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THE LONDON 2012 OLYMPICS: A GENDER EQUALITY AUDIT

Peter Donnelly University of Toronto

Michele K. Donnelly

University of Southern California

March 2013 CSPS Research Report

www.sportpolicystudies.ca

CENTRE FOR SPORT POLICY STUDIES RESEARCH REPORTS

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The Centre for Sport Policy Studies (CSPS), in the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education at the University of Toronto, is engaged in empirically-based research in the service of sport policy, monitoring and evaluation studies, and education and advocacy for the two most important ambitions of Canadian sport: ‘sport for all’ (widespread grassroots participation) and healthy high performance in elite-level sports. The Research Reports represents an important part of the work of CSPS. Research Report Editor: Peter Donnelly (Director, Centre for Sport Policy Studies) peter.donnelly@utoronto.ca

Creative Commons License

All CSPS Working Papers, Position Papers and Research Reports are the intellectual property of their author(s) and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. CSPS Working Papers, Position Papers and Research Reports may be distributed or cited as long as the author(s) is/are appropriately credited. CSPS Working Papers, Position Papers and Research Reports may not be used for commercial purposes or modified in any way without the permission of the author(s). For more information please visit: www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright for this paper: Peter Donnelly (peter.donnelly@utoronto.ca) and Michele K. Donnelly. Centre for Sport Policy Studies Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education 55 Harbord Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2W6 www.sportpolicystudies.ca

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Donnelly, Peter & Donnelly, Michele K. (2013). The London 2012 Olympics: A Gender Equality Audit. Centre for Sport Policy Studies Research Report. Toronto: Centre for Sport Policy Studies, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto.

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!!

52//678!9&'2,%'!;6H,&I!B,8/J0)!&1&$%'!K#7!/&$!6$-!+#/&$!! Men % Women % % Of all events Gender exclusive events

23.5 (39/166)

6.6 (9/136)

15.9 (48/302)

Gender equal events

32.5 (54/166)

39.7 (54/136)

35.8 (108/302)

Events with gender differences

44.0 (73/166)

53.7 (73/136)

48.3 (146/302)

!!

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;6H,&!OP!L&$!B$,8!6$-!Q#/&$!B$,8!5J#7%'!31&$%'! Men Only Women Only Sport Event Event Comments Athletics

See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Athletics events.

50km race walk ——— •There are 24 Athletics events for men, and 23 Athletics events for women.

Decathlon 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m, 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, 1500m*

Heptathlon 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m, long jump, javelin, 800m*

*Events in italics are gender exclusive •Shot put, javelin, and hurdles have the same gendered differences as the independent events. (See Table 3)

Boxing

49kg 56kg

——— ———

See Table 3 for additional Boxing events.

64kg 69kg 81kg

——— ——— ———

•There are 10 weight categories for men, and 3 weight categories for women.

91kg ——— +91kg ———

Canoe/Kayak Slalom Canoe single ———

See Table 2 for additional Canoe/ Kayak Slalom events and Table 3 for the athlete quota for Canoe/Kayak Slalom.

Canoe double ———

•There are 3 Canoe/Kayak Slalom events for men, and 1 Canoe/Kayak Slalom event for women.

•There are no Canoe Slalom events for women.

Canoe/Kayak Sprint Canoe

See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Canoe/Kayak Sprint events.

C1, 200m C1, 1000m C2, 1000m

——— ——— ———

•There are 8 Canoe/Kayak Sprint events for men, and 4 Canoe/Kayak Sprint events for women.

•There are no Canoe Sprint events for women.

Kayak K2, 200m ——— Fencing Team sabre Team epee

See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Fencing events.

Gymnastics/ Artistic

Horizontal bar Parallel bars

Balance beam Uneven bars

See Table 3 for additional Gymnastics/ Artistic events.

Pommel horse Rings

——— ———

•There are 8 Gymnastics/Artistic events for men, and 6 Gymnastics/Artistic events for women.

! $?!

Gymnastics/ Rhythmic ——— Individual All-Round

Apparatus = ropes, clubs, hoop, ball, ribbon

——— Group All-Round Rowing

Four Light weight four

——— ———

See Tables 2 and 3 for additional Rowing events.

•There are 8 Rowing events for men, and 6 Rowing events for women.

Sailing Keelboat [Star] Match race [Eliott 6m] See Table 3 for additional Sailing events.

Skiff [49er] ———

1 person dinghy – heavyweight [Finn] ———

•There are 6 Sailing events for men, and 4 Sailing events for women.

Shooting

50m rifle prone 25m rapid fire pistol

——— ———

See Table 3 for additional Shooting events.

double trap

———

•There are 9 Shooting events for men, and 6 Shooting events for women.

Synchronized Swimming

——— ———

Duet Team

Weightlifting

+105kg

———

See Table 3 for additional Weightlifting events.

