the merchant of venice and jew of malta internet

7/23/2019 The Merchant of Venice and Jew of Malta Internet

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‘‘ Which is the Which is theMerchant here,Merchant here,

and which theand which the Jew?’ Jew?’ Jewish ‘Otherness’ in Jewish ‘Otherness’ in The JewThe Jew

of Maltaof Malta andand The Merchant ofThe Merchant ofVeniceVenice



‘‘Hath not a Jew eyes?’Hath not a Jew eyes?’

D. M. Cohen argues that the moment paintsD. M. Cohen argues that the moment paintsShylock in an unfavourale light!Shylock in an unfavourale light! ‘‘"is speech of wheedling self#e$culpation is surely"is speech of wheedling self#e$culpation is surely

intended to e regarded in the way that eleagueredintended to e regarded in the way that eleaguered

tenants today might regard the whine of theirtenants today might regard the whine of theirwealthy landlord! %"ath not a landlord eyes& "athwealthy landlord! %"ath not a landlord eyes& "athnot a landlord organs' dimensions' senses'not a landlord organs' dimensions' senses'a(ections' passions&) *nstead of eliciting sympathya(ections' passions&) *nstead of eliciting sympathyfor an underdog' Shakespeare intended the speechfor an underdog' Shakespeare intended the speechto elicit detestation for one in a privileged andto elicit detestation for one in a privileged andpowerful position who knowingly and delieratelypowerful position who knowingly and delieratelyaases himself in a plea for unmerited sympathy.’aases himself in a plea for unmerited sympathy.’+Cohen ,-/! 0/#,1+Cohen ,-/! 0/#,1



The question of Anti-The question of Anti-

SemitismSemitism ‘‘*s Shylock a money#gruing usurer*s Shylock a money#gruing usurer

eager to take a knife to Christians' or aeager to take a knife to Christians' or a2ear#like Jew' more sinned against than2ear#like Jew' more sinned against thansinning& "ow do we reconcile his forcedsinning& "ow do we reconcile his forced

conversion 3 after he has een stripped ofconversion 3 after he has een stripped ofhis wealth' his work' and his daughter 3his wealth' his work' and his daughter 3with the play’s comic closure&’ +Shapirowith the play’s comic closure&’ +Shapiro4//514//51

Can we ask similar 6uestions ofCan we ask similar 6uestions of The JewThe Jewof Maltaof Malta&&



Jewish stereotypes The Jewish stereotypes The

!i"#e!i"#e 7he story of 8araas7he story of 8araas ‘‘9hen :ilate saw that he9hen :ilate saw that he

could not prevail' utcould not prevail' utrather that a tumult wasrather that a tumult waseginning' he took watereginning' he took waterand washed his handsand washed his handsefore the multitude'efore the multitude'saying' %* am innocent ofsaying' %* am innocent ofthe lood of this ;ustthe lood of this ;ustperson. See ye to it.) 7henperson. See ye to it.) 7hen

answered all the peopleanswered all the peopleand said' %"is lood e onand said' %"is lood e onus' and on our children<)’us' and on our children<)’Matthew 45! 4=#>'Matthew 45! 4=#>' King King James Bible James Bible' ,0,,' ,0,,

8araas as depicted in Mel?ison’s The Passion of theChrist +4//=1



Jewish stereotypes Jewish stereotypes

$sury $sury ‘‘*f thou lend money to any of my people that is*f thou lend money to any of my people that is

poor y thee' thou shalt not e to him as anpoor y thee' thou shalt not e to him as anusurer' neither shalt thou lay upon him usury.’usurer' neither shalt thou lay upon him usury.’

