the malacca straits expedition: new dimension in the sustainable

The Malacca Straits Expedition: The Malacca Straits Expedition:

New dimension in the Sustainable New dimension in the Sustainable Development of the Straits.Development of the Straits.

H.M.IbrahimH.M.Ibrahim, F.M. , F.M. YusoffYusoff & A. & A. ArshadArshad..

Marine Science Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science Laboratory, Institute of BioscienceBioscience

University University PutraPutra Malaysia Malaysia

Format

• Introduction- UPM-JICA project on the Natural Resources and Pollution on the SOM

• Objective of the Malacca Straits Expedition• Expedition periods• Study site• Types of study• Results• What next?

The Straits of Malacca

Located - west Peninsular MalaysiaCoastline - 1000 km. Shallow sea -partially land-locked, connects Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean. Supports ~ 50% of fishing resources in P. M’siaDeeper in North (100 m) & shallower in South (10 m). Upwelling processes in One Fathom Bank 2nd busiest shipping lane in the world

SW Monsoon

NE Monsoon

98oE 99o 100o 101o 102o 103o 104o 105o

1o

2o

3o

4o

5o

6o

7o N

Penang

Lumut

Port Klang

Port Dickson

Malacca

PENINSULARMALAYSIA

SUMATRA

South ChinaSea

∀Surface

Surface

Dominant currents in the Straits of Malacca.Straits of M

alacca

JICA Research Vessel; Dept. of Fisheries M’sia

Sampling PeriodsCruise 1 – NE Monsoon, Nov.-Dec. `98Cruise II – Post-NE Monsoon, Mar-Apr. `99Cruise III – Post-SW Monsoon, Aug. `99Cruise IV - SW Monsoon, Jul-Aug `00Cruise V - SW Monsoon, Jul-Aug `03’


1 *2 *

8 *

9 * 1 0 *

1 3 * 1 4 *

1 5 1 6 *

1 7

1 8 *

1 9 *

2 0

2 1 *

2 2

2 3 2 4 *

9 8 oE 9 9 o 1 0 0o 1 0 1 o 1 0 2 o 1 0 3 o 1 0 4 o 1 0 5 o

1 o

2 o

3 o

4 o

5 o

6 o

7 o N

P enan g

L um u t

P o rt K lang

P o rt D ickso n

M alac ca

P E N IN S U L A RM A L A Y S IA

S U M A T R A

S o u th C h ina S ea

∀

Jo ho r

7*

12*

3*

C

S

N

L a ngk aw i

Zooplankton sampling stations in the Straits of Malacca:N - north; C- centre & S-south.

Straits of Malacca

24 Sampling Stations

N

Salinity (ppt) at different stations in different zon. during intermonsoons

1

11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91

30 32 34 36 38

St.3

St.15

St.22

(a)D

epth

(m)

(N)(S)

(C)

1

11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91

20 22 24 26 28 30

(b)

St.22

St.3

St.15

Dep

th (m

)

Temperature (oC) at different stations in different zon. during intermonsoons

(N)

(S)(C)

98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

0.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.450.500.550.600.650.700.750.800.850.900.951.00

Langkawi

Penang

Lumut

Port Kelang

Port Dickson

Malacca

PENINSULARMALAYSIA

SUMATRA

Orthophosphate-P (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)

98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

0.801.001.201.401.601.802.002.202.402.602.803.003.203.403.603.804.004.204.404.604.80

Langkawi

Penang

Lumut

Port Kelang

Port Dickson

Malacca

SUMATRA

PENINSULARMALAYSIA

Dissolved Organic Phosphate (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)

Total Ammonia-N (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)

98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

0.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.002.202.402.602.803.003.203.403.603.804.004.204.404.60

Langkawi

Penang

Lumut

Port Kelang

Port DicksonMalacca

PENINSULARMALAYSIA

SUMATRA

Nitrate-N (µmole) in surface waters duringNorth–east Monsoon (Law et al. 2000)

98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

Langkawi

Penang

Lumut

Port Kelang

Port Dickson

Melacca

SUMATRA

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Major Diatom Genera (Pulau Payar)

Nitzschia10%

Pseudo-nitzschia

1%Skeletonema

16%

Bacteriastrum3% Others

3%

Chaetoceros6%

Melosira61%

Common Phytoplankton

Actinoptychus sp.

