The LEDThe newsletter of the Livingston Amateur Radio Klub (LARK)

Howell, Michigan

October 2019

Who 8 Darrell’s Spicy BaconW8DSB

Welcome all. Well it’s September 30th (Deer Hunting eve) and for me it is time to not think about ham radio for a while. That said, many projects have come to an end. Projects include:

Simplex hotspotCreate codeplugs (FM,DMR,DSTAR) for 27 different types of radiosMixedMode repeater

DMR TalkGroup for KlubElectronics Class for KlubCAT 800 upgrade then downgrade of the 146.680 repeaterCompletely move and upgrade our county EOCInstall and test our second and third GMRS repeaterDuplex hotspotAllStar & Echolink Controller upgrade for the 146.680AllStar Nodes (kickstarter like project)

I am happy to report that all the above are complete.

Are there projects on the radar, well yes, yes there are.

Move the SNAPPER repeater to the Fire StationInstall a remote receive site (south end of county) for the 146.680Rebuild a 60 amp rack mount power supplyInstall our 440 FM repeater (but where?)Rebuild and install our 220 FM repeater (but where?)I would still like to see the Klub & family have a Holiday party this winter

None of the above completed projects or upcoming projects can happen without volunteers. I personally want to thank all of those that have stepped up to help. Net Controllers, Repeater Trustee, Technical Groups, Skywarn Nets and Spotters, CERT members, Board Members, Active Members are just a few. Some quick math says we have totaled nearly 4000 hours of volunteer time and I want to thank each and every one of you.

73, Darrell, W8DSB

Ham Radio History: Kon-Tiki, LI2B

Kon-Tiki

Thor Hyerdahl, a Norwegian “ethnologist”-- and somewhat of a dreamer-- developed a theory that ancients from South America had the capacity and did in fact migrate from their homeland to Polynesia. The prevailing theory had been that migration must have come from the west, but Hyerdahl becameconvinced that Pacific currents from the east enabled South Americans to sailto the west. To test this theory, Heyerdahl and a crew of 5 other Scandinavians constructed a balsa wood raft using only native wood and techniques gleaned from old Spanish conquistador descriptions and set sail from Peru in April, 1947. One hundred one days later, the raft was wrecked on a reef in the Tuamoto Archipelago in French Polynesia. The raft had travelled over 4,300 miles!

Hyerdahl wrote a book about this adventure entitled Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific by Raft, which became a best seller throughout the world, and was turned into a documentary which won an Academy Award in 1951.

Bjorn A. Rorholt, LA1GA

Ham radio played an important part in this saga, and a comprehensive article was written describing the expedition in “Kon-Tiki Communications- Well Done!”, QST, December, 1947, from which much of this article is based. It started in late 1946, when Captain Bjorn A. Rorholt, LA1GA, an assistant military attache at the Norwegian Embassy in Washington, DC and the former commander of Heyerdahl in World War II, contacted the ARRL seeking assistance in organizing amateur radio communications with the planned expedition. In his book, Heyerdahl managed to butcher up the name,referring to the “Radio Amateur League of America”, but we know what he meant. Incidentally, Capt. Rorholt had been active in World War II assisting the Secret Intelligence Service of the U.K. (later, MI6) in operating clandestine radio stations in Norway. Capt. Rorholt had proposed the use of not only maritime frequencies for the Kon-Tiki project, but also the amateur 40-, 20-, 10- and 6-meter bands. Both CW and phone were specified. On board the Kon-Tiki would be two Norwegians who had radio experience in World War II, operating behind the lines against the Nazis, with notable success, Knut Haugland and Torstein Raaby. The Norwegian government had authorized an experimental callsign to the project: LI2B.

Knut Haugland Torstein Raaby

After numerous discussions, the ARRL selected a handful of amateurs, to assist in communications efforts.

The raft itself presented some difficulties, both as to possible antennas and to the selection of transmitters and receivers. The raft was constructed of nine balsa wood logs, the longest of which was approximately 45 feet long and 2-3 feet in diameter, lashed together with inch and a quarter native hemp ropes, with cross pieces of balsa logs approximately 18 feet long and one foot in diameter. Small lengths of pine were wedged between the logs and were used as centerboards. The main mast was made of mangrove wood approximately 29 feet tall. Smaller masts fore and aft were constructed. The raft had a bamboo thatched enclosure approximately 14 feet by 8 feet, and about 4-5 feet high. Steering was from a nineteen foot long oar. A large square sail with a hand drawn depiction of the god Kon Tiki provided the raft's only thrust. See the detailed descriptions in Heyerdahl's book and Kon-tiki, Wikipedia. It was far from watertight.

