission Valley, San Diego, California.

The Call for Papers for the jointmeeting was released last month. Allinterested authors are encouraged tosubmit abstracts for presentation.Technical areas to be addressed by theNDES include Manufacturing andInspection Technology, and NDE inService Life and Aging. Presentationtopics solicited by the RNTS includeStructural Analysis and Modeling ofNozzles and Component Materials,Nozzle Design, Test and Evaluation,Thrust Management Control, Low Cost/Low Weight Nozzles and Materials, andThrust Vector Control. Technical areasto be addressed by the S&MBS includeService Life/Missile Sustainment,Material Properties and Characterization,Structural Analysis and Design,Experimental Structural and MechanicalAnalysis and Test Methods, DefectEvaluation, Fracture Mechanics andFracture Characterization, and FailureInvestigation Tools and Methodologies.

To receive an electronic copy of theMeeting Announcement and Call forPapers or for additional informationconcerning the meeting, please contactDebbie Eggleston or Mary Gannaway at(410) 992-7300, ext. 202 or 211,respectively, or via e-mail todse@jhu.edu.

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005Page 4

Deployment of the parachute system for the Huygens mission was initiated by a small solid propellant Parachute DeploymentDevice (PDD) that was designed, developed, and manufactured for Martin-Baker by Universal Propulsion Company, Inc.(UPCO) in Phoenix, Arizona, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goodrich Corporation. The PDD cartridge (see photograph),measuring about 30 mm in diameter by 85 mm in length, contained a small cylindrical propellant grain about the size of a man’s

finger and weighed almost 3 grams. The propellant was aplasticized UPCO formulation containing ammonium perchlorateand a Butarez II CTL carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB)binder. The grain was inhibited on the outside diameter andcontained 19 perforations to produce the gas flow necessary toeffect deployment ofthe parachute underspace environmentconditions. RedundantNASA StandardInitiators (NSI) wereused to ignite a copper-aluminum thermitematerial which, in turn,ignited the propellantgrain.

The Butarez II CTLpolymer, which is no longer manufactured, has long been known to provide effectivepropellant mechanical properties over an extremely wide temperature range.UPCO’s test results on the PDD propellant demonstrated a glass transitiontemperature of nearly -73°C with respectable mechanical properties.

Because of their extreme low temperature capability and flight record, moderatelysolids loaded CTPB propellants have historically been the workhorse formulationsfor orbit, deorbit, retro, and deceleration rocket motors for extended space missionssuch as the Lunar Surveyor series (1960s), Pioneer Venus (1978), Mars Pathfinder(1997), and the Mars Rovers (2004). The CTPB propellants in these systemsfunctioned successfully after many months in space. With the launch of the Cassini-Huygens mission on October 15, 1997, the Goodrich/UPCO PDD has far extendedthe previous mark for CTPB propellants, demonstrating mission success afterspending 7 years and 3 months in space.

Huygens PDD....continued from page 1

Parachute Deployment Device (PDD) Cartridge

Huygens Descent Profile

53rd JPM/2nd LPS and SPSCall for Papers Released

The 53rd JANNAF PropulsionMeeting (JPM), including the 2nd LiquidPropulsion Subcommittee (LPS) andSpacecraft Propulsion Subcommittee(SPS) Meetings, will be conductedMonday through Thursday, December5-8, 2005 at the Hyatt RegencyMonterey Resort and ConferenceCenter in Monterey, California. Mr.Frank C. Tse of the Naval SurfaceWarfare Center in Indian Head,Maryland is the Meeting Chair.

The Call for Papers for this jointmeeting has just been released, and allinterested authors are encouraged tosubmit abstracts for presentation.Topics solicited by the JPM includeTactical Propulsion, Missile Defenseand Strategic Propulsion, PropulsionSystems for Space Access, and Gun andGun Launched Propulsion. Topicssolicited by the LPS include LiquidSystems, Liquid CombustionSubsystems and Components, LiquidPropellant Feed and PressurizationSystems, and Tactical Liquid and GelPropulsion Systems. Topics solicited bythe SPS include Advanced ChemicalPropulsion, Aerocapture, ElectricPropulsion, Nuclear ThermalPropulsion, Solar Sails, Solar ThermalPropulsion, Technologies for the Future,and Tether Systems.

To receive an electronic copy of theMeeting Announcement and Call forPapers or for additional informationconcerning the meeting, please contactDebbie Eggleston or Mary Gannawayat (410) 992-7300, ext. 202 or 211,respectively, or via e-mail todse@jhu.edu.

