the need of “legal” strategy to realize energy technology and promote energy industry in taiwan:...
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The Need of “Legal” Strategy to Realize Energy Technology and
Promote Energy Industry in Taiwan: Examples of Renewable Energy
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Taiwan’s Recent Efforts to Promote Renewable Energy Development: Policy Measures, Legal Measures, Challenges, and Solutions in the
Post-Fukushima EraAnton Ming-Zhi Gao
Assistant Professor, Institute of Law for Science and Technology, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ([email protected])
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Global challenges, Technology Solution, & Policy and Legal Response of Taiwan
Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives 2010, Executive Summary, at page 3, www.iea.org/techno/etp/etp10/English.pdf
(visited on 27 July 2011).
Policy Response of Taiwan• Energy White Paper of 1998, • 2005 Energy Policy White Paper• Sustainable Energy Policy Framework
of 2008, • 2010 Master Plan on Energy
Conservation and Emission Reduction• 2011 Energy Development Framework
(draft)
Legal Response :• Renewable Energy Act(RE
Act) of 2009
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Various Disputes in 2010 after the 2009 RE Act!!
Ministry of Environment argued that
green energy policy is
playing fake.
The MP argued that wind power
plants were disfavored under the new regime.
A wind farm developer
threatened to withdraw its
investment due to the
governmental unwillingness to promote wind
power.
The PV industrial association accused the
government of taking PV
industries' breath away in October
2010.
Insufficient feed in tariff was provided
to other renewable
energy areas (such as marine
and biomass energy).
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Ambitious Goals for Developing Renewable Energy in a Post-Fukushima Era
Before Fukushima(Sustainable Energy Policy Framework of 2008)
Renewable energy in the electricity mix: 8% in 2025
Post Fukushima (New Energy Policy of November 2011)
8% to 16.1% in Electricity Generation Capacity in 2030.
2030: 12500MW total RE electricity capacity
2030: PV capacity 4200MW ; Wind power capacity: 3100MW
Yet how to achieve them???
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“Maximization” of
the potential of
Renewable
Energy 2025
500M
W 2030
12,502MW(
16-20 %
of Electri
city Mix)
Million
Solar
Roof Program 2030 3100M
W
Thousand onshore and
offshore
wind farm Progr
am 2030 4,200MW
Yet How to Achieve this ambitious target ????
6
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Renewable Energy
Electricity Heating Transportation fuel
Three Main types of RE
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Renewable Electricity
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Year/type2009
Aggregate
Hydro power 1938.7 MW
Wind powerOnshore 436MW
Offshore -
PV 11MW
biomassWaste 790MW
biogas 24.MW5
Marine energy -Geothermal -
Fuel cell -
Total 3,200
Current TOP 3: Hydro Electricity, Biomass (& waste incinerator), wind power
Source: http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ntuperc/pdf_meet/0506_1.pdf
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Support Scheme under the 2009 RE Act
Main mechanisms
Renewable Energy Development Fund for R&D, investment
subsidy, demonstration subsidy, and feed-in tariff
Feed-in tariffInvestment subsidy for installations and demonstration installations , such as: BIPV, Marine energy, fuel cell
Interconnection (grid connection) obligation for utilities
Others Renewable electricity target
Tax incentives for import of renewable installations
Green procurement
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Feed-in Tariff for all RE Electricity in 2010 and 2011
Type of renewable electricity 2010 2011
Run of River hydropower 2.0615 2.1821
Wind power
1kw~ 10kW< 7.2714 7.3562
≧10Kw 2.3834 2.6138
Offshore 4.1982 5.5626
Geothermal electricity 5.1838 4.8039
PV
rooftop
1kW-10kW< 11.1883 10.3185
10kW-100kW<12.9722
9.1799
100kW-500kW< 8.8241
≧500kW11.1190
7.9701
Ground-type 7.3297
Biomass electricity
Biogas 2.0615 2.1821
Waste (RDF) 2.0879 2.6875
Other (Marine energy, Fuel cell, etc) 2.0615 2.1821
Unit: new taiwan dollars/ per kWh
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Lack of Stable Funding• State-owned electricity company cannot pass the cost to final
customers, which may lead to the bankruptcy of Tai-Power.
The lack of a liberalized Electricity MarketEx. Grid access and connection rules are less transparent.
The lack of RE electricity low-interest loan and guarantee program • ←→ Ex. Kfw of Germany ex. Low-interest loan program
in US.
Overall Challenges
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RE Act only subsidizes
“dike-type” run of the river small hydro power, but
exclude other types (such as: river-type ones)
Small is
beautiful! All
types of
small hydr
o.
Barriers: Small Hydro Power Taiwan
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Remain
very Focus
on “wast
e incinerator”
and “coal-fired CHP”
More focus
on bio degrad
able biomass or
biogasEncour
age biomass CHP
Barriers: Biomass Electricity
Taiwan
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Taiwan• Focus on pure
electricity generation biomass
Europe and US• Focus on biomass
CHP
Barriers: Biomass Electricity
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Taiwan
Biomass generators are forced to build within Industrial Zone under RE Act of 2009.
