THE NEW FUELGENERATION

ABSTRACT

This work shows the most innovative biofuels that there is   today most likely to replace conventional.

Let's take a tour of the different types of fuels and their   relationship with the automotive where we will study the

evolution of market prices of fossil fuels and their drawbacks. Also

  see some of the highlights biofuels, their characteristics and their relationship with the environment.

Irene Vidal Sánchez 2º of Bachillerato Científico tecnológico

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Irene Vidal Sánchez

THE NEW FUEL GENERATION

Work points:

1. Fuels

1.1. Fuels types

1.2. Fuels and cars

2. Biofuels 2.1. Advantages to the

atmosphere?

2.2. How do we use them?

2.3. Biofuels types

3. Biobutanol

4. Biofuel made of seaweed

5.Conclusion

6.Bibliography

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1.FUELS

What are they?Any material capable of releasing

energy when oxidized violently with heat release gradually.

Involves releasing a potential energy form directly usable form (thermal energy or mechanical energy) leaving as residue heat

(thermal energy), carbon dioxide and some other chemical

compound.

For a substance to be considered as an industrial fuel level should

require some more requirements, for example:

-Availability in bulk - Low cost of operation (collection,

transport and storage) - Applicability (to burn with current

technology).

The most relevant properties of the fuels are

as follows:-Density: Relationship hard

mass and volume and density ratio of fuel and air

or water. -Pour point: lowest in which the liquid fuel flows in pipes under normal conditions.

Its other properties are: -Cinematic Viscosity-Dynamic viscosity -The Flash Point

-The flammability limits -The number of Woobe

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-Fire Type A: Fires of solid materials.

Producing burned ashes. Combustion may be incandescent flame.

Combustibility depends on the moisture content of the

solid, the thermal conductivity, the

temperature of ignition ability and the degree of

combustion, the velocity of propagation, the thermal load and other factors.

-Fire Type B: Fires are liquids or liquefiable solids.

Those considered hazardous liquids having a flashpoint of

21 ° C slash, because from there the liquid can ignite on

contact with an ignition source. What burns liquid vapors are due to that the

propagation speed of combustion varies

environmental factors.

-Fires Type C: They are gases, Fuel Gas. According to their physical properties could be classified

into compressed, liquefied and cryogenic as arising in pure and true and industrial products.

We must consider the capacity of the fuel gas explosions occur when extinction ..

We have the example of LNG, liquefied petroleum gas.

4Classification

Fuels and automobilesThe development of the

automobile began with the invention of the combustion engine, which coincided with

the discovery of oil, which decisively influenced its

development and popularization.

Karl Benz, a German engineer, was responsible for designing the first automobile powered

by an internal combustion engine in 1885.

Numerous problems affecting automobiles today, including

oil depletion, which means the next major shortage of fuels

used by automobiles. Are fossil fuels, those derived from

petroleum: gasoline and diesel.At the same time, they are bad,

they are poisonous and carcinogenic, affect the

respiratory tract, favoring the formation of acid rain and climate change impacts.Because of that we need

alternatives to these fuels.

This vehicle with gasoline engine Karl Benz patented the January 29, 1886, a date which is considered the birth of the

automobile as we know it today. This design was known as the "Patent-Motorwagen"

which was nothing more than a tricycle with a small rear

engine single cylinder, with an operating principle Otto or 4T.

motorstown.com

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COMPARATIVE DIESEL-GASOLINE

gasofa.es

In this picture you can see the 30 most economical service stations in the Peninsula this month.

Do not include the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla, as there prices are significantly

lower. The following graph shows

the price-gasoline/diesel from 10 January to 8 February.

gasofa.es

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KEY CHAINS

P

Imagen extraída de gasofa.es

Will biofuels be an alternative to this?

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2.BIOFUELS

What are biofuels?Biofuels are fuels derived from renewable biological

origin manner from organic debris. These organic

moieties commonly derived sugar, wheat, corn or

oilseeds. Some of these may be the alternative to fossil

fuels are running out.

Benefits into the atmosphere?

They reduce the total volume of CO2 emitted into the

atmosphere, they absorb as they grow and emit almost

the same amount as conventional fuels when burned, so a closed-loop

process occurs.

How are they used?

They are often mixed with other fuels in small

proportions, 5 or 10%, providing a useful but limited greenhouse gas reduction. In

Europe and the United States, has introduced

legislation that requires suppliers to mix biofuels

certain level.

This legislation was later copied by many other

countries who believe that these fuels will help to improve the planet by

reducing gases that produce the so-called "greenhouse

effect".

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Types

-Biomass burning: Any type of biological material used

for burning and thereby obtain heat or electricity.-Biomass gasification: Any

biological material that can be fermented to produce

biogas.

-First Generation Biofuels: Are bioalcohols obtained by fermentation of materials

rich in carbohydrates.-Second Generation Biofuels:

Biofuels series using some existing technologies and

using as raw material, other than those for food use

biomass.

Uso de los biocombustibles

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Biodiesel blending existwithin countryTrials, pilot projects or studies underwayNo blends or data not available

Biofuel production is advancing so fast that lately there is talk of the "biofuels third and fourth

generation." The principal of the different generations of

biofuels features are distinguished from each

other by the following:

1.The raw material used 2.The process technology

adopted

•Third Generation Biofuels using similar production specifically designed or adapted often through

molecular biology techniques to improve the conversion of biomass to bioenergy biofuel

crops.