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005 Page 5

JANNAF Test Medium Working GroupRonald S. Fry, JHU/CPIA

Ground testing of airbreathing, high flight Mach number(M>5), aeropropulsion engines necessitates contaminating thefacility “air” (i.e., the test medium) to some extent in order toachieve the high total enthalpies (temperatures) required tosimulate flight conditions. The presence of these contaminantscan have a profound effect on the test results and on theinterpretation of those results. The various facilityconfigurations designed to achieve these high total enthalpiesdistort the composition of the test medium differently. As anexample, in the case of in-stream combustion, the test mediumis commonly referred to as “vitiated” air and is comprised ofoxygen, nitrogen, and some fraction of combustion products.

W. Chinitz and G. Pellett made an early plea for a concertedin-depth examination of the full range of questions surroundingtest medium effects in the ground testing of hypersonic enginemodels in their JANNAF paper, “Test Medium Effects onIgnition, Combustion and Flameholding Processes in ScramjetCombustors” (CPIA Publication 703, Volume I, November2000).

The Test and Evaluation Panel of the AirbreathingPropulsion Subcommittee of the JANNAF InteragencyPropulsion Committee took the first steps in attempting to bringorder to this chaos by empanelling a Test Medium WorkingGroup (TMWG) chaired by Dr. Wally Chinitz. This TMWGconsists of members from the U.S. hypersonics communitycharged (at a minimum) with arriving at consensusrecommendations to that community for dealing with theseissues. The TMWG set forth the following initial objectives:

• Assess the extent to which flight simulation iscompromised in ground testing.• Quantify this lack of fidelity.• Reach a consensus on which flight parameters are mostimportant to replicate.• Recommend procedures for “correcting” theexperimental results.• Achieve the above objectives for all fuels for all types ofhypersonic test facilities.

Dr. Chinitz structured the TMWG as three subgroups (withleaders), each focusing on a segment of the overall problem:Engine Flowpath Subgroup (M. Bradley, Boeing) to identifythe ranges of gas dynamic properties through engine flowpathsfor hypersonic trajectory applications; Ground Test Subgroup(S. Powell, Aerospace Testing Alliance, Arnold AFB) todetermine the magnitude of deviations in ground test facilitiesfrom flight conditions due to ground test medium effects; and,Computational Tools Subgroup (D. Eklund, AFRL/PRA) toidentify and assess the CFD and chemical kinetics toolsavailable to “correct” ground test data to flight conditions.

Monthly telecons have been used to encourage mutual

interaction and communication among TMWG members. Thesubgroup leaders report on activities and future plans with theresults recorded in minutes and action items.

The TMWG has held four workshops and one open forum:Workshop I (50th JPM, July 2001, Salt Lake City, UT, 35attendees), Workshop II (APS, April 2002, Destin, FL, 42attendees), a forum entitled, “Defining the Ground TestEnvironment for a Hypersonic Airbreathing Engine” andWorkshop III (51st JPM, November 2002), and Workshop IV(APS, December 2003, Destin, FL, 42 attendees). Theseworkshops have served to coalesce progress and constructfuture plans. In Workshop III the TMWG memberssummarized recommended action items that if addressed wouldcontribute significantly toward resolving current uncertaintiesin the understanding of the impact of test medium effectsupon scramjet engine testing. These action items weredeveloped in terms of the current TMWG scope of work, andfuture efforts of the TMWG that may require research funding.The November 2002 Forum and Workshop III proceedingsare documented in the JHU/CPIA CD-ROM JSC CD-21,“APS Test Medium Effects Forum and Workshop III,”November 2002.

At this juncture, we anticipate formulation ofrecommended practices for the hypersonics community indealing with test medium effects within the next year. It ispossible this consensus may emerge as later additions of CPIAPublication 710, Scramjet Propulsion Testing Standards,Recommended Practices and Guidelines.

It is expected that the maturity of scramjet technology willgrow to the pointwhere manned flightspowered by scramjetpropulsion systems willone day becomeroutine. To achievethis outcome, scramjetdevelopment must befirmly based ond o c u m e n t e d ,government andindustry certifiedprocedures andstandards for testingand qualifying flightcapable systems. Theconvening of theTMWG is a step incoming to grips withthis problem.

