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Sufficient Economy in Perspective of Sufficient Economy in Perspective of Environment: A Case Study of the Environment: A Case Study of the
King’Innitiative Project on Laem Phak Bia King’Innitiative Project on Laem Phak Bia Environmental Research and Development in Environmental Research and Development in
Petchburi ProvincePetchburi ProvincePrepared ByPrepared By
Professor Dr. Kasem ChunkaoProfessor Dr. Kasem ChunkaoDean, College of EnvironmentDean, College of Environment
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand y, g ,y, g ,LERD Royal Project DirectorLERD Royal Project Director
Environmental Advisor of The Office ofEnvironmental Advisor of The Office ofEnvironmental Advisor of The Office of Environmental Advisor of The Office of Chaipattana FoundationChaipattana Foundation
Sufficient EconomySufficient EconomyThe philosophy of sufficient economy has been developedThe philosophy of sufficient economy has been developed
and advocated for the past three decades by His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej based on HM’s accumulative experiences in rural development The emphasis of theexperiences in rural development. The emphasis of the philosophy is on the term “sufficiency”. According to His Majesty, sufficiency means “moderation, reasonableness, and the need for self-immunity for sufficient protection from y pimpact arising from internal and external changes. The philosophy of sufficiency economy includes three elements: moderation, reasonableness, and self-awareness and requires two conditions for the philosophy to work:requires two conditions for the philosophy to work: knowledge( knowledgeable, prudent, and careful) and virtues (loyal, honest, diligent, and share) in order to manage lives economy society balance stabilizationmanage ,lives, economy, society, balance, stabilization, and sustainability of people’s economic affairs.
Philosophy of Sufficient Economyp y y“middle path for day-to-day life and social processes”
moderation
bl self immunityreasonableness self immunity
k l d diti i t ditiknowledge condition(knowledgeable, prudent, careful)
virtues condition(loyal, honest, diligent, share)
take
to
lives/economy/society/balance/stable/sustainable
สรปปรชญาเศรษฐกจพอเพยง
ทางสายกลาง
พอประมาณ
มภมคมกนมเหตผล
มภมคมกน
ในตวทดเงอนไขความร เงอนไขคณธรรม(รอบร รอบคอบ
ระมดระวง)
(ซอสตย สจรต
ขยน แบงปน)
นาส
ชวต/เศรษฐกจ/สงคม/สมดล/มนคง/ยงยน
His Majesty the KingHis Majesty the Kingand Water Supplyand Water Supply t th P l fto the People of
Th il dThailand
7- Water Royal Projects11. Rain water.. Rain water. RainRain--making worksmaking works
7 Water Royal Projects gg
22.. Forest water.Forest water. Head watershed Head watershed
33. . LowlandLowland--flooded Water.flooded Water. DDugug--out pond or monkey cheek pondout pond or monkey cheek pond
44. Drought. Drought--storage water. storage water. PondPond33o, paddyo, paddy3030,upland,upland3030, housing, housing1010
55 Irrigated water Storage and diversion dams Irrigated water Storage and diversion dams55. Irrigated water. Storage and diversion dams. Irrigated water. Storage and diversion dams
66. Usable water.. Usable water. Storage and diversion damsStorage and diversion dams
77. Treated wastewater.. Treated wastewater. NatureNature--supportingsupporting--nature processes nature processes
EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
TranspirationEvaporation
Precipitation
InfiltrationOcean
Percolation
Ground waterBase rock
Hydrologic cycle
ICE CRYSTALSICE CRYSTALS
thunderstormthunderstormICE CRYSTALSICE CRYSTALS
SOLARRADIATIONSOLARRADIATION
TURBULENCEANDINSTABILITY
TURBULENCEANDINSTABILITYINSTABILITYINSTABILITY
HIGH TEMPERATURESAND MOISTUREHIGH TEMPERATURESAND MOISTURE
CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATIONCONVECTIVE PRECIPITATIONCONVECTIVE PRECIPITATIONCONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION
Cyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic Precipitation
WARM FRONTWARM FRONTWARM AIRWARM AIR
COOLER AIRCOOLER AIRLOW INTENSITYLOW INTENSITY
FRONTAL SYSTEMFRONTAL SYSTEM
Cyclonic PrecipitationCyclonic Precipitation
COLDCOLD WARMWARM
COLD FRONTCOLD FRONT
COLDCOLD
AIRAIR
WARMWARM
AIRAIR
HIGH INTENSITYHIGH INTENSITY
FRONTAL SYSTEMFRONTAL SYSTEM
WINDWARD SIDEWINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDELEEWARD SIDEWINDWARD SIDEWINDWARD SIDE LEEWARD SIDELEEWARD SIDE
WARMINGWARMINGANDANDANDAND
DRYINGDRYINGLIFTINGLIFTINGANDAND
COOLINGCOOLINGRAINRAINSHADOWSHADOW
OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATIONOROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATIONOROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATIONOROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
Falling on Forested Falling on Forested Head WatershedHead Watershed
RainfallRainfall
Head WatershedHead Watershed
InterceptionInterception
ThroughfallThroughfall
StemflowStemflow
rainfall measurementrainfall measurementrainfall measurementrainfall measurement
stemflow measurementstemflow measurementthroughfall measurementthroughfall measurementthroughfall measurementthroughfall measurement
WATER LEVEL RECORDINGWATER LEVEL RECORDINGระดบนา
1WATER LEVEL RECORDINGWATER LEVEL RECORDING
010
VERTICAL STAFF GAGEVERTICAL STAFF GAGE
V V –– NOTCH WEIR NOTCH WEIR ระดบนา
ลกษณะของลกษณะของ storm hydrographstorm hydrographลกษณะของลกษณะของ storm hydrographstorm hydrographPrecipitationPrecipitationCenter of massCenter of mass
Peak FlowPeak FlowTime ofTime ofConcentrationConcentration
Falling LimbFalling Limb
Time ofTime of
ConcentrationConcentration
e, c
fse,
cfs
Recession CurveRecession CurveStorm FlowStorm Flow
RiseRiseLagLagTimeTime
Rising LimbRising LimbDis
char
geD
isch
arge
Base FlowBase Flow
Separation CurveSeparation CurveRising LimbRising Limb
00TimeTime00
00
RAINFALLRAINFALL
CCBB
AA
DD DD
CCBB
PEAK DISCHARGEPEAK DISCHARGE
RAINFALLRAINFALL44
00
55
1010mm33 /s
ec)
/sec
)
nfal
l (m
m/h
r)nf
all (
mm
/hr)
RISING LIMBRISING LIMB
RECESSION LIMBRECESSION LIMBCC
22
331515
W D
ISC
HA
RG
E (m
W D
ISC
HA
RG
E (m
rain
rain
BASEFLOWBASEFLOW
AADD
BB
11
STR
EAM
FLO
WST
REA
MFL
OW
BASEFLOWBASEFLOW
00 11 22 33 44 5500
TIME (hrs)TIME (hrs)
Getting toGetting toGetting to Getting to U d t d thU d t d thUnderstand the Understand the
details of details of 77--water water Royal projectsRoyal projectsRoyal projectsRoyal projects
Irrigation Water Irrigation Water
Khun Mae Kuang Forest Development ProjectKhun Mae Kuang Forest Development Project
Phasak Multipurpose DamPhasak Multipurpose Dam
Huay Hong Krai Development CentreHuay Hong Krai Development Centre
What Behind What Behind the Wastewater Treatmentthe Wastewater Treatmentthe Wastewater Treatment the Wastewater Treatment
by by NatureNature--AssistingAssisting--Nature ProcessesNature Processes
How Does the River Water How Does the River Water T b W ?T b W ?Turn to be Wastewater?Turn to be Wastewater?
