the making of america: immigration, …...alexander graham bell invented the telephone in 1876. big...

The

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Imm

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IMMIGRATION

IntroductionOver a period of thousands of years, as the ice sheets covering North America melted, people spread out over the land and settled on it.

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 1: A Nation of ImmigrantsThe earliest British settlers founded the colony of Jamestown in 1607.

Big Question: What were the various causes of mass migration to America?

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 1: A Nation of ImmigrantsBetween 1775 and 1781, colonists from the thirteen English colonies fought the American Revolution to establish their independence from Great Britain.

New England ColoniesKey

Middle Colonies

Southern Colonies

MASSACHUSETTS

MASSACHUSETTS

CONNECTICUT

RHODEISLAND

NEW YORK

NEWHAMPSHIRE

NEW FRANCE

PENNSYLVANIA

MARYLAND

NEW JERSEY

VIRGINIA

NORTH CAROLINA

SOUTH CAROLINA

GEORGIA

Yorktown

Jamestown

Boston

Philadelphia

New York City

Ohio RiverValley

Ohio RiverValley

Québec

Montréal

DELAWARE

St. Lawrence River

ATLANTICOCEAN


IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 1: A Nation of ImmigrantsEuropeans from different countries continued to settle throughout the United States, and thousands of Africans were forced to come to America against their will.


IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 1: A Nation of ImmigrantsAs a result of crop failures in Germany and the potato famine in Ireland during the 1840s and 1850s, thousands of German and Irish immigrants came to America seeking a better life.


IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 2: Starting OverImmigrants settled in cities, especially in the Northeast, creating overcrowding and impoverished conditions.

Big Question: How was life different for immigrants who came to America with some money, or had a skill, from those who were poor farm workers?

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 3: The New ImmigrationThe 1870s were the beginning of the “New Immigration,” when people from southern and eastern Europe started to immigrate to America.

Big Question: How would you compare the experiences of those who came to America as part of the “old wave of immigration” to the experiences of those who were part of the “new wave of immigration”?

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 3: The New ImmigrationIn the 1870s, an influx of Japanese and Chinese immigrants came to America and settled in their own sections of cities.

Big Question: How would you compare the experiences of those who came to America as part of the “old wave of immigration” to the experiences of those who were part of the “new wave of immigration”?

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 4: An Uncertain WelcomeIn 1884, France gave the State of Liberty to America as a gift; Emma Lazarus later memorialized the statue in her poem, “The New Colossus.”

Big Question: What were the different reactions to the “sudden flood” of particular groups of immigrants?

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 4: An Uncertain WelcomeEllis Island, a small island in New York Harbor, opened as an immigration processing center in 1892.

Big Question: What were the different reactions to the “sudden flood” of particular groups of immigrants?

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 5: Becoming AmericanIn 1909, Israel Zangwill wrote The Melting Pot, which became an important metaphor for the American immigrant’s experience.

Big Question: Why do you think “becoming an American” was easier for those who were born in America to immigrants, than for those who had moved to America from the country of their birth?

IMMIGRATION

CHAPTER 5: Becoming AmericanImmigration continues to be part of America’s story.

Big Question: Why do you think “becoming an American” was easier for those who were born in America to immigrants, than for those who had moved to America from the country of their birth?

Indu

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INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION IN AMERICA

IntroductionDuring the 1700 and 1800s, agriculture was the major form of income for most people in Europe and America.


IntroductionDuring the Industrial Revolution, from the 1760s through the 1830s, factories became widespread in Great Britain and the United States and began to change people’s way of life.


IntroductionAfter the end of the Civil War in 1865, even greater changes took place in America.


CHAPTER 1: The Industrial GiantAfter Samuel Slater opened the first cotton spinning mill in America in 1791, factories spread throughout the United States.

Big Question: How did America transform from an agricultural nation into an industrial giant?


CHAPTER 1: The Industrial GiantAndrew Carnegie became a millionaire as a result of experience, hard work, and creativity.

Big Question: How did America transform from an agricultural nation into an industrial giant?