@$odus 44! 4>'@$odus 44! 4>'

King James Bible King James Bible

' ,0,,' ,0,,

‘‘ And the 2ord spake unto Moses in mount And the 2ord spake unto Moses in mountSinai' saying B And if thy rother e wa$enSinai' saying B And if thy rother e wa$enpoor' and fallen in decay with thee then Bpoor' and fallen in decay with thee then B

take thou no usury of him B ut fear thy ?odtake thou no usury of him B ut fear thy ?odB thou shalt not give him thy money uponB thou shalt not give him thy money uponusury' nor lend him thy victuals for increase.’usury' nor lend him thy victuals for increase.’2eviticus 4>! >#5'2eviticus 4>! >#5' King James Bible King James Bible' ,0,,' ,0,,



Jewish stereotypes Jewish stereotypes

%reed%reed ‘‘7heir reath stinks with lust for7heir reath stinks with lust for

the ?entiles’ gold and silver for nothe ?entiles’ gold and silver for nonation under the sun is greediernation under the sun is greedierthan they were' still are' andthan they were' still are' andalways will e' as is evident fromalways will e' as is evident from

their accursed usury. B 7hey livetheir accursed usury. B 7hey liveamong us' en;oy our shield andamong us' en;oy our shield andprotection' they use our countryprotection' they use our countryand our highways' our markets andand our highways' our markets andstreets. Meanwhile our princes andstreets. Meanwhile our princes andrulersB let the Jews' y means ofrulersB let the Jews' y means oftheir usury' skin and Eeece themtheir usury' skin and Eeece themand their su;ects and make themand their su;ects and make themeggars with their own money.’eggars with their own money.’

Martin 2uther'Martin 2uther' Von den Juden und IhreVon den Juden und Ihre Lügen Lügen ++ About the Jews and Their About the Jews and Their Lies Lies1',>=1',>=



Jewish stereotypes Murder Jewish stereotypes Murder

7he 8lack Death and7he 8lack Death and‘poisoning wells’‘poisoning wells’

Child murder and Saints’Child murder and Saints’cults!cults! Saint 9illiam of Forwich'Saint 9illiam of Forwich'

,,==,,== Saint "arold of ?loucester'Saint "arold of ?loucester'

,,0,,0 Saint Goert of 8ury' ,,,Saint Goert of 8ury' ,,, 2ittle Saint "ugh of 2incoln'2ittle Saint "ugh of 2incoln'

,4>>,4>>

?eo(rey Chaucer’s?eo(rey Chaucer’s‘:rioress’s 7ale’‘:rioress’s 7ale’



Massacre in &or', (()*Massacre in &or', (()*

Hork had a small ut signiIcant Jewish community. Hork had a small ut signiIcant Jewish community. 2ocals in Hork grew resentful of their wealth.2ocals in Hork grew resentful of their wealth. ollowing the coronation of Gichard * in ,,-' aollowing the coronation of Gichard * in ,,-' a

spate of violence against Jews swept acrossspate of violence against Jews swept across

@ngland ased on a false rumour that the King@ngland ased on a false rumour that the Kinghad authorised the violence.had authorised the violence.



+dict of +pu#sion, ()*+dict of +pu#sion, ()*

@nglish Jews had to@nglish Jews had towear identifyingwear identifying

yellow adges from yellow adges from,4,,4,

All Jews were ordered All Jews were ordered

to leave @ngland yto leave @ngland y@dward * in ,4-/@dward * in ,4-/ Most settled in Spain'Most settled in Spain'

?ermany' :oland and?ermany' :oland and*tlay +Lenice' of*tlay +Lenice' ofcourse' had its owncourse' had its own

Jewish ?hetto1 Jewish ?hetto1 7he edict was not7he edict was notoverturned until ,0>0overturned until ,0>0



