The Middle Ages IVThe Middle Ages IV590-1517590-1517

Late Middle AgesLate Middle Ages

Assisi, Captivity, Schism Assisi, Captivity, Schism and Inquisitionand Inquisition

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi

Frater Parvulus “little brother”Frater Parvulus “little brother”

Il poverello “little poor man”Il poverello “little poor man”

Giovanni (John) di Bernardone Giovanni (John) di Bernardone renamed Francescorenamed Francesco

A.K.AA.K.A

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi• From a fairly well off familyFrom a fairly well off family• Served as a soldierServed as a soldier• Convicted by a leper and kissed his handConvicted by a leper and kissed his hand• Gave away all he had (his fathers goods Gave away all he had (his fathers goods

included)included)• Kicked out of his familyKicked out of his family• Ran away to serve the poor especially the Ran away to serve the poor especially the

leperslepers

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi• Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little

Portion”Portion”

• Heard the call to preach and did soHeard the call to preach and did so

• Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Luke 9:1-6Luke 9:1-6

• He was simple and loved animalsHe was simple and loved animals

• Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was therefore anti-education as it inspired pridetherefore anti-education as it inspired pride

• Was married to povertyWas married to poverty

St. Francis of AssisiSt. Francis of Assisi• He attracted followers called the fratres He attracted followers called the fratres

minores “the lesser brethren” minores “the lesser brethren” • Worked to earn food/lodging whenever Worked to earn food/lodging whenever

possible, when not they stayed where they possible, when not they stayed where they could. could.

• Extreme emphasis on living out the gospelExtreme emphasis on living out the gospel• Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mudObtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud• Companion nunnery founded by Clara of SciffiCompanion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi• Order taken over by papacy and Francis’ Order taken over by papacy and Francis’

ideology ultimately was set asideideology ultimately was set aside

Mediaeval DissentersMediaeval DissentersHeretics and Non-CatholicsHeretics and Non-Catholics

• Cathari – middle aged manichaensCathari – middle aged manichaens

• Albigensians – lived in Toulouse, the Albigensians – lived in Toulouse, the object of a Crusadeobject of a Crusade

• Beghards – distinctively clothed Beghards – distinctively clothed mendicants seeking “brod durch Gott” - mendicants seeking “brod durch Gott” - bread through Godbread through God

• Waldenses – one of the few to survive Waldenses – one of the few to survive through persecution, almost pre-through persecution, almost pre-protestantsprotestants

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

• Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church is Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church is not thirsty for blood”not thirsty for blood”

• Priests were not to order/attend executionsPriests were not to order/attend executions

• Pinnacle of mixing church and statePinnacle of mixing church and state

• Heretics are little foxesHeretics are little foxes

• Dominican monks were the primary force Dominican monks were the primary force behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans behind the Inquisition, though Franciscans were involved as wellwere involved as well

The InquisitionThe Inquisition• 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means

of obtaining confessionof obtaining confession

• Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of souls instead focusing purely on hereticssouls instead focusing purely on heretics

• They were given power to excommunicate, lay They were given power to excommunicate, lay interdict, and absolve acts of violenceinterdict, and absolve acts of violence

• Punishments were seizure of property, life Punishments were seizure of property, life imprisonment, and deathimprisonment, and death

• Spies were paid out of seized goodsSpies were paid out of seized goods

• Some places resisted, especially GermanySome places resisted, especially Germany

The InquisitionThe Inquisition• German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the

Lords watch-dog”Lords watch-dog”

• Confessor of Queen/St. ElizabethConfessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth

• Deprived her of maidservants and separated Deprived her of maidservants and separated her from her three childrenher from her three children

• Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing ultimately resulting in her deathultimately resulting in her death

• Konrad freely burned “Luciferans”Konrad freely burned “Luciferans”

• He was murdered in 1233, buried next to He was murdered in 1233, buried next to Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”

Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378• Pope Gregory VIII vs. King Phillip the Fair Pope Gregory VIII vs. King Phillip the Fair

• Benedict XI was more concilaitory than Benedict XI was more concilaitory than Gregory and gave in to the Emperor ending the Gregory and gave in to the Emperor ending the conflict. conflict.