•There are 8 weight categories for men, and 7 weight categories for women.

Wrestling/ Freestyle

84kg 96kg

——— ———

See Table 3 for additional Wrestling events.

120kg

———

•There are 7 weight categories for men, and 4 weight categories for women.

Wrestling/ Greco-Roman 55kg ———

•There are no Greco-Roman Wrestling events for women.

60kg ——— 66kg ——— 74kg ——— 84kg ——— 96kg ——— 120kg ——— !

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Sport Event Comments Archery

Individual (M&W) Team (M&W)

Athletics

100m (M&W) 200m (M&W)

•This represents 28 of 47 Athletics events (14 men's events and 14 women's events).

400m (M&W) See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Athletics events. 800m (M&W) 1500m (M&W) 5000m (M&W) 10 000m (M&W) 20km race walk (M&W) Marathon (M&W) 4 x 100m relay (M&W) 4 x 400m relay (M&W) Long jump (M&W) High jump (M&W) Pole vault (M&W) Badminton Singles (M&W) Doubles (M&W) Mixed doubles Basketball Tournament (M&W) Canoe/Kayak Slalom

Kayak/K1 (M&W) See Table 1 for additional Canoe/Kayak Slalom events and Table 3 for the athlete quota for Canoe/Kayak Slalom.

Canoe/Kayak Sprint

Kayak/K1, 200m (M&W)

See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Canoe/Kayak Sprint events. •# of athletes who started the event: M = 20 (3 heats), W = 29 (4 heats) – considered comparable

Cycling/Track

Individual sprint (M&W) Keirin (M&W)

See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Cycling/Track events.

Equestrian

Dressage (ind&team) Eventing (ind&team)

•Open events (men and women compete together) but not equal numbers of M and W competing.

Show Jumping (ind&team) Fencing Individual foil (M&W) See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Fencing events. Team foil (M&W) Hockey/Field Tournament (M&W)

! 2X!

ModernPentathlon

Competition (M&W)

•Events: Fencing (epee), swim (200m free), 350-400m show jump course (12 jumps), 3km run (includes shooting points)

Rowing Single sculls (M&W) See Tables 1 and 3 for additional Rowing events.

Eight (M&W) •# of boats/athletes who started each event: Single sculls – M = 33 (6 heats), W = 28 (5 heats)

Eight – M = 8 boats/64, W = 7 boats/56 Swimming 50m freestyle (M&W) See Table 3 for additional Swimming events. 100m freestyle (M&W) 200m freestyle (M&W) 400m freestyle (M&W) 100m backstroke (M&W) 200m backstroke (M&W) 100m breaststroke (M&W) 200m breaststroke (M&W) 100m butterfly (M&W) 200m butterfly (M&W) 200m individual medley (M&W) 400m individual medley (M&W) 4 x 100m freestyle relay (M&W) 4 x 200m freestyle relay (M&W) 4 x 100m medley relay (M&W) 10km marathon (M&W) Table Tennis Singles (M&W) Doubles (M&W) Tennis Doubles (M&W) See Table 3 for additional Tennis events. Mixed doubles Trampoline Competition (M&W) Triathlon Competition (M&W) •Events: 1500m swim, 43km bike, 10km run !

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Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Athletics 100m hurdles (W)/

110m hurdles (M) See Tables 1 and 2 for additional

Athletics events.

Total race distance 110m 100m Hurdle height 1.067m 83.8 cm Distance b/w hurdles 9.14m 8.5m Distance to 1st hurdle 13.72m 13m 400m hurdles

(M&W)

Hurdle height 91.4cm 76.2cm 3000m

steeplechase (M&W)

Barrier height 91.4cm 76.2cm Shot put (M&W) Shot weight 7.26kg 4kg Discus (M&W) Discus weight 2kg 1kg Discus diameter 219-221mm 180-182mm Javelin (M&W) Javelin weight 800g 600g Javelin length 2.6-2.7m 2.2-2.3m Hammer (M&W) Hammer weight 7.26kg 4kg Hammer length 121.5cm 119.5cm Triple Jump (M&W) Distance b/w take off

line and landing area Not less than 13m Not less than 11m

Beach Volleyball

Tournament (M&W) Net height 2.43m 2.24m

! "$!

Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Boxing Tournament See Table 1 for additional Boxing

events. 52kg (M)/51kg (W)*

60kg (M&W) # of weight categories 10 3 *Comparable weight category.

75kg (M&W) Range of wt categories +42kg 24kg # and length of rounds 3 x 3 mins 4 x 2 mins # rounds (competition) 5

Round of 32, 16, quarter, semi, final

4 Round of 16, quarter, semi,

final

Athlete quota for Boxing

Max # of athletes 250 36

# of countries 25 12 Canoe/Kayak Slalom

Athlete quota for Canoe/Kayak Slalom

Max # of athletes 61* 21* See Tables 1 and 2 for additional Canoe/Kayak Slalom events.

