The Motives for British The Motives for British ColonizationColonization

Religious Freedom, Religious Freedom, Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

HENRY VIII (1491-1547) HENRY VIII (1491-1547) initiated the Protestant initiated the Protestant Reformation in England Reformation in England for dynastic, rather than for dynastic, rather than religious, reasons. religious, reasons.

As a young man, he had As a young man, he had been such a faithful been such a faithful member of the Roman member of the Roman Catholic Church that he Catholic Church that he had earned the title had earned the title DEFENDER OF THE DEFENDER OF THE FAITH.FAITH.

The Break with RomeThe Break with Rome Henry broke with Henry broke with

Rome because his wife Rome because his wife Catherine of Aragon Catherine of Aragon was unable to produce was unable to produce a male heir and the a male heir and the Church would not allow Church would not allow him to divorce her. him to divorce her.

Marriage to Anne BoleynMarriage to Anne Boleyn

Intent on continuing Intent on continuing the Tudor line the Tudor line established by his established by his father, he had father, he had Parliament declare Parliament declare him the SUPREME him the SUPREME HEAD OF THE HEAD OF THE CHURCH IN CHURCH IN ENGLAND, divorced ENGLAND, divorced Catherine, and Catherine, and married Anne Boleyn. married Anne Boleyn.

Conservative in Religious BeliefsConservative in Religious Beliefs

Nevertheless, he Nevertheless, he remained decidedly remained decidedly conservative in his conservative in his religious beliefs and religious beliefs and allowed few other allowed few other changes in dogma or changes in dogma or liturgy.liturgy.

The Six Wives of Henry VIIIThe Six Wives of Henry VIII Before his death in 1537, after Before his death in 1537, after

six wives (divorced, beheaded, six wives (divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived), Henry had produced survived), Henry had produced THREE HEIRS to the throne of THREE HEIRS to the throne of England, but only one was male:England, but only one was male:

Mary, the daughter of Catherine Mary, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon (Henry’s first wife), of Aragon (Henry’s first wife), remained a staunch Roman remained a staunch Roman Catholic.Catholic.

Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn (his second wife), was a Boleyn (his second wife), was a moderate Protestant.moderate Protestant.

Edward, the son of Jane Seymour Edward, the son of Jane Seymour (his third wife), was a minor and (his third wife), was a minor and dominated by radical dominated by radical Protestants.Protestants.

Edward VIEdward VI

EDWARD VI (1537-1553) EDWARD VI (1537-1553) was the male heir that was the male heir that Henry VIII had sought. Henry VIII had sought. However, he came to the However, he came to the throne as a child of nine throne as a child of nine and was sickly. His and was sickly. His advisors, staunch advisors, staunch Protestants, advanced the Protestants, advanced the PROTESTANT cause in PROTESTANT cause in England. He died at the age England. He died at the age of fifteen.of fifteen.

Mary IMary I

MARY I (1516-1558) MARY I (1516-1558) succeeded her half succeeded her half brother to the throne brother to the throne in 1553. A pious in 1553. A pious CATHOLIC, she tried to CATHOLIC, she tried to reestablish Roman reestablish Roman Catholicism in England. Catholicism in England. This sent many This sent many Englishmen into exile, Englishmen into exile, rebellion, or to their rebellion, or to their deaths.deaths.

Elizabeth IElizabeth I ELIZABETH I (1533-1603) ELIZABETH I (1533-1603)

assumed the throne after assumed the throne after her half-sister’s death in her half-sister’s death in 1558. She worked out a 1558. She worked out a religious COMPROMISE with religious COMPROMISE with some elements of the some elements of the reform movement (e.g., the reform movement (e.g., the Book of Common Prayer) Book of Common Prayer) but the basic structure and but the basic structure and liturgy of Catholicism (i.e., a liturgy of Catholicism (i.e., a hierarchy of church officials, hierarchy of church officials, the seven sacraments, the seven sacraments, various church ceremonies various church ceremonies and rituals) remained the and rituals) remained the samesame