1.1. Inorganic SaltsInorganic Salts2.2. Acid and AlkaliAcid and Alkali
7.7. Heated WaterHeated Water8.8. ColorsColors2.2. Acid and AlkaliAcid and Alkali
3.3. Organic MatterOrganic Matter44 S d d S lidS d d S lid
88 Co o sCo o s9.9. Toxic ChemicalsToxic Chemicals1010 Mi iMi i4.4. Suspended SolidsSuspended Solids
5.5. Floating SolidsFloating Solids10.10. MicroorganismsMicroorganisms11.11. Foam Producing Foam Producing
6.6. Grease and OilsGrease and Oils MattersMatters
11. Microorganism and digestion processes. Microorganism and digestion processes
2.2. Physical, chemical, biology, biochemical processes Physical, chemical, biology, biochemical processes
33 Photosynthesis ProcessesPhotosynthesis Processes
44. Thermo. Thermo--siphon processessiphon processes
33. Photosynthesis Processes. Photosynthesis Processes
55. Thermo. Thermo--osmosis processesosmosis processes
66. Oxygen diffusion of water flow over weir crest. Oxygen diffusion of water flow over weir crestygyg
88 Food Chain and Food Web theoriesFood Chain and Food Web theories
77. . Electron acceptElectron acceptor or theorytheory
88. . Food Chain and Food Web theoriesFood Chain and Food Web theories
C X H X
NH 3 CO 2
X X H 2 O
CH 3 SH CO S H 2 S DMS CS 2 CO 2 NO N 2 O N 2 C X H X NH 3 CH 4
(IGBP, (IGBP, 19901990))
rain
city, factories, crop cultivation,
livestock, aquaculture, etc.
forest crown, q ,
Throughfall Stemflow
wastewater Surface soil
soil + rock + minerals + water
riversSubsurface soil
il + k + i l + t
sea/oceansoil + rock + minerals + water
aquifer
watershed management for water management
Community Wastewater TreatmentCommunity Wastewater TreatmentSources
Pump/Drainage System
Wastewater Sump Pond
Wastewater Wastewater Combine Combine SystemSystem
Polishing Pond
Oxidation Pond
Sedimentation Pond
Sediment & Water Sediment & Water
Natural Water Resources
S di tS di tSedimentSedimentRecycle Using
Solid waste: garbage/refuse/rubbish/trash/litterSolid waste: garbage/refuse/rubbish/trash/litter
community garbagecommunity garbagey g gy g g
municipal wastemunicipal waste
commercial wastecommercial waste
institutional wasteinstitutional waste
biodegradable wastebiodegradable waste
agricultural wasteagricultural wasteagricultural wasteagricultural waste
hazardous wastehazardous waste
clinical waste/hospital waste/clinical waste/hospital waste/
recycling wasterecycling waste
chemical wastechemical waste
i d t i l ti d t i l tindustrial wasteindustrial waste
radioactive wasteradioactive waste
electronic wasteelectronic wasteelectronic wasteelectronic waste
junk wastejunk waste
3.1 มลฝอยทเนาเปอยงายไดแก ขยะทเปนสารอนทรย
(เศษอาหาร ซากพช ซากสตว กระดาษ ผา ไม เศษ(เศษอาหาร ซากพช ซากสตว กระดาษ ผา ไม เศษ
พชผก ฯลฯ
“Another Important problem concerns the environment. The matter of “Another Important problem concerns the environment. The matter of pollution and garbage has been studied Solutions are not difficult There ispollution and garbage has been studied Solutions are not difficult There ispollution and garbage has been studied. Solutions are not difficult. There is pollution and garbage has been studied. Solutions are not difficult. There is technology to do the job. It can be done in Thailand. …I am thinking of doing technology to do the job. It can be done in Thailand. …I am thinking of doing so, but still have to find the location for this…”so, but still have to find the location for this…”
“…I said earlier that wastewater could used in the agriculture sector. “…I said earlier that wastewater could used in the agriculture sector. However, it requires an area of about However, it requires an area of about 55,,000 000 rai to do it.. If someone donates rai to do it.. If someone donates 55,,000 000 rai of land closed to Bangkok for this purpose. It is possible to see the rai of land closed to Bangkok for this purpose. It is possible to see the project before retirement ”project before retirement ”project before retirement…project before retirement…
“…The project that will be undertaken can be done. The idea is “…The project that will be undertaken can be done. The idea is remove toxic such as heavy metals. There are ways to do it. Next concerns remove toxic such as heavy metals. There are ways to do it. Next concerns atmosphere, maybe aeration is not necessary. Wastewater can either be atmosphere, maybe aeration is not necessary. Wastewater can either be added in a pond or the grassland. Then turn grassland into grazing land. added in a pond or the grassland. Then turn grassland into grazing land. Part of that land is used for plantation…”Part of that land is used for plantation…”
The King’s speech The King’s speech 12 12 September September 19901990
Natural Occurrence of
thermo-siphon process
AIR FLOW
Evaporation(583 gm-cal/gm-water)
AIR FLOW
OXYGEN
OXYGEN
Separation TechniquesGarbage
Separation p q
t i t
Separation
organic waste recycle waste toxic wastes
hazardous waste clinic wasteclinic wastehazardous waste
การทาปยหมก
การฝงกลบตาม
การรไซเคล
การฝงกลบตาม การฝงกลบ การเผาดวย
clinic wasteclinic waste
หลกสขาภบาล หลกสขาภบาล แบบพเศษ อณหภมสง
In nature on the globeIn nature on the globeThe organic waste (the g (
same as community garbage) is digested by
i i thmicroorganisms, then turning to be the organicturning to be the organic
fertilizer for plant growingfertilizer for plant growing.