CHAPTER 2: RailroadsBy the early 1900s, the United States had nearly two hundred thousand miles of railroad track across the country. Cornelius Vanderbilt was a leader in combining many small, separate railroad lines into a single network. Time zones were established so train schedules would be accurate and consistent.

Big Question: How did the development and expansion of railroads help grow the American economy?

0 300 miles

N

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Time zone boundariesMajor railroads, 1900

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Duluth

Minneapolis

Detroit

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Chattanooga

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Washington, DCBaltimore

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KansasCity

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Mountain Time Zone

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ATLANTICOCEAN

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45° N

40° N

35° N

30° N

25° N

Railroads and Time Zones in 1900


CHAPTER 3: Resources, People, and CapitalNatural resources, such as timber, coal, and oil, in addition to the ready availability of people and capital, contributed to rapid industrial growth in America.

Big Question: How did investment in corporations help to drive America’s rapid industrial development?


CHAPTER 4: An Inventive PeopleAlexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

Big Question: How would you describe the inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison?


CHAPTER 4: An Inventive PeopleThomas Alva Edison and his research team invented the phonograph, the electric light bulb, and many other modern inventions.

Big Question: How would you describe the inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Alva Edison?


CHAPTER 5: Growing Business EnterprisesBuilding on his initial success in the railroad industry, Andrew Carnegie created the Carnegie Steel company, which provided steel for building bridges, railroad tracks, and tall city buildings.

Big Question: Why do you think Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were so successful?


CHAPTER 5: Growing Business EnterprisesJohn D. Rockefeller quickly recognized that he would make more money by buying and controlling the refineries that cleaned impurities of crude oil than by drilling for oil. He founded Standard Oil Corporation in 1870.

Big Question: Why do you think Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller were so successful?


CHAPTER 6: Monopolies, Trusts, and PoolsIn 1887, the government passed the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the unfair practices of the railroads, which had led to higher consumer prices.

Big Question: What were the perceived advantages and disadvantages of large and powerful businesses?


CHAPTER 6: Monopolies, Trusts, and PoolsIn 1890, the government passed the Sherman Antitrust Act to regulate the growth of trusts and monopolies, which had led to higher consumer prices.



CHAPTER 6: Monopolies, Trusts, and Pools

In 1891, John D. Rockefeller donated millions of dollars to build the University of Chicago.



CHAPTER 6: Monopolies, Trusts, and PoolsAndrew Carnegie donated millions of dollars to build more than 2,500 libraries, many of which were public or university libraries.



CHAPTER 7: The World of the WorkerUnskilled workers—including men, women, and children—worked long hours, often in unsafe conditions. By the 1900s, more than twenty thousand workers were killed, and two hundred thousand others were injured yearly in America in factory accidents.

Big Question: What were some of the advantages and disadvantages for American workers during this period of change?


CHAPTER 7: The World of the WorkerIn the mid-1800s and early 1900s, the Invention of new machines, such as the typewriter, offered new positions for skilled workers.

Big Question: What were some of the advantages and disadvantages for American workers during this period of change?


CHAPTER 8: Workers OrganizeAlthough labor unions had little to do with the 1886 riot in Chicago’s Haymarket Square, where seven people were killed by a bomb, many Americans at the time connected this violence with unions.

Big Question: What is a union, and what did Samuel Gompers do to change how unions were organized?


CHAPTER 8: Workers OrganizeIn 1886, Samuel Gompers helped bring together various trade unions to start the American Federation of Labor.



CHAPTER 8: Workers OrganizeWhen workers at the Carnegie Steel mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania, went on strike in 1892, the company brought in armed men to battle the strikers. Men on both sides were killed.



CHAPTER 9: The Urbanization of AmericaMany different factors led to rapid population increases in many American cities between 1860 and 1910. These included the expansion of factories and the manufacturing industry, the decrease in farm prices coupled with the glamour of the city, as well as the emancipation of slaves and the increasing number of European immigrants.