PuritansPuritans

Compromise was Compromise was satisfactory to most people satisfactory to most people in England, but there were in England, but there were DISSENTERS: faithful DISSENTERS: faithful CATHOLICS and reformers CATHOLICS and reformers known as PURITANS, who known as PURITANS, who had been exposed to had been exposed to Calvinist ideas while in exile Calvinist ideas while in exile and could not accept the and could not accept the remnants of Catholicism. remnants of Catholicism. Dissenters represented a Dissenters represented a threat to unity and were threat to unity and were severely PERSECUTED. severely PERSECUTED. Many sought refuge in the Many sought refuge in the New World New World

Economic DevelopmentsEconomic Developments

The TRANSITION from The TRANSITION from an agriculturally-based an agriculturally-based feudal economy to a feudal economy to a diversified (agriculture, diversified (agriculture, industry, commerce) industry, commerce) capitalist economy capitalist economy created opportunities created opportunities for many, but it also for many, but it also created economic created economic hardship.hardship.

Money-Based EconomyMoney-Based Economy As a MONEY-BASED As a MONEY-BASED

ECONOMY became more ECONOMY became more important, the feudal important, the feudal structure started to break structure started to break down.down. Lords, eager to increase Lords, eager to increase

their resources, allowed their resources, allowed their vassals to pay fees in their vassals to pay fees in lieu of performing military lieu of performing military services.services.

Peasants were allowed to Peasants were allowed to buy their freedom and buy their freedom and engage in independent engage in independent enterprises.enterprises.

The importance of The importance of agriculture declined.agriculture declined.

The Enclosure MovementThe Enclosure Movement As the MIDDLE CLASS grew As the MIDDLE CLASS grew

in importance, wool (used in in importance, wool (used in the production of fine the production of fine clothing) became clothing) became increasingly valuable. Many increasingly valuable. Many lords converted their lands lords converted their lands from agriculture to sheep from agriculture to sheep raising. This development, raising. This development, known as the ENCLOSURE known as the ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT, meant that MOVEMENT, meant that serfs were thrown off the serfs were thrown off the land.land.

Cloth-MakingCloth-Making WOOL became an WOOL became an

important industry and important industry and one of England’s most one of England’s most valuable exports. In valuable exports. In addition to sheep-raising, addition to sheep-raising, many entrepreneurs went many entrepreneurs went into the cloth making into the cloth making business. This industry business. This industry created jobs for many created jobs for many peasants, but it was peasants, but it was highly competitive and highly competitive and entrepreneurs who were entrepreneurs who were forced out of business left forced out of business left large numbers of large numbers of unemployed workers.unemployed workers.

Foreign CommerceForeign Commerce The wool industry The wool industry

stimulated FOREIGN stimulated FOREIGN COMMERCE. COMMERCE. Entrepreneurs began to Entrepreneurs began to carry exports in English-carry exports in English-owned ships. However, owned ships. However, foreign trade was an foreign trade was an extremely risky extremely risky business and many lost business and many lost their fortunes their fortunes attempting to enter the attempting to enter the field.field.

Opportunities in New WorldOpportunities in New World Many Englishmen were Many Englishmen were

motivated to seek greater motivated to seek greater OPPORTUNITIES in the New OPPORTUNITIES in the New World:World: Second sons of noblemen Second sons of noblemen

(excluded from an inheritance by (excluded from an inheritance by the law of primogeniture) sought the law of primogeniture) sought to make their fortunes in the to make their fortunes in the New World.New World.

Members of the middle class Members of the middle class (merchants, shopkeepers, (merchants, shopkeepers, doctors, lawyers) hoped there doctors, lawyers) hoped there would be less competition in the would be less competition in the New World.New World.

Peasants thrown off the land or Peasants thrown off the land or left unemployed by the wool left unemployed by the wool industry sought a way to make a industry sought a way to make a living in the New World.living in the New World.