.oderi/o 0ope1.oderi/o 0ope1

A :ortuguese Jew' physician to @liaeth *' A :ortuguese Jew' physician to @liaeth *'confessed in ,>-= that ‘upon a contract for >////confessed in ,>-= that ‘upon a contract for >////ducats he had promised to poison the Nueen’!ducats he had promised to poison the Nueen’! ‘‘ At the 8ar' 2ope spake not much' ut cried out B that he At the 8ar' 2ope spake not much' ut cried out B that he

intended no hurt against the Nueen' B and that he had nointended no hurt against the Nueen' B and that he had no

other meaning ut to deceive the Spaniard and wipe himother meaning ut to deceive the Spaniard and wipe himof his money.’of his money.’ ‘‘7hey were all of them condemned' and after three7hey were all of them condemned' and after three

months put to death at 7yurn' 2ope a(irming that hemonths put to death at 7yurn' 2ope a(irming that hehad loved the Nueen as he loved Jesus Christ' which fromhad loved the Nueen as he loved Jesus Christ' which froma man of the Jewish profession was heard not withouta man of the Jewish profession was heard not withoutlaughter.’laughter.’

+9illiam Camden'+9illiam Camden' The istorie of the Life and !eigne ofThe istorie of the Life and !eigne ofthat "amous Princesse# $li%abeththat "amous Princesse# $li%abeth' ,04-.1' ,04-.1

Descried y his prosecutors as a ‘vile Jew’Descried y his prosecutors as a ‘vile Jew’ "anged' drawn and 6uartered on 5 June ,>-=."anged' drawn and 6uartered on 5 June ,>-=.



Shy#oc' and !ara"asShy#oc' and !ara"as

as the Jewish ‘2ther’as the Jewish ‘2ther’ Mary Metger descries Shylock’s Irst appearance asMary Metger descries Shylock’s Irst appearance as

‘the incarnation of the inherently evil Jew of medieval‘the incarnation of the inherently evil Jew of medievaland early modern Christian legend’! scheming'and early modern Christian legend’! scheming'greedy' satanic' and loodthirsty +,--! >01.greedy' satanic' and loodthirsty +,--! >01.SH&02345SH&02345 &aside'&aside' "ow like a fawning pulican he looks."ow like a fawning pulican he looks.

* hate him for he is a Christian* hate him for he is a Christian8ut more' for that in low simplicity8ut more' for that in low simplicity"e lends out money gratis' and rings down"e lends out money gratis' and rings down7he rate of usance here with us in Lenice. +,..-#=17he rate of usance here with us in Lenice. +,..-#=1

Compare 8araas’ Irst appearance inCompare 8araas’ Irst appearance in The Jew ofThe Jew of Malta Malta' ‘' ‘in his counting(house# with hea)s of goldin his counting(house# with hea)s of goldbefore himbefore him’' and his later assertion to *thamore! ‘8oth’' and his later assertion to *thamore! ‘8othcircumcisd' we hate Christians oth’ +4..4,01.circumcisd' we hate Christians oth’ +4..4,01.



Shy#oc' and !ara"asShy#oc' and !ara"as

as the Jewish ‘2ther’as the Jewish ‘2ther’S20A6725S20A6725 * never heard a passion so confused'* never heard a passion so confused'

So strange' outrageous' and so varialeSo strange' outrageous' and so variale As the dog Jew did utter in the streets. As the dog Jew did utter in the streets.‘My daughter< O' my ducats< O' my daughter<’ +4..,4#‘My daughter< O' my ducats< O' my daughter<’ +4..,4#,>1,>1

2ike Shylock' 8araas is never clear which he2ike Shylock' 8araas is never clear which heloves the most! his gold' or his daughter.loves the most! his gold' or his daughter.

!A.A!AS5!A.A!AS5 O girl' O gold' O eauty' O my liss< +4.,.>=1O girl' O gold' O eauty' O my liss< +4.,.>=1

8ut oth te$ts leave space for either8ut oth te$ts leave space for eitherinterpretationBinterpretationB



0udicrous stereotypesin The Jew of Malta

Are we supposed to credit 8araas’claims here&

!A.A!AS5 irst' e thou void of these a(ections!Compassion' love' vain hope' and heartless fear.

