the mind is like a parachute; it works best when...

The mind is like a parachute; it works best when open.

~ Dalai Lama Psychology 1

Meet Steve!

Steve has an internet addiction. He can’t sleep at

night. He is missing classes and forgetting work.

Psychology is the study of human (and animal)

behavior through scientific inquiry.

There are many subfields of Psychology. We will

get back to Steve a little later.

What are the goals of Psychology?

The 4 Goals:

1. Description

Identify and define a behavior

2. Explanation

Hypothesis - Explain why the behavior happens

3. Prediction

Predict what beings will do in the future?

4. Influence

How can this be applied to other areas? Applied

Wundt You Help me, Please?

Meet Wilhem Wundt • First psychology laboratory in 1879. • “Introspection” • Study of compounds that relate to sensations and feelings

Subfields of Psychology

HISTORICAL APPROACHES

Introspection

Structuralism

Functionalism

Trait Theory

Gestalt Psychology

CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES

Psychoanalytic Psychology

Behavioral Psychology

Humanistic Psychology

Cognitive Psychology

Biological Psychology

Socio-cultural Psychology

Applied Psychology

Happiness Studies

Lie down on the couch

Psychoanalytic Psychology

Sigmund Freud Focus on the unconscious mind

Free Association

Dream Analysis

Case Studies

Oedipus Complex

Penis Envy

Serious Mommy issues!

Oedipus Greek mythology.

Laius and Jocasta of Thebes

You’d gouge your eyes out too

if you had this guy’s life!!!!

Let’s clear up all the penis and mother stuff

Freud proposed that young children reach certain developmental

milestones, whereby they reach the next stage of growth.

Problems at any stage can stunt maturity and create abnormal

behaviors that appear unrelated, but upon further

“Psychoanalysis” manifest themselves.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUecUKa_yqo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUecUKa_yqo

Behavioral Psychology

Why do all Psychologists wear big ugly beards? But seriously, Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist who researched the behavior of dogs to decipher how human behavior could be modified. Rather than looking at the unconscious mind, Behavioral Psychologists focus on observable behaviors. Coming up soon! Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

Humanistic Psychology

Abraham Maslow An American Psychologist who focused his research on self-improvement and internal growth. • Came about in the 1960s • Also Rogers and May • The environment is a canvass upon which we paint

our own reality! Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs!

Cognitive Psychology

• Began in the 1950s – Focus is on

thought

• Concentrates on how we process,

store, receive, and use information.

• How does this information

influence thinking, language,

problem solving and creativity

• Movement toward more applied

principles.

Noam Chomsky

Jean Piaget

Biological Psychology

• a/k/a Neuroscience

• Neuropsychologists study the interplay between

the biological and chemical features of the

human brain and human behaviors.

• Neuroscientists and Psychobiologists use CT

scans, CAT, MRI, and PET scans to map brain

activity. More on this later!!!

Sociocultural Psychology

Why do they all do that?

• Focus is on race, ethnicity, and culture

• Asks why groups behave as they do

• Seeks to decipher human behavior in the

context of social groups

• Heavily relies on sociology and

anthropology

Leonard Doob - 2000 -

EQ: What are the biological aspects

of Psychology?


of Psychology?

FQ: What is the nervous system?

Central Nervous System

• Your brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

• Consists of nerves throughout your

body.

• Somatic

Voluntary (i.e. kicking someone)

• Autonomic

Involuntary

Sympathetic (energy out)

Parasympathetic (energy

stored)


of Psychology?

Neurons

Long, thin cells of nerve tissue that transport

messages to and from the brain.

Electro-chemical reactions


of Psychology?

More about Neurons

• Dendrites

• Cell Body

• Axon

• Myelin Sheath

• Axon Terminals

• Nucleus

• Synapse

• Synaptic Cleft


of Psychology?

Neurotransmitters

Neurons can’t actually touch….they use little

chemical messengers called Neurotransmitters.

Think of little combustible fluids that determine the

rate of firing!

Norepinephrine

Endorphin

Acetylcholine

Dopamine

Serotonin


of Psychology?

FQ: How does the brain work?

Let’s look at the lobes and what they do!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIo6ck75EZc


of Psychology?

Is a prefrontal lobe lobotomy ethical?

Blue Team Red Team

Of course, because… Heck no, because…

You have 20 minutes to prepare!


of Psychology?

LEFT BRAIN

• Verbal – Deeper communication and

speech

• Math – Abstract reasoning

• Analytical – Breaking down many

pieces of a bigger puzzle.