“In a climate of austere budgetsand insecure support forhypersonics, suggestions fordealing with the test mediumproblem will likely seemimpractical by many in thiscommunity. The price to be paid iscontinuing uncertainty concerningwhat will in fact be achieved duringactual flight. The efforts describedto reduce or eliminate theseuncertainties could be carried outsystematically at modest cost overa reasonable amount of time. To donothing is to compromise for theforeseeable future the promise ofhypersonic flight.”

Early quote by Dr. W. Chinitzthat still applies today.....

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005Page 6

Helsinki at night.

Upcoming NIMIC (MSIAC) Workshop:The Effects of Aging Upon Insensitive Munitions Life Cycle

The NATO Munitions SafetyInformation Analysis Center(MSIAC), formerly NIMIC, willbe conducting a workshop toinvestigate the effects of aging onmunitions equipped with newtechnologies developed to meetinsensitive munitions (IM)requirements. In order to achievethe IM goals defined by NATO andU.S. policies, designers haveutilized a range of newtechnologies, including novel rocketpropellants, reduced sensitivityPBX and melt-pour explosives,LOVA gun propellants, composite cases, active ventingtechniques, and other mitigation concepts. For many of thesetechnologies, insufficient data have been generated to permitsafe service life prediction, or to provide comparison of agingmodes with those of existing technologies. Therefore, a morethorough understanding of the effects of IM technologies onthe aging profiles of munitions is required.

Part I of the workshop will consist of a series ofpresentations covering the key factors related to the aging of

reduced sensitivity munitions.Topics of discussion for Part Iinclude:

•critical aging mechanisms ofenergetic materials and relevantanalytical techniques;

• materials aging, cumulativedamage and response modeling ofaged materials;

• lifecycle monitoring andanalysis, including monitoringprograms, MEMS, data loggersand non-destructive testing.

During Part II of the workshop,expert panel discussions will be

conducted to summarize and evaluate current understanding,and to generate guidelines/suggestions for improving aginganalysis and prediction methods.

This workshop, co-sponsored by MSIAC, the FinnishDefence Forces and Finnish industry, will be held in Helsinki,Finland, from May 22 – 27, 2005. For more information, or toregister for the workshop, please contact MSIAC either bye-mail to nimic@hq.nato.int or by telephone (32-2-707-5614).

In Memoriam Ronald F. Dettling (1935 - 2004)

Ronald F. Dettling, 69, passed away Tuesday, December 21,2004, at his home in Ridgecrest, California, following a brief butcourageous battle with cancer.

Ron was born in San Francisco on March21, 1935. He was class valedictorian atLincoln High School, Lincoln, Calif. andearned a Bachelor of Science degree inmechanical engineering at the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology in 1957. Immediatelyfollowing graduation, he arrived at China Laketo follow his lifelong dream to design rocketmotors.

During his 31-year career at China Lake, Ron was instrumentalin the design of space vehicles, missile power systems and weaponsafety devices, as well as rocket motors. He spent the majority ofhis career as head of the Power Systems Branch. He then spent thenext 16 years as a consultant and project manager in support ofNavy and Air Force missile systems programs in the contract arena.

In addition to his fascination with rockets, Ron had a lifelonginterest in science fiction, space exploration, flying, andautomobiles. He built hot rods as a youth and in later years foundfulfillment restoring MG T-series roadsters. He earned a pilot’s

license and enjoyed the sense of freedom he experienced when inflight. The “ham” in him was expressed acting in many “BackyardPlayers” shows produced by his friend Steve Lee. An abiding loveof the sea and its depths led him to become an avid SCUBA diver.He was consulted by professional photographers and helped themdesign camera equipment for use under water.

Ron lived his life with grace and courage. A loving father, heopened his heart to six stepchildren in addition to his beloved son,Brian, and his two grandchildren.

His service to the community included membership in KiwanisInternational, the Footprinters Association, and service on theDesert Counseling Clinic Board.

He is survived by his wife, Carolyn, of the family home; sister,Margaret Dettling, of Roseville, Calif.; brother, Roy Dettling, ofMerced, Calif.; son, Brian, of Gaithersburg, Maryland; sixstepchildren; and two grandchildren.

Donations in his memory may be made to the Carcinoid andNeuroendocrine Tumor Center fund, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center,P.O. Box 48750 – Tribute/Suite 2416, Los Angeles, CA 90048-0750(online at: http://www.csmc.edu/309.html) or his favorite charity,Special Olympics.