8e moved at nothing see thou pity none'

8ut to thyself smile when the Christians moan. B

As for myself' * walk aroad a#nights And kill sick people groaning under walls

Sometimes * go aout and poison wellsB +4..,5/#51



0udicrous stereotypesin The Jew of Malta

"ow might we respond to the followinge$change&

8.7A. !A.6A976+5 irst help to ury this' thengo with me

And help me to e$claim against the Jew.

8.7A. JA32M25 9hy& 9hat has he done&

8.7A. !A.6A976+5 A thing that makes metremle to unfold.

8.7A. JA32M25 9hat' has he cruciIed a child&+.0.=>#-1



+ndemic corruptionin The Jew of Malta

!A.A!AS5 B * can see no fruits in all their faith

8ut malice' falsehood' and e$cessive pride'

9hich methinks Its not their profession. +,.,.,,=#,01

*ndeed' ernee’s sudden imposition of the ta$on the Jewish population is' y any account'impulsive' grossly unfair' and ultimatelydishonest.

Malta’s ruling class are duplicitous and corrupt'while the friars are lustful' mercenary and violent.



+ndemic corruptionin The Jew of Malta

ernee is capricious in his imposition of law!8+.6+:+5 Sir' half is the penalty of our decree.

@ither pay that' or we will seie on all.!A.A!AS5 Cor)o di *io< Stay' you shall have half.

2et me e used ut as my rethren are.

8+.6+:+5 Fo' Jew' thou hast denied the articles' And now it cannot e recalled. +,.4.-#-=1

ernee ultimately defeats 8araas throughthe kind of Machiavellian deception we have

come to associate with 8araas himself. Does ernee’s concluding promise to ‘let due

praise e given P Feither to fate nor fortune'ut to heaven’ +>.>.,44#1 ring a little hollow&



The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice

7he trial scene!7he trial scene! ‘B‘Bargualy the darkest moment inargualy the darkest moment in

Shakespearean comedy’ +8erry 4//4!Shakespearean comedy’ +8erry 4//4!

,401.,401. 7he Duke calls Shylock ‘an inhuman7he Duke calls Shylock ‘an inhuman

wretch P Qncapale of pity' void andwretch P Qncapale of pity' void and

empty P rom any dram of mercy.’empty P rom any dram of mercy.’+=.,.#>1+=.,.#>1



The tria# sceneThe tria# scene

8erry on Shylock’s conversion!8erry on Shylock’s conversion! ‘‘ Although some critics +mercifully few1 Although some critics +mercifully few1

argue that from an @liaethanargue that from an @liaethan

perspective forced conversionperspective forced conversionrepresents genuine mercy' the momentrepresents genuine mercy' the momentseems intended to shock. 8y losing hisseems intended to shock. 8y losing hisstatus as %other') Shylock loses hisstatus as %other') Shylock loses hissense of self. B Acceptance of thesense of self. B Acceptance of the%other) seems in this case more%other) seems in this case moremalicious than ostracism.’ +4//4! ,401malicious than ostracism.’ +4//4! ,401



9isruptin/ Shy#oc'’s9isruptin/ Shy#oc'’s

‘2therness’‘2therness’ :ortia’s 6uestion 3 ‘9hich is the merchant here':ortia’s 6uestion 3 ‘9hich is the merchant here'

and which the Jew&’ +=.,.,5,1 3 immediatelyand which the Jew&’ +=.,.,5,1 3 immediatelydisrupts any stale sense of ‘self’ and ‘other’.disrupts any stale sense of ‘self’ and ‘other’.