•Fourth Generation Biofuels take the above one step

further. Capture and store carbon (CAC), both at the

level of the raw material and process technology.

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3.BIOBUTANOL

Biobutanol can store 20% more energy than ethanol

because unlike him, has four carbon molecules and double

fuel alcohol.While ethanol generates only about three quarters of the

energy it produces conventional gasoline,

biobutanol could produce up to 95%.

A very important feature is that it does not absorb water, non-corrosive, which can be distributed through existing pipelines and used directly in

petrol cars without modification.

Disadvantages of production: •Toxicity to microorganisms. •Low yields and productivity,

slow growth. •Low concentration of

product and many sub-products.

•Butanol is not a primary or secondary metabolite,

requires the microorganism to produce spores. •Contamination by

bacteriophages

To develop new biofuels, in 2007 companies British

Petroleum (BP) and DuPont formed a joint venture called

Butamax focused on the production of biobutanol

from animal and vegetable waste.

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Has many technical advantages over biofuels in general and

ethanol:-Low solubility in water and

water in butanol, which reduces risk of contamination

of water bodies during the drainage operations

withdrawals and mechanical water storage sites and

distribution of fuels.

-It is easily transported through pipelines both by its low solubility in water,

which readily prevents contamination and low chemical activity that

reduces the risk of corroding.

-It can be mixed both with the petrol or diesel.

-Has a close energy density to gasoline.

-Its vapor pressure is much lower than that of ethanol,

which does not raise the same from the final gasoline.-Allows use of low-cost

additives for octane as butane and can be used in hot

weather, mixed with butanol.-Production plants can be

adapted to produce it.

-Similar to other alcohols, readily biodegradable if

spilled or leaked.

gcsescience.com

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Use:

•Global demand for butanol was estimated at 3 million tonnes

in 2011.•It is estimated to reach 4

million tonnes in 2020.•It is mainly used in the

production of butyl acetate.

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4.BIOFUEL MADE OF SEAWEED

Called "bio-oil" and belongs to the third generation biofuels

made from algae. There are two types that are used as fuel, microalgae and

macroalgae within the realm of algae.

Researchers have mostly focused on the use of microalgae for the

production of biofuels.

One of the biggest attractions of using algae is its versatility in

culture. They can grow virtually anywhere, also grown in seawater, freshwater or

wastewater, providing an attractive alternative to other

materials that require extensive agricultural land for growth.

There are many benefits in using algae for biofuel production that outweigh their disadvantages. The

most notable is its scavenging nature of CO2, so the gas can be used in

industrial production processes, thus achieving

a negative balance of greenhouse gases.

elmundo.es

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It can move any vehicle without having to change

your engine and lose power. To obtain a microscopic to a

process of rapid multiplication "super algae"

is subjected.

Then cover an extracted Traffic and Road Safety "Algae, the new fuel"

displays. It the process of obtaining this fuel is explained, often

heralded as the latest technology for the production

of biofuels future.

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Relevant data on this fuel:•Economic:

It is estimated that a barrel of bio-oil cost about $ 60 less

than the cost of crude. In an area of 50,000 km ² could produce 95 million barrels of bio-oil per day.

Each kilogram of this biomass is 5,700 kcal, as well

as carbon.

• This "liquid-paste" has a high energy and similar to the oil characteristics, but

is not black because it contains no sulfur.

Indicates that all biofuel substitutes 100%

traditional oil without being mixed to be used.

• Environmental: • For BFS main feature of

this fuel is its environmental friendliness. CO2 used in its production so it does not pollute and

helps clean the atmosphere and reduce the greenhouse

effect. • By not producing sulfur emissions, avoid acid rain.

Scale model of a production of biofuels from algae.

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5.CONCLUSION

Currently, 84% of the world total primary energy consumption comes from fossil fuels such as oil and coal.

The environmental impact of this use, so intensive and prolonged, along with the drop in oil reserves, has prompted the search for more efficient and cleaner technologies that

do not rely on oil.Proven oil reserves in the world are reduced. Besides extraction is complicated in major producing areas of

political conflict. Use alternative energy production can be a cleaner and more

efficient option forms.Biofuels could be a good alternative if you managed to produce without using fossil fuels. So far, because it is

produced from agricultural crops, far from representing a sustainable alternative, are more severe than those resulting from fossil fuel source of environmental, social, political and

economic.

As Kofi Annan told the UN Commission on Sustainable Development "The world needs a revolution in the field of energy efficiency and increased investment in renewable

energy."

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SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Artículo especializado

“Algas, el nuevo combustible” Tráfico y Seguridad Vial

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ONLINE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Artículo especializado

dgt.es

Imágenes motorstown.com elmundo.es davidnaylor.orggasofa.es gcsescience.com carsreview.es

abengoabioenergy.com

Combustibles bomberosdenavarra.com construmatica.com

Biocombustibles

biodisol.com bioenergeticos.gob.mx nmrlab.yo-que.ch agrodigital.com

Biobutanol biobutanol.com biodiesel.com.ar agrodigital.com

Biocombustible algal

culturizando.com dgt.es

M4 y E85 davidnaylor.org

Datos económicos

gasofa.es economia.elpais.com

7.BIBLIOGRAPHY