The Muslim Emperes

The Muslim Empires1451-1800 (1915)Chapter 15 Section 1

The Ottoman EmpireOttoman dynasty started in late 13th century under the leadership of Osman in the NW corner of Anatolian Peninsula.Originally, Osman Turks were peaceful but as Seljuk Empire began to decline (early 14th century) the Osman Turks began to expandThe Ottomans ExpandIn the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks expanded into the Balkans. Sultan Ottoman rulers titleStrong military was built upJanissaries elite guardRecruited from the local Christian population in the Balkans then converted to Islam and trained as foot soldiers or administrators to serve the sultan. Mehmet II or Mehmed IIRuled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481In 1453, he toppled the Byzantine Empire, capturing Constantinople, renaming it Istanbul, (quest #8) and making it the new Ottoman capitalExpanded the empire to become the ruler of two lands (Europe and Asia) and two seas (the Mediterranean and the Black)

Scene from the battle defending Constantinople from a 1499 paintingWhat a city we have given over to plunder and destruction.

Mehmet II when he saw the ruin inflicted on the city of Constantinople(quest #3)Sunni MuslimWatch DVD Constantinople to Istanbul on World History video Program DVD #2(6 minutes)Sultan Selim I (the Grim)1514 1520Sultan Selim I takes control over Mesopotamia, Egypt and Arabia the original heartland of Islam religionIncludes several holy cities of:JerusalemMakkah (Mecca)Madinah

Sultan Selim IDeclares himself the new caliph [key-lif, kal-if] defender of the faith and successor to Muhammad (quest #4)Spread Empire to North AfricaPashas appointed officials who collected taxes, maintained law and order and were directly responsible to the sultans court in Istanbul.(quest #5)Suleyman I the MagnificentReigned from 1520 to 1566 and continued the expansionBattle of Mohacs (1526) major victory over the HungariansConquered Baghdad in 1534Sunni Muslim

Suleyman Mosque in IstanbulThe Suleyman Mosque in Istanbul. At the height of the Ottoman Turkish Empire's power in the 16th century, Sultan Suley-man the Magnificent ordered the construction of this mosque. Surrounding the place of prayer is a great complex of buildings that house schools, a library, a Turkish bath, a public kitchen, a caravanserai, a hospital and shops. This mosque was designed by the architect Sinan the Great and built in the years 1550 to 1557 A.D.Turkish Bath

Differences Between Shia and SunniShiites About 15% of all MuslimsIslams leader should be a descendant of MohammadQualified religious leaders have the authority to interpret the sharia (Islamic law)Sunnis About 85% of all MuslimsLeaders should be chosen through ijma, or consensusThe sharia was codified and closed by the 10th century

Nature of Ottoman RuleGunpowder empire formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered by mastering the technology of firearms (quest #6) SultanSupreme authority in bothPolitical andMilitary (quest #7)Son always succeeded the father, not necessarily the oldest

Caliph - a spiritual leader of Islam, claiming succession from Muhammad.

Sultan RuleTopkapi iron gate was the center of the sultans powerBuilt in 15th century by Mehmet IIIt had an administrative purpose and served as the private residence of the ruler and his family. (like Versailles)Harem sacred place or private domain of the sultan and his wives

Grand Vizier led the meetings of the imperial council. The sultan sat behind a screen and privately indicted his desires to the grand vizier. (similar to Prime Minister) (quest #9)Empire was divided into provinces and districts, each governed by officialsUlema administered the legal system and schools for education

Ottoman SocietyFour main occupation groupsPeasants (farmed leased land)Artisans (organized by craft guild)Merchants (most privileged class outside of ruling elite)Pastoral peoples(nomadic herders)Women were allowed to own and inherit property. They could not be forced into marriage and could seek divorce. (quest #10)

Ottoman Society, cont.Officials and merchants began to imitate the habits and lifestyles of Europeans.Wore European clothingCoffee was introduced to Ottoman society and spread to EuropeSome sultans tried to counter these trends thoughOttoman ArtSultans patrons of the ArtsFrom Mehmet II to early 18th century saw a flourish a pottery, rugs, silk, textiles, jewelry, arms and armorArchitecture was the greatest contribution of the Ottoman Empire to the world of art (quest #11)Sinan (greatest Ottoman architect) built 81 mosques including the Suleimaniye Mosque in IstanbulThe Rule of the Safavids(sah-fah-veed)Chapter 15, section 2

1700Europe and Asia today

Rise of the Safavid DynastyAt the beginning of the 16th century, a new dynasty known as the SafavidsUnlike neighboring Islamic countries, the Safavids were Shiite Muslims.Founder Shah Ismail Descendant of Safi al-Din (thus name Safavid) Founded by Shah Ismail in 1501 and lasted until 1722

Safi al-Din was the leader of a community of Turkish ethnic groups in Azerbaijan near the Caspian Sea. (early 14th century) 1501 Ismail seized most of Iran and IraqNamed himself shah king of a new Persian stateShah IsmailSent Shiite preachers to Ottoman Empire to convert members against wishes of the Ottoman SultanHe also ordered the massacre of Sunni Muslims in Baghdad in 1508.Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire advanced against the Safavids in Persia and won a major battle in Tabriz. Ismail later regained TabrizBattle of ChaldiranThe critical battle in this campaign was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514The Ottomans won and temporarily occupied the Safavid capital of Tabriz but could not completely destroy the Safavid stateThe Ottomans and Safavids continued to fight intermittingly for the next two centuries

Shah claimed to be the spiritual leader of Islam and spread Islam throughout Persia. Used Shiite faith as a unifying force for Empire1580 Ottomans went on attack againPlaced Azerbaijan under Ottoman rule and controlled the Caspian Sea.See map on page 469

Shah Abbas 1588 -1629Signed a peace treaty with the Ottomans after the Ottoman attack.Lost much territoryCapital of Safavids moved to Isfahan from Tabriz

What led to fighting of the Ottomans and Safavids?Shah Abbas 1588 -1629Reached height of glorySystem similar to Janissaries was created to train administrators to help governArmy strengthened with latest weaponsMoved against Ottomans in 17th century to try to regain territory1612 peace treaty signed to regain AzerbaijanSafavid Empire lost its vigor after death of Shah AbbasReligious orthodoxy (traditional religious beliefs) was increasedExample women forced to wear veils again

How did the Safavid Empire reach its pinnacle under Shah Abbas?