*All Canoe/Kayak Slalom events •The difference in Max # of

athletes is proportional to the number of events for M&W (3M:1W).

Canoe/Kayak Sprint

K1, 1000m (M)/ K1, 500m (W)*

Total race distance 1000m 500m See Tables 1 and 2 for additional Canoe/Kayak Sprint events.

K2, 1000m (M)/ K2, 500m (W)*

Max # of athletes/event

12 6 *Three comparable events.

K4, 1000m (M)/ K4, 500m (W)*

Athlete quota for

Canoe/Kayak Sprint Max # of athletes 158 88

! "%!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Cycling/BMX Competition (M&W) Track layout

Features 8m high start ramp, berm jump, S-bend

transfer, box jump, and rhythm section in the final

straight.

Features 8m high start ramp, 3 jumps in the

opening straight and a tunnel before a rhythm

section in the final straight.

•Italics are used to highlight the differences between the two courses.

Track length 450m 440m # of rounds 4

Seedings, quarter finals, semi finals, finals

3 Seedings, semi finals,

finals

Athlete quota for Cycling/BMX

Max # of athletes 32 16

# of countries 19 11 # of athletes/country 3 2 Cycling/ Mountain

Competition (M&W)

# of laps 7 6

Athlete quota for Cycling/Mountain

Max # of athletes 50 30

# of countries 32 23 # of athletes/country 3 2 Cycling/Road Road race (M&W) Time trial (M&W) Road race length 250km 140km Time trial length 44km 29km

Athlete quota for Cycling/Road

Max # of athletes

145*

67*

*All Cycling/Road events

# of athletes/country 5 4

! ""!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Cycling/Track Team sprint (M&W) See Table 2 for additional

Cycling/ Track events. # of athletes/team 3 2 Team pursuit (M&W) # of laps 16 12 # of athletes/team 4 3 Omnium (M&W) (6 components)

Flying lap, points race (30km), elimination race,

individual pursuit (4000m), scratch race (16km), time

trial (1km)

Flying lap, points race (20km), elimination race,

individual pursuit (3000m), scratch race (10km), time

trial (500m)

Athlete quota for Cycling/Track

Max # of athletes 104* 84* *All Cycling/Track events

Diving

Individual and synchronized 3m spring, 10m platform (M&W)

# dives/round 6 5

Fencing See Tables 1 and 2 for additional

Fencing events. Individual epee

(M&W) # of athletes/country 3 2

Individual sabre (M&W)

# of athletes/country 2 3

Athlete quota for

Fencing Max # of athletes 105* 107* *All Fencing events

! "&!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Football (soccer)

Tournament (M&W) Age restrictions U23s + 3 older No age restriction

Athlete quota for Football (soccer)

Max # of athletes 288 216

# of countries 16 12 Gymnastics/Artistic Floor exercise

(M&W) See Table 1 for additional

Gymnastics/Artistic events. Length of exercise Up to 70 seconds Up to 90 seconds Content

No musical

accompaniment. A series of linked elements that demonstrate strength,

flexibility and balance.

Accompanied by music. A mixture of dance as well as

displays of strength, flexibility and artistic

quality.

Vault (M&W) Height of vault table 1.35m 1.25m Floor &

Vault (M&W) Scoring for difficulty M = lower scores for the

same skills* W = higher scores for the same skills*

*e.g., M earn 0.40 (D-value) for a double salto forward tucked on Floor and W earn 0.50 (E-value)

Individual All-Around (M&W)* Team (M&W)*

*Includes the same event differences as the individual apparatus competition.

Handball Tournament (M&W) Size of ball 58-60cm 54-56cm

! "'!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Judo Tournament 7 weight categories

(M&W) Weight categories -60kg, -66kg, -73kg,

-81kg, -90kg, -100kg, +100kg

-48kg, -52kg, -57kg, -63kg, -70kg, -78kg,

+78kg

Range of wt categories +40kg +30kg # rounds 6

Round of 64, 32, 16, quarter, semi, final

5 Round of 32, 16, quarter,

semi, final

Athlete quota for

Judo Max # of athletes 221* 145* *All Judo events

! "(!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Rowing Light weight double

sculls (M&W) See Tables 1 and 2 for additional

Rowing events. Weight/rower 72.5kg 59kg •2000m course for M&W, (women

raced on 1000m course until 1988).

