the o – o distances are 127.2 pm. the o – o – o angle is 116.78°. the central atom is sp²...

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The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 0.53 D. The bonding can be expressed as a resonance hybrid with a single bond on one side and double bond on the other producing an overall bond order of 1.5 for each side.

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Page 1: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a dipole moment of 0.53 D. The bonding can be expressed as a resonance hybrid with a single bond on one side and double bond on the other producing an overall bond order of 1.5 for each side.

Page 2: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

Although sulfur and oxygen both have six valence electrons, the molecular bonds in SO2 are not the same as those in ozone. The S–O bonds are shorter in SO2 (143.1 pm) than in sulfur monoxide, SO (148.1 pm), whereas the O–O bonds are longer in ozone (127.8 pm) than in dioxygen, O2 (120.7 pm). The mean bond energy is greater in SO2 (548 kJ/mol) than in SO (524 kJ/mol), whereas it is less in O3 (297 kJ/mol) than in O2 (490 kJ/mol). These pieces of evidence lead chemists to conclude that the S–O bonds in sulfur dioxide have a bond order of at least 2, unlike the O–O bonds in ozone, which have a bond order of 1.5.

Page 3: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with
Page 4: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

L'ossido di diazoto (nome IUPAC monossido di diazoto e noto soprattutto come protossido di azoto) a temperatura e pressione ambiente è un gas incolore non infiammabile dall'odore lievemente dolce.Ha formula chimica N2O.È noto anche come gas esilarante per via dei suoi effetti euforizzanti. Trova impiego medico come analgesico e anestetico.

Page 5: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

L'ossido di azoto è un gas incolore, la formula della sua molecola è NO ed il numero CAS è 10102-43-9. La sostanza è un forte ossidante e reagisce con materiali combustibili e riducenti. Al contatto con l'aria si trasforma in biossido di azoto. In ambito fisiologico l'ossido di azoto rappresenta un importante neurotrasmettitore con effetto vasodilatante.

L'ossido di azoto è un ossido neutro e non una anidride. L'ossido di azoto presenta nella molecola un elettrone spaiato, che conferisce al gas un comportamento paramagnetico. È però diamagnetico allo stato solido e liquido, in quanto la molecola dimerizza formando N2O2. L'ossido di azoto è stabile in modo inusuale per una molecola con un elettrone dispari, ma reagisce spontaneamente con l'ossigeno per dare il diossido di azoto.

2NO + O2 --> 2NO2

Page 6: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

Il diossido di azoto (noto anche come ipoazotide, specie se in forma dimera, N2O4) è un gas rosso bruno a temperatura ordinaria dall'odore soffocante, irritante e caratteristico. È più denso dell'aria, pertanto i suoi vapori tendono a rimanere a livello del suolo.Ha formula chimica NO2.Il diossido di azoto è un forte irritante delle vie polmonari; già a moderate concentrazioni nell'aria provoca tosse acuta, dolori al torace, convulsioni e insufficienza circolatoria. Può inoltre provocare danni irreversibili ai polmoni che possono manifestarsi anche molti mesi dopo l'attacco. È emesso soprattutto dai motori diesel ed è ritenuto cancerogeno.

Page 7: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

Dinitrogen trioxide is the chemical compound with the formula N2O3. This deep blue liquid is one of binary nitrogen

oxides. It forms upon mixing equal parts of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide and cooling the mixture below −21 °C :

NO + NO2 N2O3

Dinitrogen trioxide is only isolable at low temperatures, i.e. in the liquid and solid phases. At higher temperatures the equilibrium favors the constituent gases

Page 8: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

Il pentossido di diazoto è un ossido di azoto con formula N2O5.Si tratta di un solido cristallino volatile e deliquescente costituito da NO2

+ e NO3-, quindi è effettivamente nitrato di nitronio.

Allo stato di vapore o in soluzione di solventi apolari è presente come molecola covalente. Si ha quindi un equilibrio tra le due forme:N2O5 NO⇄ 2

+·NO3−

Fra tutti gli ossidi di azoto è l'unico ad avere un ossigeno a ponte tra i due atomi di azoto.

Page 9: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

L'acido nitroso è un acido di formula HNO2.

Page 10: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

Under acidic conditions the nitrite forms nitrous acid (HNO2), which is protonated and splits into the nitrosonium cation N≡O+ and water: H2NO2

+ = H2O + NO+. The nitrosonium cation then reacts with an amine to produce nitrosamine.