Shah HusseinEarly 18th centuryAfghan peoples invaded seized the capital of IsfahanRuling family forced to retreat to AzerbaijanPolitical and Social StructuresMajority of people were PersianMost were farmers or townspeople

ShahBureaucracy and landed classesCommon peopleRole of the ShahSafavid rulers were supported by Shiite MuslimsThought founder of empire (Shah Ismail) was a direct successor to the prophet Muhammad.Shia Islam was the state religionMore available to subjects than other countries rulersControlled the aristocratsCulture & ArtsStrong in science, medicine and mathematicsSaw growth of arts during 1588 1629 (Shah Abbas reign)Mosques richly decoratedPalaces beautifulMetalwork, elaborate tiles, delicate glassSilk weavingCarpet weaving flourished (Persian carpets in demand)Riza-i-Abbasi most famous artist

The Grandeur of the MogulsChapter 15, section 3Read:The Conquests of BaburPage 456 in bookMogul Dynasty1517 established a new dynasty in area of IndiaNot natives of India but came from mountainous region north of the Indus River valley.Founder Babur (Ruled1517 1530)His forces crossed the Khyber Pass to India in 1517.BaburForces much smaller but had advanced weapons including artilleryCaptured Delhi and established his power in North India.

The Reign of Akbar 1556 - 1605Baburs grandsonOnly 14 when he ascended the throneIntelligentMogul rule expanded to most of IndiaUsed heavy artillery to get India under his rule

See page 474Akbar 1556 - 1605Greatest of the conquering Mogul monarchsBest known for humane character of his ruleTolerate

AkbarMuslimAdopted a policy of religious toleranceTolerated Hindu practicesWelcomed Christian views by Jesuit advisers at courtTook a Hindu princess as one of his wives

Akbars RuleTolerant in administration of his governmentNon-native Muslims filled upper ranks of governmentLower ranking positions were often Hindu.Zamindars local officials often received plots of farmland for temporary useZamindars had considerable power in their local district

Akbar EraTime of progressHeavy tax 1/3 of annual harvest was given as taxProsperous with foreign tradeIncluded Indian goods, textiles, tropical food, spices, precious stones exported in exchange for gold and silverDecline of the MogulsJahangir (juh-HAN-GIHR) succeeded his father Akbar 1605 - 1628Able and ambitiousStrengthened the central governments control over the vast empireFell under influence of one of his wives Persian-born Nur Jahan

Shah Jahan 1628-1658Nur Jahan had arranged a marriage of her neice to her husbands third son and ultimate successor, Shah Jahan.Shah Jahan expanded boundaries to include Deccan Plateau (southern Peninsula of India)Failed to deal with domestic problemsInherited empty treasury, but put heavy strain on treasury with military and expensive building projects raised taxes

Shah Aurangzeb Crowns selfShah Jahan Became ill in mid 1650s.Sons struggled for power during this timeAurangzeb (son) killed brother and put father in (Shah Jahan) in prisonCrowned himself emperor in 1658Notable expansionist of empireVery wealthy

Shah Aurangzeb 1658 - 1707One of the most controversial rulers in the history of IndiaHigh principlesTried to eliminate Indias social evils.Forbade Hindu custom of suttee (cremating a widow on husbands funeral pyre)Forbade gambling and drinkingDevout MuslimReversed Mogul policies of religious toleranceHindus were forced to convert to Islam

Suttee or self cremation involves widows who voluntarily lie by her dead husband's side on his funeral pyre to be burnt alive with the corpse.The British in India1650 British trading forts were established in Surat (now city of Calcutta)Traded cotton for spicesSir Robert Clive Chief representative for East India CompanyFrench also established their own forts on the east coast of IndiaSee map p. 476

Mogul SocietyMoguls were foreigners in IndiaMuslims ruling HindusAs Hindus, women had an active role for political advice, some fought on battlefields, some received salaries, some owned land and took part in businessUnder Muslim rule certain restrictions were put on womenMogul CultureTwo lifestyles Indian and Persian coming together with beautiful architectural styleTaj Mahal example of thisBuilt by the emperor Shah Jahan in the mid-17th century in memory of his wife Mumtax Mahal. She died at age 39 giving birth to 14th child!Employed 20,000 workersLasted more than 20 years to buildConsidered most beautiful building in IndiaMogul ArtPaintings also artistic achievement of MogulsAkbar style included the portrayal of humans in action characteristic not seen in Persian art. Imitated European art forms including use of perspective and lifelike formsTaj Mahal video clip http://www.glencoe.com/video_library/index_with_mods.php?PROGRAM=9780078745256&VIDEO=4013&CHAPTER=152 minutesOttoman Empire map http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~helfgott/maps-ottoman-empire.htmSelim Ihttp://fast.mediamatic.nl/f/hmfm/image/901/1074-235-251.jpgSultans picturehttp://tomgpalmer.com/2009/09/26/no-doubt-a-sad-day/Turkish bathhttp://homepage.mac.com/melissaenderle/Serbia/villages.htmSuttee picture and informationhttp://oddandstrange.blogspot.com/2012/08/strange-rituals.htmlAurangeb http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search