Big Question: Why did many American cities grow so rapidly during the early 1900s?


CHAPTER 9: The Urbanization of AmericaImprovements in transportation—such as the expanded railroad network, trolley car, elevated trains, and subways—were especially important in the growth of many cities.

Big Question: Why did many American cities grow so rapidly during the early 1900s?


CHAPTER 10: Growing PainsThe rapid growth in the size of city populations in the 1900s led to many problems, including poor housing conditions, garbage disposal and street maintenance issues, and an increase in crime.

Big Question: Why do you think this chapter is called “growing pains”?


CHAPTER 10: Growing PainsThe threat of fire was also a problem in cities with crowded buildings. The Great Chicago Fire in 1871 left three hundred people dead and ninety thousand homeless.



CHAPTER 10: Growing PainsThe growth of cities also led to greater opportunity for government corruption and the rise to power of political bosses. One of the most notorious was William Marcy Tweed in New York City.


Refo

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Indu

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mer

ica

Timeli

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REFORM IN INDUSTRIAL AMERICA

IntroductionDuring the Industrial Revolution, the widespread growth of factories and cities dramatically changed people’s way of life.


CHAPTER 1: The Populist MovementIn 1891, American farmers formed the Populist Party to express the belief that the railroad companies and big businesses were hurting farmers.

Big Question: What was the populist movement, and what were their main concerns?


CHAPTER 1: The Populist MovementWilliam Jennings Bryan was an extraordinary public speaker. He lost the election to become president, but later served as U.S. secretary of state.

Big Question: What was the populist movement, and what were their main concerns?


CHAPTER 2: The MuckrakersIda Tarbell published The History of the Standard Oil Company, which led to the 1911 breakup of the Standard Oil Company.

Big Question: Why were some journalists at this time called “muckrakers,” and why was their work important?


CHAPTER 2: The MuckrakersUpton Sinclair’s The Jungle was published in 1906, causing Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation into the meatpacking industry.

Big Question: Why were some journalists at this time called “muckrakers,” and why was their work important?


CHAPTER 3: Urban ReformersIn 1889, Jane Addams established Hull House in Chicago as a settlement house to meet the needs of immigrants living in poverty.

Big Question: What causes did Jane Addams and Jacob Riis champion?


CHAPTER 3: Urban ReformersJacob Riis was a powerful writer and photographer who exposed the poor living conditions of immigrants in New York City, in his book, How the Other Half Lives.

Big Question: What causes did Jane Addams and Jacob Riis champion?


CHAPTER 4: Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt became president of the United States after the assassination of William McKinley.

Big Question: Why might it be true to say that Theodore Roosevelt was a champion of the American people?


CHAPTER 4: Theodore RooseveltDuring his two terms as president, Theodore Roosevelt worked to conserve the natural wonders of the United States. Here he visits Yosemite Valley in California with John Muir.

Big Question: Why might it be true to say that Theodore Roosevelt was a champion of the American people?


CHAPTER 5: Reform for African AmericansIda B. Wells urged a boycott of Memphis businesses to protest lynchings and began an anti-lynching campaign.

Big Question: What were the Jim Crow laws, and what were the views of Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois in terms of gaining rights for African Americans?


CHAPTER 5: Reform for African AmericansBooker T. Washington advocated for an improvement in the lives of African Americans by stressing the importance of building economic power through a job or trade. He founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.



CHAPTER 5: Reform for African AmericansW.E.B. Du Bois advocated for an improvement in the lives of African Americans by focusing on eliminating the barrier of the color line. He led the Niagara Movement and later became the leader of the NAACP.



CHAPTER 6: Women’s Voting Rights Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton participated in the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention supporting women’s rights. As a suffragette, Anthony continued the fight for women’s right to vote.

Big Question: What causes did American women fight for in the 1800s, and what actions did they take to gain the right to vote?


CHAPTER 6: Women’s Voting Rights In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave women the right to vote, was ratified by the states.

Big Question: What causes did American women fight for in the 1800s, and what actions did they take to gain the right to vote?