Shylock makes a valid point aout the ChristianShylock makes a valid point aout the Christian

characters’ hypocrisy!characters’ hypocrisy!SH&02345SH&02345 Hou have among you many a purchased slave Hou have among you many a purchased slave

9hich' like your asses and your dogs and mules'9hich' like your asses and your dogs and mules' Hou use in a;ect and in slavish parts Hou use in a;ect and in slavish parts8ecause you ought them. Shall * say to you8ecause you ought them. Shall * say to you

‘2et them e free' marry them to your heirs.‘2et them e free' marry them to your heirs.9hy sweat they under urdens& 2et their eds9hy sweat they under urdens& 2et their eds8e made as soft as yours' and let their palates8e made as soft as yours' and let their palates8e seasoned with such viands.’ Hou will answer8e seasoned with such viands.’ Hou will answer‘7he slaves are ours.’ So do * answer you. +=.,.-#-51‘7he slaves are ours.’ So do * answer you. +=.,.-#-51



9isruptin/ !ara"as’s9isruptin/ !ara"as’s

‘2therness’‘2therness’ 9e might e reminded here of 8araas' who points out

Christian hypocrisy y citing scripture!

87.ST 467%HT. B*f your Irst curse fall heavy on thy head And make thee poor and scorned of all the world'’7is not our fault' ut thy inherent sin.

!A.A!AS5 9hat& 8ring you scripture to conIrm your wrongs&:reach me not out of my possessions.Some Jews are wicked' as all Christians are8ut say the trie that * descended of 9ere all in general cast away for sin'Shall * e tried y their transgression&7he man that dealeth righteously shall live And which of you can charge me otherwise& +,.4.,/#,1

9e might also e reminded of The Jew of Malta’s slave#market' where ‘@very one’s price is written on his ack’+4..1.




‘2therness’‘2therness’ ‘‘Shylock’s vengefulness marks him as a Jew'Shylock’s vengefulness marks him as a Jew'

an %other) to the Christians' who espouse thean %other) to the Christians' who espouse thedoctrine of mercy that :ortia enunciates in thedoctrine of mercy that :ortia enunciates in thetrial scene. Het as the scene unfolds' Shylock’strial scene. Het as the scene unfolds' Shylock’s

vengefulness comes to seem almost vengefulness comes to seem almostindistinguishale from a Christian charity thatindistinguishale from a Christian charity thatoutwits and reaks him.’ +8erry 4//4! ,,1outwits and reaks him.’ +8erry 4//4! ,,1

;2.T7A5;2.T7A5 Down' therefore' and eg mercy of theDown' therefore' and eg mercy of theDuke.Duke.

+=.,.0/1+=.,.0/1




‘2therness’‘2therness’ ‘‘:ortia’s elo6uent and oft#6uoted speech on the:ortia’s elo6uent and oft#6uoted speech on the

%6uality of mercy) which' in the conte$t of the%6uality of mercy) which' in the conte$t of thetrial sceneB urges on Shylock a generosity oftrial sceneB urges on Shylock a generosity ofehaviour that :ortia herself will ultimately failehaviour that :ortia herself will ultimately fail

to show toward him.’ +?arer 4//=! 41to show toward him.’ +?arer 4//=! 41 An echo here of ernee& An echo here of ernee&

;2.T7A5;2.T7A5 "e hath refused it in the open court."e hath refused it in the open court.

"e shall have merely ;ustice and his ond."e shall have merely ;ustice and his ond.+=.,.>#01+=.,.>#01




‘2therness’‘2therness’ ‘B‘Bthe certainty of the moral superiority of the Christian Pthe certainty of the moral superiority of the Christian P

Catholic over the Jew is eroded B y Shylock’s scathingCatholic over the Jew is eroded B y Shylock’s scathingaccount of his customary treatment y Antonio’account of his customary treatment y Antonio’+O’Gourke 4//! 551!+O’Gourke 4//! 551!

SH&02345SH&02345 Signior Antonio' many a time and oftSignior Antonio' many a time and oft*n the Gialto you have rated me*n the Gialto you have rated me Aout my moneys and my usances. RB Aout my moneys and my usances. RB Hou call me miseliever' cut#throat' dog' Hou call me miseliever' cut#throat' dog' And spit upon my Jewish gaerdine' And spit upon my Jewish gaerdine' And all for use of that which is mine own. RB And all for use of that which is mine own. RB

A6T26725 A6T26725 * am as like to call thee so again'* am as like to call thee so again'7o spit on thee again' to spurn thee too. +,..,/>#4-17o spit on thee again' to spurn thee too. +,..,/>#4-1

As Shylock says himself! ‘7he villainy you teach me * will As Shylock says himself! ‘7he villainy you teach me * wille$ecute.’ +.,.00#51e$ecute.’ +.,.00#51



2ther ‘2thers’?2ther ‘2thers’?