Because of the expected moisture issue, it was decided to make the transmitters sealed and watertight. Two hams at the National Company, Inc., of Malden, MA, Calvin F. Hadlock, W1CTW, of Arlington, MA, and Harry

A. Gardner, W1EHT, of Stoneham, MA, were assigned the tasks of designingand building these rigs. Three transmitters were decided upon: a 20- and 40-meter transmitter based upon a design from “A Versatile Portable-EmergencyTransmitter”,QST, July, 1941; and a 10 meter rig and a 6 meter rig, both patterned after “Mobile Rig for 50 and 28 mc”, QST, June, 1946. Each rig used 2E30 tubes, providing 10 watts of RF input. Interestingly, no meters were used on any of the transmitters, the thought being that they would not survive the wet conditions, so all tuning was done using neon bulbs and lamploops.

The power supplies also presented problems, and after some discussion it wasdecided to use dry batteries and hand crank generators.

The receiver used was a National NC-173.

National NC-173 receiver

Additional equipment included a hand cranked “Gibson Girl” emergency set for 500 and 8280 KHz and a special VHF set for contacting aircraft, both provided by the U.S. War Department.

Gibson GirlIn addition, Kon-Tiki carried two British 3-16 MHz Mark II transmitters, used extensively as clandestine transmitters during World War II.

British Mark II spy transmitter

Both balloon and kite supported antennas were tested, but ultimately, it was decided to use an end fed wire supported by the Kon-Tiki's main mast.

The operators managed with this array of equipment and a variety of problems, including having to jury rig the batteries when they got wet, and dealing with the crystals used in the transmitters which fractured.

The QST article says that for the first 22 days following departure, the Kon-Tiki could only make contact with the Peruvian Naval School, due apparentlyto a known “dead spot” in the Pacific Ocean. The first amateur contact was made on May 20, 1947, with Harold Kempel, W6EVM, of Los Angeles, CA, on 14142 KHz. By mid June, LI2B had made contact with a number of US and Canadian hams, and as the weeks went by, regular long haul contacts were established with stations in North America, Canal Zone and Norway. Nightly schedules were kept with W6EVM, who would then contact Gene Melton, W3FNG, of Silver Spring, MD, who would relay messages to the Norwegian Embassy in nearby Washington, DC. In one instance, QST reported, a message was sent by the raft and relayed to W3FNG, who then telephoned the Norwegian Embassy, got a reply, then sent a message back to LI2B, all in the space of only 35 minutes!

Another reliable traffic station was W3YA, the Penn State Amateur Radio Club station, whose operators included faculty and students at the college, and who maintained a nightly schedule to deliver traffic.

Thor Heyerdahl

Thor Heyerdahl's adventure seemed to strike just the right chord with folks around the world still coping with the destruction of World War II. The Kon-Tiki story is an unusual one. Most of the book describes efforts to obtain the necessary balsa logs, building the raft and taking it down the river to the Pacific Ocean, and detailed descriptions of the aquatic life the crew encountered. And yes, there are a few tense moments such as when a crewman wandered too far from the raft or when huge sea creatures were attracted to it. The discussion in the book about radio is somewhat sporadic, and it seems clear that Heyerdahl did not have a good grasp of the technical aspects of the equipment. In fact, the longest episode in the book about radiocommunications comes near the end of the book, when the Kon-Tiki raft struck the reef off Raiora Island, part of the Tuamoto Archipelago. Just before the reef wreck, less than 100 yards away from the reef, and with disaster impending, one of the two radio operators was in a CW QSO with a ham on Raratonga, G. W. Hitch, ZK1AB, who agreed to listen for LI2B everyhour, with the admonition that, if in 36 hours he had heard nothing, he would contact the Norwegian Embassy to begin a search and rescue operation. Heyerdahl says that when the reef was struck, the team was careful to first

rescue the wet radio equipment before anything else and get it to the beach ofa tiny island, and then spent three days drying everything out. Just before the time expired, LI2B, with the batteries and coils barely dry, made it back on the air and successfully contacted Paul Fuller, W0MNU, of North Kansas City, MO, who passed along the traffic that the crew had survived. The detailed story of the wreck and the salvage of the radio equipment is told in QST when the last of the Kon Tiki crew passed away in 2010. See http://www.arrl.org/news/last-surviving-crew-member-of-i-kon-tiki-i-expedition-passes-away After arrival in Polynesia, the radio operators continued making contacts, but the only QSL card I could find for the entire operation was the one, above, dated several weeks after making it to Polynesia.