Average weight 70kg 57kg # of boats/athletes* 20 boats/40 athletes 17 boats/34 athletes Pair (M&W) # of boats/athletes* 13 boats/26 athletes 10 boats/20 athletes # of rounds 4

Heats, repechage, semi final, final

3 Heats, repechage, final

Double sculls (M&W)

# of boats/athletes* 13 boats/26 athletes 10 boats/20 athletes # of rounds 4

Heats, repechage, semi final, final

3 Heats, repechage, final

Quad sculls (M&W) # of boats/athletes*

# of rounds

13 boats/52 athletes

4 Heats, repechage, semi final,

final

8 boats/32 athletes

3 Heats, repechage, final

*These are the actual numbers of competitors, and we have been unable to determine if these numbers are a result of a quota for the event or a consequence of the overall quota for Rowing.

Athlete quota for Rowing

Max # of athletes 353* 197* *All Rowing events

# of athletes/country 28* 20*

! ")!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Sailing 1 person dinghy

(M&W) See Table 1 for additional

Sailing events. Boat

Mainsail area Laser

7.06m2 Laser radial

5.76m2 •Sailing events were open competition (M&W) until 1988.

2 person dinghy [470] (M&W)

Max # of athletes 54 (27 boats) 40 (20 boats) Windsurfer (RS-X)

(M&W)

Mast height 5.2m 4.8m Mainsail area 9.5m2 8.5m2

Athlete quota for Sailing

Max # of athletes

237*

143*

* All Sailing events

! "*!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Shooting Trap (M&W) # of athletes/country 2 1 See Table 1 for additional

Shooting events.

# of shots

125 (5 series of 25 shots)

75 (3 series of 25 shots)

•Skeet and Trap: Open competition (M&W) until 1992, M only in 1996, separate M and W competitions starting in 2000 º1992 Olympic Skeet Champion: Zhang Shan (woman, China)!

Skeet (M&W) # of athletes/country

# of shots 2

125 (5 series of 25 shots) 1

75 (3 series of 25 shots)

10m air rifle (M&W)

•Rifle and Pistol: Open competition (M&W) from 1968 to 1980 º1976 Olympic silver medallist in Rifle 3 positions: Margaret Murdock (woman, USA) tied with Larry Bassham (man, USA)!

# of shots 60 40 Time for event 105mins 75mins

50m rifle/3 positions (M&W)

!Teetzel (2009) argues that segregation was an attempt to avert direct comparison between M and W performances.

# of shots 3 x 40 3 x 20 Max time for event 3hrs

45mins prone, 75mins standing, 60mins kneeling

2hrs 15mins

Rifle weight 8kg 6.5kg

10m air pistol (M&W)

# of shots 60 40 Time for event 105mins 75mins

! &+!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Shooting continued 50m Pistol (M)/25m

Pistol (W)* Distance to target

50m

25m

*Comparable events

Pistol (max. weight) No restriction 1400grams Barrel (max. length) No restriction 153mm Sight radius (max.

length) No restriction 220mm

# of rounds 1 round: 60 shots in 120 minutes

2 rounds: 30 shots in 'precision' round; 30

shots in 'rapid fire' round

Athlete quota for Shooting

Max # of athletes

223*

143*

* All Shooting events

# of athletes/country/ event

20* 8* *2 athletes/country in all events, except for W Trap and Skeet where only 1 athlete/country is allowed

Swimming Freestyle

1500m Freestyle (M)/800m Freestyle (W)*

See Table 2 for additional Swimming events. *Comparable events

Event distance 1500m 800m Tae Kwon Do Tournament Weight categories -58kg, 58-68kg, 68-80kg,

+80kg -49kg, 49-57kg, 57-

67kg, +67kg

4 weight categories (M&W)

Range of wt categories +21kg +18kg

Tennis Singles (M&W) # of sets 5* 3 See Table 2 for additional Tennis

events. *Singles final only

! &#!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments Volleyball Tournament (M&W) Net height 2.43m 2.24m Water Polo Tournament (M&W) Pool length 30m 25m Size of ball Not less than 0.68m and

not more than 0.71m

Not less than 0.65m and not

more than 0.67m

Ball pressure 90-97kPa 83-90kPa Athlete quota for

Water Polo Max # of athletes 156 104

# of countries 12 8 Weightlifting Tournament See Table 1 for additional

Weightlifting events. 56kg(M)/ 48kg(W)* # of weight categories 8 7 *Comparable weight categories. 62kg(M)/53kg(W)* Range of wt categories +49kg +27kg 69kg(M)/58kg(W)* 77kg(M)/63kg(W)* 85kg(M)/69kg(W)* 94kg(M)/75kg(W)* 105(M)/+75kg(W)* Athlete quota for

Weightlifting Max # of athletes 156* 104* *All Weightlifting events

# of athletes/country 6 4

! &$!

!Sport Event Gender difference(s) Men Women Comments

Wrestling/ Freestyle Tournament

See Table 1 for additional Wrestling events.

55kg(M)/48kg(W)* # of weight categories 7 4 *Comparable weight categories. 60kg(M)/55kg(W)* Range of wt categories +65kg +24kg

66kg(M)/63kg(W)* 74kg(M)/72kg(W)*

Rules

All double Nelsons in the “par terre” or standing

position are prohibited.

Athlete quota for Wrestling Max # of athletes 266* 72*

*All Wrestling events, including Greco-Roman

!

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!""#$%&'()*(+,--./0(1.2.(3.45#6(7#$%#/(1&88#/#$9#:(&$(;50-"&9(+"</2:(

Sport # Events # Events Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Archery

2 1 individual 1 team

2 1 individual 1 team

64

64

6 (3 M and 3 W) (3 in each ind event) (1 team of 3 in each event)

1900-1908, 1920, 1972-

1904-1908, 1972-

•Equal distance (archer to target), 70m •Equal number of arrows, rounds, etc

Athletics

24

23

[2000]*

[2000]*

3/individual event 1 team (6 athletes)/ relay

1896-

1928-

M only Decathlon (M) 100m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400m, 110m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, 1500m* •5 events each day

W only Heptathlon (W) 100m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200m, long jump, javelin, 800m* •4 events on day 1, 3 on day 2

*No M/W designation (1,167 M and 1,075 W competed at the Games) *Events in italics are gender exclusive ºShot put, javelin, and hurdles have the same gendered differences as the independent events. ºIn 2001, the IAAF approved scoring tables for W's decathlon.

50km Race walk 110m Hurdles*

M = 110m distance, 1.067m hurdles, 9.14m b/w hurdles, 13.72m to first

100m Hurdles* W = 100m distance, 83.8cm hurdles, 8.5m b/w hurdles, 13m to first

*10 hurdles in each race

M and W 100m 200m 400m 800m 1500m 5000m 10000m 4 x 100m relay 4 x 400m relay 20km race walk Marathon

400m hurdles M = 91.4cm hurdles

(10 hurdles, same distance b/w) W = 76.2cm hurdles

! "$!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Athletics (continued)

Shot put M = 7.26kg weight

W = 4kg weight

Discus M = 2kg weight, 219-221mm diameter Javelin M = 800g weight, 2.6-2.7m length Hammer M = 7.26kg weight, 121.5cm length

W = 1kg weight, 180-182mm diameter W = 600g weight, 2.2-2.3m length W = 4kg weight, 119.5cm length

Triple jump M = not less than 13m (distance b/w take off line and landing area)

W = not less than 11m (distance b/w take off line and landing area)

Long jump High jump Polevault

Badminton

2.5*

2.5*

86

86

3/singles event 2 pairs (4)/ doubles event

1992-

1992-

Uniform New rule 2011 – skirts for W. Rule change scrapped following widespread protest. Skirts optional.

*M and W singles and doubles + mixed doubles

Basketball

1

1

144

144

1 M team, 1 W team 12 countries, 12 players/ team

1936-

1976-

ºFIBA Regulation re: size 7 ball unlike NCAA and NBA/WNBA ball sizes.

! "%!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Beach Volleyball

1 1 48 48 1 M team, 1 W team 12 countries, 2 players/ team

1996- 1996- Net height M = 2.43m Uniforms

W = 2.24m March 2012 rule change – Added 3 extra choices (shorts of a max length of 3cm above the knee w/ sleeved or sleeveless tops or a full body suit) to 2 previous choices (a one-piece bathing suit or a bikini with a maximum side width of 7cm while full body suits could also be used under the bikini in cold weather). According to the FIVB, this is to respect custom and/or religious beliefs.

º1999: FIVB standardized uniforms – bathing suits – for men and women.

Boxing

10 (wt categories)

3 (wt categories)

250

36

1 athlete/ weight category

1904, 1908, 1920-

2012-

Weight categories M = 49kg, 52kg, 56kg, 60kg, 64kg, 69kg, 75kg, 81kg, 91kg, +91kg [10] Range = +42kg Uniforms M = shorts

W = 51kg, 60kg, 75kg [3]* Range = 24kg W = After previously announcing that skirts would be mandatory for W boxers, the AIBA made skirts optional. In March 2012 the AIBA added to the Competition Uniform section that female boxers will wear "either shorts or the option of a skirt." (No length for the skirt is specified.)

*The AIBA recognizes 10 weight categories for Elite Women boxers.

# and length of rounds M = 3 x 3 min

W = 4 x 2 min

# rounds (competition) M = 5 (Round of 32, 16, quarter, semi, final) # of countries participating M = 25

W = 4 (Round of 16, quarter, semi, final) W = 12

! "&!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Canoe/Kayak Slalom

3

1

61

21

1 boat/ event

1972, 1992-

1972, 1992-

Time trial: M and W Kayak (K1) M only Canoe single Canoe double

No canoe events for W

•The difference in Max # of athletes is proportional to the # of events for M and W.