‘‘?iven the nature of the dominant ideology and social?iven the nature of the dominant ideology and socialethos of @liaethan @ngland' one is not surprised toethos of @liaethan @ngland' one is not surprised toInd in Shakespeare’s comedies iases in favour ofInd in Shakespeare’s comedies iases in favour ofaristocratic' male' white' @nglish' heterose$ualaristocratic' male' white' @nglish' heterose$ualChristians. *n @liaethan culture' such categoriesChristians. *n @liaethan culture' such categories

deIne a normative %self) those who fall outsidedeIne a normative %self) those who fall outsidethem are considered %other).’ +8erry 4//4! ,4=1them are considered %other).’ +8erry 4//4! ,4=1

8y 8erry’s logic' nearly all the characters in8y 8erry’s logic' nearly all the characters in TheThe Merchant of Venice Merchant of Venice are ‘othered’ in some way.are ‘othered’ in some way.

7he whole play ecomes aout a system in7he whole play ecomes aout a system inwhich every character is included somehow' utwhich every character is included somehow' ute$cluded in another way.e$cluded in another way.



2ther ‘2thers’ 3#ass2ther ‘2thers’ 3#ass

Antonio as merchant vs. 8assanio as Antonio as merchant vs. 8assanio asaristocrataristocrat

Class ‘onds’!Class ‘onds’! ?ratiano to 8assanio?ratiano to 8assanio Ferissa to :ortiaFerissa to :ortia 2auncelot ?oo and Old ?oo to2auncelot ?oo and Old ?oo to

Shylock Shylock



2ther ‘2thers’ .ace2ther ‘2thers’ .ace

M2.23325M2.23325 Mislike me not for my comple$ion'Mislike me not for my comple$ion'7he shadowed livery of the urnished sun'7he shadowed livery of the urnished sun'7o whom * am a neighour and near red.7o whom * am a neighour and near red.8ring me the fairest creature northward orn'8ring me the fairest creature northward orn'9here :hoeus’ Ire scarce thaws the icicles'9here :hoeus’ Ire scarce thaws the icicles'

And let us make incision for your love' And let us make incision for your love'7o prove whose lood is reddest' his or mine.7o prove whose lood is reddest' his or mine.+4.,.,#51+4.,.,#51

;2.T7A5;2.T7A5 A gentle riddance. Draw the curtains' go. A gentle riddance. Draw the curtains' go.2et all of his comple$ion choose me so. +4.5.5#-12et all of his comple$ion choose me so. +4.5.5#-1



2ther ‘2thers’ %ender 2ther ‘2thers’ %ender

;2.T7A5;2.T7A5 Bthis reasoning is not in the fashion toBthis reasoning is not in the fashion tochoose me a husand. O me' the word ‘choose’< *choose me a husand. O me' the word ‘choose’< *may neither choose who * would nor refuse who *may neither choose who * would nor refuse who *dislike so is the will of a living daughter cureddislike so is the will of a living daughter cured

y the will of a dead father. +,.4.4/#=1y the will of a dead father. +,.4.4/#=1

;2.T7A5;2.T7A5 Myself and what is mine to you and yoursMyself and what is mine to you and yours*s now converted. 8ut now * was the lord*s now converted. 8ut now * was the lordOf this fair mansion' master of my servants'Of this fair mansion' master of my servants'

Nueen o’er myself and even now' ut now'Nueen o’er myself and even now' ut now'7his house' these servants' and this same myself 7his house' these servants' and this same myself

Are yours' my lord’s. * give them with this ring. Are yours' my lord’s. * give them with this ring.+.4.,00#5,1+.4.,00#5,1



2ther ‘2thers’ %ender 2ther ‘2thers’ %ender

!ASSA6725!ASSA6725 Sweet doctor' you shall e mySweet doctor' you shall e myedfellow.edfellow.

