the northern atlantis from gunter bischoff

8/13/2019 The Northern Atlantis From Gunter Bischoff

1/33

The Northern Atlantis From Gunter Bischoff

Extracts from the online article"Atlantis - the unraveling of the 20th Century"(2010) by Gnter Bischoff

Many people interested in history are still fascinated by the theme of Atlantis .Since the Greekphilosopher Plato mentioned the sunken island empire in the 4th Century BC. in his dialogues "Critias"and "Timaeus" , many eminent researchers have made attempts to solve this puzzle have[1]. DidPlato want us to imagine a mythical country, or did he actually receive a customer of a high-quality,long before its time submerged culture? Is it worth looking at all even if more than two millennia ofinvestigation have revealed no clear archaeological evidence?

Many a time it was believed that the unraveling has succeeded, but after the initial euphoria has beenrepeatedly raised serious objections. Among the most frequently discussed previously localizationsinclude the Azores, the Canary Islands, the ancient trading city in southern Spain Tartessos, Crete andthe nearby volcanic island of Thera, the Sahara and most recently Troy. The scientific discoveries ofrecent decades can be explained with this hypothesis, however great contradictions to the tradition ofPlato, Atlantis and important passages of the report found no explanation. A now more than fifty yearsold, often regarded as the opinion of an outsider theory comes after the current knowledge of the truththe next. She comes from the pastor and archaeologist Jrgen Spanuth (1907-1998), the long time thesmall rural community of North Frisian Bordelum served as pastor. In 1953 he published his firstthoughts in the book "The Atlantis riddled". That sparked the violent clash of opinions so far from thisproblem, which is not finished until today. But a number of scientists now shares the main views of thisinvestigator [2]. In a nutshell, the solution can be summarized as the old riddle:

Plato processed credible information about the home of the Egyptian priests and North Sea Peoples inSouthern Scandinavia and Central Europe. Most of the details relate to the former islands in theGerman Bight and the adjacent coastal areas. Their destruction in a particularly devastating stormsurge at the end of the Bronze Age was a sinking of Atlantis in the story.

The idea of an Atlantis in the North Sea may sound strange, but at SpanUth interpretations agree to

tradition and reality match the best. On his main arguments, but also to important discoveries of otherscientists, and especially on controversial details of the Atlantis research will be discussed furtherbelow.

Misunderstood timesPlato, it was mentioned in the drafting of the dialogues is not so much a vision of an ideal state.Rather, he sought for a historical treatise reliable information about a real, strong opponent of Ur-

Athens, in order to appreciate the once exemplary political system due to its hometown. In one of hismeetings with Critias and other friendly conversation scholars also came to the community of Atlantis.Plato It seemed useful for his purposes and, moreover, guaranteed to be because the customer aboutthe generally revered statesman was brought by Solon from Egypt.

As we now know, contains the description of the situation on Atlantis next most valuable informationand errors, misunderstandings and mythological motifs. Not least were faulty translations andcontroversial interpretations of the Greek sources help to give a partially false picture of the sunkenisland kingdom from generation to generation. What insights can now be taken for granted today, or
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/--yftYcvc59I/Tlhb_kaLICI/AAAAAAAAEUI/jLW13Pv9b1Q/s1600/Atl00_5.jpg


2/33

are at least as highly likely?

No doubt, in the dialogues "Critias" and "Timaeus" described only downfall of Atlantis at the end of theBronze Age in the 14th or 13 Century BC. Have taken place. This finding is of great importance,because we unwittingly wrong time Plato information handed. 9000 or 8000 years before his time [3],during the Mesolithic period, there was still no evidence Egyptian state and no city Athens, whichwould be attacked by the Atlanteans. As little would be for this time period, the use of chariots and warships, the massive use of copper and tin, and occasionally even of iron, to explain. These gains can,however, without problems with our view of history be reconciled if one assumes a tradition from thelate Bronze Age. Already arrived at this conclusion, the Swedish polymath Olof Rudbeck the end of

the 17th Century. With some certainty, he found the explanation for the wrong times, pointing to thelikelihood of the ancient Near East after counting months later with the emerging after years ofenumeration. According to J. Spanuth means the Egyptian hieroglyph for "year" and "circulation". Sothat was obviously meant in ancient times the sidereal lunar month. If one ie 9000 months to 28 daysof Solon's visit to Egypt in 571 BC. back, so you get to the second Half of the 13th century BC, theactual time of events [4]. Later in Egyptian records, there were still other times unrealistic. Thus, forexample, since the beginning of the first Dynasty (around 3100 BC.) Until the end of the 30th Dynasty(332 BC). 36 525 "years" have passed.

That really just the end of the Bronze Age and not the Middle Stone Age over 10,000 years ago as atransitional period in question is, can be assigned to another safe indication. In the dialogue "Critias"are not only the states on Atlantis, but also in the original language of Athens. It is described in detailincluding a cyclopean wall that was actually unearthed by archaeologists and of these as a barrier to

the 13th Century BC. encroaching North Sea Peoples and is considered [5].

The attack by the North Sea Peoples

The Viennese classicist W. Brandenstein and J. Spanuth followed in 1950 as the first researcher totrace what Solon had received his knowledge of Egyptian priests in the western Nile Delta city of Sais.In fact there are still accessible documents which surprisingly exact same events as in Plato's Atlantislegend are portrayed. Above all, here are the Papyris Harris, the military deeds of the pharaohRamses III. glorified, and identified the inscriptions on the temple at Medinet Habu. In it, among manyother matches are talking about nations that ruled over parts of Europe and Africa and Egypt severelydistressed. They had come "from the islands and continents in the world ocean in the farthest north,"

"of the islands in the ocean" and "the ends of the earth." Your country has gone down, "destroyed itsmain cities" and that "their islands by the storm uprooted and blown away" [6]. After that is for sure:

Atlantis Plato did not invent, but his dialogues are based on historical events.

The nations that in the reign of Ramses III. broke into the Mediterranean world, were in the Egyptianrecords as the "North and Sea Peoples" means. They moved in the 13th and 12 Century BC. throughmuch of Europe, the Greek city-states submitted with the exception of Athens and destroyed theoriginal in Hittite Asia Minor, situated within a few weeks. Finally they had the intention to invade,along with the Libyans in Egypt. In 1191 BC. It came to a decisive battle in the Nile Delta, whichshould have been up to that time the largest in world history. The contemporary Egyptian sourcesconceal the otherwise meticulously specified numbers of trapped and killed enemies. However, the setfor the Defense of the Reich botenen 700 000 warriors and 2,000 warships can imagine the enormityof that time was of the fighting. The attack was repulsed again with the mobilization of all forces.

Further fighting with the North Sea Peoples and in the ensuing decades, however, weakened thecountry so that the pharaohs an economic and political decline could not prevent.

A vivid impression of the fierce defensive battle, the Egyptians give the carved reliefs on approximately10,000 square feet of space on the temple walls at Medinet Habu. For example, carries a part of theconquerors round bronze shields and helmets as a headdress horns or tufts of horsehair interpreted"Radiation crowns". In addition, those warriors have been good sailors. Their agile sailing ships withthe raised and decorated with bird heads, front and rear Steven very similar to the two thousand yearslater, the world's oceans crossing Viking ships. Especially the battle scenes depicted could now beconsidered in addition to archaeological finds to rate in order to obtain information on the origin of theforeign nations. That Plato were among the Atlanteans had invaded Egypt and North Sea Peoples, isundoubtedly the most important discovery of modern Atlantis Research.

Figure 1:click for larger image


3/33

Seeschlachtszenen between Egyptians (ships with lion heads) and the North Sea Peoples and (shipswith bird heads, warriors with "crown radiation")

It took years of research by archaeologists to answer the question about which nations it was in theNorth Sea Peoples and the individuals and where they came from. According to our present findingsrepresent the North and Sea Peoples an association is of Late Bronze Age tribes that came mainlyfrom Central Europe and the more northerly areas and were forced by Major natural disasters to the

"Great Migration" into new settlement areas [7]. Militarily the strongest part of this coalition wereknown from the biblical Philistines, who settled after the failed attack on Egypt and Palestine in thiscountry its name. She also belonged to the so-called early Urnfield people. Their name was derivedfrom the custom to keep the ashes of the burnt dead in ornate Tonurnen and bury in the fields.

The Egyptian sources speak of the Philistines, they were the "survivors of sunken islands" have been,which would have been in the northern ocean. They were "Haunebu" also called, should have comefrom the home of Bernstein [8]. Another time, in this context of the "Nine Bows peoples" is mentioned.

According to the Egyptian idea divided the then known earth from south to north in ten sheets. Theninth arch was where "the longest day lasts 17 hours", ie the area around the 54th Latitude [9]. Ittherefore came in search of Atlantis, the only countries bordering the North Sea and Baltic regions ofthe early Urnfield people in question.

The trail leads to HelgolandIn fact, geologists were in the 19 and at the beginning of the 20th Century on the North coast of thedownfall of many marshes and destruction of evidence on coastal areas. At the end of the Bronze

Age, around 1220 BC., Sank in a devastating storm surge, much of the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein and Denmark as well as many offshore islands.