●● The microorganism liberated theThe microorganism liberated the●● The microorganism liberated the The microorganism liberated the enzymes to digest organic substance.enzymes to digest organic substance.
●● The microorganismThe microorganism absorbed into absorbed into the cells for growth and increasesthe cells for growth and increases..
Inorganic Substance
Organic Substance
MicroMicro--organism in organism in weather, waste etc.weather, waste etc.
Sediment + Gas OOGas OO22
Oxygen “Searching” Plant and Oxygen Plant and Oxygen
Transfers Transfers by Plantby Plant
yg gTechnology following The King’s initiated
by Plantby Plant
Organic substanceOrganic substanceOrganic substanceOrganic substance
MicroorganismsMicroorganismsMicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EnzymesEnzymesEnzymesEnzymes
Inorganic substance using by Inorganic substance using by plant and microorganismsplant and microorganismsInorganic substance using by Inorganic substance using by plant and microorganismsplant and microorganisms
The extraThe extra--cellular enzymes cellular enzymes
Organic debrisOrganic debris
must function in the environment must function in the environment outside the protection of the cell’s outside the protection of the cell’s wall and membranewall and membrane
EnzymesEnzymeswall and membrane. wall and membrane.
They could be to help in the They could be to help in the digestion large to small molecules digestion large to small molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, celluloses etc.celluloses etc.
Talaro, Talaro, 19931993
BB II OO CC HH EE MM II CC AA LL PP RR OO CC EE SS SS EE SS
FF aa tt ss CC HH OO NN SS CC aa rr bb oo hh yy dd rr aa tt ee
CC ee ll ll uu ll oo ss ee PP rr oo tt ee ii nn ss
com
posi
ng o
rgan
ism
ecom
posi
ngni
sm com
posi
ngni
sm
drat
e - d
ecom
posi
ngor
gani
sm
olyt
ic e
nzym
e
ic e
nzym
e
c en
zym
e
FF aa tt tt yy aa cc ii dd SS oo ll uu bb ll ee cc oo mm pp oo uu nn dd AA mm ii nn oo aa cc ii dd GG ll uu cc oo ss ee
Fat -
dec
Cel
lulo
se -
deor
gan
Prot
eins
- de
orga
n
Car
bohy
d
Lip
Cel
lulo
lyti
Prot
eoly
ti
SS oo ll uu bb ll ee OO rr gg aa nn ii cc
SS tt aa gg ee 11 HH YY DD RR OO GG EE NN EE SS II SS
AA cc ii dd ff oo rr mm ii nn gg bb aa cc tt ee rr ii aa (( ff aa cc uu ll tt aa tt ii vv ee bb aa cc tt ee rr ii aa aa nn aa ee rr oo bb ii cc ss ))
PP rr oo pp ii oo nn ii cc aa cc ii dd (( CC 22 HH 55 CC OO OO HH )) BB uu tt yy rr ii cc aa cc ii dd (( CC 33 HH 77 CC OO OO HH ))
++ HH 22 OO ++ HH 22 OO
AA c e tt ii c a c ii dd (( CC HH CC OO OO HH )) AA cc ee tt ii cc aa cc ii dd (( CC HH 33 CC OO OO HH ))
SS tt aa gg ee 22 AA CC II DD OO GG EE NN EE SS II SS
MM ee tt hh aa nn oo gg ee nn ii cc bb aa cc tt ee rr ii aa CC HH 33 CC OO OO HH ++ 33 OO 22 22 CC OO 22 ++ 22 HH 22 OO
CC HH 44 ++ CC OO 22
++ 44 HH 22 hh yy dd rr oo gg ee nn uu ll tt ii ll ii ss ii nn gg mm ee tt hh aa nn ee bb aa cc tt ee rr ii cc
CC HH 44 ++ 22 HH 22 OO SS tt aa gg ee 33 MM EE TT HH AA NN OO GG EE NN EE SS II SS
CarbohydrateCarbohydrateFatsFats C H O N SC H O N Sg
orga
nism
g or
gani
sm
nzym
enz
yme
CelluloseCellulose
osin
g os
ing
me
me
ProteinsProteins
osin
g os
ing
me
me
ate
ate
––or
gani
smor
gani
sm
ecom
posi
ngec
ompo
sing
Lipo
lytic
en
Lipo
lytic
en
e e ––
deco
mpo
deco
mpo
orga
nism
orga
nism
ulol
ytic
enz
yul
olyt
ic e
nzy
s s ––
deco
mpo
deco
mpo
orga
nism
orga
nism
eoly
tic e
nzym
eoly
tic e
nzym
Car
bohy
dra
Car
bohy
dra
com
posi
ng o
com
posi
ng o
Fat
Fat ––
dede
Cel
lulo
seC
ellu
lose oo
Cel
luC
ellu
Prot
eins
Prot
eins
oo
Prot
ePr
ote
dec
dec
Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid GlucoseGlucoseGlucoseGlucoseFatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose
Soluble OrganicSoluble Organic
Fatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid
A id f i b iA id f i b i (f l i b i bi )(f l i b i bi )Acid forming bacteriaAcid forming bacteria (facultative bacteria anaerobics)(facultative bacteria anaerobics)
Propionic acid (CPropionic acid (C22HH55COOH)COOH) Butyric acid (CButyric acid (C33HH77COOH)COOH)p (p ( 22 55 )) y (y ( 33 77 ))
+ H+ H22OO HH22O +O +Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid GlucoseGlucoseGlucoseGlucoseFatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid
Acetic acid (CHAcetic acid (CH33COOH)COOH)Soluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compoundSoluble compound Amino acidAmino acidAmino acidAmino acid Glucose Glucose Glucose Glucose
Soluble OrganicSoluble Organic
Fatty acidFatty acidFatty acidFatty acid
Methanogenic bacteriaMethanogenic bacteria CHCH33COOH + COOH + 33OO2 2 22COCO2 2 + + 22HH22OO
CHCH4 4 ++ COCO22
++ 22HH OOCHCH
+ + 44HH2 2 Hydrogen ultilising Hydrogen ultilising methane bacteriamethane bacteria
Acetic acid (CHAcetic acid (CH33COOH)COOH)+ + 22HH22OOCHCH44
11. the project must be under the . the project must be under the p jp jprinciples of natureprinciples of nature--supportingsupporting--nature nature processes.processes.
