the office of retention, mentoring, & support programs: responsible conduct of research (rcr)...
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The Office of Retention,
Mentoring, & Support
Programs:
Responsible Conduct of
Research (RCR)
Workshop entitled
Ethical Reasoning
October 20, 2005
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Presented by
Virginia A. Brown, Program CoordinatorHU, College of Medicine, CH&FPProgram in Health Care Ethics
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Develop a practice-
oriented philosophy that
links ethical reasoning
with ethical action(s) in
“real life” situations.
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The Prime Directive
Above all else, do no harm!
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Terms of Art…
Morality vs. Ethics
Codes of Ethics
Ethical Reasoning
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Terms of Art…
Words and their meaning.
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online: Oxford English Dictionary http://dictionary.oed.com
Morality
I. Simple uses. 1. Ethical wisdom, knowledge of
moral science. Obs.
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online: Oxford English Dictionary http://dictionary.oed.com
Ethics
II. pl. ethics. 2. (after Gr.) The science of morals;
the department of study concerned with the principles of human duty.
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Ethics and Morality
Ethics and morality are often used interchangeably.
It is useful to distinguish between them. Ethics stems from the Greek word
ethos, meaning character. Morality is from the Latin word mores,
meaning character, custom, or habit.
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Ethics
Systematic ethics is the examination of morality, conduct, and social practices.
Responds to questions of “Why should I (or we) do X or Y? What reasons would justify such actions and why”. How ought I conduct myself in this life?
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Morality
We now understand morality to mean customary morality, or widely shared beliefs about the moral life and norms about right and wrong conduct that prevail in a particular culture or subculture.
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Reich, 1995, p 738-739
Normative Ethics
…”[T]hat pole of ethical theory that stood closet to practice.”¹
Thus the idea is that the task of “…normative ethics is to define and to defend an adequate theory for guiding conduct.²
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Post Modernity
Liberal (great sound bites) Conservative (as seen on Fox TV) Consensus (as seen on Oprah and Dr. Laura) Religious Right (Farwell approved)
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????!!!!******
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Features of Codes Patient Relationships/Employment
Practices Confidentiality Public Disclosure Conflicts of Interest/Relationships/Safety Management Practices Employment Practices/Bounds of
Authority Political Involvement Societal Duty
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(HU Academic Code of Conduct, p 20)
HU Academic Responsibilities
All students share the following responsibilities:
A. To read, become familiar with and adhere to the Code, the University’s Code of Ethics and Conduct, the Academic Code of Conduct, the Student Reference Manual, the H-Book, and the relevant academic Bulletin of the School or
College in which the student is enrolled.
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continued…
B. To respect the personal and property rights of others and to act in a responsible manner at all times.
C. To protect and foster the intellectual,
academic, cultural, social and other missions of
the University.
D. To observe the laws of local, state and federal governments
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Academic Code of Conduct, H Book, p 114
ACADEMIC CODE OF STUDENT CONDUCT
Howard University is a community of scholars composed of faculty and students both of whom must hold the pursuit of learning and search for truth in the highest regard.
Such regard requires adherence to the goal of unquestionable integrity and honesty in the discharge of teaching and learning responsibilities.
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continued…
Such regard allows no place for academic dishonesty regardless of any seeming advantage or gain that might accrue from such dishonesty.
To better assure the realization of this goal, any student enrolled for study at the university may be disciplined for the academic infractions defined below.
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ACADEMIC POLICIES
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY As part of Howard’s community of scholars, you are
expected to hold the pursuit of learning and the search for truth in the highest regard while displaying unquestionable integrity and honesty.
There is no place for academic dishonesty, regardless of any seeming advantage or gain that may accrue from such dishonesty.
Students will be disciplined for any intentional act(s) of dishonesty in the fulfillment of academic course or program requirements and for intentionally representing as one’s own, any ideas, writings and works of another without acknowledging that author.
(Page 20)
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Types of Moral Theories
Consequence-based theories Utilitarianism
Obligation-based theories Kantianism
Rights-based theories Liberal Individualism
Community-based theories Communitarianism
Relationship-based theories Ethics of care
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PROBLEM
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Ethical Reasoning
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The process……
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Case Discussion
Process
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Criteria
Issues and points of ethical conflict
Interested party / parties
Consequences Duties or Obligations
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Applying the criteria
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GridIssues or Interested Parties
Points of Conflict
Consequences Obligations
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Issues of points of conflict
Describe the nature of the moral conflict
Note: This is the most difficult part of the analysis. Most people find it easier to begin by considering interested parties, consequences, and obligations.
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Interested Parties
Requires skills in perspective-talking
Think progressive ordering of people-form the person facing the ethical problem, to the person (s) immediately affected, to employer, to peer, to society in general.
Consider reasonable expectations of the interested part.
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Consequences
Each action considered= several possible outcomes
Identify consequences that have a good probability of occurring
May be multifaceted
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Obligations
Primary: Obligations of the protagonist toward the various interested parties
Refer to the moral justification in terms of values, principles, character, or outcomes
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Summary
Professionals have a particular responsibility to have well developed skills of moral reasoning
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So just who are you?
What is the source of your moral center?
What is the source of authority regarding your professional conduct?
How do you justify your professional actions?
Do they the conflict? When they do, what will you
do?
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Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken
I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.
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Thank You.