9hen * am asent' then lie with my9hen * am asent' then lie with mywife. +>.,.4=#>1wife. +>.,.4=#>1

All three central female All three central femalecharacters in the play lurcharacters in the play lur

gender lines y cross#gender lines y cross#dressing at some point.dressing at some point.

8erry argues that a similar8erry argues that a similardisruption of categories ofdisruption of categories of

‘self’ and ‘other’ is at work!‘self’ and ‘other’ is at work! ‘‘@ach of these characters is a@ach of these characters is a

shape#shifter' capale of callingshape#shifter' capale of callinginto 6uestion the very nature ofinto 6uestion the very nature ofidentity itself.’ +4//4! ,4-1identity itself.’ +4//4! ,4-1



2ther ‘2thers’2ther ‘2thers’

Homoseua#ity Homoseua#ity 97S30A7M+.97S30A7M+. 7he idea that se$uality is a deIning7he idea that se$uality is a deIning

factor in a person’s identity is a relatively modern one.factor in a person’s identity is a relatively modern one.9hile some @liaethans certainly engaged in what9hile some @liaethans certainly engaged in whatwe might now call ‘homose$ual’ activities' then' theywe might now call ‘homose$ual’ activities' then' theydid not think of ‘homose$uality’ in anything like thedid not think of ‘homose$uality’ in anything like the

modern sense +indeed' the word did not then e$ist1.modern sense +indeed' the word did not then e$ist1.

SA0+.725SA0+.725 And even there' his eye eing ig with tears' And even there' his eye eing ig with tears'7urning his face' he put his hand ehind him7urning his face' he put his hand ehind him And' with a(ection wondrous sensile' And' with a(ection wondrous sensile'

"e wrung 8assanio’s hand and so they parted."e wrung 8assanio’s hand and so they parted.S20A6725S20A6725 * think he only loves the world for him.* think he only loves the world for him.

+4..=0#>/1+4..=0#>/1




Homoseua#ity Homoseua#ity S20A6725S20A6725 9hy then' you are in love.9hy then' you are in love.

A6T26725 A6T26725 ie' Ie. +,.,.=01ie' Ie. +,.,.=01

A6T26725 A6T26725 My purse' my person' my e$tremestMy purse' my person' my e$tremest

meansmeans2ie all unlock’d to your occasions. +,.,.,#-12ie all unlock’d to your occasions. +,.,.,#-1

A6T26725 A6T26725 Commend me to your honourale wife.Commend me to your honourale wife.

7ell her the process of Antonio’s end.7ell her the process of Antonio’s end.Say how * loved you. Speak me fair in death'Say how * loved you. Speak me fair in death'

And when the tale is told' id her e ;udge And when the tale is told' id her e ;udge

9hether 8assanio had not once a love. +=.,.45/#=19hether 8assanio had not once a love. +=.,.45/#=1




Homoseua#ity Homoseua#ity Antonio promises to pass Shylock’s wealth to Antonio promises to pass Shylock’s wealth to

Jessica and 2oreno' not to his own heirs. Jessica and 2oreno' not to his own heirs. ‘‘*f Antonio is e$cluded from the good life at the*f Antonio is e$cluded from the good life at the

end of the Merchant' so the gay man is e$cludedend of the Merchant' so the gay man is e$cluded

from the play’s address. B *t is thefrom the play’s address. B *t is theShakespearean te$t that is reconIrming theShakespearean te$t that is reconIrming themarginaliation of an already marginalied group.’marginaliation of an already marginalied group.’+SinIeld ,--0! ,41+SinIeld ,--0! ,41