22. Technology Simplicity . Technology Simplicity
pp
gy p ygy p yeveryone can make it.everyone can make it.
33. Low price and/or local . Low price and/or local materials being usablematerials being usablematerials being usable.materials being usable.
11 th j t t bth j t t b11.the project must be .the project must be d th i i ld th i i lunder the principles under the principles
of natureof nature assistingassistingof natureof nature--assistingassisting--nature processesnature processesnature processes,nature processes,
Photosynthesis Processes in NaturePhotosynthesis Processes in Nature
Chl h llChl h llChlorophyllChlorophyll
HH22OO ((โมเลกลนาโมเลกลนา))
COCO22 ((คารบอนไดออกไซดคารบอนไดออกไซด))
Nutrient (กลโคส)
O2 (ออกซเจน)
Principles of Nature-Supporting-Nature P
I i Di ti f
ProcessesInorganic
substances for aquatic plant
growth
Digestion of organic matters
in community wastewater
MicroMicro--organisms in organisms in community wastewatercommunity wastewater
OOOO22Aquatic plant with aerenchyma cells
Sediment + G
Aquatic plant Aquatic plant photosynthesisphotosynthesisGas photosynthesisphotosynthesis
oxygen products from naturally thermooxygen products from naturally thermo--siphon and siphon and phytoplankton photosynthesis processes as the energy phytoplankton photosynthesis processes as the energy
supply of bacteria for organic waste digestion in supply of bacteria for organic waste digestion in community wastewater community wastewater
ThermoThermo--Siphon ProcessSiphon Process
66COCO22 + + 66HH22O O →→ CC66HH1212OO66 + + 66OO2 2 + energy + energy
WindWind AirAir
ThermoThermo Siphon ProcessSiphon Process
Harvesting every 3 month
co2
OO22
Herbivore fished(3 fishes/sq.m)
co2
OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom PhotosynthesisBacteria
Organic Organic substancessubstances
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen products from naturally thermoOxygen products from naturally thermo--osmosis processes osmosis processes through the roots of aquatic plants and forms the rhizospherethrough the roots of aquatic plants and forms the rhizosphere
OO22 in atmospherein atmosphere
OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom Photosynthesis
Movement of OMovement of O O2 movement takes place Movement of OMovement of O22
RhizosphereRhizosphere
2 pthrough thermo-osmosis process
Water layerWater layerOxidized ZoneOxidized Zone
OO22
Soil layerSoil layer
RhizosphereRhizosphereRootRoot Reduce ZoneReduce Zone
22 TechnologyTechnology22.Technology .Technology Si li iSi li iSimplicity Simplicity
everyone can everyone can yymake it.make it.make it.make it.
ลกษณะบอบาบดทถกตอง(๑) สเหลยมผนผา (๒) ผนงทงสดานทามม 45 องศา (๓) ปรมาตรนาในบอ = LWD
W
45 องศาL D
D = d + h
d = depth of water
h = depth between water surface and top level of pond
ทองและฝาผนงอาจเปนดนอดแนนหรอกอซเมนตกไดและมทอนานาเขา-ออก
33 Low priceLow price33.Low price .Low price d/ l ld/ l land/or local and/or local
materials being materials being ggusable.usable.usable.usable.
Sketching of Oxidation Pond
W
45 degreesL D
D = d + h
d = depth of water
h = depth between water surface and top level of pond
BuiltBuilt--Earth Pond for Wastewater TreatmentEarth Pond for Wastewater Treatment
Three Herbivore Fi hFishes per
Square Meter
Rock Check Dam as Diversion Dam Rock Check Dam as Diversion Dam and Wastewater Treatmentand Wastewater Treatmentand Wastewater Treatmentand Wastewater Treatment
1 1 –– 2 2 m.m.
Flow DirectionFlow Direction
Flow DirectionFlow Direction
XX
XX33XX
Flow DirectionFlow Direction
1 1 –– 2 2 m.m.
Flow DirectionFlow Direction
ทศทางการไหลของนาทศทางการไหลของนา
XX
XX33XX
Flow DirectionFlow Direction
Rock Check Dam for Wastewater TreatmentRock Check Dam for Wastewater Treatment
Rock Check Dam for Community Rock Check Dam for Community Wastewater Treatment in Trang ProvinceWastewater Treatment in Trang Provincegg
Shape of Rock Check DamShape of Rock Check DamShape of Rock Check DamShape of Rock Check Dam
Wooden Check DamWooden Check Dam Piggy diversion dam
11//99
This project was established in This project was established in 1991 1991 under under the initiation of His Majesty the King in a search the initiation of His Majesty the King in a search for solving environmental problems including for solving environmental problems including solid waste wastewater and mangrove forestsolid waste wastewater and mangrove forestsolid waste, wastewater, and mangrove forest solid waste, wastewater, and mangrove forest deterioration. deterioration.
22//99
The project area occupies the area approximately The project area occupies the area approximately p j p pp yp j p pp y160 160 hectares of former deserted salt farmlands and hectares of former deserted salt farmlands and deteriorated mangrove forests at Laem Phak Bia deteriorated mangrove forests at Laem Phak Bia SubSub district Ban Laem District Petchaburi Provincedistrict Ban Laem District Petchaburi ProvinceSubSub--district, Ban Laem District, Petchaburi Province.district, Ban Laem District, Petchaburi Province.