Figure 2:BC around 1220. sunken marshes and islands off the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein, (according toJ. Spanuth, 1953)
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gNlA6l2ZX1w/Tlhb_5XYzmI/AAAAAAAAEUQ/Kgoo1KhLDIY/s1600/Atl01_15.jpg


4/33

One of them was the main amber island Althelgoland. It was larger by far than it is today and extendedeast of the sandstone rock in the direction Eiderstedt. In it looked J. Spanuth the "Sacred Island"Basileia the Atlantis report, and he had good arguments for it. Plato characterized location andappearance of the "King [Queen] and pillar island," as one might translate Basileia [10], as follows:

she was at the mouth of great rivers,On the island, a trip was possible in the opposite ocean,foremost was a rock, looming "like cut with a knife",On the island there were red, white and black stones,the sinking of the island left behind a sea of mud that there was still time to Plato.The natural conditions in the Helgoland Bight exited the Bronze Age can be customized with many

details of the Atlantis report well reconciled. Althelgoland lay at the confluence of four great rivers:Weser, Elbe, Eider and her now-defunct tributary of Hever. All estuaries were before the flood disastersouth of the island close to each other. An almost continuous connection "in the sea opposite", namelythe Baltic, was then much larger than the eider, the Treene, the Au Rheide possible to Schlei. Thesmall gap between the latter two rivers may have been closed as canals [11]. Althelgoland hadtherefore an excellent location as a trading center for goods from inland and coastal areas of the BalticSea. In addition, the ports were the best island in the remote trading hubs with the other North Seacountries and the Mediterranean countries.For mariners who approached from England, was then about 70 m high sandstone rock, a uniqueidentifier. Such an island whose foremost part of "cut like a knife" looming, there is the whole NorthSea region a second time too, the red, white and black stones are in this combination, only a fewplaces on earth to be found. "... The red head is ..." is played in an old saying Helgolnder the strikingcolor of the sandstone rock. The now-defunct white cliffs were made of gypsum, chalk and limestone.

The last remnants of the formerly very high "Wittenklyppe" in the area of today's "Dune" in 1711 fellvictim to a storm surge. A blue-black to black rock still stands in lower depths of the sea north of thedune. He received his color by impregnation with copper carbonate [12]. These three distinctive colorsand towering cliffs offered in the Bronze Age is certainly a magnificent sight.

After the sinking of the Frisian Islands and other Althelgoland spread at this point, a shallow sea ofmud, which disabled any shipping. Atlantis Most researchers ignore this important statement, becausethey find no explanation [13]. In contrast, the German Bight, the Wadden Sea is immediately apparent,stretching to the Dutch coast. This amphibious seam between dry land and open sea can only developin the shallow shelf seas of the continental shelf. Strong tidal forces cause the regular deposit of mudand silt and the formation of sporadic water flows, the tidal creeks. Plato was probably very currentnews of this sea of mud, because the explorer Pytheas of Massilia by 350 BC. just returned back fromhis explorations had led him to Scotland, and to the islands of Thule in the German Bight.

The mysterious orichalc
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TzDr_mAFslc/TlhcAIpLQ0I/AAAAAAAAEUY/-q9dmFhDy3s/s1600/Atl02_7.jpg


5/33

Another strong support was given by the theory SpanUth credible interpretation of a strangesubstance that the "people then living next to the gold valued at the most," the orichalc. The fiery,shiny "gold copper ore," the literal translation should have used the Atlanteans, to the ceiling, columnsand floors to prove their temple and crowns to decorate walls.

The scientists hoped that just from the deciphering of this material an important clue to the location ofAtlantis. There was no shortage of the strangest suspicions. Most dissemination finally found theassumption that it could probably only be a brass. However, according to tradition, Plato dug theorichalc in many places of the earth, and alloys are not known before in the wild. Spanuth turn cameas the First thought that the description can apply only to the Bernstein [14].

This yellow to dark brown fossil resin was in the Bronze Age, but not as today in the Baltic region, butmainly derived from the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein. Trade with the prestigious Nordic Bernsteinhelped the local population to considerable wealth. The "Gold of the North" came on amber routes,which took its start in the Elbe estuary, over arduous mountain passes across to the Mediterraneancountries. Precious grave goods made of amber were in most of Europe and in the grave King of theEgyptian pharaoh found Tutanchamum. The population of Jutland developed over the centuries, ahigh level of skill in the handling of ornaments. They knew how to cook in the fossil resin and oil as"amber varnish" to use the wall paint. So the hint is understandable that the Atlanteans Our missionorichalc with oil. After the demise of the marshes of the Bronze Age amber trade was noticeablybehind with the Mediterranean countries. Therefore, the orichalc to Plato's time was "nurmehr stillknown by name." One question remained hitherto unexplained. Why use the Greek philosopher,"elektron" is not the time commonly referred to amber? But at least the Greeks the "orichalc" asked the

fossil resin close [15]. Despite these minor concerns Spanuth can still equate "orichalc" with amber asstill the best explanation [16].

To another, in the Bronze Age, much needed raw materials, was also hotly debated. Atlantis broke thereport, the residents and dignified fusible copper on the island. Even the Helgoland rocky harbors inthe white, greenish brown and red layers of red sandstone some very striking copper ores. Often theyfound a pea-sized pieces of native copper. The largest reported at least one weight from a fewhundred grams. The Helgoland copper has no admixture of tin due to its high arsenic content, highhardness and was thus suitable for the manufacture of weapons very well.

In order to rebut the arguments of his opponents, made by hand Spanuth J. melting experiments inspecially made ovens. Here he managed a striking discovery. The investigation of a sword and theNorth Sea Peoples, which had been captured by the Egyptians at the time of Pharaoh Seti II,

delivered the clear evidence that the copper contained in the deposit could only have come fromHelgoland [17]. In the following years laid the geologist and W. Lorenzo H. Schulz further evidence forthe use of copper resources in already in prehistoric times. Unfortunately, the significance of thiscopper deposit for the Bronze Age cultures in the North and Baltic Sea is still underestimated by thescientific community [18].

Odysseus sailed to the PhaeaciansFor a long time was of the opinion that there is no other report except Plato's Atlantis traditions ofsunken islands. But above all, the two German scientists A. Schulten and R. Henning opened after1930 another independent source. In the study of Homer's "Odyssey," which describes a random walkof the King of Ithaca, through the Mediterranean and Atlantic waters, they came to a surprisingly closeresemblance between the Phakeninsel "Sharia" and Plato's "Basileia". In a parallel overview of both

descriptions were over thirty essential, some are even literal matches found [19]. Notably, both timesthe water surrounded by broad rings royal castle, a channel leading through the plain, a magnificenttemple of Poseidon at the heart of King's Island and many others Like Basileia Scheria was at the "endof the world" in the ocean, and just before the island was a "steep, sloping rock face into the sea."

But there are also some important differences. The Phakenreich was ruled by 12 kings, for example,the only Atlanterreich of 10 Homer does not mention the demise of "Sharia". This is historically correct,because he lets his hero's fictional journey around 1300 BC., Make in the heyday of the Mycenaeanempire. Largely agree are the scientists that the king of Ithaca this random walk is not really made, butthe poet only seafaring trip reports and journals from the Bronze Age processed.

Homer also provides information about how Odysseus came to Phakeninsel Sharia. The nymphCalypso, who inhabited the remote island Ogygia and held him for seven years, the hero was a sailinginstructions for the journey. He also sailed the ocean at night, "he concluded ... no snooze the watchfuleyes.On the Pleiades, and turned on the vessel, the first goes down late,


6/33

and the Bear, the other one too, wagon 'name,which rotates in a circle, turned their eyes towards Orion,and alone never dips down into Okeanos bath there.For the farewell he bade the noble goddess Calypso,that he could be on his way to the left of the north star always.Seventeen days he sailed the vast waters,on the eighteenth day appeared the shadowy hills in the distance onphakischen of land, because this was now at the nextTo see such a sign in the cloud-covered seas ... "[20].

As a starting point of the voyage sought only a lonely, deserted island came out of the Strait ofGibraltar into question. It also Madeira and the Canary Islands were considered, but most of thearguments in favor of the Azores island of St. Miguel. This island was still in the 18th century. with"umbelicus maris" ("navel of the sea") refers, that is exactly how Ogygia in the "Odyssey."

The sailing course, thanks to Homer can be scientifically evaluated data. From the orientation after theconstellation "Ursa Major" and the average rising varieties of craft and Pleiades at different nighttimes, Prof. K. Bartholomew, from former professor of Archogeodsie in Essen, an NO-course withan azimuth of 54 (against North) [21]. If the Bronze Age mariners to take this course of St. Miguel,and one day then usual distance of 100 nautical miles laid, so they had to eventually advance throughthe channel from Dover to the German Bight. In 17 days, the distance of 3100 km was plenty good tohandle. The description of the sight of Phakeninsel "... like a shield in the cloud-covered sea," hits

exactly on Althelgoland because of the distance rose in the middle of the "above the sea of rock solid"like a shield boss, and both sides extended beyond the flat, interrupted only by dunes, hills andcountryside of the main island.

Also the name of "Scharia" suggests itself points to a location near the Cimbrian peninsula. Thesimilarity of name with the "archipelago", the rocky islands in Sweden, is not to be overlooked. Actuallymeans "archipelago", the "shaven" or the "bald", and that's a very apt description of almost smooth,steeply sloping sandstone rock of Heligoland [22].

Sometimes other localizations for Ogygia and Sharia are proposed. But the determined R. Henningand K. Bartholomew situation Phakeninsel Scheria considered the best all astronomical, nautical andgeographical aspects of Homer's "Odyssey" can be derived [23]. Thus another argument suggests toseek the center of Atlantis in the North Sea.