RIGHT BRAIN

• Nonverbal – Just basic language

• Spatial – Solving problems (geometry,

art, etc.)

• Holistic – Seeing how things work

together

Right Brain / Left Brain Both are complimentary and reflective of all brain functions.

They just have certain talents of their own


of Psychology?

FQ: What is the Endocrine System?

Glands Galore!

Pituitary

Located in midbrain and controls the release and

production of hormones by other glands.

Thyroid

Controls Thyroxine. Tissue development. Weight

gains and losses, and energy levels.


of Psychology?

Adrenal

Regulates the secretion of cortical steroids,

epinephrine, adrenaline. Manages the fight or flight

response.

Sex Glands

Testes and ovaries control the production and

release of hormones necessary for reproduction.


of Psychology?

Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters

• Not the same thing

• Norepinephrine (both functions)

• Neurotransmitter is released directly inside the

brain to communicate and relay messages.

• Hormones are released into the blood stream


of Psychology?

FQ: Nature vs. Nurture? Well, what is it?


of Psychology?

You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear!

- Justice Antonin Scalia (U.S. Supreme Court)

- Explaining why he only hires clerks from Harvard

and Yale!

- Is he right?

Is intelligence inherited or developed?

EQ: How do humans move through

the lifespan?

FQ: What is developmental psychology?

Riddle

What has 4 legs in the morning,

2 legs all day, and 3 legs at night?


the lifespan?

Answer A Human

GROUP ACTIVITY

What percent of nature or nurture do you think

each of the following are made up of?

1. Body build 4. Math skills 7. Height

2. Intelligence 5. Baldness 8. Artistic

3. Personality 6. Handedness 9. Longevity


the lifespan?

FQ: How do humans develop during early infancy?

Developmental Psychology

1. Schemas

2. Assimilation

3. Accommodation


the lifespan?

Schema A conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world.

Assimilation The process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schemas.

Accommodation The adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and

experiences.


the lifespan?


the lifespan?

Object Permanence

Where’d the doll go?


the lifespan?

Representational Thought

I can see things in my head!


the lifespan?

Conservation

Which is bigger or has more in it?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnArvcWaH6I


the lifespan?

Imprinting

Grab the first thing I see!!!

No….Not quite what we’re talkiNg about!


the lifespan?

FQ: How do children develop emotionally?

The case of the feral child, Genie


the lifespan?

Would it be ethical to replicate

a feral child experiment? How could it be

studied without violating ethics?

Blue Team Red Team

Heck no, because… Sure, because…

You have 20 minutes to prepare!


the lifespan?

FQ: How do humans develop through adolescence?

Erikson’s Eight (8) Stages of

Psychosocial Development Stage 1: Trust and mistrust

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Stage 3: Initiative vs. guilt

Stage 4: Industry vs. inferiority

Stage 5: Identity vs. role confusion

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. isolation

Stage 7: Generativity vs. stagnation

Stage 8: Ego integrity vs. despair

Erik Erikson - 1994


the lifespan?

GROUP ACTIVITY

Step 1: Select a toy

Step 2: Find two (2) children from each of the following age groups:

4-5 | 6-7 | 8-9 | 10-12

Step 3: Present the dilemma to the children and record the responses.


the lifespan?

Brain Games Day!!!!

Relax and enjoy


the lifespan?

FQ: How do humans develop during adolescence?

Developmental tasks that must be mastered:

1. Accepting one’s physical makeup and acquiring masculine or feminine roles

2. Developing appropriate relations with age-mates of both sexes

3. Becoming emotionally independent of parents and other adults

4. Achieving the assurance that one will become economically independent

5. Deciding on, preparing for, and entering a vocation 6. Developing the cognitive skills and concepts necessary

for social competence 7. Understanding and achieving socially responsible

behavior 8. Preparing for marriage and family 9. Acquiring values that are harmonious and appropriate

Robert Havighurst


the lifespan?

CASE STUDY

Early Maturation

Read Case Study on P. 100


the lifespan?

FQ: What are moral, cognitive and identity

issues in human development?

Adolescence 1. Piaget Again – Formal Operations

• Moves from concrete to abstract thinking

2. Challenges in development:

• Finding fault with authority

• Argumentativeness

• Indecisiveness

• Apparent hypocrisy

• Self-consciousness

• Invulnerability


the lifespan?

Identify an identity crisis based on the readings

from Erikson on pages 105-106

EQ: How do we age as adults?

FQ: What is old age?

Theories of aging:

1. Disengagement theory

2. Activity theory

3. Continuity theory

4. Developmental tasks

5. Biological


1. Disengagement theory

– As we age, we withdraw from society and there is a mutual

separation.