CHAPTER 7: Eugene Debs and SocialismAs leader of the Socialist Party, Eugene Debs championed the civil rights of workers, immigrants, African Americans, and women. Though he did not win, he ran for president as the candidate of the Socialist Party several times.

Big Question: What were Eugene Debs’s political beliefs?

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r lith

o), A

meric

an S

choo

l, (1

9th c

entur

y) /

Priva

te Co

llecti

on / P

eter N

ewark

Ameri

can P

icture

s / Br

idgem

an Im

ages

Chap

ter 2,

Card

1 Lib

rary o

f Con

gress

Prints

and P

hotog

raphs

Divis

ion, L

C-DIG

-ggb

ain-1

8152

Chap

ter 2,

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2 Illu

strate

d Lon

don N

ews L

td/ Pa

ntheo

n/Su

perSt

ock

Chap

ter 3,

Card

1 Fro

nt Co

ver o

f ‘Twe

nty Ye

ars at

Hull

Hou

se’ b

y Jan

e Add

ams,

1910

(colo

ur lith

o), Am

erica

n Sch

ool, (

20th

centu

ry) /

Newb

erry L

ibrary

, Chic

ago,

Illino

is, US

A / Br

idgem

an Im

ages

Chap

ter 3,

Card

2 Ba

ndits

’ Roos

t / Un

iversa

l Hist

ory Ar

chive

/UIG

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 4,

Card

1 Ca

mpaig

n po

ster

for W

illiam

Mcki

nley

(184

3-19

01)

as Pre

siden

t an

d Th

eodo

re Ro

osev

elt (

1858

-191

9) a

s Vice

-Pres

ident,

190

0 (co

lour l

itho),

Am

erica

n Sch

ool, (

20th

centu

ry) / P

rivate

Colle

ction

/ Pete

r New

ark Am

erica

n Pic

tures

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 4,

Card

2 Ted

dy R

oosev

elt an

d Joh

n Mu

ir (b

/w p

hoto)

/ Un

derw

ood

Arch

ives/U

IG /

Bridg

eman

Imag

es

Chap

ter 5,

Card

1 Po

rtrait

of Id

a B. W

ells B

arnett

, c.18

93 (s

epia

photo

), Ame

rican

Scho

ol, (1

9th

centu

ry) / P

rivate

Colle

ction

/ Pris

matic

Pictu

res / B

ridge

man I

mage

s

Chap

ter 5,

Card

2 Ro

of Co

nstru

ction

by

Stude

nts a

t Tus

kege

e Ins

titute,

Tuske

gee,

Alaba

ma,

USA,

1902

(b/w

photo

), Joh

nson

, Fran

ces B

enjam

in (fl.

c.190

0-19

25) /

Circa

Im

ages

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 5,

Card

2 Bo

oker

T. Wash

ington

, Sea

ted Po

rtrait

, Wash

ington

DC, U

SA, H

arris &

Ewing

, Jan

uary

1909

(b/w

photo

) / Ci

rca Im

ages

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 5,

Card

3 Lib

rary o

f Con

gress,

Print

s and

Photo

graph

s Divi

sion,

LC-D

IG-pp

msca

-378

18

Chap

ter 5,

Card

3 W

illiam

Edwa

rd Bu

rghard

t Du B

ois (1

868-

1963

) 190

4 (b&

w ph

oto) /

Priva

te Co

llecti

on / B

ridge

man I

mage

s

Chap

ter 6,

Card

1 Su

san B.

Antho

ny, E

lizab

eth Ca

dy St

anton

, 189

9 / U

nivers

al His

tory A

rchive

/UIG

/ Brid

gema

n Ima

ges

Chap

ter 6,

Card

2 Ev

erett C

ollec

tion/

Supe

rStoc

k

Chap

ter 7

Euge

ne V

ictor

“Gen

e” De

bs /

Unive

rsal H

istory

Arch

ive/U

IG / B

ridge

man

Imag

es

ISBN: 978-1-68380-347-8

Cre

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