Barriers: biomass electricity
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• Q:Unit? – Small-kW type
or Large-MW type?
Barriers for :1,000 Onshore and Offshore Wind Farm Program by 2030
VS
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• Prosperity in Taiwan• Taiwan-based technology lead to
favorable FIT for small wind power.
Fewer barrier for Small-kW Type
Feed in Tariff(NTD/kW hour)
Wind Onshore
1kW and <10kW 7.3562
≧10kW 2.6138
Offshore 無區分 5.5626
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• Too rush? Jump from “middle and high” megawatt hours onshore plants directly to offshore wind?
• The need to raise the FIT for “low megawatt wind hours” onshore wind plants
Barrier for Onshore Wind PowerThe flawed strategy?
Onshore Middle and high wind power plants
(Europe and US: low-hour wind power plants )
Offshore wind power plants
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Barrier for Offshore Wind PowerLaw in place but Insufficient Legal “Framework”!!
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http://www.bsh.de/en/Marine_uses/Spatial_Planning_in_the_German_EEZ/index.jsp
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Barriers for Million PV Roof Program by 2030”
-more ambitious than 100 000 ROOFS SOLAR POWER PROGRAMME of Germany -the new meaning of roof in Taiwan? 3kW * million = 2030 target
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From PV boom in 2010 to slow-down in 2011
23
PV Boom in 2010
•High PV FIT!!•Several hundred MWSlow-Down
Measure in 2011
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Barriers for Million PV Roof
The introduction of PV “tendering” system to control the development pace of PV as in France
The lack of renewable low-interest and loan guarantee for small household
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PV on the Existing Illegal House
Shall FIT be given to PV on the illegal house?• Answer: X
New illegal house in the name of “PV”• The License Exemption under
building code only provided for those PV roof 2 meters to avoid ≦the new illegal house!
Illegal House and PVa very Unique Problem for Taiwan
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Ground-type PV:Should the ground-type PV consider as “ROOF”under the Million PV Roof Program?
NO (government)
Ground-type PV is not welcome due to its effect on agricultural land use and food security
No house, no roof.
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Common Barriers for Offshore ind, Marine Energy, and Biomass
Unbearable High connection cost
The need for a super shallow connection regime under the RE Act of 2009
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Renewable Heat
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A Successful Story
•Investment Subsidy (capital grant) since 1986 •Ex. Solar heat collector: NTD 4275 Per piece in 2009
Scheme:
•Up to May 2009, 440 thousand households had already installed solar heaters, making Taiwan No. 3 in the world for installations.
Achievement
29
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Europe and USHigh latitude lead to high heating needs of air conditions for RE
Taiwan1. Tropical and subtropical zone2. Heat mainly used for “bath-, shower water”, rather than air condition3.Heat is usually treated as “waste” air and emit out.
Climate Factor behind the Application of RE Heat in Taiwan
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Only “solar heating” is subsidized under the Ordinance of Investment Subsidy for Renewable Heating( 再生能源熱利用獎勵補助辦法 )The need to include other RE heating, such as : biomass and geothermal
etc.
Biomass Heat: Only focus on biomass electricity generation
Ignore biomass heating under the current support scheme.
Geothermal heat: Why not provide “geothermal investment ”subsidy to housing complex in less sunshine zone to replace the use of LPG water heater or electricity
water heater
Still Room to improve and Develop !
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Renewable Transportation Fuel
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• Voluntary 3% mixture scheme The Subsidy Ordinance for Ethanol in Taipei and Kaushiun City was promulgated on July 2, 2009. The subsidy covers the extra cost incurred in the sales of E3 ethanol, including the purchase of ethanol and the mixture, storage, and transportation facilities. Of course, this scheme is not mandatory. Several Demonstration Gas Stations are subsidized under this scheme. In this regard, not all E3 petroleum is available in all gas stations in these two cities.
• Mandatory Using E3 Obligation: government vehicles in Taipei have been mandated to use E3 (3% bioethanol blended with gasoline), available at eight gas stations in Taipei since September 2007 under the Government Vehicles Demo Program
• Mandatory mixture Obligation under the Petroleum Management Act of 2008
• B1(1%) since 2008
• B2(2%) since 2010
Main Measures: Unbalanced Mandatory duty for bio-ethanol and Biodiesel in Taiwan
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Not very gifted
• Lack of biomass resources • Too high population intensity• Lack of large-scale farmland to plant energy crops• Government worries about the food security issue.• Far away from other countries makes it less environment to buy biomass
from other countries.
Lack of acquired environment
• Citizens and political parties are very sensitive on “raising oil price”
• Insufficient incentives for farmland to plant energy crops• Limited mandatory mixture duty for bioechanol• Relatively low mandatory mixture duty for biodiesel
Main Barriers: Lack of gifted and acquired environment
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Conclusion:Three Main GAPs
RE Vision of 2030
Governmental Wiliness & Policy
Policy and Law
Law and its Implementation