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The National Bioenergy CenterThe National Bioenergy Centerand Biomass R&D Overview and Biomass R&D Overview
Dr. Michael A. PachecoDirector of National Bioenergy Center
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
May 20, 2004
National Bioenergy National Bioenergy CenterCenter
Announced by Dept of Energy Secretary Bill Richardson at the Kansas City Board of Trade on October 31, 2000
NREL Role: Coordinate research at DOE labs
Bioenergy Strategic GoalsBioenergy Strategic Goals
U.S Dept of EnergyProtect national and economic security by promoting a diverse supply of reliable, affordable, and environmentally sound energy
National Bioenergy CenterDevelop biomass-based technologies that will be used bythe U.S. transportation fuel, chemical and power industry
• Reduce our dependence on foreign oil• Create the new domestic bioindustry
Help establish technology for large-scale biorefineriesbased on agricultural residues by 2010
Why Bioenergy?Why Bioenergy?
• Greenhouse warming Natural CO2 cycle is 10X fossil fuels
• National security60% of our petroleum is imported
• SustainabilityPotential to replace petroleum-derived
fuels and chemicals• Rural economic benefit
Biomass Share of U.S. Energy SupplyBiomass Share of U.S. Energy Supply(data for 2002)(data for 2002)
Coal 23%
Petroleum 39%
Renewable 6%
Natural Gas 24%
Nuclear 8%
Wind 2%
Biomass 46%
Hydroelectric 46%
Geothermal 5%
Solar <1%
Source: AEO 2004 tables (released in December 2003) based on US energy consumption. Overall breakdown Table A1 (Total Energy Supply and Disposition), and Renewable breakdown Table A18 (Renewable Energy, Consumption by Section and Source).
The Unique Role of Biomass The Unique Role of Biomass While the growing need for sustainable electric power can be met by other renewables…
Biomass is our only renewable source of carbon-based fuels and chemicals
Concern: Concern: Energy Balance of Corn EthanolEnergy Balance of Corn Ethanol(Btu in EtOH Minus Btu Used)(Btu in EtOH Minus Btu Used)
-40,000
-30,000
-20,000
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Net
Ene
rgy
Valu
e (B
tu/g
allo
n)
Ho
Marland and Turhollow
Pimentel Pimentel
Keeney and DeLuca
Lorenz and Morris
Shapouri et al.
Shapouri et al.
Wang et al.
Agri. Canada
Kim and Dale
GraboskiWang
Sources of Variation• Corn yields per acre • Energy required to produce ethanol • Fertilizer usage • Irrigation practices• Accounting for byproducts, e.g. DDG
Source: M. Wang (2003)
Fossil Energy Replacement RatioFossil Energy Replacement Ratio
5.3
1.40.8
0.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
CellulosicEthanol
Biorefinery
Corn Ethanol Gasoline Electricity
Source: J. Sheehan & M. Wang (2003)
Fossil Energy Ratio (FER) = Fossil Energy Used
Energy Delivered to Customer
The road to petroleumdisplacement is
is paved withCellulosic Biomass
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Lignin: 15-25%- Complex aromatic structure- Resists biochemical conversion- Requires high temperatures to convert
Hemicellulose: 23-32%- Polymer of 5- and 6-carbon sugars- Easily depolymerization- 5-carbon sugars hard to metabolize
BiomassBiomassChemistry 101Chemistry 101
Cellulose: 38-50%- Polymer of glucose - Susceptible to enzymatic attack- Glucose easy to metabolize
2020 U.S. Biomass Supply Potential2020 U.S. Biomass Supply Potential
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mill
ions
Dry
Ton
s pe
Yea
r
$20 $30 $40 $50Delivered Price ($/dry ton)
Forest ResiduesUrban WastesAg ResiduesMill ResiduesEnergy Crops
Developing 1 billion ton case for 2050
Feedstock Harvesting Research Feedstock Harvesting Research
• Harvesting technology – partnering with equipment manufacturers• Single pass harvest of grain & residue • Computational modeling• Field trials
INEEL led research
Rapid Analysis Methods for BiomassRapid Analysis Methods for Biomass
Fiber Optic Probes DC light
NIRSample
Measured Composition (wt%)0 10 20 30 40 50
Com
posi
tion
Pred
icte
d w
ith N
IR
0
10
20
30
40
50GlucoseXyloseGalactoseArabanoseMannoseLigninProteinAshSoilAcetylUronic Acid
Predicts biomassfeed performancein biorefinery
Feed qualitymeasurement
in the field
Near Infrared combined with
multivariate methods
NREL led research
Rapid Analysis Methods Help Quantify Rapid Analysis Methods Help Quantify Economic Impact of Feed VariabilityEconomic Impact of Feed Variability
Histogram of Ethanol Selling Price for 735 Stover Compositions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
$1.00
$1.02
$1.04
$1.06
$1.08
$1.10
$1.12
$1.14
$1.16
$1.18
$1.20
$1.22
$1.24
$1.26
$1.28
$1.30
$1.32
Ethanol $/gal
Num
ber o
f Occ
urre
nces
Mean = $1.14Stdev = $0.06Range = $0.30
Biomass Options: Biomass Options: Blessing and a Curse !