Asteromphalus sp.

Actinocyclus sp.

Coscinodiscus sp.

Thalassiosira sp.

Cyclotella sp.

Common Phytoplankton, Con’t

Chaetoceros sp. Biddulphia sp. Hemiaulus sp.

Triceratium spp. Bacteriastrum sp.

Zooplankton CollectionZooplankton Collection

I II III IV

Cruise

0

5

10

15

20

Mea

n de

nsity

(ind

. x 1

000

m- 3

)

1998 1999 2000 1999

Mean abundance of tot. zooplankton during various cruises in the Straits of Malacca

0-1010-2020-40

>400 15 30 45 60

0 3 6 9 12Density (ind. m -3 x 1000)

North

0-10

10-20

20-40

>40

Dep

th st

ratu

m (m

)

0 15 30 45 60

0 3 6 9 12

0-10

10-20

20-40

>400 100 200 300 400 500

0 20 40 60 80

Centre

South

-3 )

Biomass (mg dry wt. m-3)

(Dry wt.)

(Dry wt.)

(Dry wt.)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Total Zooplankton

ZOOPLANKTON IN THE STRAITS ZOOPLANKTON IN THE STRAITS 119 species in Malacca Straits119 species in Malacca Straits

a total of 112 species in the a total of 112 species in the North zoneNorth zone--HH11 = 3.632= 3.632

97 species in the 97 species in the Central zoneCentral zone-- HH11 = 3.172= 3.172

80 species in the 80 species in the South zoneSouth zone-- HH11 = 2.967= 2.967

O. simplex, E. O. simplex, E. acutifronsacutifrons and P. and P. parvusparvusare the most dominant speciesare the most dominant species

Copepod DistributionCopepod DistributionNorthern Zone:Northern Zone:Highest # copepod species: 112Highest # copepod species: 112Highest diversity index, HHighest diversity index, H’’: 3.63: 3.63Central Zone:Central Zone:

# copepod species: 97# copepod species: 97Diversity index, HDiversity index, H’’: 3.17: 3.17Southern Zone: Southern Zone: Lowest # copepod species: 80Lowest # copepod species: 80Lowest diversity index, HLowest diversity index, H’’: 2.967: 2.967

Nauplii of copepodsNauplii of copepods

Copepodites Copepodites

Three main orders of copepodThree main orders of copepod

Note the general shape, placement of eggs and antennal length

CalanoidCalanoid

CyclopoidCyclopoid

HarpacticoidHarpacticoid

South China Sea

98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

S U M A T R A2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

Distribution of copepods (zooplankton, log transformed), average for 4 cruises

NDensity(ind. m-3)


0510152025303540

6 7 8 9 13 17 18 21 23 24 31 36 37 38 51 52

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

4 6 7 12 17 20 21 24 27 29 37 50 52 53 67 80

024681012141618

4 6 7 12 17 20 21 24 29 37 42 50

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2 5 6 7 1012161920212425353740415154668081

Den

sity

(ind

ivid

uals

.mD

ensi

ty (i

ndiv

idua

ls.m

-- 33x

1000

)x

1000

)

Distance from the shore (nautical mile)Distance from the shore (nautical mile)

Near-coastal

Neritic

Cruise I

Cruise II

Cruise III

Cruise IV

Variation of copepod density from the nearVariation of copepod density from the near--coastal to neritic waterscoastal to neritic waters

Distribution of Cu in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.

98.00 99.00 100.00 101.00 102.00 103.00 104.00 105.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

SUMATRA

0.00

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

ppm wet wt.(log transformed)

Penang Island

Distribution of Zn in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

SUMATRA

0.00

30.00

60.00

90.00

120.00

150.00

180.00

210.00

240.00

270.00

300.00

ppm wet wt.

South China Sea

Distribution of Pb in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.

South China Sea

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

SUMATRA0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

ppm wet wt.

