the national innovation system (nis , national system of innovation)

The National Innovation System

(NIS, National System of Innovation) is the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises

and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level.

According to innovation system theory, innovation and technology development are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and government

research institutes.

(Source: Wikipedia)

A national system of innovation has been defined as follows:

.. the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse innovations (Freeman, 1995)

the elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge ... and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state (Lundvall,1992)

... a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance ... of national firms (Nelson,1993)

.. the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country. (Patel and Pavitt,1994)

(Source: Wikipedia)

Territorial Innovation SystemDemand’s

needsTechnologies’ state

of the artPossible economic and social benefits

Technological opportunities

Innovation opportunities

Innovation

Target: •Innovation development and diffusion, to obtain economic benefits•Knowledge as a private goodActivities:•Internal R&D•Funding external R&D•Cooperation with research institutions

Universities and research centres

Government

Firms

Target: •Scientific discoveries•Knowledge as a public goodActivities:•Research financed by firms and public institutions

Target: •Sustaining innovation development and diffusionActivities:•Establishing Norms•Giving R&D Incentives

Source: Romano, Passiante, 1997

Milieu innovateur

Industrial district

Regional innovation Systems

New industrial spaces

Local production systems

Learning region

Territorial innovation models

Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003

New industrial spaces

Core of innovation dynamicsA result of R&D and its implementation;Application of new production methods

institutions( JIT, etc.)

Role of institutionsSocial regulation for thecoordination of inter-firmtransactions and the dynamicsof entrepreneurial activity

Regional developmentInteraction between social

regulation and agglomerated production systems

CultureCulture of networking and social interaction

Types of relations among agentsInter-firm transactionsTypes of relations with the environment

The dynamics of community formation and socialreproduction

Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003

Industrial district (ID)

Core of innovation dynamicsCapacity of actors implement

innovation in system of common values

Role of institutionsInstitutions are ‘agents’ and enabling social regulation, fostering innovation and development

Regional developmentTerritorial view based on spatial

solidarity and flexibility of districts; this flexibility is element

of this innovation

CultureSharing values among ID agents; trust and

reciprocity

Types of relations among agentsThe network is a social regulation mode and a source of discipline. It

enables a coexistence of bothcooperation and competition

Types of relations with the environmentThe relationships with the environment impose

some constraints and new ideas; must be able to react to changes in the environment; ‘rich’

relations; limited spatial view of environment Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003

Local production systems

Core of innovation dynamicsCapacity of actors implement

innovation in system of common values

Role of institutionsInstitutions are ‘agents’ and enabling social regulation, fostering innovation and development: focus on role of governance

Regional developmentDiffuse industrialization, i.e. socio-

economic development based on an evolutionary process

without rupture

CultureRole of social-culture

context in development

Types of relations among agentsInter-firm and inter-institution

networksTypes of relations with the environment

Capacity of agents in modifying their behaviour according to the changes in

their environment. Very ‘rich’ relations: third dimension of support space Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003

Milieu innovateur

Core of innovation dynamicsCapacity of firms to innovate

through the relationships with other agents of the same milieu

Role of institutionsVery important role of Institutions in the research process (university, firms, public agencies, etc.)

Regional developmentTerritorial view based on

milieux innovateurs and onagent’s capacity of innovatingin a cooperative atmosphere

CultureCulture of trust and

reciprocity links

Types of relations among agentsThe role of the support space:strategic relations between thefirm, its partners, suppliers and

clients

Types of relations with the environmentCapacity of agents in modifying their behaviour

according to the changes intheir environment. Very ‘rich’relations: third dimension of

support space Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003

The relationship between learning, growth of knowledge and innovation in Territorial Innovation Systems

(source: Bjorn Johnson, 1992 in National Innovation System, Lundvall, 1992)

interactive learninglearning by producinglearning by searchinglearning by exploring

creativeforgetting

institutionalimpact forgetting

innovation

institutionalimpact

selection

interactive learninglearning by producinglearning by searchinglearning by exploring

creativeforgetting

institutionalimpact forgetting

stock ofknowledge

and itsremembering

innovativeideas and projects

innovation

institutionalimpact

selection

•Marshall-based approaches and the “industrial districts” approach•Evolutionary approach, as developed in the “milieu innovateur” approach

Three different mechanisms through which learning takes place in a Territorial Innovation System

Transfer of knowledgeCreation of new knowledge

Retrieval of knowledge

Knowledge assets generated by learning processesKnowledge assets

Knowledge transfer Systemic Knowledge assets Conceptual Knowledge assets

Knowledge creation Routine Knowledge assetsExperiential Knowledge assets

Knowledge retrieval Systemic Knowledge assets

Regional innovation Systems (RIS)

Core of innovation dynamicsInnovation as an interactive,

cumulative and specific processof research and development

(path dependency)

Role of institutionsInstitutions lead to a regulationof behaviour, both inside andoutside organizations

Regional developmentView of the region as a systemof “learning by interacting/ and

by steering regulation”

CultureThe source of learning

by interacting

Types of relations among agentsThe network is an

organizational mode of ‘interactive learning’

Types of relations with the environmentBalance between inside specific

relations and environmentconstraints; ‘rich’ relations Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003