Finally, I refer to the Greek myths about the Hyperborean, a carefree people living in the far north. TheHyperboreerinsel "Helixoia", sometimes also called "Elektris" known to have been situated at themouth of the ancient amber river Eridanus. At this legendary river is still amber wash ashore, the eider,but possibly also about the same.

On Helixoia it should have given the legend with many swans on a pond. Every year at spring timethese birds swarmed around the island. To ensure close liaison and special friendship of the islanderswith the Greeks indicates the myth of the Hyperborean Apollo. Every year he visited once in a wagonpulled by swans in the north of his home and then returned in the spring at Delphi and Delos back[24].

Basileia, Scheria Helixoia and are therefore only different names for the same island, which had

obtained in the bronze age of their culture also very important.

Expeditions to the stone baseIn the past few decades numerous archaeological finds on the rocky island and into the HeligolandBight, the North Sea have substantiated theory, even if certain details are not yet completely clarified.

Althelgoland needs his former role adequately, BC before 1220th a considerable population have had.At the end of the 19th Century were studied several stone cists and cairns in the Oberland. In themwere found beside the skeletons of men, a small bronze dagger, two golden spiral disks, anotherbronze weapons, gold rings, a bronze pin of almost 18 cm in length and some double buttons.

The first dives were made in 1911 when the warship "Zhringer" on the so-called "stone ground", anunderwater survey to the east of Helgoland aground. Navy divers are said remnants "of the old castleBasileia" have discovered, have seen the addition of an old "temple" with a raised stone wall, weaponsand broken glass. In the spring of 1943, in the very war that took place there in the presence of P.Wiepert, who later became an honorary citizen of the University of Kiel, another dive. Here are a


7/33

number of stones have been discovered by man attached a kind of stone slabs and stone vaults.Unfortunately, the records were lost in the chaos of war, so that Wiepert should have memories fromthe year 1956 for skeptics no evidence [25].

Spanuth even fitted out in the years 1950, 1952 and 1953, three out of five expeditions to search forsigns of settlement on the "stone ground". The expectations were not too high and the visibility verypoor. But the divers, among them H. Beelt and E. Fries, 10 km east of Helgoland discovered a hill,which places a double, about 3 m high stone wall was surrounded. Apparently they had encounteredin the Atlantis report mentioned castle hill which will have 50 stages (10 km) inland from. The divershid hinge stones, worked flint and the remains of bronze casting plates. In another dive a grooved tiles

was sighted on the ocean floor, and a cobbled street could be tracked over 50 meters wide [26].

Completely independent of SpanUth dive plans in 1951 to the German research vessel "meta" shouldleak, which had the mandate to inspect the seabed in the vicinity of Heligoland. The newspapersreported then finds invaluable. In 30 m water depth were allegedly tracked down a mud bank in twoburial mounds, as well as housing remains, grave goods, tools and other commodities from the thirdand second millennium BC [27]. However, these reports must be viewed with caution, because untilnow no such found objects have been registered in an institution or museum.

A few years later started a research ship several times an archaeological Society, headed by C.Roper. This Bronze Age settlements in the area of the submerged marshes were detected. Even laterpulled from the finds do not. Was mined in 1971 different perforated copper disks revealed by aquarter of a meter in diameter and considerable weight. Nine years later, divers examined a group of

the Geological Institute in Kiel, the maritime area. They found 2 km south of Helgoland Dune in 6 to 8m water depth a "mass of copper ingots find site" from the local copper ore with a total weight kg of 90.To a lost shipment, it could not act, because even different sized pieces of iron slag were found [28].

According to previous research results, at least it is clear that BC until their demise around 1220. oneor more inhabited islands between Helgoland and were Eiderstedt. So far, unfortunately, still lacks thecrucial archaeological evidence that could convince even the skeptics: this was 3300 years before themajor Atlanterinsel Basileia. Sensational discoveries are not expected because of poor conditions inthe North Sea in the future. Maybe one day in spite of modern technology further discoveries arepossible.

The Nordic Bronze Age

Plato gave three very different regions of the same name "Atlantis". This contributed to the confusion

in the past the researchers. He once said that only the "Sacred Island" Basileia that actually sank,another time a much larger area on the mainland and other islands, and eventually a community ofcountries that were ruled by ten kings. On the "kingdom of Atlas", according to Plato, the mostimportant of all ten kingdoms, will now be discussed in more detail.

At about 2400 BC. united in the territory of North and Baltic Seas, the long-established builders of themegalithic Streitaxtleuten with the military, which previously occupied as a rider and pastoral peoplesof the southeast European plains. It began in a relatively short, intense fusion process of both cultures.The result was the "Nordic Bronze Culture", which is often referred to as "Nordic Circle." Aftercenturies of uninterrupted development of these nations reached from 15 Century BC. an amazingflower and showed in some areas of life, quite the well-known civilizations of the Mediterranean'sequal. Some historians see the bearers of this culture as the Bronze Age ancestors of the Teutons.

The settlement area of the bronze in men was limited east-west direction of the rivers Weser and theOder. It ranged from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and parts of Lower Saxony to the Great Lakeswest of Stockholm, including a narrow coastal strip in southern Norway. The report mentioned in

Atlantis great plain with an area of 2000 times 3000 stadia (about 370 by 560 km) is not on an island,but the closely linked with the sea landscape is aptly characterized. In northern Germany, Denmarkand southern Sweden are known to spread from an interrupted only by low elevations lowlands, andpraised for its beauty in the mountains we can see the over 2000 meter high snow-capped peaks ofthe Norwegian fjords. Considering also the relatively rapid changes in both sides of the Jutlandpeninsula in the recent geological past, then the description of the great plain is better understood. Itwas only after 7000 BC. It came in the southern North Sea to large land losses. For a long time theDogger Bank and Jutland Bank of dry land before the open sea around 2000 BC were. Althelgolandand north of it reached the islands. The dimensions of the great plain, then, rather to make thegeographical conditions during the middle Neolithic period to (see the section "The great plain").

The people lived in primitive communal relationships initially, which broke up more and more. Amongthe free peasants class differences were very pronounced. Contrast, were in the 14 and 13 Century


8/33

BC. Influence, power and wealth of tribal leaders strongly. Agriculture and livestock, which werefavored in some areas by the exceedingly fertile marshes, formed a solid basis for life. The ruralpopulation lived due to their production almost exclusively in small villages. Mostly, however, was builtstarting from the Neolithic larger, surrounded by ring walls settlements were probably the regionalcenters. Such a system has been heavily fortified by eight acres of expansion, for example, in 1971unearthed at Rendsburg in a loop of the river Eider [30]. The large Bronze Age settlement on

Althelgoland may well already be viewed as a city, even if they all could not compete with certain otherpowerful cities of its time as Ur-Athens or Troy. Plato's description of the urban center with its cultfacilities, different types of buildings, shipyards, ports and several sporting venues reveals a wealthycult and commercial metropolis of the Bronze Age. A similarly prominent role in their region gained

more than 2,000 years later the great Frisian settlement Haithabu and the rich medieval trading townof Vineta.

Not only the Bronze Age graves discovered in the jewelry and utensils to make important conclusionsabout the way people live. Extensive knowledge of the simple, yet very fashionable woolen clothing,shoes and hair styles of the Bronze people owe the archaeologists discovered the bog bodies. Theyhave been preserved for millennia as a result of better air tight seal as the comparatively Egyptianmummies. An exquisitely woven blue cloak that an important dignitary much later, around the 3rdCentury AD. wore, were found in Berger Thor bog in Schleswig-Holstein. Here the tradition is evident,because the Atlantis report is a dark blue coat king "of wondrous beauty" mentioned by each of the tenkings to the climax of the festival wore on Basileia [31].

Many acts of worship were dedicated to the warmth-giving sun. Overlooked is the number of

petroglyphs with sun symbols, depicted as circles and wheels along with all types of crosses. Initially,the revered primarily used as a riding animal horse that also attracted to the mythic ideas of the solardisk during daylight. Later came the worship of birds, especially the base in Northern Europe to singswan. Some cults of the Bronze men are also described in the Atlantis legend. These include inheritedfrom the early days of mankind appreciation of twins, the fire cult and sacrifices with sacred vessels.

One of the reasons for the "Golden Age" was the climate optimum in the second Millennium BC. In noother period of the last 15,000 years, the average temperature was as high as ever. Archaeologistscall it the "light-carrying, heat-loving Bronze Age," and so it is no wonder that wine has been grown insouthern Sweden [32]. Despite the much milder temperatures in the northern part of Central Europe,there was certainly no elephants. It is the only detail in Plato's tradition, remain the most significanttheories is explanation. At least seems a confusion of these animals with deer and aurochs in this partof Europe very credible [33].

Gold, silver and bronzeThe Atlanteans are the main sanctuary on its "Royal Island and columns" Basileia have exceedinglyabundantly decorated with gold, silver, tin and amber. In the Temple of Poseidon, moreover, manyresplendent golden statues. All of this may be a frequently occurring in old legends exaggeration. Butit is clear what has always played important role these precious metals in the life of the Atlanteans.