• He was given poison in a dish of figs and diedHe was given poison in a dish of figs and died

• The Frenchman Clement V was elected pope The Frenchman Clement V was elected pope starting the Babylonian Captivity of the papacystarting the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy

• The papal throne was moved to AvignonThe papal throne was moved to Avignon

• 7 popes, 70 years Clement V-Gregory XI7 popes, 70 years Clement V-Gregory XI

Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378• Clement V undoes all that Boniface VIII had doneClement V undoes all that Boniface VIII had done• France is declared in this dispensation as Israel was in France is declared in this dispensation as Israel was in

the last. the last. • Oct. 13 1307 – The Templar holdings were siezed and Oct. 13 1307 – The Templar holdings were siezed and

the Templars arrested. the Templars arrested. • 1308 Clement V authorizes their persecution1308 Clement V authorizes their persecution• John XXII 1316-1334 – greedy as well as doctrinally John XXII 1316-1334 – greedy as well as doctrinally

poorpoor• Benedict XII 1334-1342 - a moderate and good ruler, Benedict XII 1334-1342 - a moderate and good ruler,

he opposed nepotism and built a permanent Papal seat he opposed nepotism and built a permanent Papal seat in Avignon in Avignon

Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378

• Clement VI 1342-1352 – nepotist who lived Clement VI 1342-1352 – nepotist who lived richly, money, food, and women. Avignon was richly, money, food, and women. Avignon was officially purchased costing 80,000 florinsofficially purchased costing 80,000 florins

• Black Death spreading across EuropeBlack Death spreading across Europe

• Innocent VI 1352-1362 – reduced the excesses Innocent VI 1352-1362 – reduced the excesses of Avignon, and fought to hold Rome togetherof Avignon, and fought to hold Rome together

• Urban V 1362-1370 – returns to Rome and Urban V 1362-1370 – returns to Rome and settles in the Vatican and starts rebuildingsettles in the Vatican and starts rebuilding

• Gregory XI 1370-1378 – restoration of papacy Gregory XI 1370-1378 – restoration of papacy to Rome to prevent anti-popesto Rome to prevent anti-popes

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid

after his death, to forestall anti-popesafter his death, to forestall anti-popes• After a mucky succession Urban VI became After a mucky succession Urban VI became

pope in 1378pope in 1378• He was a terrible politician and insulted the He was a terrible politician and insulted the

Cardinals Cardinals • In response the Cardinals return to France and In response the Cardinals return to France and

elect Clement VII as popeelect Clement VII as pope• This starts a war Clement VII is held out of This starts a war Clement VII is held out of

Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is splitRome so returns to Avignon and Europe is split

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism

Roman LineRoman Line

Urban VI 1378-1389Urban VI 1378-1389

Boniface IX 1389-1404Boniface IX 1389-1404

Innocent VII 1404-1406Innocent VII 1404-1406

Gregory XII 1406-1415Gregory XII 1406-1415

Avignon LineAvignon Line

Clement VII 1378-1394Clement VII 1378-1394

Benedict XII 1394-1409Benedict XII 1394-1409

Pisan LinePisan Line

Alexander V 1409-1410Alexander V 1409-1410

John XXIII 1410-1415John XXIII 1410-1415

Martin V 1417-1431Martin V 1417-1431

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and

anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slainanti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slain• Clement VII was political and flexible. He Clement VII was political and flexible. He

submitted to the French king and attempted submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead reconciliation by appointing Urban lead CardinalCardinal

• Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete control not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a simonist and of Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotistnepotist

• Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He was also only 35 years old. He was also only 35 years old.

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism

• Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with heretics pirates and brigands.with heretics pirates and brigands.

• He was driven from Rome as his nephew had He was driven from Rome as his nephew had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didn’t like the new rulerrecalled as they didn’t like the new ruler

• Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less ambition.as older men have less ambition.

• Took a vow when coming to office to heal the Took a vow when coming to office to heal the schism even if it meant abdicatingschism even if it meant abdicating

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to

back down or heal the Schism by mutual back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication. abdication.

• The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was weak and insane which minimalized his weak and insane which minimalized his influenceinfluence

• Multiple councils were called with and without Multiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The Council of Pisapapal consent, including The Council of Pisa

• It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching new pope Alexander V died before reaching RomeRome

• Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as popeRome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope

The Papal SchismThe Papal Schism• Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as popeRome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope• Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of

Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418• John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it

is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in Francesupport in France

• Popes are declared fallible and subject to Popes are declared fallible and subject to CouncilsCouncils

• John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefullydeposed, though not gracefully

• Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the SchismSchism