I remember reading Heyerdahl's book when I was a kid, and the description of the radio communications helped me develop a lifetime wonder of how such stuff could work in those conditions. It turns out that Heyerdahl's central premise was probably wrong, since DNA research and research by linguists and archaeologists suggest otherwise. See DNA Sheds New Light on Polynesian Migration, by Sindya N. Bhanoo, New York Times, Feb. 7, 2011, which concluded that migration came from mainland Southeast Asia. But even if that is true, Heyerdahl's great adventure still generates wonderment, and ham radio played a part in it all.

The following advertisement is taken from QST, December 1947, copyright ARRL, reprinted with permission. (Earliest time your editor has ever seen thephrase “handy-talky” used in print for the sale of a commercial product.) The February 1944 issue of QST has an article entitled “A WERS Handy-Talkie for $1,538.77”, which is the equivalent of $22,217.80 in 2019 dollars according to www.saving.org/. “WERS” refers to the War Emergency Radio Service, a precursor to RACES and Civil Defense. See http://www.arrl.org/news/surfin-emergency-radio-service-during-the-war

Livingston County

Emergency Management Department 1911 Tooley

Rd.Howell, MI 48843

(517) 546-6220https://www.livgov.com/emergencymanagement

September 7, 2019

Livingston County CERT assisted Brighton Area FD with the 2019 Brighton 911 5k Run-Walk.

The following members assisted with crowd and traffic control.

Biehl Jason W8JMBBlack Darrell W8DSB

Black Stacy N8NYKCordell Arnold KD8OIICordell Linda KD8OIJHitchens Robert K8QVCPollock Bruce N8WWXWozniak Chris

Bruce Pollock, EC/RO/CERT Coordinator

Upcoming Swaps

October 5 Alpena Swap—Thunder Bay ARC Alpena, MI http://ThunderBayARC.org

October 19 Muskegon Color Tour Hamfest- Muskegon County Emergency Communications Services, Inc. Muskegon, MIhttp://mcecs.net/Download/HamfestFlyer2019a.pdf

October 20 Hamfest and Amateur Radio Swap and Shop-Kalamazoo ARC and Southwest MI Amateur Radio Team—Kalamazoo, MI http://KalamazooHamFest.com

October 27 USECA Hamfest 2019-Utica Shelby Emergency Communications Association- Madison Heights, MIhttp://www.usecaarc.com

Upcoming Contests

As usual, the month of October has tons of contests for those who desire to test themselves against their peers, upgrade their CW or phone skills, work a bunch of DX or simply like to make a lot of QSO's. For a complete listing ofcontests in September, go to http://www.arrl.org/files/file/Contest%20Corral/2019/October%202019%20Corral.pdfIn the meantime, take a look at these:

October 21 ARRL School Club Roundup www.arrl.org/school-club-roundupOctober 26 CQWW DX Contest SSB This is a big one! www.cqww.com

The following ad is taken from QST, June 1952, p. 84, copyright ARRL, reprinted with permission. Pretty different from today's advertising for “job openings with screener questions”.

The ad above is taken from QST, June 1952, p. 106, copyright ARRL, reprinted with permission.

DX Advisory Committee Report [The DX Advisory Committee reports to the ARRL Program and

Services Committee and the ARRL Board of Directors]

To the Members of the ARRL Board of Directors and the PSC: From: DXAC – Prepared and submitted by John C. Yodis, K2VV, Chairman Date: July 8, 2019

Subject: July Report Old Business Maritime Mobile Operation The PSC declined to forward to the DXAC for consideration a proposal to allow DXCC credit for /mm operation within an entity’s territorial boundaries, regardless of technology that makes it easy to establish the station’s true location. “Land-based” operation has always been a requirement for DXCC credit. FT8 endorsement for DXCC DXAC has received no feedback on a January 2019 recommendation for a one-time FT8 endorsement or certificate for 100 confirmed entities. DXAC acknowledges that the current DXCC recordkeeping system is not mode-specific for digital. Other issued submitted to PSC in January 2019 DXAC has received no feedback on whether PSC has considered these issuesfor possible tasking: • Allowing 100 entities on any 5 bands to qualify for basic 5BDXCC. • Redefinition of the DXCC entities list and/or Honor Roll to acknowledge the long-term unavailability of some entities, keeping newer amateurs from the #1 spot. DXAC continues to receive inquiries as to why amateurs who have worked everything available are not “entitled” to #1 status. • A policy on paying for QSLs. • Availability of an archive of DXCC desk decisions on status of unapproved operations and “entities” such as North Cyprus.