Can people have the bronze after today's findings by no means lacking in it. Archaeologists hid alonein the re-discovered tombs in Denmark ornate gold jewelry with a total weight of more than three tons.The wealth is considered so significant that it is not only limited to tribal leaders, but also that farmersand artisans were able to achieve significant wealth. In North Germany there is no lack of finds fromthis period. For example came in 1987 during field work in a village near Greifswald, an ornate, 147-

gram gold cuff to the fore. The sought-after precious metal was probably caused by sea from Irelandmanaged to win, perhaps, in Thuringia from gold-washing. They exchanged it against Bernstein, whowas in the Bronze Age, almost to a European currency.

Less popular was apparently at the bronze, the silver men. In its pure form, it has been handledextremely rare, however, found it more frequently than other alloys used in admixture. One for thedevelopment of human society to be evaluated much higher metal is bronze, a copper and tin alloyexisting. The miners hid the soft, white tin in the not too distant Cornwall in southern England. Herewere the Cassiterides, the tin islands of antiquity. On the other hand, trade relations in the Erzgebirgeare not excluded, because there was this metal is recovered.

Most archaeologists today still represent the opinion that they had to rely exclusively on expensiveimports of copper from Central Europe. The extensive studies by J. and W. Lorenzo Spanuthevidence, however, that the copper ore for the bronze is the link that people have actually exploited[34]. Degradation took place in the second Millennium BC. under favorable conditions at the westerntop of the then larger sandstone rock. Besides this amber ore, the source of enormous wealth was


9/33

mainly Althelgoland.

At first you probably tied in the manufacture of bronze objects from models still on adjacent crops.Soon found their own skilled craftsmen forms with tang swords and razors, for belt buckles, broochesand rings spiral, holding the dress together. A popular decorative motif was back in the running spiral,which would symbolize the eternal roles of ocean waves. Especially typical for the Nordic group areoften richly decorated swords and daggers tang. Lost your area outlines very well the settlement areaof these people and their future trails in the south. The highlight of the metal processing at this timeare the cast bronze lur, which were blown in pairs at parties. Experimental archaeologists have troublethese days to produce these instruments so masterful as ever. One of the most important finds from

this period is the so-called sun-chariot of Trundholm, 1902, the plowing on the island of Zealand to thefore. In these 60 cm long and 36 cm high bronze statue attracts a somewhat stiff-legged horse, agilded, decorated with spiral motif sun disk behind it.

Figure 3:The Sun Chariot of Trundholm (c. 1500 BC).

The Metal Age fundamentally altered the relations of the nations among themselves. It developed intoa flourishing trade, because much-needed raw materials could be obtained only in remote regions.Partly, we used the dealers along the way European rivers, some vessels are made on the long

journey through the Straits of Gibraltar. Mid-1990s hid underwater archaeologists from the southernTurkish coast near Kas, the remains of a merchant ship from the Bronze Age. The scattered on theseabed of charge to BC 1318th Sunken sailing ship was a sensation in addition to the magnificentgold and silver jewelry, large storage jars, resin, weapons, pottery and polychrome glass ingots werefound tons of tin, copper and Bernstein [35]. Presumably, these sailors were also created in the portsof Cornwall and Althelgoland to exchange these valuable commodities for other goods.

High cultures without writing?Almost unanimously, the archaeologists are of the illiteracy of all peoples living north of the Alps duringthe Bronze Age convinced. Are contrary to this view, however, some early historical references to theuse of a font in this region. Sun Euhemerus Messene reported in its "holy record" that the northernocean on an island sanctuary stood an old, were kept in the golden tablets on which the history of the

local kings was recorded in ancient time. A similar statement can be found at the Atlantis report: "...the government and the community was among them maintained pursuant to the orders of Poseidon,like them, the law and the inscriptions surviving, who were buried by the founding fathers on a columnof orichalc; she stood in the middle of the island in the sanctuary of Poseidon "[36].

That has always been a clear indication of a font. This, however, it gave up in the 1970's, no evidencein northwestern Europe, and therefore there was no doubt already in the North Sea theory. Around theyear 1982, however, managed a sensational discovery. Professor Barry Fell, who formerly taught atHarvard University in Cambridge (USA) felt in the southern Swedish province of Bohusln onpetroglyphs dot and line effects, which he interpreted as an alphabet letter. The deciphering why hesucceeded without much difficulty, because the signs are very similar to those that use the Tuareg inLibya today for her writing.

Then had the phonetic value of letters were known, he could see the petroglyphs on some meaningfulwords. The deciphering can, however, to a certain room for interpretation, because the reading is notalways clear and there was only one universal vowel that has been mostly left out yet. For example,could be seen beside the rock drawing of three bird-men, the letters "Swan" (Swan), another time "BL"
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NHBPK2nLLbo/TlhcAgi8h7I/AAAAAAAAEUg/-cegrind3iI/s1600/Atl03-6.jpg


10/33

and "GH W" next to a depiction of a bull and a cow. In addition to scoring several different types ofships were the letters "K M-A-GH GH GH LL WK SAMSL" be summarized for a presumed prayerinscription. This is Old Norse "ma aga gul kugge ol samsla vik" or "May be a gentle breeze and wereach our cogs run all along the harbor," German for example [37]. In this language, there isapparently a Primitive Germanic or Norse dialect before it developed later, the English, Norwegian andGerman.

Still very common to assume that the writing of the Tuareg's is a late, simplified form of thePhoenician. But the so-called letter of the alphabet Tifinagh guided only makes sense from the firstletters of key terms, when the Norse dialect and not the Berber language is used. So used, the Bronze

Age scribe the sign "Ring" is the letter "R", the character "door" (English "dorway") for "D", thecharacter "weights" (English "weights") for "W" , the sign "(sign) hump" (English "buckler") for "B", etc.[38]. Also noteworthy is the derivation of some letters of the celestial objects moon ("M"), sun ("S"), the4 box stars of the constellation Pegasus (the "H" = Hestemerki, ie "Horses Marks") and theconspicuous constellation of the sky-W ("Y" = Yorsa Cassiopeia).

Figure 4:Forms of letters of the alphabet Tifinagh

The biology teacher believes WPAFischer a clue to the age of the alphabet to have found. For him, thethree equilateral arranged points of the letter "K" for "head" is a symbol of the north celestial pole dar.He is now the polar star in the "Little Dipper" close. About 4000 years ago but was not a prominentstar in this place. Instead, it was around 1800 BC. Kochab of the celestial pole, and another starThuban in the constellation framed kites. During this time, or only slightly before the bronze peoplehave probably invented this writing [39].

In contrast to the Babylonian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics to the Bronze Age runes wereprobably not used for administrative tasks. Only priests and dignitaries are expected astronomershave dominated this alphabet. She has been through trials apply only to districts and sacred carved onrocks and major structures. The way to the Berber tribes took the writing, because people have thebronze settled several centuries before the Great Migration in North Africa.

Vikings of the Bronze AgeA single, high culture, which spread over many islands and coastal areas, is not without a well-developed shipping imaginable. Even today, it makes special demands on pilots to maneuver withinthe dreaded archipelago between Jutland and southern Sweden. The bronze people must have beenat sea in their element. Of these, a variety testifies to petroglyphs in the southwestern SwedishBohusln coast landscape. Thousands upon them are stylized, represented with high front and sternbearing ships and even entire ship armadas. On some scratches cultic acts are seen on the deck [40].

The slender, up to about 10 m long timber ships could carry from one to two dozen oarsmen and hada fold-down mast. In stark contrast to the types of ships in the Mediterranean were the duck and goosewith Steven heads, sometimes decorated with dragon-like heads. A most ingenious invention for the
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qLpQjEn_hmo/Tl0-kztWPgI/AAAAAAAAEbw/fzYbejoilRc/s1600/Atl04_5.jpg


11/33

drive into coastal waters was a double, Steven, who at the boat underwater cliffs and spring-trap toprotect it from damage.

The bronze as people ventured out onto the high seas. With their lucrative commercial enterprise, theysailed to Britain and Ireland because of the strong tides at a safe distance from the coast. Probablydaring expeditions came to North Africa because of some Swedish rock paintings are almost certainlyexotic animals like giraffes, ostriches and elephants visible [41]. Already A. Koster, a formidablescholar of ancient seafaring, 1923, the bronze men among the "most experienced sailors of theirtime."

This assessment is confirmed again by further discoveries of Prof. B. Fell in the 1980s. He pushednamely near Peterborough in Canada on those characters which he had previously found in southernSweden on petroglyphs. One of the carvings showed him next to the similarity of the writing clearly onthe origin of the bold sailors out: "Woden lithium-stor konungr hringriki kweid runa gneidi". This OldNorse text interpreted as fur as "lithium-Wotan, the great king of the ring empire, ordered that shouldbe carved runes" [42]. It further concluded from inscriptions that the ship's crew, loaded with copperfrom a nearby reservoir, should return after nine-month stay. The home of the sailors was an influentialNorwegian landscape north west of the Oslo fjord, which still bears the name "Ringerike" (RingEmpire) [43].

B. Fell dated the clues derived from astronomical time of the expedition BC to 1700. The residents ofthe North Sea were thus at least since the early second Millennium BC. able to cross the Atlanticroutinely. This represents a unique nautical performance that only a millennium later by other nations,

the Phoenicians, was repeated [44].

Given these findings, it is not unlikely that the Nordic sailors came also to other areas in the new worldand left evidence of their presence. In the Brazilian jungle, the Frenchman Homet discovered sometime ago, for example, stone circles, megalithic tombs and dolmens. The similarity of the megalithicmonuments in the Amazon with those in Northwest Europe is undeniable [45]. The term "Atlantic" wastherefore not unduly derived from the name of legendary island empire.