33//99
At LERD project science and knowledge to solve At LERD project science and knowledge to solve p j gp j gthe solid waste and wastewater problem were the solid waste and wastewater problem were researched and appropriate technologies were built researched and appropriate technologies were built based on disciplinarybased on disciplinarybased on disciplinary. based on disciplinary.
Physical MicrobiologyBotanical
Chemistry Education
SocialPublic Health
Ad i i t ti EconomicEngineering
Administration
44//99
There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :
1) Lagoon treatment system1) Lagoon treatment system,
55//99
There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :
2) Grass filtration system2) Grass filtration system,
66//99
There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :
3) Constructed wetland system and3) Constructed wetland system, and
77//99
There are four main technologies concerning g gwastewater treatment :
4) Mangrove forest system4) Mangrove forest system.
99//99
The Moreover, research projects at the project site also The Moreover, research projects at the project site also include assessment of environmental impact in the project include assessment of environmental impact in the project area and utilization of wastewater to grow plants and area and utilization of wastewater to grow plants and byproducts such as sludge from oxidation ponds to grow byproducts such as sludge from oxidation ponds to grow plants, fish farming in oxidation ponds, compost to restore plants, fish farming in oxidation ponds, compost to restore the environment of natural seashore, and paper pulp from the environment of natural seashore, and paper pulp from emergent plants harvested for system’s maintenance.emergent plants harvested for system’s maintenance.g yg y
11//33
11.. To study and research on science of solid To study and research on science of solid yywaste disposal and wastewater treatment by plant waste disposal and wastewater treatment by plant for the Phetchaburi municipality, to develop the for the Phetchaburi municipality, to develop the solid waste disposal and wastewater treatmentsolid waste disposal and wastewater treatmentsolid waste disposal and wastewater treatment solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment technologies from the findings, to construct technologies from the findings, to construct utilization means of the compost and treated utilization means of the compost and treated ppwastewater, and to study the impacts generated wastewater, and to study the impacts generated from the project,from the project,
22//33
22.. To study and research the social aspects of To study and research the social aspects of y py pthe Phetchaburi municipality including social the Phetchaburi municipality including social formation, public relations, and environment formation, public relations, and environment education The results are used for developmenteducation The results are used for developmenteducation. The results are used for development education. The results are used for development of models of society, public relation, and of models of society, public relation, and environmental education concerning separation of environmental education concerning separation of g pg pmunicipal solid waste and primary treatment of municipal solid waste and primary treatment of wastewater before being discharged into sewage wastewater before being discharged into sewage s stems stemsystem.system.
33//33
33.. To develop handbooks for dissemination of To develop handbooks for dissemination of ppdeveloped technologies of municipal solid waste developed technologies of municipal solid waste and wastewater treatment. These include and wastewater treatment. These include handbooks on making compost from solid waste;handbooks on making compost from solid waste;handbooks on making compost from solid waste; handbooks on making compost from solid waste; wastewater treatment systems of oxidation ponds wastewater treatment systems of oxidation ponds or lagoon treatment, grass and plant filtration, or lagoon treatment, grass and plant filtration, g , g p ,g , g p ,constructed wetland, and mangrove forest constructed wetland, and mangrove forest filtration; social formation, public relations, and filtration; social formation, public relations, and en ironmental ed cationen ironmental ed cationenvironmental education.environmental education.
11//33
19911991--1995 1995 The feasibility of the project and types of research needed The feasibility of the project and types of research needed
were conducted.were conducted.
22//33
1996 1996 -- 2000 2000 -- The project applied the research results to build the The project applied the research results to build the
concrete box solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment concrete box solid waste disposal and wastewater treatment using oxidation ponds and plants (grass filtration, water plant, using oxidation ponds and plants (grass filtration, water plant, constructed wetlands, and mangrove forest).constructed wetlands, and mangrove forest).
-- The studies of social characteristics, public relations, The studies of social characteristics, public relations, and environmental education to disseminate theand environmental education to disseminate theand environmental education to disseminate the and environmental education to disseminate the aforementioned technologies and knowledge and were also aforementioned technologies and knowledge and were also conducted during this period. conducted during this period.
- Development of models for research and study of social characteristics, public relations, and environmental education were conducted in order to implement the project p p jto other regions of the country.
33//33
2000 2000 -- The developed technologies have been widely The developed technologies have been widely
handed out to the public.handed out to the public.R i l h d d t ti t fR i l h d d t ti t f-- Regional research and demonstration centers for Regional research and demonstration centers for
dissemination of the technologies were designated to dissemination of the technologies were designated to seven provinces through out the country. seven provinces through out the country. g yg y
Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System.System.System.System.
3.00 m.
Leachate sump
0.40 x 0.40 m.
Leachate drainage pipe ∅ 2 inch.
1.50 m.
SIDE VIEW
Slope 1:100
3.00 m. 2.00 m.
1 50 m
Concrete block with cement coating
2.00 m.
1.50 m.
Fertilizer way outFertilizer way out
TOP VIEW FRONT VIEW REAR VIEW
Concrete box technology is Concrete box technology is a a municipal solid waste municipal solid waste disposal technology that scales down the system ofdisposal technology that scales down the system ofdisposal technology that scales down the system of disposal technology that scales down the system of sanitary landfill spatially and temporally.sanitary landfill spatially and temporally.
The distinction of this system is the utilization of The distinction of this system is the utilization of ddi h il l t t t h i bi lddi h il l t t t h i bi lreddish soil as electron acceptor to enhance microbial reddish soil as electron acceptor to enhance microbial
activities.activities.
Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Layout of Concrete Box Municipal Solid Waste Disposal System.System.System.System.
66) ) 100 100 liters of water is added initially and an liters of water is added initially and an additional additional 30 30 liters is added every liters is added every 7 7 days:days:
Inner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete box
55) Reddish soil cover ) Reddish soil cover 15 15 cm.cm.
11))
Inner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete boxInner concrete box
33) Solid waste ) Solid waste 660660 670670 kk
44) Reddish soil ) Reddish soil 210 210 kg.kg.