2. Activity theory

– Remain active; deny age; stay middle adult

3. Continuity theory

– Life is a pattern (journey) not point A to B.

– Focus is on continued development of morality and efficacy

4. Biological

– Somewhat outdated

– Focus is on physical change defining age


Memory loss in old age

Organic brain syndrome

Dementia – Senile, Vascular, Parkinson’s,

Alzheimer’s Disease, and others!

EQ: What is conditioning, and how does it

affect our ability to learn and retain?

FQ: What is classical conditioning?

Pavlov’s experiment.

Look at Page 243 in your textbook.

Recall our furry friends, Pavlov and his, well….his furry friends?

EQ: What is conditioning, and how

does it affect our ability to learn and

retain? TERMS TO REMEMBER: Neutral Stimulus • Has nothing to do with the meat before the

experiment Unconditioned Stimulus • Something that will almost certainly create cause

and effect absent the experiment

Unconditioned Response • The response naturally expected of unconditioned stimulation.

Conditioned Stimulus • Ordinarily neutral, unrelated

event that the subject now links to an otherwise natural response.

Conditioned Response • The new learned behavior.



FQ: What is operant conditioning?

• No identifiable stimulus

• Reinforcement depends on learner’s behavior

• Learner actively operates on its environment



Operant Conditioning

A great way to change behavior! “ADDING teeth when you pee on my toys will DECREASE said negative behaviors.”

EQ: What is abnormality, and how is it

evaluated?

FQ: How do psychologists determine what is

mental illness?

40 million Americans between 15 – 54 experience some kind of mental

illness or disorder.

WHAT IS A MENTAL DISORDER?

DSM-IV

“A mental disorder is a clinically significant behavioral or psychological

syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated

with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of

suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.”


evaluated?

WHAT IS A MENTAL DISORDER?

DSM-V

"A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant

disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that

reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental

processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually

associated with significant distress in social, occupational, or other important

activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor

or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. Socially

deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are

primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the

deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described

above."

https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/cognition

https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/emotion-regulation



https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/religion


evaluated?


evaluated?

Assessing Abnormality

EQ: What is abnormality, and how is

it evaluated?

FQ: What are the most common mental

illnesses and abnormalities?

PANIC DISORDER

ANXIETY DISORDERS

http://www.tubechop.com/watch/7535736


it evaluated?

ANXIETY DISORDERS • Generalized Anxiety Disorder

– Vague, unnatural, feeling of danger

– Often confused with PTSD

– Usually tied to other stressors that are not easily resolved

– Can become Psychosomatic

• Phobic Disorders

– Severe anxiety caused by an irrational fear of an object, animal, or situation

• Panic Disorders

– Key is fright; May cause physical manifestation of subjective pain or injury


it evaluated?

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

– Uncontrollable pattern of thoughts (Obsession)

– Repeated coping behaviors to stop the obsession (Compulsion)

– Can be non-volitional OR volitional but knows what is happening.

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

– Flashbacks, nightmares, difficulty separating reality from triggers

– Sensory perception is tied to traumatic events

– Examples: Combat, Rape, Childhood trauma, violence or assault

– Rarely curable, but can be treated with counseling and medication therapy


it evaluated?

Spotlight on PTSD

Class Activity

• Review VIDEO and get in your small groups.

• Is PTSD a viable defense for murder?

– Why / why not?

– What factors should we consider?

– Where do you draw the line?

– What type of proof should we consider?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBUjLXtedfc


it evaluated?

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

A disorder in which a person experiences alterations in

memory, identity, or consciousness.

• Amnesia

– Memory loss

• Fugue

– Typically manifests in a form of wandering and loss of recall for

one’s identity and self.

• Identity Disorder

– Formerly multiple personality disorder.

– Incorrect to call “personality” disorder.

– Concerns the subconscious fabrication of altered identity.


it evaluated?

Be honest….on a scale from 1 to 10, how badly do these scare you? 1 --- 5 --- 10 Not at all Mortified


it evaluated?

FQ: What happens when reality is altered?

Schizophrenia

• Group of disorders characterized by confused

and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and

perceptions.

Often includes:

– Hallucinations

– Delusions

– Paranoia


it evaluated?

Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

• At least 2 weeks of depression

• Apathy, malcontent, malaise, or sadness

Bipolar Disorder

• Rapid cycles

• Dual-phase depression | mania


it evaluated?

MOOD DISORDERS BIPOLAR, MAJOR DEPRESSIVE, AND AFFECT


it evaluated?

FQ: What is a personality disorder?