Learning region

Core of innovation dynamicsInnovation as an interactive, cumulative

and specific process of research and development (path dependency); stress

of coevolution of technology and institutions

Role of institutionsInstitutions lead to a regulationof behaviour, both inside andoutside organizations

Regional developmentDouble dynamics:

technological and techno-organizational dynamics;

economic and institutionaldynamics

CultureStrong focus on interaction

between economic and social cultural life

Types of relations among agentsNetworks of agents (embeddedness)Types of relations with the environment

Balance between inside specificrelations and environmentconstraints; ‘rich’ relations Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003

The emerging phenomenon of the Virtual Clusters (VC) and their learning processes

Internet Infrastructure

Five class of participants: Customers,

Context Providers, Content provider,

Commerce service providers, Infrastructure providers (Internetworked Enterprises – IE)

Customer centrality

upstream transactions with suppliers

downstream transactions with distributors and clients

horizontal transactions with competitors or other institutions

Rules and standard

•E-leaning processes from markets•E-learning processes trough alliances

Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

e-learning process characteristics

delivered to end users via computers

focused on the broadest view of learning

networked


An emerging virtual environment: the Innovation Virtual System (IVS)

not related necessarily to a physical space

developed at different ontological levels, where interactions amplify the knowledge creation processes of the organisations

autonomous, self-sufficient unit, that may connect to others IVS for expanding knowledge

result of organic interactions among its participants, based on a knowledge vision, rather than a mechanistic planning

knowledge participants necessary conditions: autonomy, creative chaos, intentional overlapping of information, diversity, trust and commitment


Some stylised facts of the innovation emphasised by the Innovation Virtual System (IVS)

innovation as a non-linear process

innovation as first and foremost new practical knowledge

knowledge creation related to a balance between communality and diversity of knowledge

learning and discovery related to the interactive mechanism with the context environment through which selection occurs


An integrated model of the IVS e-learning processes

ENABLING TOOLS AND e-LEARNING PLATFORM

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER

KNOWLEDGE CREATION

KNOWLEDGE RETRIEVAL

“Virtual” BA

Learning level:IndividualTeam Organisation Inter organisation

Learning ModesCognitive learningCultural learningAction learning

IEs

with

com

mon

nee

ds to

le

arn

Incr

ease

d kn

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capa

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for

inno

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ENABLING TOOLS AND e-LEARNING PLATFORM

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER

KNOWLEDGE CREATION

KNOWLEDGE RETRIEVAL

“Virtual” BA

Learning level:IndividualTeam Organisation Inter organisation

Learning ModesCognitive learningCultural learningAction learning

IEs

with

com

mon

nee

ds to

le

arn

Incr

ease

d kn

owle

dge

capa

city

for

inno

vatio

n


Correspondence between Knowledge transfer processes and e-learning platform functionalities

Manager and administrator functionalities

User Functionalities

Portal-based access to a variety of content, activities, communities and tools, based on user profile. Wireless and other alternative access.

Creation and assembly of content and activities Powerful search capabilities across structure, content and metadata.

Development and management of individuals and communities Integration of tools for virtual meetings, virtual workspaces, virtual classrooms, discussions, group scheduling, etc. Peer-to-peer information sharing

Monitoring and reporting for “people managers,” training coordinators, knowledge or content managers, etc.

Content and activity management

Workflow, lifecycle, process automation and security functions applied to the validation and publishing of content. Integration of external content, portals, etc.


Correspondence between Knowledge creation processes and e-learning platform functionalities

User Functionalities User-configurable proactive agents which monitor sources and repositories to automatically alert users to relevant new information

Creation and assembly of content and activities Object-oriented content and activity creation and/or integration with leading XML and other authoring tools

Development and management of individuals and communities Management of individuals, competencies, expertise, temporary and permanent groups/communities.


Automatic indexing of unstructured content, automatic categorization to a taxonomy and automatic creation of taxonomies to provide content in context. Link management capabilities for maintaining relationships among elements.


Correspondence between Knowledge retrieval processes and e-learning platform functionalities

User Functionalities Powerful search capabilities across structure, content and metadata.Dynamic delivery/access to specific content, activities and communities based on profiles, assessment or other data, or queries

Creation and assembly of content and activities Easy importing of external or existing content.Publishing to any number of devices, including Web


A relational or object-oriented repository (support for multiple repositories also desirable) of content and activities, which allows granular storage of XML content and all other formats, with descriptive and category metadata to facilitate retrieval.

Development and management of individuals and communities Features to allow users to rate content, provide alternatives and comments

Manager and administrator functionalities Management of resources and facilities for training, meetings Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002

A comparison between Territorial and Virtual Innovation Systems

Teritorial Systems Virtual Systems

Geographic space Virtual space, that parallels the behavioural setting and rules of the physical space with some that are based on electronic linkages between computers

Geographic proximity

Analysis of a link space

Focus on physical notion of distance and connectivity: the role of geographical space in generating opportunities to access more effectively and efficiently to information and knowledge

Focus on a virtual notion of distance and connectivity as a substitute and a complement of physical interactions

Information/knowledge accessibility : network latency, deliverability, availability of the network and servers

Analysis of the geographical space


the national innovation system (nis , national system of innovation)

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