• Potential measures to address abuse of remote operation.

New DXAC members

DXAC is pleased to recognize new members Saul Abrams, K2XA from Hudson Division and Steve Rutledge, N4JQQ from Delta Division

New Business DXAC requests that PSC review the following subjects for possible assignment as tasks. Many reflect an attitude of “why can’t I have it now?” Status of Digital Modes within DXAC Based on committee member feedback and observations made at Xenia, FT8 has become widely accepted and employed by the DX community. It is supplying much needed activity on the bands in an extended sunspot minimum. Many amateurs, however, lament the loss of their hard-earned standing in RTTY and would like to see RTTY split off from other digital modes. New DXCC W9KNI has suggested a new 10-year DXCC competition starting in 2020 to encourage newer generations who feel they will never achieve “top of the heap”. This elicited mixed feeling within DXAC. New DXers still have the fun of the chase ahead of them. The old guard can still look to WPX, IOTA, RDA, etc. DXCC Challenge by mode DXAC has received a suggestion that the Challenge be broken down by mode and drop 6 and 160 meters. This would somewhat eliminate the geographical advantage enjoyed by Europe. Is it reasonable for ARRL to address every geographical and regulatory disparity? Unattended operation

DXAC feels the use of unattended FT8 robots making thousands of contacts is outside of the spirit of amateur radio. Does DXCC need a policy statement,other than requiring observation of applicable regulations? Illegal power operations DXAC has received notice of illegal power being used by a DXpedition. Is it ARRL’s place to investigate these cases? Awards for operating from multiple entities This request asks for a new category of awards for “Providers” to recognize those who hand out QSOs from multiple locations. The Russian Districts Award does this, but it seems to be an unnecessary project for DXCC. Change Honor Roll threshold A discussion in Visalia asked about changing the qualifying cutoff for Honor Roll from top ten to a percentage of the current country count. This would allegedly keep the challenge of Honor Roll consistent with the effort requiredwhen the original DXCC list was only 247 entities. Temporary deletion of DXCC entities DXAC continues to see requests to have “non-available” entities removed from the DXCC list to allow newer amateurs to get to the top. Newer generations do not share memories of the long wait many experienced waiting for China, Albania and Iraq to appear on the bands. The DX Advisory Committee stands ready to pursue any of the above subjects if the PSC feels they have merit. Respectfully submitted: 73

John C. Yodis, K2VV, Midwest Division DXAC Representative / Chairman

[Editor's note: the Great Lakes Division DXAC Representative is Stan Arnett, AC8W, and any comments on the work of the DXAC can be forwardedto him.]

Editorial—Get on the Low Bands!

I want to repeat something I brought up at a Klub meeting last year. If any ofthe Klub members want any assistance in getting on HF for the first time, I would be happy to help. We are coming up to the best antenna building weather (in the fall when the leaves are dropping off so you can get those ropes up and over the trees). Don't expect me to help put up a tower, but you really don't need one to get a decent signal on the low bands.

I think working HF is at the heart of ham radio, and it has been the most rewarding part of my ham radio career. I feel that those who have obtained a license and have purchased (or been given) a hand held 2 meter/70 cm radio may have had some fun with it, but there is so much more to enjoy in the hobby than that. I can safely say that you really don't know what you are missing.

So, if you need help, particularly if you don't have the foggiest notion of where to begin, I would be happy to help, and I'll bet I can get some other Klub members to help as well. So, don't be shy. Contact me at one of the upcoming meetings or a Saturday morning breakfast, or get me at KT8Y@ARRL.NET.