Canoe/Kayak Sprint

8

4

158

88

1 boat/ event Max. 18 (12 M, 6 W) /event

1936-

1948-

M and W* K1, 200m*

# of athletes who started the event: M = 20 (3 heats), W = 29 (4 heats)

*New in 2012

M only K2, 200m* C1, 200m* K1, 1000m K2, 1000m K4, 1000m C1, 1000m C2, 1000m

W only K1, 500m K2, 500m K4, 500m No canoe events for W

•No events for women > 500m.

Cycling/BMX 1 1 32 16 5 (3 M and

2 W) 2008- 2008- Track length

M = 450m Track layout M = features 8m high start ramp, berm jump, S-bend transfer, box jump, and rhythm section in the final straight. Rounds M = 4 rounds Seedings, quarter finals (3 + 2 runs), semi finals (3 runs), finals (1 run) # of countries participating M = 19 countries

W = 440m W = features 8m high start ramp, 3 jumps in the opening straight and a tunnel before a rhythm section in the final straight. W = 3 rounds Seedings, semi finals (3 runs), finals (1run) W = 11 countries

! ""!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Cycling/ Mountain

1

1

50

30

5 (3 M and 2 W)

1996-

1996-

Races = min. 1h 30min, max. 1h 45min on 4.9km course # of laps M = 7 # of countries participating M = 32 countries

W = 6 W = 23 countries

Cycling/Road

2 1 road race 1 time trial

2 1 road race 1 time trial

145

67

5 M and 4 W Max 2 M and 2 W for time trials/ country

1896, 1928-

1984-

Road race M = 250km Time trial* M = 44km

W = 140km W = 29km

*M and W time trials are held over a single lap, with minor differences in the courses reflecting the different distances.

Cycling/Track 5 5 104 84 9 M and 7

W 1 athlete/ team/event

1896- 1988- Team sprint M = teams of 3 Team pursuit M = 16 laps M = teams of 4

W = teams of 2 W = 12 laps W = teams of 3

Individual sprint M and W = 3 laps Keirin M and W = 6.5 + 2.5 laps

Omnium (6 components) M = flying lap, points race (30km), elimination race, individual pursuit (4,000m), scratch race (16km), time trial (1km)

W = flying lap, points race (20km), elimination race, individual pursuit (3,000m), scratch race (10km), time trial (500m)

! "'!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Diving 4 3m spring 10m platform (individual and synchronized)

4 3m spring 10m platform (individual and synchronized)

68 68 2/individual event 1 team/ synchro event

1904- synchro 2000-

1912- synchro 2000-

Number of dives/round M = 6 (individual and synchro)

W = 5 dives (individual and synchro)

Equestrian

6 total Team and individual competition in each of 3 events:

see prev cell 1. Dressage 2. Eventing 3. Show Jumping

[200]*

[200]*

**

1900, 1912-

1952- 1964-

M only until 1952 M only (eventing) until 1964 Individual dressage (51 athletes) M = 14 athletes Individual eventing (74 athletes) M = 47 athletes Individual show jumping (73 athletes) M = 61 athletes

W = 37 athletes W = 27 athletes W = 12 athletes

*M and W compete together - 78 women and 122 men competed in London 2012. **Equestrian uses a qualification system based on geographic groups. Qualification for London 2012 is detailed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_-_Qualification.

Team dressage, eventing, show jumping = 3, 5, 4 athletes/team respectively

! "(!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Fencing

5

5

105

107

8 M and 8 W Individual and team foil 3 M, 3 W Individual and team sabre 3 M, 2 W (individual only)

1896- (foil and sabre) 1900- (epee)

1924- (foil) 1996- (epee) 2000- (sabre)

M only Team sabre M and W Individual foil Individual epee Individual sabre Team foil

W only Team epee

Individual and team epee 2 M (individual only), 3 W

Football (soccer)

1

1

288

216

1 M team, 1 W team 16 countries (M), 12 countries (W), 18 players/ team

1900-1928, 1936-

1996-

Age M = U23s + 3 older # of countries participating M = 16

W = no age restriction W = 12

! ")!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Gymnastics/ Artistic

8

6

98

98

5 M and 5 W

1896-

1928, 1936-

Individual events 6 M Floor exercise, horizontal bar, parallel bars, pommel horse, rings, vault* Floor exercise M = up to 70 seconds, no musical accompaniment. A series of linked elements that demonstrate strength, flexibility and balance. Vault M = 1.35m (height) Scoring for difficulty M = lower scores for the same skills*

4 W Balance beam, floor exercise, uneven bars, vault* W = up to 90 seconds, accompanied by music. A mixture of dance as well as displays of strength, flexibility and artistic quality. W = 1.25m (height) W = higher scores for the same skills*

*Events/apparatus in italics are gender exclusive *E.g., M earn 0.40 (D-value) for a double salto forward tucked on Floor and W earn 0.50 (E-value)

M and W All around individual* All around team*

*Includes the same event differences as the individual apparatus competition.