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005 Page 7

Each Technical Steering Group of the various JANNAF subcommittees has initiated a process to identify the “best” papers presentedat their bi-annual meetings in order to increase public recognition of the exceptional work accomplished by JANNAF participants.The November 2004 issue of the CPIA Bulletin introduced the first in a recurring series of “Best” Paper Recognitions featuringaward recipients and the topic areas of winning papers. Specific titles of papers are not published due to possible sensitivity. Thefollowing subcommittee is featured in this issue of the Bulletin.

PERCORP Users: CPIA has just received a new versionof the PERformance CORrelation Program code, PERCORP2004.

PERCORP was developed to address the issues of realcombustion processes in liquid rocket engines, to predictnozzle exit-plane flow constituents, and to define theproperties required as input to plume signature analysis.PERCORP accounts for species distribution resulting frominjector mixture ratio variations, film cooling, and gasgenerator exhaust. The latest version of PERCORP (2004)incorporates a film cooling entrainment model to moreaccurately predict film cooling properties. This version isdesigned to interface with the nozzle flow field code ViscousInteraction Performance Evaluation Routine (VIPER 3.6 andhigher). With these codes used in conjunction, non-equilibrium species distributions due to film cooling mixingand combustion can be evaluated.

PERCORP subscribers currently active within their 2-yearrenewal subscriptions will automatically receive copies ofthe new version at no charge. Other qualified U.S.Government Agencies and their U.S. contractors interestedin obtaining PERCORP should contact Jeanette Inzar at (410)992-7305 ext. 212 or by e-mail to jmi@cpia.jhu.edu forsubscription and application information.

PERCORP 2004 Now Available

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CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005Page 8

SBIR News and Updates

MACH I : Pioneer in Nano-structure, Advanced Materials and Aerospace

MACH I, Inc., is a high technologyperformance chemical company thatprovides innovative specialty chemicalproducts and research services to thenano-structure, advanced materials andaerospace industries. MACH I wasformed in 1985 by Bernard M.Kosowski, who pioneered thedevelopment of hydroxy terminatedpolymer (HTPB) at ARCO ChemicalCompany, along with other senior retiredscientists from ARCO ChemicalCompany. A key element of MACH I’sgrowth strategy is to develop newproducts and markets by leveraging orextending its existing products as wellas core technical competencies. TheU.S. Government’s Small BusinessInnovation Research Program allowsMACH I to do so.

The SBIR and BAA research grantprograms have been key to the technicalinnovation and new productcommercialization of MACH I. ThroughFederally-funded R & D, MACH I hasbeen able to maintain an experienced andproductive research staff whose budgettypically accounts for 15-20% of MACHI’s revenues. This level of funding hasenabled MACH I to develop newproducts and technologies far beyond

what would be possible based uponsales revenues alone.

Since its formation, MACH I hasbeen awarded three BAA contracts,eleven Phase I SBIR contracts and fivePhase II SBIR contracts. Early SBIRawards in 1988 and 1989 comprised thecornerstone of MACH I’s researchorganization. The following summarizessome recent SBIR programs.

Under SBIR sponsorship, MACH Ihas extended its in-house catalysis corecompetencies and used the experienceof Dr. John Leonard and Dr. AndyJones to develop a novel ironphosphotungstate catalyst for DMAZ(2-di-methyl amino ethyl azide) in gasgenerator or mono propellantapplications. DMAZ, produced by 3M,is a potential green fuel replacement forhydrazine. The catalyst that MACH Ideveloped is more active, more stable(less coke formation), and significantlylower cost than existing catalysts. Asan additional operational benefit, oncedeactivated, the MACH I catalyst caneasily be regenerated by air exposure.

With SBIR support and Dr. Leonardas principal investigator, MACH I hasexpanded in-house technology forcoating a high melting refractory metal

with a low melting soft metaland applied its product,aluminum-coated hafniumand zirconium, for energeticapplications. Both hafniumand zirconium have extremeelectrostatic dischargesensitivities (ESD) thatcreate significant safetyissues and have limited theiruse in energetic applications.Aluminum coating improvesESD sensitivity to aluminum-like levels, a substantialimprovement. MACH I is

currently working with Aerojet Inc. todevelop high density impulse solidpropellants based on aluminum-coatedzirconium.

Using similar technology, MACH I isdeveloping a magnesium-coated boronfor commercial applications. Boron, dueto its high heat of oxidation and lowatomic weight, is one of the highestenergy density materials known.Unfortunately, it is very difficult to ignitedue to its inherent reactivity and oxidesurface coating. Magnesium, bycomparison, is relatively easy to ignite,and by coating a boron particle withmagnesium, it substantially increases theignition characteristics. In this application,the burning magnesium heats the boronparticle, as well as keeps the surfacerelatively clear of boron oxide.