Beyond the Pillars of HerculesPlato According ruled the Atlanteans "for many generations," not only on the King Island Basileia andits immediate surroundings, but also about some other European coastal states and islands and evenparts of North Africa: "On this island of Atlantis that is was a great and admirable power of kings who

ruled the whole island as well as many other islands and parts of the mainland. kings also ruled thateven the countries on the inland sea of Libya to Egypt and Europe to Tyrrhenia ". And the later-borntwin brother of Atlas, "the outermost part of the island received from the Pillars of Hercules toGadeirischen country", which was therefore beyond the Straits of Gibraltar.

The territories mentioned all belong to the distribution area of the megalithic cultures during theNeolithic period. It may be presumed with some certainty that even the not mentioned among thekingdoms of this culture. BC since about 5000. moved from Norway to Spain and from Ireland toGermany, people whose religious beliefs and ritual practices are very similar. Especially when theyhad spread the custom of massive stones to erect large grave and residential facilities. TheMegalithleute preferably populated coastal regions and islands of the North Atlantic. Had a fondnessfor the old master builders round temple made of wood palisade and usually circular, more rarely ovalmoat and ramparts. These investments reflect their basic blueprint, the "City of Troy" in the center of

the island Basileia, which consisted of five concentric rings. A later variant of the Trojan strongholdswith labyrinthine corridors is particularly common in southern Sweden to be found.

The following areas can be counted are likely to influence the Atlanteans:

the "kingdom of Atlas": the distribution area of the Nordic Bronze Age with the Center Althelgoland;another astronomical center were the Extern Stones in Detmold;the "kingdom of Gadeiros": southern Spain to the port city of Cadiz (Gades), also Portugal, a southernSpanish town was the center of Los Milarres (from 2900 BC.)England and Scotland, where there is the greatest concentration of megalithic cult facilities, suchcenters were Stonehenge (first construction phase from 3100 BC.) And the construction of AveburyIreland, the transition chamber grave at Newgrange is the oldest surviving building in the world (3250BC.)North West France and areas between the rivers Garonne, Loire and Rhone; (. From 4800 BC) werethe centers of rows of stones at Carnac and Stone Age equipment at GavrinisNorth Africa, Atlas Mountains, the Tuareg area (Libya)


12/33

Islands of the western Mediterranean (Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Malta) and the coastalareas of the Tyrrhenian Sea

Atlantic islands off the Straits of Gibraltar (Canary Islands, Madeira)Central Europe; distribution area of the grave circle systems; BCE 5000th cult built facilities, such asGoseck (Saxony-Anhalt); Kyhna (Saxony); Osterhofen-Schmiedorf (Bayern)

Figure 5:

Click for larger imageThe distribution area of the grave circle Megalithbauwerke and plants in the Neolithic period and thearea of the Nordic Bronze Age around 1500 BC.

The settlement area of Megalithleute extended over a vast territory and was therefore "larger thanLibya and Asia minor taken together". It was not through military expansion of a strong core state, butreligious beliefs, customs and architecture ideas found in a peaceful way by traders and sailors spreadand became the common property of these people.

The megalithic theory has in recent years gained increasing popularity. However, some supporters donot strike the island "Basileia" in the Heligoland Bight, but other places as the main center. H.Tributsch 1986 favored the area around Carnac in Brittany, the Dutchman de Meester, howeverStonehenge and its surroundings. One disadvantage of these different ideas, however Spanuth. The

former hypothesis can explain not only the destruction of Atlantis and the other as a mirage.

Facts(With respect to the main island and surrounding area) Azores 1) Crete / Thera Tartessos3) TunisiaSch.El Djerid Althelgoland /NBK / MKnMain proponent of the theory I. Donnelly S. Marinatos A. Schulten J. P. Borchardt SpanuthYear of publication 1875 1938 1925 1930 1953Decline around 9000 BC. no no no no noDecline in the 14./13. Century BC. no yes / no 2) no no yes

Archaeological finds from the 14./13. Century BC. yes no yes no nobeyond the Straits of Gibraltar yes no yes no yes

Accordance with the position Phakeninsel Scheria no no no no yes

west and / or north of Sicily (according to Diodorus of Sicily) yes no yes no yeslarger than Libya and Asia Minor together no no no no yes (MKN)370 * 560 km plateau no no z.T. (Less than) / no yes to Cadiz (Danish / Norddtl.)high, beautiful mountains in the north of the plain no no yes (Sierra Morena) no yes (Mountains of thenorwegian fjords)Located at the mouth of major rivers no no sometimes (Gua-dalquivir) z.T. (Triton-flow) yes (Weser,Elbe, Eider, ...)Sea of mud after the fall no no no no yes / Wadden SeaPopulation went to war against Egypt, Greece and Asia Minor, no no no sometimes (Libyans againstEgyptians) yes (North / Sea Peoples)Orichalc (Bernstein) available no no no no yesdignified, fusible copper no no yes yes yesstructures with large ring structure no no no no yes

Elephants no no no yes no
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7shdzGZCczY/Tl0-klKR1uI/AAAAAAAAEbo/5-1Zy1Yn7IA/s1600/Atl05_50.jpg


13/33

Table 1: The most important theories of Atlantis in comparison [57](NBK = area of the Nordic Bronze Age, megalithic cultures of the area MKn =)Note 1) according to the realities around 9000 BC. and 14./13. Century BC.BC 2) yes, if volcanic eruption in 1220;. No, if Vulkanausbr. BCE 1628th3) founded by the Phoenicians (= Cadiz) in BC-S Spain, from 1100th BC to 500

[Unfortunately the table did not transfer well. I apologise but I have little choice but to leave it the way itis-DD]

Early astronomers and geodesy

The sea routes between the various cultures, and especially the trips to the remotest islands onaverage required an early nautical achievements. The people of the Neolithic and Bronze Age wereindeed no modern navigation instruments available, but they were excellent observers of nature. Theyoriented themselves to the sea at the sun during the day and night at the prevailing seasonalconstellations [46]. They probably already took advantage of the later common with the Vikings suncompass. With this easy-to-handle navigation device could fairly accurately determine during aparticular year-section at any time of day the north [47].

Advantage they made one for thousands of years of accumulated knowledge priest astronomers.Especially the European North has some unusual celestial phenomena that remain denied to theviewer on the latitude of the Mediterranean:

North of the Arctic Circle, the sun over an extended period at or below.

The celestial pole is almost at its zenith. Therefore, only from about 65 n.Br. support the idea of thesky and created the giant Atlas, who holds the heavens on his shoulders.

All nearly 19 years is excessive moon positions that are observable at a latitude of about 61 fromamateur astronomy. This summer, the full moon is at its culmination extremely low over the horizonand touches him (9 or 10 years later, however, the abundant Kulminationshhe 10 ). Similarly, thewinter full moon every 19 years is circumpolar.The boat ride over long distances is N-/S-gerichtet forcibly on the west coast of Norway, however O-/W-gerichtet preferably in the Mediterranean. The decrease of the latitude of 71 in northern Norwayto 54 at Helgoland can therefore pay more the idea of a spherical earth.It should not therefore surprising that Diodorus of Sicily on the Atlanteans and their astronomical skills:"Atlas, the first king on the holy island and ancestor of the prevailing gender has a lot of effort and hardwork devoted to the knowledge of the stars and with great ingenuity found that the Himmelsbau was asphere. ... Atlas has captured the movement of heavenly bodies and reveals the man. This was the

announcement that he would bear the heavens upon his shoulders. ... As a diligent observer of thestars, he said Much of what happened in the sky ahead. The people he taught to the motion of thesolar year, and to determine the months of the moon. " [48].

The astronomical knowledge of Megalith builders was indeed amazing. They knew the exact length ofthe year, divided them into 16 months each 22 and 23 days and turned their stone circles from underthe rising and setting of bright stars transitions. Most notable, however, was their knowledge of the18.6-year cycle in the sequence of lunar and solar eclipses. These so-called cycle Meton knew thebuilders of Stonehenge-BC system at least since 1800. Knowledge of a similar length of time fordarkness calculation, the Saros is, to the Babylonians until 600 BC. attributed.

Another incentive to intense astronomical activity was created by the transition of our ancestors of the

nomadic life to farming. To determine the best time for sowing and harvesting, for the first time theprecise knowledge of the annual course of the sun was required. While initially it was enough, theDawning-places for winter and summer solstice to be marked with simple rows of posts, and latercame round sun temples in which they celebrated on certain days of the year festivities. Particularlywidespread were astronomically oriented circle grave constructions and multiple timber palisade ringsin Central Europe. Moved here from BC 5300th the Linear Pottery, probably the first farmers on thecontinent. A lasting over several millennia, the preoccupation with celestial events can be detected incentral Germany. BCE 5000th grave in the county system was built Goseck, and not far from BC waslaid in 1600. a high dignitary of the famous cultural ntice Sky Disk of Nebragrave.