99) Wood charcoal) Wood charcoal
11))77))
22)) Fine sand Fine sand 20 20 cm.cm.
660660--670 670 kgkg..
88) Leachate sump) Leachate sump
99) Wood charcoal) Wood charcoal
77) Leachate drainage pipe) Leachate drainage pipe11) Concrete block with cement coating) Concrete block with cement coating : : W x L x H = W x L x H = 2 2 x x 3 3 x x 11..5 5 m.m.
With and Without Adding Solid EM (Effective Microorganisms) With and Without Adding Solid EM (Effective Microorganisms) were Conducted, and Found That There is no Need to Add EM were Conducted, and Found That There is no Need to Add EM Because of All Species of Decomposing Bacteria are Living in the Because of All Species of Decomposing Bacteria are Living in the Tropical Solid Waste.Tropical Solid Waste.
Cellulose – decomposing microorganisms
Fat Fat –– decomposing decomposing microorganismsmicroorganisms
Carbohydrate – decomposing microorganism
Proteins – decomposing microorganisms
1%
The Municipal Garbage Contains :The Municipal Garbage Contains : 100100%%
44%
1%
1%
54%
2020%%Organic Recycling Hazardous Other
Max moisture of organic waste by weightMax moisture of organic waste by weight 7474 %%
2020%%
Max moisture of organic waste by weight Max moisture of organic waste by weight 74 74 %%
Wet Organics Waste Becoming to Compost Wet Organics Waste Becoming to Compost 2020% Wet Weight. % Wet Weight.
Maturity of Solid Waste Compost :Maturity of Solid Waste Compost :
Separated organic waste Separated organic waste 30 30 days.days.NonNon--separated solid waste separated solid waste 90 90 days.days.Maximum heat of fermentation Maximum heat of fermentation 7777°°C.C. ra
ture
(°C
)Te
mpe
Day
Compost Nutrients :Compost Nutrients :Day
N : P : K = N : P : K = 20 20 : : 1 1 : : 11If more fruits in solid waste, If more fruits in solid waste,
h h i dh h i dphosphorus increased.phosphorus increased.
The compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemicalThe compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemicalThe compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemical The compost can be utilized as a substitute for chemical fertilizer to grow flowers. fertilizer to grow flowers.
Aquatic Plant in Wetland EcosystemsAquatic Plant in Wetland Ecosystems
Emergent plantEmergent plant O2 is adding into water
WasteWaste
through thermo-siphon process
Water layerWater layerHorizontal Horizontal flowflow OO22
Soil layerSoil layerVertical flowVertical flow
RhizophereRhizophere
Sand layerSand layer
F t Z
Agricultural Industrial ZoneW tl d
Forest Zone
Wetland
AgriculturalAgriculturalForest Zone Human SettlementHuman Settlement
Industrial ZoneIndustrial Zone
AgriculturalAgricultural
Human SettlementHuman SettlementIndustrial ZoneIndustrial Zone
The natural selfThe natural self--purification processes or naturepurification processes or nature--
supportingsupporting--nature processes nature processes
Aeration ProcessesAeration Processes Aeration ProcessesAeration Processes
-- Water flow (velocity, distance, based surface)Water flow (velocity, distance, based surface)
Ph t th ti Ph t th ti -- Photosynthetic processesPhotosynthetic processes
Sedimentation ProcessesSedimentation Processes
The digestion organic substance by The digestion organic substance by
microorganisms processesmicroorganisms processes
The water transfer by wind and thermal processesThe water transfer by wind and thermal processes
Sources
Pump/Drainage System
Wastewater Sump Pond
Wastewater Wastewater Combine Combine SystemSystem
Polishing Pond
Oxidation Pond
Sedimentation Pond
Sediment & Water Sediment & Water
Natural Water Resources
S di tS di tSedimentSedimentRecycle Using
OO22 sunlightsunlight
aerobicaerobicAlgaeAlgae
OO COCO NHNH POPO HH OO
facultativefacultative
OO22
bacteriabacteria
COCO22, NH, NH33, PO, PO44, H, H22OO
anaerobicanaerobicWastewater inputWastewater input
Settleable solidSettleable solid
The Characteristic of Water Drainage The Characteristic of Water Drainage i Th L T t t S ti Th L T t t S tin The Lagoon Treatment Systemin The Lagoon Treatment System
InfluencesInfluencesSedimentationPond
OxidationPond
PolishingPond EffluencesEffluences
SedimentationSedimentationP dP d
OxidationOxidationP dP d
PolishingPolishingP dP dPondPond PondPond PondPond
InfluencesInfluences
EffluencesEffluencesEffluencesEffluencesNatural Water Natural Water ResourcesResources
Drainage Way Between PondDrainage Way Between Pond
Evaporation (Evaporation (583 583 gmgm--cal/gmcal/gm--water)water)
Air FlowAir Flow
OxygenOxygen
The cooler waterThe cooler waterThe cooler water would have weightless than hot water
The cooler water would have weightless than hot water
OxygenOxygen
Emergent plantEmergent plant O2 is adding into water
WasteWaste
through thermo-siphon process
Water layerWater layerHorizontal Horizontal flowflow OO22
Soil layerSoil layerVertical flowVertical flow
RhizophereRhizophere
Sand layerSand layer
OO22 in atmospherein atmosphere
OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom Photosynthesis
Movement of OMovement of O O2 movement takes place Movement of OMovement of O22
RhizosphereRhizosphere
2 pthrough thermo-osmosis process
Water layerWater layerOxidized ZoneOxidized Zone
OO22
Soil layerSoil layer
RhizosphereRhizosphereRootRoot Reduce ZoneReduce Zone
ThermoThermo--Siphon ProcessSiphon Process
66COCO22 + + 66HH22O O →→ CC66HH1212OO66 + + 66OO2 2 + energy + energy
WindWind AirAir
ThermoThermo Siphon ProcessSiphon Process
Harvesting every 3 month
co2
OO22
Herbivore fished(3 fishes/sq.m)
co2
OO22 from Photosynthesisfrom PhotosynthesisBacteria
Organic Organic substancessubstances
Carbon dioxide
Wastewater from Phetchaburi municipality is conveyed Wastewater from Phetchaburi municipality is conveyed to the project site for the distance ofto the project site for the distance of 1818 55 km from thekm from theto the project site for the distance of to the project site for the distance of 1818..5 5 km. from the km. from the pump station at Ban Klong Yang, Muang District pump station at Ban Klong Yang, Muang District through a through a 60 60 cm.cm.-- diameter high density polyethylene diameter high density polyethylene (HDPE) i li(HDPE) i li(HDPE) pipeline.(HDPE) pipeline.