Tom Auth, KT8Y, LED Editor

Financialscourtesy of Stacy N8NYK, LARK Treasurer

DX Newscourtesy of DX-World.net

DX NEWS VP6R Pitcairn Island -update The CQWW SSB Contest will have a first ever entry from Pitcairn Island on the weekend of Oct. 26th and 27th. A contest contact with VP6R will reward you with a zone 32 multiplier AND a VP6 multiplier. This will be an all band multi-multi effort, 160 through 10 meters. That’s 12 possible multipliers. If you are not in the contest and need a QSO with us, just give us a call with a signal report and your CQ zone in the exchange. We want everyone in our log! Then have some fun and work a few other stations. DXCC This week on HF 5H, TANZANIA Once again, Maurizio 5H3MB is operating during his spare time until October 28. Maurizio IK2GZU is volunteering at the Ikelu hospital. QSL via home call, direct or bureau, OQRS Club Log. 5X, UGANDA Anton, ON6NL is once again QRV from Entebbe as 5X8C

until October 7. Operation on HF an there might be an entry in the CQWW RTTY contest. QSL via home call. 6O, SOMALIA Ali, EP3CQ is once again active as 6O1OO until October 6.Operation during his spare time using CW and FT8. 7P, LESOTHO Pista, HA5AO is returning to Lesotho as a volunteer to a local community group. Operation from October 1-19 from 80 to 10 meter during his spare time. Log and OQRS on http://ha5ao.com A3, TONGA Grant VK5GR with Andrew VK5AKH, Steve VK5SFA and Oly VK5XDX are active as A35JT. An entry in the CQWW RTTY and OCDX SSB contest is included. The team is keen for a 4 square on 40/30, beams on 20/10 and verticals for 160/60 meter. Operation until October 7. http://vk5gr-iota.net/?p=1288 D4, CAPE VERDE Harald, DF2WO will once again be operating as D44TWO from Praia Baixa. QRV in ‘holiday-style’ from September 29 untilOctober 13. Operation from 160 to 6 meter using CW, SSB and digi. QSL via M0OXO. FK, NEW CALEDONIA Jan, F6EYB is operating as FK8CJ from Noumea until end 2019. Operation on 30, 20 and 17 meter. QSL via LoTW or home call. FP, ST PIERRE & MIQUELON DK1BT, DL4WK, DL6SAK, DL7DF, DL7UFR, SP3CYY and SP3DOI will be active as TO80SP during October 2-14. Active with three stations from 160m through 10m on CW, SSB and digi. http://www.dl7df.com/fp/ FP, ST PIERRE & MIQUELON Eric, KV1J is once again active as FP/calluntil October 8. Operation from 80 to 10 meter using CW, SSB and digital. "generally on the highest frequency band open" with a focus on 12 and 10 metres. He will also "be checking 6m for indications of openings", while activity on 160m will depend on antenna layout. QSL via home call, LoTW. http://www.kv1j.com/fp/Sep19.html HB0, LIECHTENSTEIN Look for Tina DL5YL and Fred DL5YM until October 5. Operation in ‘holiday-style’ as HB0/calls from 160 to 6 meter using CW, SSB and RTTY. An entry in the CQWW RTTY is planned. QSL via home calls. J6, ST LUCIA Bill, K9HZ is QRV as J68HZ until October 4. Operation from 160 to 2 meter using CW, SSB and digi. QSL via LoTW. JW, SVALBARD Erling, LB2PG is QRV as JW/call until November.