Gymnastics/ Rhythmic

N/A

2

N/A

96

8 W

N/A

Ind 1984- Group 1996-

Women only event

2/individual event 6/group event (5 compete)

Apparatus = ropes, clubs, hoop, ball, ribbon

! '*!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Handball 1 1 168 168 1 M team, 1 W team

1936, 1976-

1976- Ball M = 58-60cm

W = 54-56cm

12 countries, 14 players/ team

Hockey/Field

1

1

192

192

1 M team, 1 W team 12 countries, 16 players/ team

1908, 1920, 1928-

1980-

12 teams, 16 players/team

Judo 7

(wt categories) 7 (wt categories)

221 145 1 athlete/ event

1964, 1972-

1992- Weight categories M = -60kg, -66kg, -73kg, -81kg, -90kg, -100kg, +100kg [7] Range = +40kg

W = -48kg, -52kg, -57kg, -63kg, -70kg, -78kg, +78kg [7] Range = +30kg

# rounds M = 6 Round of 64, 32, 16, quarter, semi, final

W = 5 Round of 32, 16, quarter, semi, final

Modern Pentathlon

1

1

36

36

2 M and 2 W

1912-

2000-

Events: Fencing (epee), swim (200m free), 350-400m show jump course (12 jumps), 3km run (includes shooting points)

! '+!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Rowing

8

6

353

197

28 M and 20 W

1900, 1908-

1976-

M and W events Single sculls

# of boats/athletes who started each event:* M = 33 (6 heats), W = 28 (5 heats)

º2,000m course for both M and W (W raced on 1,000m course until 1988)

Pair Double sculls

M = 13 boats/26, W = 10 boats/20 M = 13 boats/26, W = 10 boats/20

Quad sculls Eight

M = 13 boats/52, W = 8 boats/32 M = 8 boats/64, W = 7 boats/56

*These are the actual number of competitors, and we have been unable to determine if these numbers are a result of a quota for the event or a consequence of the overall quota for Rowing.

# of rounds (pair, double, quad)

M =4 Heats, repechage, semi final, final Light weight double sculls M = max 72.5kg each, 70kg avg # of boats/athletes*: M = 20 boats/40

W = 3 Heats, repechage, final W = max 59kg each, 57kg avg W = 17 boats/34

M only

Four Lightweight four

! '#!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Sailing

6

4

237

143

1 boat/ event

1900- 1988-

1900- 1988-

M only Keelboat [Star] Skiff [49er] 1 person dinghy heavyweight [Finn]

W only Match race [Eliott 6m]

•Sailing events were open competition (M&W) until 1988.

M and W 2 person dinghy [470]

M = 54 (27 boats) 1 person dinghy M = Laser (7.06m2 mainsail area, ideal weight to sail is no less than 80kg) Windsurfer (RS-X) M = 5.2m (mast height), 9.5m2 (mainsail area)

W = 40 (20 boats) W = Laser radial (5.76m2 mainsail area, ideal weight to sail is 60-65kg) W = 4.8m (mast height), 8.5m2 (mainsail area)

! '$!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women

Shooting

9

6

223*

143*

20 M and 8 W 2/event Except: Trap (W) and Skeet (W) – 1 athlete/ country allowed

1896-1900, 1908-1924, 1932-

1984-

M only 50m pistol No restrictions on pistol 1 round: 60 shots in 120 minutes 50m rifle prone 25m rapid fire pistol double trap M and W 10m air rifle M = 60 shots (qualification round), 105 minutes 50m rifle/3 positions M = 3 x 40 shots (qualification round), 45mins prone, 75mins standing, 60mins kneeling (3hrs total), 8kg rifle weight 10m air pistol M = 60 shots (qualification round), 105 minutes Trap M = 125 shots (qualification round) – 5 series of 25 shots Skeet M = 125 shots (qualification round) – 5 series of 25 shots

W only 25m pistol No > 1400grams max. weight, 153mm max. barrel length, 220mm max. sight radius length 2 rounds: 30 shots in 'precision' round; 30 shots in 'rapid fire' round W = 40 shots (qualification round), 75 minutes W = 3 x 20 shots (qualification round), 2hrs 15mins max overall time, 6.5kg rifle weight W = 40 shots (qualification round), 75 minutes W = 75 shots (qualification round) – 3 series of 25 shots W = 75 shots (qualification round) – 3 series of 25 shots