The lagoon treatment serves as a wastewater treatment system of The lagoon treatment serves as a wastewater treatment system of the the 60 60 % municipality areas of Phetchaburi. % municipality areas of Phetchaburi.
EffluentOutlet
It is a facultative type It is a facultative type designed with treatmentdesigned with treatment
OxidationPond 1
StabilizationPond
Outlet
designed with treatment designed with treatment capacity capacity 1010,,000 000 mm33/day. /day. Oxidation
Pond 2
OxidationPond 3
Pond
SedimentationPond
Pond 3
InfluentThe system occupies an area ofThe system occupies an area of 154154,,178178..55 mm22Influent
InletThe system occupies an area of The system occupies an area of 154154,,178178..5 5 mm
Spillways are used as an outlet structure so that effluent wastewater overflows from one pond and enters to the next from the bottom
EffluentOutletO di t dO di t d 33 id ti did ti d Oxidation
Pond 1
StabilizationPond
Outlet
SpillwaySpillway
One sediment pond, One sediment pond, 3 3 oxidation ponds, oxidation ponds, and one stabilizing pond. and one stabilizing pond.
OxidationPond 2
OxidationPond 3
PondSedimentation Sedimentation pondpond
Oxidation Oxidation pond pond 11, , 22, , 33
Stabilization Stabilization pond pond
SedimentationPond
Pond 3
Influent
Influent Influent InletInlet
Effluent Effluent OutletOutlet
InfluentInlet
2121--28 28 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention times
1)1) Treatment efficiency at Treatment efficiency at 85 85 -- 9090% for five% for five--oxidation ponds with oxidation ponds with detention time of detention time of 5 5 –– 7 7 days, and also no harm done with the days, and also no harm done with the mangrove forest by its effluent,mangrove forest by its effluent,g yg y
22)) Three oxidation ponds is recommended to apply in all parts of Three oxidation ponds is recommended to apply in all parts of the country.the country.
33)) Phytoplankton and algae consumers to be pertained in the Phytoplankton and algae consumers to be pertained in the oxidation ponds at oxidation ponds at 3 3 fishes per square meter (sq.m.).fishes per square meter (sq.m.).
44)) Under standard level of toxic elements in fish products, and Under standard level of toxic elements in fish products, and also withoutalso without
This system is designed and operated based on This system is designed and operated based on functions and structures of natural wetlands and functions and structures of natural wetlands and ecology systemsecology systemsecology systems. ecology systems.
That is, the natural settings of grassland areas is That is, the natural settings of grassland areas is scaled down to construct.scaled down to construct.
Two vegetation groups are planted.Two vegetation groups are planted.
11 G f ( )G f ( )11. Grass filtration (animal seed). Grass filtration (animal seed)
22. Plant filtration. Plant filtration
Layout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Grass Filtration SystemSetting pond (W x L x D = Setting pond (W x L x D = 1 1 x x 5 5 x x 00..3 3 m.)m.)
Cell (W x L x D = Cell (W x L x D = 5 5 x x 100 100 x x 11..20 20 m.)m.)Overflow Overflow spillwayspillway
InletInletOutletOutlet
B idthB idth 5050InletInlet
S tti dS tti d PVC perforated pipePVC perforated pipeBerm width Berm width 50 50 cm.cm.Water operation levelWater operation level
Setting pondSetting pond PVC perforated pipePVC perforated pipeOverflow spillwayOverflow spillway
Compact coarse Compact coarse sand sand 20 20 cm.cm.
Mixed soil and sand (Mixed soil and sand (3 3 : : 11) ) 50 50 cm.cm.
Compacted ground and Compacted ground and slope slope 1 1 : : 11,,000000
Substrate, Inlet, and Outlet Structures Operation of The Grass Filtration System.
Substrate, Inlet, and Outlet Structures Operation of The Grass Filtration System.
Inlet structure
Coarse sandMixed soil and sand (3 : 1) layar 50 cm.
Coarse sand layar 30 cm.
Coarse sand layar 10 cm.
Gravel size ½ - 1 inch. Gravel size
2 - 3 inch.
Outlet structure
Plant found proper species :Plant found proper species :
Typha, Thoop Reu Si Typha, Thoop Reu Si ((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn )Linn )
Cat Tail, Kok Klom Cat Tail, Kok Klom ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb.)Rottb.)((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn.)Linn.) ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb.)Rottb.)
Vetiver, Ya FaekVetiver, Ya Faek((Vetiveria zizanioidesVetiveria zizanioides Nash.)Nash.)
55 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention times5 5 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention timesThe water level storage at The water level storage at 30 30 centimeters centimeters The efficiency of system about The efficiency of system about 90 90 percentspercents
Grasses found proper species : Grasses found proper species :
Kalla grassKalla grass Dixie grassDixie grassKalla grass Kalla grass ((LeptochloLeptochloa fuscaa fusca))
gg((Sporobolus verginnicusSporobolus verginnicus))
Star grassStar grass((Cynodon plectostacyusCynodon plectostacyus))
5 5 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention timesThe water level storage at The water level storage at 30 30 centimeters centimeters The efficiency of system about The efficiency of system about 90 90 percentspercents
gg
Thi i f f ll l d hThi i f f ll l d hThis system is a free water surface two cell wetland system that This system is a free water surface two cell wetland system that has been designed to handle a maximum of has been designed to handle a maximum of 3737..5 5 mm3 3 community community wastewater per day. wastewater per day.
Each cell is physically the same but operationally different. Each cell is physically the same but operationally different. This wetland is a shallow basin (This wetland is a shallow basin (3030 cm operating water depth)cm operating water depth)This wetland is a shallow basin (This wetland is a shallow basin (30 30 cm operating water depth) cm operating water depth) with with 25 25 x x 25 25 cm growing distance of vegetation.cm growing distance of vegetation.