Admirable also are surveying the ability of these people at such an early time. They maintained in theirstone circles and circular grave proportions of certain plants, which resulted in the size and diameterround in their system of measurement metrics. The practical application of the Pythagorean theoremwas already familiar to them, such as stone circles in Odry (West Prussia) and Brittany show [49].There were even arranged prehistoric sanctuaries across great distances in a straight line or aparticular angle. While were tracked down in southern England have long been known as ley lines, get


14/33

Bedal K. and H. Zschweigert similar discoveries several years ago in Upper Franconia and Schleswig-Holstein [50]. The prehistoric surveyors used when erecting their buildings a unified, proven by A.Thom unit, the "Megalithic Yard" (MY) of about 83 cm length [51]. Probably has already been used forlonger distances, the unit of measurement used later in Greece "stadium" (approx. 185 m) and thecircumference of 216 000 stadia determined [52]. If this amazing knowledge have been actuallypresent, then the measurement is 2000 times the 3000 level has certainly made great stadiums of thepeople living there himself. Even if one had been over-interpretation of facts is archaeometric never becompletely excluded, yet the mathematical and astronomical skills of these people are likely to behigher than envisaged a few decades.

The "Holy Island" Basileia

Archaeologists have long been familiar with some important Neolithic settlements and cult installationsof Megalithleute band and ceramist. However, it must also have given a broadcasting center,arranging the interfered in the common life of all ten kingdoms of the Atlanteans. Unlike, for example,the spread of the "Megalithic Yard" in half of Europe can not be explained. Also to Prof. W. Schlosser,the existence and strict adherence to the "megalithic yard" as a basic measure in such a large area ofhigh culture by structuring an almost least in geometry [53]. Atlantis to approve the report also pointsto this truth, then this "significant" role just have repeatedly highlighted the "Sacred Island" playedBasileia. Met here every five or six years, the kings of the widespread community to cult activities andadvised of the compliance of all laws.

So far it has not been possible to determine the exact shape of the outer islands. But at least there is

evidence for their approximate location. Early on it was realized that not Helgoland today may havebeen looking for the ancient amber island. According to a study of geology in 1937 by E. Wasmundthey could have extended just over the South Beach back in the direction of Eiderstedt. The center of

Atlantis was therefore a relatively large contiguous island of Helgoland ranged up to a point where theisland was later temporarily separate the "South Beach" was. The information for Basileia derived fromPlato's diameter of 127 stadia (23.5 km) appears plausible, because some in the Middle Ages, NorthFrisian Islands dilapidated originally had a similar size.

A moot point is still the question of the center of the Bronze Age island, where should have been "alow hill on all sides" with the major cult systems. J. Spanuth was always convinced him to have found50 states east of the dune on the slightly elevated stone base, where his major discoveries were madediving. WPAFischer contrast, takes as its center a second submarine elevation about 11 km from non stony ground. Only here was his opinion, enough room for a nearly round, large island with over 10

km radius. This assumption is of course the - 20 m depth contour, which reflects about the Bronze Agecoastline. However, have not yet made any underwater discoveries that confirm that the focus exactlyon this point, and other researchers will share more SpanUth view.

Similarly, in the detailed description of the "Queen Island" in terms of size and specifications of theequipment attached some buildings doubt. It is for example a 93 m wide and 31 m deep, and reportsdesigned with copper channel. The main temple is said to have once had dimensions of 185 93 m. G.Kehnscherper assumed therefore, that Plato has only generally summarized his knowledge of thepeoples living north of the Alps and the island Basileia endowed with only very few "real" blocks. Thecentral City of Troy with a total of five land-and water rings and an outer diameter of 27 stadiums (5km) would have been his opinion, only the larger-cult system of Stonehenge [54].


15/33

click for larger imageFigure 6:Development of the center of the island Basileia reconstructed, according to the information Plato

(dialogue "Critias");

Recent considerations make it likely, however, that gave the Philistines captured the Egyptians butrelatively accurate descriptions of the locality. Exhibited in museums reveal some finds from the areaof the Nordic Bronze Age to amazing details that were previously interpreted satisfactorily. Theornamentation of several nearly 1 m circular shields represents the opinion of H. Zschweigert nothingother than the center of the island Basileia artistically represent [55]. We recognize the land and waterrings around the center with the oval island castle hill, the narrow bridges over the locks, the long outerchannel to the sea and on some shields and swans, the sacred bird of the Hyperborean.

Figure 7:One of the 16 found in Sweden "Herzsprung shields" from the Bronze Age with a stylizedrepresentation of the center of Basileia (?)(Photo: H. Zschweigert)

It is significant also that these bronze shields found in Sweden are decorated almost identically to the

two from heart leap in the coming Prignitz shields [56]. The so-called heart leap Shields was found notonly in the area of the Nordic Bronze Age, but also in the British Isles, Central Europe, Spain, Greeceand Cyprus. The distribution of these shields is evidence of the national importance and veneration ofthe main island of Atlantis.
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LwkrdMd-q1o/Tl0-j9RTeoI/AAAAAAAAEbY/972Irg2HgEc/s1600/Atl07_12.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gs3q9o1IJdM/Tl0-kAwPbhI/AAAAAAAAEbg/9_UQhIP-W7M/s1600/Atl06_40.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LwkrdMd-q1o/Tl0-j9RTeoI/AAAAAAAAEbY/972Irg2HgEc/s1600/Atl07_12.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gs3q9o1IJdM/Tl0-kAwPbhI/AAAAAAAAEbg/9_UQhIP-W7M/s1600/Atl06_40.jpg


16/33

Some up to 12 cm wide, mostly of women supported belt discs also remind her artistic representationat the center of the "pillar and King Island": one with a small spur bearing, slightly raised central area issurrounded by several rings, each second with one wave band was shown. Even when the sun chariotof gold Trundholm is not ideally smooth plate, as expected for a solar representation would be, butdecorated with a similar ring and wave patterns.

The "real" components in describing the island certainly includes that the central pillar covered withamber , were sacrificed to the bulls, the warm and cold spring, the "barbaric" looking temple, thesacred grove, several ports and the "merchants' quarter ". Probably even in the supposedly infected

with a copper channels designed not properly interpretable information because of an old legend saysthat Helgoland is said to have once been on the stone base an immensely rich city with copperchannels.

Plant construction areaBC. Outside Number of rings in m Features / RemarksBasileia / Althelgoland German Bight from 5000 1) 4995(27 stages) 5 3 2 land and water rings;Temple e.g. Shrines in the center

Avebury Southern England 2700 427 1 + 2 with two smaller inner rings (stone circles);largest remaining investmentBirkendegaard Zealand / DK 1000 (?) 320 with three stone pillars (like Stonehenge)

Kyhna Saxony 5500 150 4 3 doorsStonehenge, southern England 3100 /from 2600 104 /30 embankment4 2) preserved stone circles, drawn up in a horseshoe shape Trilith 5Quenstedt Sat-Anhalt 2200 95 5 5 wooden palisade rings, 3 goalsO. Schmiedorf Bavaria 4800 75 3 2 GoalsGoseck 5000 74 2 Saxony-Anhalt earliest astronomical alignment system with proven, 3 goalsTable 2: The grave circle at Basileia system compared to other major facilities in Europe, Note 1)

According to Plato, was the first Stage (no locks and channels) "before the start of navigation"2) stone circles z.T. not fully closedDer UntergangThe relatively peaceful, free from major wars period came from the middle of the 13th Century BC. by

an incipient drought period and the subsequent exodus of the early Urnfield people over. BC when thefirst immigration wave between 1230 and 1220. Greece reached, occurred on the North Sea coast is aterrible natural disaster. In this as early as 1844 the Danish researcher E. and Forchhammer 1910, theGerman geologist D. Wildvang drew attention. They reconstructed a minimum of 20 m high tsunami,which was thus three times higher than the worst storm surges, which we know from the pastcenturies. Several surf walls were erected on the coasts, and a gravel layer of 100 Danish squaremiles (5,000 square km) covered the interior. In addition to the destruction of the main island of amber-

Althelgoland Altsdstrand and many fertile marshes, the entire west coast of Schleswig-Holstein hasbeen moved to about 60 km to the east [58].

The center of Atlantis sank "in a day and a night of dreadful horror." It is likely that this extreme NorthSea storm surge caused by the impact of an asteroid in "Helgoland Hole" 4 km south of the rockyisland. The ancient Greek legend of the fall of Phaethon, which was the Roman poet Ovid in his

"Metamorphoses," processed, reports a "ball of fire" which had fallen into the mouth of the riverEridanus Amber [59].

Presumably, the 56 m deep "Helgoland Hole" is a now covered with sediments of submarine impactcraters. But there are other indications of an impact event. After the impact seemed ancient lore hasnot the sun for a day, and the raging fires were unbearably long time for people. Also, a continuousfire horizon in the peatlands of the North German Plain confirms a comprehensive disaster around1200 BC. There should be an hurricane storm have raged since the force as a steadfast countlessoaks were uprooted. Archeologists found charred remains of trees in Schleswig-Holstein and inEmsland [60]. Finally, tell the Old Icelandic "Edden" of a three-year Fimbulwinter after "Ragnarok", theworld in the mythology of the ancient Teutons.

Before the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein, then spread the still obstructing any waterway from theWadden Sea. "The immense masses of sludge, the accumulated sinking the island" to find such aclear explanation. By the terrible disaster, was the so-called Lundene Spit, which blocked the old rivernear the present mouth of the Eider. Therefore, a journey into the "beyond the sea" from now on


17/33

impossible.

Atlantis will be lost in a time of "terrible earthquake." This aspect could also prove a scientist. At theend of the 13th Century BC. It came almost simultaneously with the eruption of volcanoes in theMediterranean, a series of earthquakes in the Middle East and the "flood of Deucalion," struck thecoasts of Greece. Even in geologically quiet North Sea area caused the felling of Phaethon, accordingto tradition from an earthquake, because the mouth of the Eridanus, "the earth shook and sank a littledeeper," [61].