•Rifle and Pistol: Open competition (M&W) from 1968 to 1980 º1976 Olympic silver medallist in Rifle 3 positions: Margaret Murdock (woman, USA) tied with Larry Bassham (man, USA)* •Skeet and Trap: Open competition (M&W) until 1992, M only in 1996, separate M and W competitions starting in 2000 º1992 Olympic Skeet Champion: Zhang Shan (woman, China)* *Teetzel (2009) argues that segregation was an attempt to avert direct comparison between M and W performances. Women's events were added to the Olympics in this order: 1984 – 10m air rifle, 50m small-bore rifle 3x20, 25m sport pistol 1988 – 10m air pistol 1996 – double trap (1st shotgun event for W) 2000 – trap and skeet After 2004 W's double trap and 10m running target were deleted to accommodate a smaller Shooting programme.

! '%!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women Swimming

17

17

[950*] 900 pool 50 marathon

[950*] 900 pool 50 marathon

2 athletes/ individual event 1 team/ relay event

1896-

1912-

M and W 50m freestyle 100m freestyle 200m freestyle 400m freestyle 100m backstroke 200m backstroke 100m breaststroke 200m breaststroke 100m butterfly 200m butterfly 200m individual medley 400m individual medley 4 x 100m freestyle relay 4 x 200m freestyle relay 4 x 100m medley relay 10km marathon

*No M/W designation (496 M and 452 W competed at the Games)

M only

1500m freestyle

W only 800m freestyle

Synchronized Swimming

N/A

2 (duet and team)

N/A

104

10 athletes/ country (2 in duet, 8 in teams)

N/A

1984-

Women only event

from 8 countries

+ 16 countries duet only

(2/team) Table Tennis 2

Singles and teams

2 Singles and teams

86 86 3 M and 3 W across all events 2 athletes/ singles events

1988- 1988-

! '&!

!Sport # Events # Events Max #

Athletes Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women Tae Kwon Do 4

(wt categories) 4 (wt categories)

64 64 1 athlete/ event 2 M and 2 W across all events

2000- 2000- Weight categories M = -58kg, 58-68kg, 68-80kg, +80kg [4] Range = +21kg

W = -49kg, 49-57kg, 57-67kg, +67kg [4] Range = +18kg

Tennis

2.5* [5 total M & W]

2.5* [5 total M & W]

86

86

6 M and 6 W across all events

1896-1924, 1988-

1900-1924, 1988-

Number of sets/match M = best of 5 sets (singles final only)

*M and W singles and doubles + mixed doubles

(Singles, doubles, and mixed doubles)

(Singles, doubles, and mixed doubles)

Max 4 athletes/ singles event

Max 2 teams/ doubles event

2 teams/ country (mixed)

Trampoline 1 1 16 16 2 M and 2

W 2000- 2000-

Triathlon

1

1

55

55

3 M and 3 W

2000-

2000-

Events: 1500m swim, 43km bike, 10km run

Volleyball 1 1 144 144 1 M team, 1

W team 1964- 1964- Net height

M = 2.43m W = 2.24m

12 countries, 12 players/ team

! '"!

!

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Sport # Events # Events Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes

Max # Athletes/ Country

1st Olympics

1st Olympics

Rule/Event – Differences/Gender

Comment

Men Women Men Women M&W / Men Women Water Polo 1 1 156 104 1 M team, 1

W team 1900- 2000- # of countries participating

M = 12 W = 8

12 countries (M), 8 countries (W), 13 players/ team

Pool length M = 30m Size of ball M = not less than 0.68m and not more than 0.71m, 90-97kPa pressure

W = 25m W = not less than 0.65m and not more than 0.67m, 83-90kPa pressure

Weight Lifting

8 (wt categories)

7 (wt categories)

156

104

6 M and 4 W Max 2/ event

1896, 1904, 1920-

2000-

Weight categories M = 56kg, 62kg, 69kg, 77kg, 85kg, 94kg, 105kg, +105kg [8] Range = +49kg

W = 48kg, 53kg, 58kg, 63kg, 69kg, 75kg, +75kg [7] Range = +27kg

Wrestling/ Freestyle and Greco-Roman

7 (wt categories) Freestyle

4 (wt categories) Freestyle

266*

72*

1 athlete/ event

1896, 1904-

2004-

Weight categories M = 55kg, 60kg, 66kg, 74kg, 84kg, 96kg, 120kg [7] Range = +65kg Rules

W = 48kg, 55kg, 63kg, 72kg [4] Range = +24kg

*Pre-Olympics, there were 6 competitor places "to be confirmed". 250 men and 74 women competed in London 2012.

W = All double Nelsons in the “par terre” or standing position are prohibited.

7 (wt categories) Greco-Roman

M = Freestyle and Greco-Roman

W = Freestyle only

Total = 14 Total = 4