Personality Disorders

A maladaptive or inflexible way of dealing with

others and the environment.

Differs from behavioral disorder

• Not bizarre

• Rarely anxiety-based disorders.

• Typically treatable but incurable.


it evaluated?

Personality Disorders

• Antisocial

– Cannot form attachments. Strong withdrawal from

others.

– Don’t come near me.

• Narcissistic

– Compulsively seeks to use others to improve self-

desires and image. Never good enough.

– I love you dear, now go fetch my shoes.

• Histrionic (removed from DSM-V)

– Large displays of attention seeking.


it evaluated?

• Schizotypal

– Highly distorted behavior and almost terror when

faced with human relationships.

– I’m afraid of being with you.

• Borderline

– Problems with regulating emotions and thoughts

– Impulsive and reckless behavior

– Unstable relationships with other people

– I love you, now leave!

EQ: What is social psychology?

FQ: Humans…social animals?

A group is a collection of people with shared goals,

independence, and communication.

Group exercise

1. Get in pairs of 2 students.

2. Choose a stack of cards.

3. Do not look at the cards.

4. Await instructions.

EQ: What is Applied Psychology?

FQ: How is psychology applied to other fields?

A few of the major fields influenced by psychology:

• Advertising and marketing

• Criminal Justice

• Civil Justice

• Healthcare and Bioethics

• Education

EQ: What is applied psychology?

EQ: What is Applied Psychology?

Advertising?

Why EXACTLY is it the

… Best part of waking up?

EQ: What is applied psychology?

FQ: How do politicians use

psychology to influence your

vote?

Politics?

Let’s look at a few of the

MOST EFFECTIVE political

campaign ads of all time!!!

http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1842516_1842514_1842649,00.html

EQ: How does psychology influence

criminal justice?

FQ: What is forensic psychology?

The application of psychology to human behavior

in the context of answering legal questions.

• Can be civil or criminal

• Can be competence or legal capacity


criminal justice?

FQ: What is the insanity defense, and how is it

applied exactly?

KEY TERMS:

McNaughton Defense

Mens Rea vs. Actus Rea

Volition

Competence


criminal justice?

Requirement for Criminal Culpability:

STEP 1: Is there actus rea?

No? NOT GUILTY.

Yes? Go to step 2.

STEP 2: Does the person have mens rea?

• Purposefully did it – Had a goal in mind

– Murdered wife on purpose

• Knowingly – Got in argument and killed her.

• Recklessly did it – Reasonably knew it could happen – DUI

• Negligently did it – Failed to take reasonable steps to avoid

it.


criminal justice?

Let’s look at the Menendez Brothers

TWO BROTHERS BRUTALLY

SLAUGHTER THEIR PARENTS

CLICK HERE

HEAR IT FROM THEM

http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/17-1990-trial-menendez-brothers-10669112

http://abcnews.go.com/Archives/video/17-1990-evidence-menendez-bros-10669832


civil justice as well as criminal

justice?

FQ: How does psychology help us decide when to

punish people for their crimes?

CASE STUDY: Meet young Jeffrey Dahmer


civil justice as well as criminal

justice?

What his psychologist says

In his words

Family Reactions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvX5qNmyMM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErB0R4wlB64

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teZvazZIfqU


civil justice?

FQ: How do we decide when people can make

decisions on their own?

• Different levels of mental capacity

• Mini-Mental State Evaluation

• Dementias

• Guardianship of adults


civil justice?

Types of capacity

• Contracts

• Healthcare

• Testamentary

• Sexual Relationships

• Others

– Powers of Attorney: Pre-determined arrangements

EQ: What is persuasion?

FQ: Why do we really make decisions?


persuasion?

FQ: What is rhetoric?

The art and science of persuasive

discourse, designed to motivate.

Principles:

• Boomerang effect

• Sleeper effect

• Inoculation effect

• Appeal to fear


persuasion?

The Boomerang Effect An opposite unintended change in behavior. Appeals to Fear Use of exigency and fear to motivate behavior Sleeper Effect Delayed impact on attitude and change of persuasive communication Inoculation Effect A learned or conditioned response to persuasive tactics, which enables a person to resist them. Requires early and repeated exposure and challenges designed to force the person to defend ideas and beliefs.


persuasion?


persuasion?

BLUE TEAM RED TEAM

Criminal Legal

Last Team Challenge

Spend the remainder of the class period working as a

group to develop at least three (3) solid arguments. Use

ethos, pathos, and logos!!!!

REVIEW FOR FINALS

Prepare for your final group projects and final

exams. Good luck.

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