Hydrolysis
GasificationHigh heat, low oxygenDigestionBacteriaPyrolysisCatalysis, heat, pressureExtractionMechanical, chemicalSeparationMechanical, chemical
Blessing and a Curse !
Sugars and LigninAcids, enzymes
Biofuels
Biobased chemicals
Biobased materials
Heat/Power
Synthesis GasFeedstock production, collection, handling & preparation
Biogas
BioOil
Carbon-RichChains
Plant Products
Reducing the Cost of Reducing the Cost of ““Conversion Platforms”Conversion Platforms”
Drives Biomass R&D at NRELDrives Biomass R&D at NREL
“Bio-chemical”Conversion
Residues
BiochemicalIntermediates
“Thermo-chemical”Conversion
By-products
FuelsChemicals & Materials
Combined Heat & PowerBiomass
ChemicalIntermediates
NREL Technology for Future BiorefineriesNREL Technology for Future Biorefineries
An integrated biorefinery will make use of:
– Thermochemical conversion technology
– Biochemical conversion technology
– Existing technology
NREL’s Thermochemical User FacilityNREL’s Thermochemical User Facility• Simulates thermochemical
conversion processes– Pyrolysis– Combustion– Gasification
• Fully integrated• Accommodates testing of
close-coupled biomass conversion with upgrading
• Various size scales– 0.1 kg/h bench-scale
reactors to 20 kg/h
NREL led research
NREL Technology for Future BiorefineriesNREL Technology for Future Biorefineries
An integrated biorefinery will make use of:
– Thermochemical conversion technology
– Biochemical conversion technology
– Existing technologyAvailable today
Dilute Acid PretreatmentDilute Acid PretreatmentOf Lignocellulosic Biomass Of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Untreated Corn Stover
1 ton/day Sunds Continuous Pretreatment Reactor
Pretreated Corn Stover at 35% solids loadingNREL led research
NREL’s Enzymatic Hydrolysis ResearchNREL’s Enzymatic Hydrolysis Research3-year Partnerships with Genencor & Novozymes
– Focus on enzyme biochemistry, cost, and specific activity– Investigate enzyme - substrate surface interaction– 10-fold reduction in cost of enzyme production
E1 from A. cellulotiticus
-1
+1
+2
-2
cellodextrin
Y82
CBH1 from T. reesei
Combined Biorefinery Elements Combined Biorefinery Elements
LigninResidue
Fermentation of Sugars
Glucose
C5 Sugar(s)
C5/C6 Sugars• Ethanol• Liquid Fuels• Chemicals
StarchHydrolysisStarch
FermentableSugars
ProductRecovery
CelluloseHydrolysis
Pre-treatment
LignocellulosicBiomass
• Heat & Power• Fuels & Chemicals
Pyrolysis OilSyn Gas
Thermo-chemicalConversion
NREL’s Role: NREL’s Role: Support theSupport the Development of Development of New Industrial Biorefinery ConceptsNew Industrial Biorefinery Concepts
ConversionConversionProcessesProcesses
USESUSESFuels:– Ethanol– Renewable Diesel
Power:– Electricity– Heat
Chemicals– Plastics– Solvents– Chemical Intermediates– Phenolics– Adhesives– Furfural– Fatty acids– Acetic Acid– Carbon black– Paints– Dyes, Pigments, and Ink– Detergents– Etc.
Food and Feed
- Enzymatic Fermentation- Gas/liquid Fermentation- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation- Gasification- Combustion- Co-firing
– Trees – Grasses– Agricultural Crops– Agricultural Residues– Animal Wastes– Municipal Solid Waste
BiomassBiomassFeedstockFeedstock
Life Cycle Assessment
Illustration courtesy of ORNL
Potential Benefits of Cellulosic Ethanol Potential Benefits of Cellulosic Ethanol
J. Sheehan, 2003
Opportunities other than EthanolOpportunities other than Ethanol
• Sugar-derived chemicals• Lignin derivatives (BTX, phenols, etc.)• Biodiesel & chemicals from vegetable oils• Pyrolysis oils from biomass
– Oxygen rich “cracked stocks”– Exploring options for refining/upgrading
• Gasification of biomass– Fischer-Tropsch liquids– Hydrogen– Chemicals
Summarizing The Biomass Summarizing The Biomass Value PropositionValue Proposition
• Only sustainable source of hydrocarbon-based fuels, petrochemicals, and plastics
• Huge U.S. and worldwide potential biomass resource base– potential to displace over 50% of U.S. gasoline and
diesel consumption with domestic resources• Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions• Reinvigorate and diversify rural economy• New technology advances critical to business
opportunity
Upcoming DOE SolicitationUpcoming DOE Solicitationfor University R&D in Biomassfor University R&D in Biomass
• 30-40 awards expected– Nominally, 3 year awards at $120K/yr
• Limited to university biomass/bioenergy R&D– Research that compliments DOE’s MYTP
• OBP seeks academic work to complement research being funded at DOE Labs– Collaboration with DOE labs strongly encouraged– Access to DOE facilities will be made available to
students, post-Doc’s and faculty• RFP planned for Summer 2004
The National Bioenergy Center The National Bioenergy Center is led by NREL is led by NREL
and funded by theand funded by theOffice of Biomass Program Office of Biomass Program
within thewithin theU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy