the low-and mid-latitudeionospherelandau.geo.cornell.edu/papers/pars.pdf · 2003. 8. 11. ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Low- and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere
D. L. Hysell
Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
http://landau.geo.cornell.edu
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Outline�
The geomagnetic field�
Ionospheric structure�
Thermal structure�
Conductivity�
Dielectric properties�
Dynamics and dynamo theory�
Equatorial electrojet�
Equatorial plasma instabilities�
Midlatitude sporadic E and intermediate layers�
Midlatitude plasma instabilities and msTIDs
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ISRs
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Geomagnetic field
� � � � ��� �
� � � � ��� � �� � �� ��� � �� � � � ��� � �� ��� � � � � ��� � � ��� � ! "
#%$ � & � �('�*) � � #$ � � +
� ,- .� ��� �Θ
r
m
S
N
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Non dipole corrections
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Ionospheric structure
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Thermal structure
photo-electrons
thermalelectrons
ions neutralsγ
N( D)quenching
2 Coulombcollisions
O fine structureN vibrational2
Induded dip.,charge ex.�
Quasi equilibrium�
Local heating & cooling + photoelectron transport, conduction�
Rates are energy/velocity dependent�
Cooling via elastic and inelastic collisions�
Need to specify solar flux spectrum, absorbtion and ionizationcross sections
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Ionospheric layers
/10 /2 � 3 � � 0 4 � � 5� ,
5 � 687 9: 01; �< �>= ? @ ABC D; E FG HI FG H � �� J KML N$O L KL � J # PRQ � S L � � L�
&0 &2 � 5� T 0 � 0 U �� � � �WV X L �� Y Z V&0\[ &2 � 5� ] ^ _ � ` 0[ � P$ X JL La V&0 �&2 � ] ^ _ � `bc d ef0[ � T 0 � 0
�5 � �g 0 � �T 0
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E region density
From Pfaff, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 709, 1991 and Prakash et al.,Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 72, 1, 1972.
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Topside composition
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Ambipolar field
h � � ij 3 K� 0lk � = m� �k nh � � ij 3 K� 0 .� = m� � . n
0 . � k 0k
0lk 0 . � 0po k 0o .= ? qr stu v � 0po k 0o .= ? v "I r
0 . � 0o . 0Mo ! = ? v "Ixw � 0Mo . 0Mo = ? v "Ixy � 0Mo . 0o = ? v "Ixz
0k � 0po k 0o .= ? v "I r{ 0o . 0po ! = ? v "I|w � 0o . 0po = ? v "I|y � 0po . 0o = ? v "I|z } ! "
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Temperature , composition,collisionality
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Plasma as conductor
~ � : � �� � ��� � � �
� : I ��� � � � � ��� � � � � :o ���
: � � = k
0k �k�k � � k � � k �
: I � = k
� 0k �k�k � � k � � k �
:�o � = k
0k �k �k
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Profiles (twilight)
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Plasma as dielectric
�o 3 � � � _>�� ` � 3 � � � _ �� ` � 3 � � �o �� �
� � �o 3 K� � � � � � � �
3 � ~ � 3 � �: �� � � :o � � � : I � � � � � � h � �
3 + � � � � 3 � K� : � � � �� 3 +� K� :o � ��� � : I: � � � � 3 � K� : I � ���
3 + � 3 � � :o: � 3� � 3 � � 3 +�
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Plasma as a dynamo
h dβ β
h dϕ ϕ
h dα
B
α
m�� � m�� < � � : I < f & g � � � : � � � � : I � � � �< � < f & g � & 6 � & �
< � � : � G|� G1�G�� & g
� � m�� : � � m¡� : I � m � :�¢
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Dynamical consequences
�
Dawn-dusk electric field�
Prereversal enhancement�
Funtain effect, equatorial anomaly�
Super-rotation�
Shear�
Evening vortex
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Electric field profiles
£¤ ¤¥¤ ¤
¦¤ ¤§¤ ¤
¨©ª «¬ ®¯° ±
² ³
´ µ¤ ¤·¶´ ¸¤¶
¤¶¸¤·¶
µ ¤ ¤¶
µ µ µ £ µ¹ µ ¥ µ ¸ µ ¦º¼»½¾ ¿ÀÁ ÂÃÄ Å¼Æ » ÂÄ µ µ ´ Ǽ»È ´ £¤ ¤ £É ¹ µ ¸ÊË » Ä µ ¸ ´ Ǽ»È ´ £¤ ¤ £É ¹ µÌ Ê
£¤ ¤¥¤ ¤
¦¤ ¤§¤ ¤
¨©ª «¬ ®¯° ±
² ³
´ £¤ ¤·¶´ µ¤ ¤·¶
¤¶µ ¤ ¤¶
£¤ ¤¶
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Equatorial anomal y
Courtesy C. E. Valladares
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Evening vor tex
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Equatorial electr ojet
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Jicamar ca magnetometer
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Lower thermospheric winds
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Wind shear
Courtesy
M. F. Larsen
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Wind effects (noon)
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Twilight
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Electr ojet plasma waves
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FBGD instability
n>0δ n<0δ n>0δ
Eδ Eδ
EδB
n
δExB
J
δExBδExB
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Disper sion relation
Í � Î � �Ï Ð .� Ï ÐÑ �� � � Ò � � � � Ó o � Ó � � Î � Ï ÐÑ
] � Ò � �Ñ� � Ò � � Í� Î � Ï ÐÑ � � Ó ÕÔ Ö � � Óo Ó � Í� Î � Ï ÐÑ �� � T 0o
Óo Ó � �� � Ò Ó �Ó , �Ñ � Ñ Q Ò � � . �Ñ� . � Ñ
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Type I and type II spectra
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150 km echoes
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150 km echo drifts
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Equatorial spread F
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Equatorial spread F
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Inter chang e instability
n>0δ n<0δ n>0δ
Eδ Eδ
EδB
n
δExB
J
δExBδExB
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Inter chang e instability
] � � Ø×ÚÙÛ � � ×ÚÙ, Ó ÜÓ n� ×ÚÙ � m� � � v - � � ×ÚÙ Ó Ý [ � � ×ÚÙ�
- � ÞWßÞáà � Þáß
�
Finite
,
correction; fastest growing modes â 1 km�
Shear flow, transient waves�
Anomalous effects�
Seeding
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Mid-latitude ionosphere
�
(-) Electrojet�
(-) Prereversal enhancement�
(-) Shear flow�
(-) Evening vortex�
(+) He+�
(+) Sporadic E layers�
(+) Intermediate layers�
(+) midlatitude spF and msTIDs
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Ionization layers
The Low- and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere – p.38/46
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QP echoes
The Low- and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere – p.39/46
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2D maps
The Low- and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere – p.40/46
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2D maps
The Low- and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere – p.41/46
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2D maps
The Low- and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere – p.42/46
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Midlatitude spread F
The Low- and Mid-Latitude Ionosphere – p.43/46
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630 nm airglo w
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MsTID
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ReferencesFejer, B. G., and M. C. Kelley, Ionospheric irregularities, Rev. Geophys., 18, 401, 1980.
Forbes, J. M., The equatorial electrojet, Rev. Geophys., 19, 469, 1981.
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