‘‘ Antonio hates Shylock not ecause he is a more Antonio hates Shylock not ecause he is a morefervent Christian than others' ut ecause hefervent Christian than others' ut ecause he

recognies his own alter ego in this despised Jewrecognies his own alter ego in this despised Jewwho' ecause he is a heretic' can never elong towho' ecause he is a heretic' can never elong tothe state. B "e hates himself in Shylock! thethe state. B "e hates himself in Shylock! thehomose$ual self that Antonio has come to identifyhomose$ual self that Antonio has come to identifysymolically as the Jew.’ +Kleinerg ,->! ,4/1symolically as the Jew.’ +Kleinerg ,->! ,4/1



2ther ‘2thers’ < a =na#2ther ‘2thers’ < a =na#

o"ser>ationo"ser>ation ‘‘Fot only were there no JewishFot only were there no Jewish

moneylenders in 2ondon in ,>-='moneylenders in 2ondon in ,>-='ut the hated foreign usurers inut the hated foreign usurers in

2ondon in the ,>-/s were mostly2ondon in the ,>-/s were mostly*talians’ +O’Gourke 4//! 501.*talians’ +O’Gourke 4//! 501.



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8erry' @dward +4//41 ‘2aughing at %Others)’'8erry' @dward +4//41 ‘2aughing at %Others)’'in 2eggatt' A. Red.in 2eggatt' A. Red. The CambridgeThe CambridgeCom)anion to +ha,es)earean ComedCom)anion to +ha,es)earean Comed y' y'Camridge! C.Q.:.' ,4#.Camridge! C.Q.:.' ,4#.

Cohen' D. M. +,-/1 ‘7he Jew and Shylock’'Cohen' D. M. +,-/1 ‘7he Jew and Shylock’'+ha,es)eare -uarterl. +ha,es)eare -uarterl. ' ,! ,' >#0.' ,! ,' >#0. ?arer' Mar;orie +4//=1?arer' Mar;orie +4//=1 +ha,es)eare After+ha,es)eare After

All All' Few Hork! :antheon 8ooks.' Few Hork! :antheon 8ooks. Kleinerg' Seymour +,->1 ‘Kleinerg' Seymour +,->1 ‘The Merchant ofThe Merchant of

VeniceVenice! 7he "omose$ual as Anti#Semite in! 7he "omose$ual as Anti#Semite inFascent Capitalism’ in Kellog' S. Red.Fascent Capitalism’ in Kellog' S. Red. Literar. Visions of omose/ualit. Literar. Visions of omose/ualit. ' Few Hork!' Few Hork!7he "aworth :ress.7he "aworth :ress.



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Metger' Mary Janell +,--1 ‘%Fow y My "ood'Metger' Mary Janell +,--1 ‘%Fow y My "ood'a ?entle and Fo Jew)! Jessica'a ?entle and Fo Jew)! Jessica' The Merchant ofThe Merchant ofVeniceVenice' and the Discourse of @arly Modern' and the Discourse of @arly Modern@nglish *dentity’'@nglish *dentity’' PMLA PMLA' ,,! ,' >4#0.' ,,! ,' >4#0.

O’Gourke' James +4//1 ‘Gacism andO’Gourke' James +4//1 ‘Gacism and"omophoia in"omophoia in The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice’'’' $L $L ''5/! 4' 5>#-5.5/! 4' 5>#-5.

Shapiro' James +4//51 ‘7he Lillainy Hou 7eachShapiro' James +4//51 ‘7he Lillainy Hou 7eachMe’'Me’' "inancial Times "inancial Times' January ,4.' January ,4.

SinIeld' Alan +,--01 ‘"ow to GeadSinIeld' Alan +,--01 ‘"ow to Gead TheThe Merchant of Venice Merchant of Venice without eing "eterose$ist’'without eing "eterose$ist’'in 7erence "awkes Red.in 7erence "awkes Red. Alternati0e Alternati0e+ha,es)eares 1+ha,es)eares 1' 2ondon! Goutledge' ,44#-.' 2ondon! Goutledge' ,44#-.

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