Activity from 80 to 20 meter using SSB. QSL via home call. S7, SEYCHELLES Lance, W7GJ is active as S79GJ until October 5 on a 6 meter EME DXpedition. This is the first time that this will be activated on 6m EME. For all details see: http://www.bigskyspaces.com/w7gj/Seychelles%202019.html T6, AFGHANISTAN Robert, S53R will be operating from Kabul as T6A (contest) and as T6AA. QRV starting from early September for up to 2 years.QSL via home call, LoTW. TG, GUATEMALA TG9ANF, TG9ADQ and TG9AXF will be active in theCQWW RTTY contest as TG9ANF/7. QSL via VE7BV. TT, CHAD Jean Louis ZS6AAG is operating as TT8JLH until October 14. QRV on 20 meter using SSB. Jean Louis works for Medecins Sans Frontiers.QSL via home call. VP9, BERMUDA Christoph, DL1YAF is QRV as VP9/call until October 6. Activity in ‘holiday-style’ XV, VIETNAM Jacek, SP5APW will be operating as 3W9KJ from Dao Co To (AS-132). Activity during September/October. Due various reasons he will be active with 100 watt and a wire antenna using FT8/FT4N with some SSB. YJ, VANUATU Oleh, KD7WPJ will be operating from Efate Island as YJ0BCP from October 3 until October 10. Activity from 40 to 6 meter using CW, SSB and FT8. QSL via home call for CW and SSB. FT8 via LoTW. Z8, SOUTH SUDAN Diya, YI1DZ is once again operating as Z81D until October 10. Operation from 80 to 10 meter using SSB and FT8. QSL via OM3JW, OQRS. ZK3, TOKELAU An international team led by YT1AD and Alex UT5UY isplanning a DXpedition to Tokelau as ZK3A, it has a high rating on low bandsand EME. Plans are to be on air from October 1 until October 11. Activity on all bands, all modes and EME. The team will also help ten (10) young locals in becoming Radio Amateurs and has arranged for a call sign (ZK3RT)to be granted to the Tokelau Club Station which will have equipment donatedby our team. It has been decided amongst the ops there will be two operatingcamps and with concentration on the low bands. There will be an advanced installation crew that will be sent prior to the main body of operators arriving.Dusko ZL3WW, Adrian KO8SCA, and Rob NQ7T have volunteered to become the advanced installation crew. https://tokelau2019.com/

Coming up soon FH, MAYOTTE Willi, DJ7RJ will once again be active as FH/call from October 115 until November 4. Focus on low bands with an entry in the CQWW SSB contest. QSL via home call. T30, WEST KIRIBATI Stan LZ1GC, Mitko LZ3NY and Karel OK2WM will be operating as T30GC between October 7 and October 23. Activity from Tarawa Atoll (OC-017) from 160 to 10 meter using CW, SSB, RTTY. QSL via Club Log (preferred), LoTW or via LZ1GC direct or bureau. Full details on http://c21gc.com/ V3, BELIZE James, NT5V will be QRV as V31JW from October 5 until October 12. Operation on HF. Log search on Club Log and LoTW after the activity. QSL via home call. V3, BELIZE Vernon, NN5E will be active as V31CC between October 5 and October 12. Operation on HF. QSL via home call, LoTW. VP2V, BRITISH VIRGIN ISL Jeff K5WE and Bill N5AQ will be operating as VP2V/call between October 4 and October 13. Activity from 160 to 10 meter using CW with some RTTY, FT8, FT4 and SSB. Logs will be uploaded to Club Log, OQRS or via home calls.

Ad from the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, 4 October 1920

Above is a photograph of an Alpha 89 amplifier. This durable amp was madefrom December, 1992 to September 2000. Only 408 of these were

manufactured.

Next Klub Meetings

The next Klub meetings will be Wednesday, October 9, 2019, and Wednesday, November 13, 2019, at the Livingston County EMS, located at 1911 Tooley Rd, Howell, MI 48855, at 7:30 PM. Members and friends are welcome. Klub meetings typically are held on the second Wednesday of each month at this location. Informal gathering of the troops occurs sometime around 7:00 PM, for show and tell, sharing of technical information and general gossip. Please participate in the 50/50 drawing and prize drawing, which are held at the conclusion of the meeting. Tickets to be purchased fromthe Klub treasurer as soon as she arrives and sets up. A special mystery person will select the winning tickets. The October meeting will feature a presentation on Allstar by our fearless leader, Darrell, W8DS

LARK Two Meter NetThe LARK two meter net is held on Thursday evenings at 8:00 PM on theKlub's two meter repeater, 146.68 Mhz (negative offset, 162.2 hz CTCSS).

Michigan ARRL RepresentativesDale Williams WA8EFK, Great Lakes Division DirectorThomas Delaney W8WTD, Great Lakes Division Vice DirectorJim Kvochick K8JK, Michigan Section Manager

Livingston Amateur Radio KlubP.O. Box 283 Howell, Mi 48844www.W8LRK.orgKlub Call: W8LRKThe LARK is an ARRL Affiliated Club

Board Members of the LARKDarrell Black W8DSB PresidentMark Bennett K8ACM Vice PresidentStacy Black N8NYK TreasurerTim Crane WM8A SecretaryReece Albright KB0KSU Director (Member at Large)Jason Biehl W8JMB Technical DirectorTerry Neuendorf KE8GXK Program Director

LED EditorTom Auth, KT8Y [all otherwise unattributed articles in the LED are the work of the Editor]

Military telegraph operators, City Point, Virginia 1864