Layout and Cross Section View of the Constructed Wetland SystemLayout and Cross Section View of the Constructed Wetland System
Setting pond (W x L x D = Setting pond (W x L x D = 1 1 x x 5 5 x x 00..3 3 m.)m.)
Cell (W x L x D = Cell (W x L x D = 5 5 x x 25 25 x x 11..20 20 m.)m.)Overflow Overflow spillwayspillway
InletInletOutletOutlet
Berm width Berm width 50 50 cm.cm.InletInlet
Setting pondSetting pond PVC perforated pipePVC perforated pipeWater operation levelWater operation level Overflow spillwayOverflow spillway
Compact coarse Compact coarse sand sand 20 20 cm.cm.
Mixed soil and sand (Mixed soil and sand (3 3 : : 11) ) 50 50 cm.cm.
Compacted ground and Compacted ground and slope slope 1 1 : : 11,,000000
There are two methods to operate this system. There are two methods to operate this system.
Closed system.Closed system.The influent overflows into the cell and no effluent is The influent overflows into the cell and no effluent is discharged out of the system. The volume of wastewater discharged out of the system. The volume of wastewater influent added daily equates to the volume evaporated. influent added daily equates to the volume evaporated. This operational method can handle This operational method can handle 22--22..5 5 mm33 /day (/day (1515--20 20
Th d ti l th d i i fl t t bTh d ti l th d i i fl t t b
persons/day)persons/day)
Continuous flow system.Continuous flow system.The second operational method requires new influent to be The second operational method requires new influent to be added at the flow rate of added at the flow rate of 75 75 liters per minute until the water liters per minute until the water level reaches level reaches 30 30 cm. When replaced by new influent the cm. When replaced by new influent the effluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipeeffluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipeeffluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipe. effluent is discharged at the rear end though the PVC pipe. This operational method can handle This operational method can handle 3737..5 5 mm33/day (/day (200200--230 230 persons/day)persons/day)
Typha, Thoop Reu Si Typha, Thoop Reu Si ((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn )Linn )
Cat Tail, Kok Klom Cat Tail, Kok Klom ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb )Rottb )((Typha angustifoliaTypha angustifolia Linn.)Linn.) ((Cyperus corymbosusCyperus corymbosus Rottb.)Rottb.)
1 1 days of hydraulic retention timesdays of hydraulic retention times
Th t l l t tTh t l l t t 3030 ti tti tThe efficiency of system about at The efficiency of system about at 85 85 percents percents f ti fl t df ti fl t d 100100 tt
The water level storage at The water level storage at 30 30 centimeters centimeters
for continuous flow system and for continuous flow system and 100 100 percents percents for close system.for close system.
The mangrove filtration system is constructed based on the The mangrove filtration system is constructed based on the knowledge of the capability of mangrove to treat wastewater. knowledge of the capability of mangrove to treat wastewater.
The process is the combination of plant, aquatic lives, water and The process is the combination of plant, aquatic lives, water and soil, and microorganisms mechanisms. soil, and microorganisms mechanisms.
The special root systems that can fix and release The special root systems that can fix and release oxygen from the water.oxygen from the water.
EffluentEffluent
100 m. 100 m.
Natural mangroveNatural mangroveNaturalmangrove
Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora apiculata
Natural mangrovemixed with newplantation
EffluentInfluent
Avicennia spp.
Bruguiera cylindrical Bruguiera cylindrical
Avicennia spp.Newplantation
Ceriops tagal Ceriops tagal
Influent Influent
22) White Mangrove, Sa Mae () White Mangrove, Sa Mae (Avicennia spp.Avicennia spp.)) 1111) Red Mangrove, Khong Khang () Red Mangrove, Khong Khang (Rhizophora spp.Rhizophora spp.))
33) Tua Khaow () Tua Khaow (Bruguiera cylindricaBruguiera cylindrica) )
44) Prong Daeng () Prong Daeng (Ceriops tagalCeriops tagal))
223344
44) Prong Daeng () Prong Daeng (Ceriops tagalCeriops tagal) )
44
Mangrove Plants found proper species :Mangrove Plants found proper species :
Red Mangrove, Khong Khang Red Mangrove, Khong Khang ((Rhizophora spp.Rhizophora spp.))
White Mangrove, Sa Mae White Mangrove, Sa Mae ((Avicennia spp.Avicennia spp.))(( p ppp pp ))
The efficiency can only be provided the proportion The efficiency can only be provided the proportion between wastewater and Marine water with the ratio between wastewater and Marine water with the ratio ofof 5050 :: 5050 by volume for the research results.by volume for the research results.of of 50 50 : : 50 50 by volume for the research results.by volume for the research results.
The water quality of Petchaburi River were The water quality of Petchaburi River were changed from Surface Water Resource Typechanged from Surface Water Resource Typechanged from Surface Water Resource Type changed from Surface Water Resource Type level level 5 5 to level to level 22--33, (bad to good), (bad to good)
Non effective to the natural mangrove Non effective to the natural mangrove forest and aquatic live.forest and aquatic live.
MammalsMammals 44 speciesspeciesMammals Mammals 4 4 speciesspecies
Reptile Reptile 7 7 speciesspecies
Amphibians Amphibians 4 4 speciesspecies
pp pp
Birds >Birds >210 210 speciesspecies
FishFish 2626 speciesspeciesFish Fish 26 26 speciesspecies
Crab Crab 12 12 speciesspecies
Shellfish Shellfish 7 7 speciesspecies
pp
The coastal area increased more thanThe coastal area increased more than 390390 rais orrais orThe coastal area increased more than The coastal area increased more than 390 390 rais or rais or 6262..4 4 ha. in ha. in 16 16 years ago.years ago.
“W t t B Cl“W t t B Cl“W t t B Cl“W t t B Cl“Wastewater Becomes Clean “Wastewater Becomes Clean through the Laem Phak Bia”through the Laem Phak Bia”“Wastewater Becomes Clean “Wastewater Becomes Clean through the Laem Phak Bia”through the Laem Phak Bia”through the Laem Phak Biathrough the Laem Phak Biathrough the Laem Phak Biathrough the Laem Phak Bia
Professor Dr.Kasem Chunkao Professor Dr.Kasem Chunkao Project DirectorProject Director