The Plato so vividly described the life of the people should bronze after the floods and the ongoing

climate deterioration no longer continue on this cultural level. Then in the field of Nordic Bronze Ageremaining population was instrumental in the emergence of Germanic tribes.

In the first centuries of the Iron Age of the North Sea sea level lowered due to the general slowdownand other factors. In the Helgoland Bight gradually reappeared numerous islands. Your continuoussettlement since at least the fourth Century BC. to 14 Century testify to ancient and medievalchronicles, travelogues:

In Aethiopica, an ancient Greek epic, the message is recorded that at the point where Atlantis oncestood, were settled later in seven small and three large islands. The residents had inherited from theirancestors, the memory of Atlantis preserved [62].Mentioned 23 "electrides" and a capital Amber Island "Basileia" (in the Celtic "Abalus" = Apple Island)in connection with a voyage of Pytheas the Greek explorer from Massilia. He arrived around 350 BC.

among other things, to the Elbe estuary.In 16, a commander of Germanicus led naval expedition near the Jutland peninsula fell into distress.The Roman legionaries entered the so-called because of Bernstein's Island "glaesaria".The bishop and chronicler Adam of Bremen, according to Helgoland was in the 11th Century has afootprint of 12 by 6 km a. In one of the many floods in the late Middle Ages, the eastern areaseparated and formed the now independent island "south beach". This was very probably during the"Great Manndrnke" in 1362 under. On a map of Husum Watts John Mejer cartographers from 1652 isthe original location of the medieval Islands "Helgolandt" and "Suderstrand" still clearly visible.New Year's Eve 1720/21, the rocky island was separated by a storm surge of the "Dune". Both partstogether today to take up an area of about 2 square kilometers, which is about 1 / 200 of the probablesize of the Bronze Age "King's Island and columns" Basileia.

click for larger imageFigure 8:The medieval Helgoland on a map of Husum cartographers Johannes Mejer (outline around the year800; gray area: around the year 1300; small island 1649)

The heavily subscribed in the last war, but after 1952, newly constructed offshore island attracts manyvisitors again. A view from the top country in the direction of dune can hardly even the thought of oneof the most important commercial and religious centers pay the Bronze Age. The only reminder of justthe name "Heligoland" is - Holy Land - has remained.

Since Plato's time the legend of Atlantis inspired human imagination and scientific curiosity. The

archaeological discoveries of the last century eventually brought the key findings, the researcherJrgen Spanuth could be summed up in a scientifically sound theory. The solution to the old riddlesurprisingly led to our own, surprisingly sophisticated ancestors and their European neighbors. Thevaluable historical traditions about the early Atlanteans, and Phaeacians Hyperboreans will help to
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Al1JsC88Gc4/Tl0-juCLegI/AAAAAAAAEbQ/4PwMovB-8uA/s1600/Atl08_15.jpg


18/33

understand the lifestyle of these people better.

The large level

[64] researchers have always tried to find the legendary island kingdom and to clarify the question,where could have spread the great plain of Atlantis. The plain was said to be of approximatelyrectangular shape and have measured 2000 times 3000 stadia (about 370 times 555 km) [65]. At itsedge, the island would Basileia with the surrounding land and water rings, and cult center located inthe north were mountains "in number, size and grace surpassed all others." Atlantis a good theory

should be able to interpret these not insignificant geographical details make sense.

Looking at the major hypotheses suggest more closely then the previous explanations were more orless unsatisfactory. In the past frequently discussed Thera-/Kreta-Theorie has none of the two islandsis a similarity in size and shape of the surface. Also, the levels in the south of England, North WestFrance and the southern Spanish port city Gadiz have been considered, but they differ significantlyfrom the rectangular shape, or are too small. Better to have met the ideas of the French engineer J.Deruelle. In his interpretation, the level reached in the Neolithic of the Netherlands to the DoggerBank. But here is missing the explicitly mentioned in the mountains north.

Even the otherwise very convincing theory of J. Spanuth previously agreed on this point do not matchas expected. The spread area of the Nordic Bronze Age was the most part flat, but the requiredlongitudinal extent of 3000 stadia is exceeded in both a NS orientation of the rectangle (Southern

Norway to Northern Germany) and in an EW orientation (Weser estuary to the island of Gotland) by athird. In addition, the plane through the Skagerrak and the western Baltic Sea would have beeninterrupted by larger areas of water [66].

Came with a startling solution to the problem in 2004 and a retired school teacher H.-W. Rathjen fromMinden to the public. He left with his approach out of hand off the areas of southern Scandinavia, withits "surrounding mountains" and bordered by a continuous layer on the former Northern Germany, thepeninsula of Jutland and the Danish islands. In terms of land and water distribution at the end of theBronze Age, he recognized one by 20 from the NS direction deviant rectangle with a very goodagreement with the dimensions: Skaw at the northern tip of Denmark is the Oder estuary nearSzczecin actually removed 3000 stadiums, and the distance between Helgoland and the Sound isquite exactly 2000 stages (Fig. 9).

As a rectangular border within Germany takes H.-W. Rathjen the southern extension of the NordicBronze Age, including the so-called group Stade, Lneburg and Allermndungs group at [67]. The

Atlanteans have obviously the whole mostly flat land north of the Weser mountain country up to orconsidered their habitat. The southern corner of the plane, which, like the East point notgeographically exposed position can therefore be assumed in Minden, now the junction of the Weserand the Mittelland Canal. The measured accurately from the north south corner is theoretical however,near the Externsteine in Teutoburg Forest. Perhaps the bronze people were even aware of thischance, because the towering rock formation was in prehistoric times as an astronomical observationsite, and possibly also used as a locating point.


19/33

Figure 9:By H.-W. Rathjen reconstructed great plain of Atlantis

The "realm of Atlas" also included parts of the country of Norway, Sweden and Germany, but onlyDenmark was completely within the former Great Plains. This almost completely flat land lost in thelast 7,000 years, more than half of its original territory by storm surges and other natural catastrophes[68]. Today, the area of water between Jutland, Ruegen and southern Sweden, but is predominant inthe 13th Century BC., Immediately before the collapse of the central areas of Atlantis, were the majorDanish islands of Zealand, Funen, Lolland and Falster separated by noticeably narrower Belts. Manycurrently existing islands were linked with each other or with the mainland. Also the west coast ofJutland lined lot now sunken islands. A Bronze Age would have been better map the outer contours ofthe approximately rectangular lowlands emphasized. Yet it was clear at the beginning of the Neolithicperiod around BC 5000th forth. Here the mainland Jutland Bank perfected as the NW tip of therectangle, and the Danish Baltic Sea island of Ruegen were mostly closed to the Skaw a land area[69].

The deviation from the idealized plane by 20 from the north on its eastern side is still clearly visible.Not only the southwest coast of the former Swedish Kattegat has this much narrower focus, but alsothe imaginary extension to the Oder estuary. The west side of the plane, however, was still in 5th Jts.BC. by a powerful current is limited, which was formed by the confluence of the river Weser, Elbe andEider northwest of Helgoland. The mean direction of this "primal-Weser" from Minden to the formerestuary between Jutland and Dogger Bank was approximately parallel to the east side of the planeand is still using the 25 m - (Fig. 10) Deep Sea traceable line of [ 70]. larger image

Figure 10:
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0uOGWdnygRQ/Tl1AhqB0qzI/AAAAAAAAEdQ/1WncmYRuXAw/s1600/AtlE2_15.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/--SCmn7nCS4Y/Tl1AiKFF_YI/AAAAAAAAEdY/1URXZPioeFo/s1600/AtlE1_10.jpghttp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0uOGWdnygRQ/Tl1AhqB0qzI/AAAAAAAAEdQ/1WncmYRuXAw/s1600/AtlE2_15.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/--SCmn7nCS4Y/Tl1AiKFF_YI/AAAAAAAAEdY/1URXZPioeFo/s1600/AtlE1_10.jpg


20/33

Southern North Sea in the 7th Jts. BC. Fixed country (gray) and still complete the "Great Plain"(rectangle)

The generally very flat North German and Danish lowland is interrupted by only a few surveys, theHelpter Ostmecklenburg reach the highest mountains in less than 180 m. The landscape of this levelwas marked by many lakes, small rivers, fjords and sounds. The great wealth of aquatic offeredpeople on the coasts and in inland favorable conditions for settling. The bronze people apparentlylived in a certain wealth, as in Plato's description of the involved level hills had "... many of thesurrounding villages and rich rivers, lakes and meadows to sufficient food for all wild and tame cattle

...".

Were with the "revolving mountains" outside of the plane certainly in the south of the German lowmountain range, in Sweden, the gently undulating woodland landscape of Smland and in the north,the snow-capped, meaning about 2000 m high peaks of the Norwegian fjord landscape, which the

Atlanteans praised for their unique beauty.

Canal builder between the North and Baltic SeasThe shipping provided as early as the Neolithic period, but more so in the Bronze Age, the mostimportant mode of transport over long distances, it dar. is therefore not surprising that the bronze men,the existing waterways expansions yet and some rivers through canals and locks associated [71].