MACH I typically employs seniorretired scientists as principal investigatorsfor this research. Albert Condo was theprincipal investigator of research todevelop a synthesis method for narrowmolecular weight and low viscositycarboxy-terminated polybutadiene(CTPB) and high-energy density fuel gelfor propulsion. Mr. Condo alsoinvestigated the microencapsulation ofliquid hydrocarbon fuels and liquidcatalysts to a powder form, anddeveloped calibrated microencapsulatedsensors (CAMES®) for measuring sheerstress during mixing of propellants andmunitions. He is currently doing researchfor a microencapsulated marine antifoulant for paint applications, and he isplanning a program to generate H

2 gas

for fuel cell applications to providedistributive energy for militarydeployments.

Other internal research programs atMACH I include Chuck Criner’sresearch on Boron production and

NANOCAT® Superfine Iron Oxide Production Unit continued on page 9

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005 Page 9

SBIR News and Updates

coating research which has led to themanufacture of magnesium coated boronpowders; Dr. Gary Statton and JohnConsaga’s work on cyclodextrin polymernitrate, and a project on surfactants forplastic bonded explosives by RobertTaylor.

MACH I is also proud of itsgroundbreaking research conducted onsuperfine Iron Oxide, conducted by Dr.Tom Rudy. Dr. Rudy’s work has resultedin a key MACH I commercial productcalled NANOCAT® Superfine IronOxide, a 3 nanometer particle size ferricoxide, used as a solid rocket propellantburning rate catalyst. NANOCAT® isproduced via gas phase oxidation of avolatile iron compound, and MACH I has

MACH I, Inc....continued from page 8

Have you been awarded anSBIR contract?

Let us know and we’ll share your news.

ContactCPIA Editor

Rosemary Dodds, 410-992-1905, ext. 219, or

by e-mail tordodds@cpia.jhu.edu.

~ ~ ~

recently leveraged this gas phasetechnology to develop acatalytically active nano titania.

Through its innovative SBIRresearch, MACH I hassuccessfully contributed to thedriving goal of the governmentSBIR/STTR program, to “harnessthe innovative talents of thenation’s small technologycompanies for U. S. military andeconomic strength.” For moreinformation on MACH I and thechemical products outlined in thisarticle, please access MACH I’sWeb site at http://www.machichemicals.com.

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005Page 10

People in Propulsion

Thom Boggs Retires After 41 Years at China Lake

Longtime colleagues Dan Hightower (left) andFrank Markarian (center) celebrate with Thom.

Colleagues, friends and familygathered recently with Thomas L. Boggsto celebrate his 41+ years of dedicationat a festive retirement party held January13 at the Desert Empire Fairgrounds inRidgecrest, California. Over 100 guestsattended the event in which Thom washonored and presented with a variety ofawards and gifts from colleagues whowanted to recognize Thom once againfor his leadership, integrity and countlessaccomplishments.

Boggs’ early days at China Lakebegan in 1963 when he was assigned asa college co-op. After graduating in 1966from the University of California,Berkley, with a bachelor’s degree inmechanical engineering, Thom convertedto career tenure at China Lake. In 1974,he became Branch Head of theFundamentals Combustion ResearchBranch, Aerothermochemistry Division,which in 1983 became the Combustionand Detonation Research Branch of theEngineering Sciences Division. In 1987,he assumed the position of Head of theEngineering Sciences Division, a divisionof scientists and engineers that hedeveloped and nurtured until he passedit along in 2003. A Senior Scientist inEnergetics Research, Thom continued toserve as facilitator of the Energetic

Materials, Ordnance, and PropulsionScience and Technology Network;coordinator of the Ordnance block of theNAWCWD Independent Researchprogram; Explosive Safety Officer forthe Research Department; and memberof the Explosive Safety Policy Board.He also served on the steeringcommittee of the Energetics StrategicThrust and helped write the NAWSinstruction for qualification andcertification of personnel performingexplosive operations. He chaired theExplosive Inventory Re-Engineeringteam and was instrumental in establishingthe NAWCWD/Thiokol CRADA todevelop explosives based on CL-20.