In 1956, two British scientists, John Barnes and Peter Magee, reported that dimethylnitrosamine produced liver tumours in rats. Research was undertaken and approximately 90% of nitrosamine compounds were deemed to be carcinogenic.In the 1970s, there was an increased frequency of liver cancer found in Norwegian farm animals. The farm animals had been fed on herring meal, which was preserved using sodium nitrite. The sodium nitrite had reacted with dimethylamine in the fish and produced dimethylnitrosamine.Nitrosamines can cause cancers in a wide variety of animal species, a feature that suggests that they may also be carcinogenic in humans. "At present, available epidemiological evidence from case-control studies on nitrite and nitrosamine intake supports a positive association with gastric cancer risk.

Page 11: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

L'acido nitrico è un acido minerale forte, nonché un forte agente ossidante.La sua formula chimica è HNO3.

Page 12: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with
Page 13: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent as shown by its large positive reduction potential (E0

r).

NO3- + 2 H+ +    e- → NO2 +   H2O,     E0

r = 0.79 V

NO3- + 4 H+ + 3 e- → NO  + 2 H2O,     E0

r = 0.96 V

Being a powerful oxidizing agent, nitric acid reacts violently with many non-metallic compounds and the reactions may be explosive. Depending on the acid concentration, temperature and the reducing agent involved, the end products can be variable. Reaction takes place with all metals except the noble metals series and certain alloys. As a general rule, oxidizing reactions occur primarily with the concentrated acid, favoring the formation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

Page 14: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

With more concentrated nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide is produced directly in a reaction with 1:4 stoichiometry.

Cu + 4 H+ + 2 NO3− → Cu2+ + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O

Video

Page 15: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

Nome Formula Numero di ossidazione

azoto

Ammoniaca NH3 -3

Protossido di azoto (Ossido nitroso)

N2O +1

Ossido nitrico NO +2Anidride nitrosa N2O3 +3IpoazotideOssido di diazoto

NO2 +4

Tetrossido di diazoto (dimero ipoazotide)

N2O4 +4

Anidride nitrica N2O5 +5

Page 16: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with
Page 17: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

L'ipoclorito del sodio è una soluzione chiara, leggermente giallastra con un odore caratteristico, la sua densità relativa è pari a 1.1 (5.5% di soluzione acquosa). Come agente candeggiante per consumo domestico esso contiene solitamente il 5% di sodio ipoclorito (con un pH di circa 11, è irritante). Se è piu' concentrato, contiene ipoclorito del sodio in concentrazione pari a 10-15% (con un pH di intorno 13, brucia ed è corrosivo).

Page 18: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with
Page 19: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

HClO: Reaction with protein sulfhydryl groups.

Knox et al. first noted that HClO is a sulfhydryl inhibitor that, in sufficient quantity, could completely inactivate proteins containing sulfhydryl groups. This is because HClO oxidises sulfhydryl groups, leading to the formation of disulfide bonds that can result in crosslinking of proteins. The HClO mechanism of sulfhydryl oxidation is similar to that of chloramine, and may only be bacteriostatic, because, once the residual chlorine is dissipated, some sulfhydryl function can be restored. One sulfhydryl-containing amino acid can scavenge up to four molecules of HOCl. Consistent with this, it has been proposed that sulfhydryl groups of sulfur-containing amino acids can be oxidized a total of three times by three HClO molecules, with the fourth reacting with the α-amino group. The first reaction yields sulfenic acid (R-SOH) then sulfinic acid (R-SO2H) and finally R-SO3H. Each of those intermediates can also condense with another sulfhydryl group, causing cross-linking and aggregation of proteins. Sulfinic acid and R-SO3H derivatives are produced only at high molar excesses of HClO, and disulfides are formed primarily at bacteriocidal levels. Disulfide bonds can also be oxidized by HClO to sulfinic acid. Because the oxidation of sulfhydryls and disulfides evolves hydrochloric acid, this process results in the depletion HClO.

Page 20: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

MPO produces hypochlorous acid (HClO) from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chloride anion (Cl-) during the neutrophil's respiratory burst. It requires heme as a cofactor. Hypochlorous acid is cytotoxic, so it is used by the neutrophil to kill bacteria and other pathogens.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase enzyme (EC 1.11.1.7) most abundantly present in neutrophil granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). It is a lysosomal protein stored in azurophilic granules of the neutrophil. MPO has a heme pigment, which causes its green color in secretions rich in neutrophils, such as pus and some forms of mucus

Page 21: The O – O distances are 127.2 pm. The O – O – O angle is 116.78°. The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with

  Tautomeri della molecola di H3PO3:

acido fosfonico (a sinistra) e acido fosforoso (a destra)