Atlantis is in the report of several "gaps", ie the speech canals, including a "Super Channel" with 31

stages and 10,000 m depth (1850 km) long, is said to have surrounded the whole plane [72]. Platohimself doubted this incredible information, but yet again they were paying close faithful. With thediscovery of H.-W. Rathjen can now interpret this important detail makes sense. Of course there wasnever a channel of this length, but the informant among the Philistines migrated from the north wantedto express clearly that a ship could completely bypass the large part on natural water level and partlyto artificial channels.

A Bronze Age ship's crew were also at the former shoreline easily passes from the mouth of the Oderby the resund, the Kattegat, would Denmark sailed through the Skagerrak and would be along theislands off the west coast of Jutland to the middle reaches of the Weser sailed. Today it would be fromthe Midland Minden channel, the Elbe-Havel canal and the Oder-Havel canal, in order to actually bearound 1850 km long border shipping route back into the Oder. Bronze Age, a continuous channelsystem is still questioned by most archaeologists, but the historian K. Goldmann takes this very

elaborate system of waterways from the Vistula to the Rhine, already for the Bronze Age [71].

The significance of the Atlanteans and the entire Umschiffbarkeit the external shape of the plane wheneating is evident from a previously misunderstood remark. What "missing the square," wrote Plato,"they made up for with a ditch dug around it." The bronze people obviously felt it as a disadvantagethat existed on the southern edge of the plane and thus at the limit of their scope of power from westto east running no navigable river. To remedy this deficiency, therefore they laid on a channel.Certainly we moved here to reduce the high workload as many rivers and lakes between Weser andOder with one.

A kind of Kiel Canal to the Bronze Age was the eider-loop path. He joined the North Sea area close tothe cult and commercial metropolis Althelgoland / Altsdstrand directly with the Baltic and divided theplane into two approximately equal halves. The Bronze Age history of the eider Treene, the Rheide Au

was added to the dismantling most likely in Schleswig by a canal and lock system to ensure acontinuous connection to the "beyond sea" to produce.

This has in the southwest of the plane lying between the rivers Weser and Leine Steinhude certainlyalso played an important role in transport geography. It was also - just like Heligoland - a birdsanctuary and a hub of flying birds in Central Europe.

The construction of canals, sluices and dikes required organizational skills, technical engineeringknowledge and mathematical knowledge, but he promoted the same time. The constant struggleagainst ocean tides and loss of land shaped the people and Bronze forced them to high-qualitycollaborative work. This seems to be the core of Atlantean Empire over the centuries mentioned inPlato introduced the leadership role among the ten kingdoms, and accelerates the development of anorderly state system to have. In organizing the construction and public life apparently geometricconsiderations also played a major role. The cross channels that connected the main water lines werenot created randomly, but were declared to stages far from each other 100. Furthermore, had to ask a10 by 10 stages of large district in the event of war, a specific, well-defined military contingent.


21/33

In light of recent findings by clarifying the most likely to another puzzle of the history of Schleswig-Holstein. H. 1997 Zschweigert made aware of an earlier discovery by G. Carstens, that prehistoric cultfacilities have been created along an imaginary rectangular grid [73]. Understand it was only the 20 deviation of the lines from the northern direction (exactly 341 azimuth), which neither astronomicalnor otherwise made sense. The relationship is only now apparent: the prehistoric surveyors andarchitects were obviously trying to roads and connecting lines between major buildings and places ofworship to align parallel to the outer sides of the idealized large plane. Because like it was neverpreviously observed in other populations, this performance earned the bronze people and theirancestors similarly recognized organization such as the construction of the pyramids in Egypt.

Figure 11:click for larger imageThe area of the Atlantis today (NASA image)Geodesy 5,000 years ago?The specific size specifications for Plato's Atlantis level and their good agreement with reality can be

explained only by an actual survey made. You must have occurred very early, perhaps in the 5th or 4Jts. BC. when Heligoland was still connected to the mainland and "Ur-Denmark" had a mostlycontiguous land area. Starting point and direction of measurement can be taken even in a case of the

Atlantis legend "from the sea inland, wide middle stages of 2000" means nothing else than the worshipcenter Althelgoland out across the plain to the Sound. The zero point of the measurement wascertainly a point near the middle or even the most holy place on this island, adorned with amber bigworld pillar in the center of the hill [74].

But why was chosen as the length unit for measuring land just 185 meters and not a hundred times ora thousand times the Megalithic Yards (83 cm)? Presumably, the preference of the old people andsmall whole "round" numbers was crucial for it. They searched for a "holy", the naturally occurringdistance with a high symbolic importance, and found them in the width of the smallest ring on

Althelgoland water. He surrounded the central worship area of the island and had Basileia Plato that"a stadium wide". The other land and water had the rings twice and three times the width, the diameterof the innermost central island was 5 stages, the channel length is comprised almost to the sea"round" 50 stages and 2,000 times the level of 3000 stadia. A "perfect" unit was then found with astadium of 185 m length. The local conditions at Althelgoland could be grown in this way "measure"essential to the oldest of length to land surveying in ancient Europe [75].

Sometime after surveying the plane was safely on the priest astronomers or the prehistoric mariners,the desire, the size of the entire northern hemisphere to find out. There is evidence that this ambitiousproject was really tackled, and before long Eratosthenes, the first unnamed geodesy. H. Zschweigertbeen referring to this strange, difficult to understand passages in the Edden what Valhalla and Thor'spalace in 540 sections divided Bilskirnir are. Perhaps therefore the length of the earth's quadrant ismeant when a section is a measure of length of 100 stadia used. 54 000 stages total length (about9990 km) do in fact very little of the reality from [76].

A practical method for triangulation for surveying in the northern latitudes and with simple toolsconsisted of measuring the elevation angle at the former North Star. She had to take place at two
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iezayZ_r2_A/Tl1AxKbpPwI/AAAAAAAAEdo/pnQoiXmS-4Q/s1600/AtlE3_15.jpg


22/33

different locations that were reasonably accurate on a meridian and as far away from each other were.The inhabitants of the great plain had a good basis for such a task. May have been in the canal anddyke farmers the necessary angle measuring instruments already in use. A sufficiently long time andbecause of the flat land good ausmessbare NS-directed segment they could close the 10th easternlongitude have been found. Today's port city of Jutland Hirtshals is located in the south of Celle 3000stadiums. On this length varies for an observer to the celestial north pole of the elevation angle of 5 ,an eight-tenths of the right angle. From this relationship could easily be calculated the length of theearth's quadrant of 54,000 stadia [77].

Thanks to the precession of the axis of rotation of the planet can be determined a likely date for the

prehistoric geodesy. Only rarely was in fact the last few millennia, a sufficiently bright star very close tothe north celestial pole. Today's North Star at this point in the long run is the exception. Prior to fulfillthe somewhat weaker Thuban in the constellation Draco function as an exact north-Weiser, BC,namely 3000-2650. [78]. One must trust the people of this era certainly, to have produced a"Eratosthenes of the Neolithic period," precisely because the European North offered - as alreadymentioned - creating favorable conditions for astronomical discoveries and the discovery of thesphericity of the earth.

Although some of these ideas are still speculative, but there are several indications for an intensivestudy of land surveying and the early use of the unit of length "stadium". H. Zschweigert found inrecent years, many "accidents" out. So there are a number of Schleswig-Holstein Land and fieldnames with respect to these activities as "red herring", "Red Meuse", "Holm angle" etc., which aremoreover in a geometrical relationship to each other. Not least, it could be a connection between the

term "stadium" with "Stade / shore" and an accumulation of the place names on "stade" in the Elbe-Weser triangle-type [79].

Recent research on high level have enriched the half a century ago, first published theory of JrgenSpanuth in one important respect. Several details of Plato's Atlantis legend have now become moreunderstandable. Future archaeological discoveries are valuable for further interpretation of thistradition from the Bronze Age to contribute and complement the image of a sophisticated prehistoricculture in northern Central Europe.

The Bronze Age metropolis Althelgoland[80] It was after the common view of history is not necessarily to be expected, that can be found farfrom the famous Mediterranean cultures, evidence of high-tribes "beyond the Pillars of Hercules".

Meanwhile, evidence such discoveries as the "Sky Disc of Nebra", the early Neolithic circular graveinstallations in central Germany and finds in the German Wadden Sea from Mycenaean-Minoan timesof a remarkable civilization, as it was a hundred years not held in this region possible. But tounderstand why exactly was in the field of Heligoland Bight, develop a significant cult and commercialcenter of ancient times, one must look back far into the past.

When Europe after the last ice age warmed again, this also had a profound impact on the land andwater distribution between Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern boundary of the North Seawas about 9000 years between Scotland and Northern Jutland (Fig. 10). South of it at that time wasdry land, and the area around Helgoland was located 300 km from the coast. Yet even then it had aprivileged position. In the middle of the flat landscape of brown and rose abruptly red sandstone cliffs,beside the equally high, gleaming white "Witte Klyppe" chalk and plaster and a black impregnated withcarbonate of copper, blue-colored rocks. Geologically interesting formations such individual has

always attracted the people to be religious purposes, as evidenced, for example, the Extern Stones inDetmold and Ayers Rock in Australia.

As a consequence of the gradual discharge of the Scandinavian peninsula from the ice surface areadecreased continuously from the southern North Sea, following extreme natural disasters sometimesabruptly [81]. The sea gradually devoured the mainland areas between Denmark and England untilaround 2000 BC, jus

the northern atlantis from gunter bischoff

Documents