Distribution of Cd in zooplankton in the Malacca Straits.

South China Sea

PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

SUMATRA

0.00

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

ppm wet wt.

Cu Pb Zn Cd

Heavy Metals

0.05

0.5

5

50

500

/ North Centre South

Heavy metals in mixed zooplankton different parts of the Straits

Log.

Con

cent

rat i o

n (µ

g g-1

wet

wt. )

ResultsMASDEC Chlorophyll-a sampling for three cruises

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Station

Chl

orop

hyll-

a (m

g/m

3)

Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3

Results

SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a for three cruises

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Station

Chl

orop

hyll-

a (m

g/m

3)

Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3

Summary of MASDEC and SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a data

• The average chlorophyll-a for MASDEC and SeaWiFS were 2 and 2.32 mg/m3

MASDEC Chlorophyll-a (mg/m3) SeaWiFS Chlorophyll-a (mg/m3)

Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3 Cruise 1 Cruise 2 Cruise 3

Maximum 2.81 6.65 4.56 6.84 5.92 4.98

Minimum 0.22 0.27 0.72 0.26 0.45 0.53

Average 1.20 2.70 2.10 2.42 1.93 2.60

Ratio between average SeaWiFS and MASDEC Chlorophyll-a

• The lowest ratio was recorded 0.07 at station 12• The highest ratio was 5.4 at station 15• The offshore stations were generally under estimated,

while the inshore stations were generally over estimated

0.01

0.1

1

10

1 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Stations

Rat

io

Chlorophyll-a distribution maps for all three MASDEC cruises

MASDEC chlorophyll-a over surface salinity distribution for all cruises

MASDEC chlorophyll-a over sea surface temperature distribution maps for all three cruises

Classification of MASDEC sampling stations into three zones

• Coastal

• Offshore

• Southern

Coastal

Offshore

Southern

MASDEC GIS

Home-page

1 To share the data

NODC (National Oceanographic data Center)

Remote Sensing (SeaWiFS)

MASDEC cruise sampling data

Numerical model

etc.

2 To make people understand the marine environment of the Straits of Malacca plainly

Purpose

This is a simplifieddiagram

of the MASDEC GIS.

GIS Map

METHODOLOGY

User

3D SceneGraph

Spatial Analysis

MASDEC Stations

Available Image

Hotlink

Plankton

Create Contour

SeagrassPollutionChlorophyll

Query

Vector Analysis

Land Locations

Query operation on Hg (cruise 1)

Contour of Cu quantity on cruise 2

Chlorophyll distribution at 20m depth on cruise 4

Comparisons chlorophyll quantity in depth 0.5m and 10m on cruise 1

3D screen of chlorophyll quantity at 20m depth on cruise 4

ETHNICITY (1980 TO 2000)

BumiputrasChineseIndianThaiIndonesiansPortugueseOthers

Pie Chart

FISHERMEN DISTRICT(1988 to 1999)

BumiputrasChineseIndianOthers

40 stationsBar Chart

NODC data (National Oceanographic Data Center).http://masdec.upm.edu.my/nodcdata

NODC Data

month

month

depth

inquiry

11 parameters

panZoom in and out

Initial view

Functions

Sampling points

Clicked area

Zoom in and outInquiryPan

Text fileContour graph Arc/view format output

Salinity

Contour of Sea Surface Temperature from NODC.http://masdec.upm.edu.my/nodcdata

Contour Plotting

Contour plot of salinity.

Salinity Contour

Seagrass Information

Photographs Available

Seagrass Species

Rare Photographs of Fruits & Flowers

SeaWIFS Data - Cruise 3

Fish Species

List

Species Code No.

3103

Fish Description

Fish Statistics

38 yearsTime Series Plots

Wind Speed

Acknowledgements:

JICA for funding the project on ` Aquatic Resource & Environmental Studies on the Straits of Malacca’ –1998-2003

Department of Fisheries Malaysia, KUSTEM, MIMA, Economic Planning Unit & DoE for their support of the UPM project on the Straits of Malacca through MASDEC

Thank You

[email protected]

the malacca straits expedition: new dimension in the sustainable

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