Author of more than 230 publications,including invited plenary lectures,refereed open literature articles,international symposia, NATO courses,120+ technical papers for JANNAF, andother technical publications, Boggs hasalso been a technical reviewer for manyopen literature journals. He has beenawarded two patents and has severalothers under secrecy order. In addition,Thom has provided technical expertiseand leadership assistance to the DefenseThreat Reduction Agency (formerlyDefense Special Weapons Agency),working on the disposition of strategic

missile motors in Russia andthe Ukraine.

Mr. Boggs was recentlynamed a NAVAIR Fellow inrecognition of his expertise inthe field of energetics, hisleadership in energeticsdevelopment, and his manycontributions to the Navy,national, and internationalenergetics communities.Additional awards includethe following: the NavyMeritorious Civilian ServiceAward, NAWCWD Senior

Fellow, L.T.E. Thompson Award, theCharles C. Lauritsen Award, theMichelson Laboratory Award, AmericanInstitute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsAssociate Fellow, the Arthur S.Flemming Award, and the JANNAFExecutive Committee LifetimeAchievement Award.

An active member of JANNAF formore than three decades, Thom wasrecognized in 2003 particularly for hisservice to the Combustion Subcommittee(CS) and the Propulsion SystemsHazards Subcommittee (PSHS). Hewas a charter member of the PSHS andserved with an unmatched record of 25consecutive years as a China Lakerepresentative on the Technical SteeringGroup (TSG). His leadership andexpertise among the JANNAF andpropulsion energetics community led togreater awareness of solid rockethazards and improved hazardcharacterization.

Fortunately, Thom will continue hisinvolvement in the propulsion andenergetics communities through his newrole as a support contractor to NAVAIR.We hope to see Thom at JANNAFevents for years to come!Congratulations and best wishes, Thom.

Thom Boggs

CPIA Bulletin/Vol. 31, No. 2, March 2005 Page 11

People in Propulsion

Propellant Pioneer Hugh McSpadden Retires from Universal Propulsion

Hugh McSpadden, a long-timeemployee of and consultant toUniversal Propulsion Company(UPCO) in Phoenix, Arizona, awholly-owned subsidiary ofGoodrich Corporation, retired inDecember 2004 from service tothe company that hired him as itsthird active employee in 1965. AtUPCO, he held many positionscomprising all phases of solid

propellant research, development, and manufacturing, andserved as Chief Scientist in support of a broad range ofengineering and production activities.

McSpadden is the inventor or co-inventor of record onseveral patents on such subjects as high-density propellant,ammonium nitrate propellants, heat-resistant chamber liner,rubber-based insulation and inhibitors, and gas generatorpropellant. He personally developed and fabricated many earlystate-of-the-art rubber-based insulation components for rocketmotors. A 50-year fixture in the solid propellant community,he has actively participated in JANNAF, AIAA, International

Pyrotechnics Seminars, ICT, and other international technicalconferences.

Following his 1954 graduation from the University ofTennessee with a bachelor’s degree in chemistry, McSpaddenjoined the Rocket Fuels Division of Phillips Petroleum, whichhad recently reactivated Air Force Plant 66 (the former WWII Bluebonnet Ordnance Plant) at McGregor, Texas to developand produce jet-assist take-off (JATO) units. After a two-year tour of duty with the U.S. Army, McSpadden returned toMcGregor in 1957, working as a propellant developmentchemist for successive operating contractors Astrodyne andRocketdyne. In 1962, he moved west to Arizona to joinRocket Power Inc., and then helped found Aero Dyne Inc. inMesa, Ariz. in 1964 prior to his recruitment to UniversalPropulsion.

Hugh, whose career has effectively spanned most of themodern solid propellant era, is known by many in the industryto be a walking treasure trove of knowledge and history. Hughintends to maintain an “active” retirement by continuing toserve as an independent industry consultant in energeticmaterials and technology. The staff of CPIA wish him well inhis next “career”!

JANNAF MEETING CALENDAR

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ADDRESS SERVICE REQUESTED

Policy on Non-Government Attendees at JANNAF Meetings. Attendance at unclassified meetings for non-government employees isrestricted to U.S. citizens whose organizations are 1) registered with the Defense Logistics Information Service (DLIS) and 2) registeredwith the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) OR are certified by a sponsoring government official from one of the participatingJANNAF agencies. Additional information concerning registrations with DTIC or DLIS can be obtained by contacting DTIC at 1-800-225-3842 (www.dtic.mil/dtic/registration/index.html) or DLIS at 1-800-352-3572 (www.dlis.dla.mil/jcp/). The requirement for attendance atclassified JANNAF meetings remains unchanged.

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