the need for open educational resources for mobile learning rory mcgreal unesco/col chair in oer...
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The need for Open Educational Resources for Mobile Learning
Rory McGrealUNESCO/COL Chair in OER
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License(some images fair use)
Rory McGreal Fred Mulder
UNESCO Chairholders in OER Partners
“… technology-enabled, open provision of educational resources for consultation, use and adaptation by a community of users for non-commercial purposes.
Open Educational Resources (OER)
OER Definition• “Open educational
resources are materials used to support education that may be freely accessed, reused, modified and shared by anyone” (OER Forum)
OER for Development Goal of developing together a universal
educational resource available for the whole of humanity… hope that this open resource for the future mobilizes the whole of the worldwide community of educators”
UNESCO 2002
Internet is the biggest commons
Public domain is a priceless, shared heritage wikimedia
Mobile Ubiquity
Wireless Access
Mobile Ubiquity
+2 billion Internet connexionsWorld population: +7 billion
¼ of the world’s populationhttp://www.soil-net.com/album/Places_Objects/slides/Globe%20Planet%20Earth%20NASA.jpg
Internet Users2006
Developed
Developing
Developed
Developing
2011
Developed
Developing
International Telecounication Union 2012
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Individuals using the Internet (in millions)
Individuals using the Internet per 100 inhabitants
mill
ions
Per
100
inha
bita
nts
Global numbers of individuals using the Internet, total and per 100 inhabitants, 2001-2011
International Telegraph Union 2012
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 Global ICT developments, 2001-2011
Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions
Individuals using the Internet
Fixed-telephone subscriptions
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions
Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions
Per 1
00 in
habi
tant
s
Source: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database
Europe The Americas CIS* World Arab States Asia & Pacific Africa0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
68.4
53.4
40.7
32.529.1
25.5
12.4
Individuals using the Internet per 100 inhabitants, 2011
* Commonwealth of Independent StatesRegions are based on the ITU BDT Regions, see: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/definitions/regions/index.htmlSource: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Individuals using the Internet (in millions)
Individuals using the Internet per 100 inhabitants
mill
ions
Per
100
inha
bita
nts
Global numbers of individuals using the Internet, total and per 100 inhabitants, 2001-2011
Mobile Signal Coverage
Percentage of the world's population covered by a mobile cellular signal, 2003 compared to 2010
2003
39% not covered
61% covered
Source: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database
2010
10% not covered
90% covered
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2001-2011
Developed
World
Developing
Per 1
00 in
habi
tant
s
The developed/developing country classifications are based on the UN M49, see:http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/definitions/regions/index.htmlSource: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database
Mobile Telephony2000
Total 719 million
Developed
Developing
The developed/developing country classifications are based on the UN M49, see: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/definitions/regions/index.htmlSource: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database
2005
Developing
Developed
Total 2.2 billion
Mobile-cellular subcriptions, by level of development
2011
Total 6 billion
Developing
Developed
CIS* Europe The Americas Arab States World Asia & Pacific Africa0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160 146.0
120.8
105.4 96.9
85.7 76.7
53.1
Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2011
* Commonwealth of Independent StatesRegions are based on the ITU BDT Regions, see: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/definitions/regions/index.htmlSource: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
70.3
34.1
20.5
Developed
World
Developing
%
Percentage of households with Internet access by level of development, 2002-2010
The developed/developing country classifications are based on the UN M49, see: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/definitions/regions/index.htmlSource: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database
Mobile Ubiquity
4.5 billion mobile subscriptions1.5 billion mobile internet users
1/3 only access internet via mobile
90% of world population is covered by cellular
More time spent on Internet
with Mobile
than with desktops
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1048/1022720488_0a1b779fc8.jpg
Modern learning is not possible without the skills for accessing and using the Internet
Why OER for Mobile Learning?
OERRe-usable?
Adapted from Parmentier, 1999
Re-purposable?
Interoperable
DRM
• Digital Rights Management)• Digital licenses
digital restri
ctions management?
DRM (Digital Rights Management)You CANNOT• Copy & paste, annotate, highlight• Text to speech• Format change• Move material • Print out• Move geographically• Use after expiry date• Resell
Swiss-copyright.ca
Digital Millennium Copyright Act DMCA
It is illegal to circumvent protection mechanisms(or even criminal) & to even share information on how to circumvent protection
Digital Licenses•Copy & paste, annotate, highlight• Text to speech or hyperlink• Format change• Move material to another computer• Print out• Move geographically• Use after expiry date• Resell
• Prohibited to show your content to others • Must accept that you have NO rights
• Owners have NO liability even if product doesn’t work• Owners can “invade” your computer without permission• Collect & use personal data• User has a “privilege” to use the product not own it
Open ETextbooks•Copy & paste, annotate, highlight √• Text to speech or hyperlink √• Format change √• Move material to other computer √• Print out √• Move geographically √• No expiry date √• Reuse/Remix/Mash √
•Retain privacy and digital rights √√Essential fo
r Pervasive learning implementations
Copyright Then and Now• THEN• It didn’t apply to many
things• Few people were
affected
• NOW• It touches everyone• You can hardly spend an
hour without copyright
Lawrence Lessig
Everything triggers copyright
Yourdictionaryblogspot
Access Rights?Vendors can control how, when, where, and with what specific brands of technological assistance audiences are able to access content
You buy but you don’t get
Open Source
Open Courseware
Open Educational Resources
“corporations, governments, every vested monopoly is worried about the disruptive power of computing”
The restriction of the commons by patents, copyright, and databases [right] is not in the interests of society and unduly hampers scientific endeavour.
PAPAL ENCYCLICAL“On the part of rich countries
there is excessive zeal for protecting knowledge through an unduly rigid assertion of the right to intellectual property . . .”
- Pope Benedict XVI
PAPAL ENCYCLICAL“On the part of rich countries there
is excessive zeal for protecting knowledge through an unduly rigid assertion of the right to intellectual property . . .”
- Pope Benedict XVI
God is on our side
General Eric Shinseki, retired Chief of Staff, U. S. Army
