The Ordering of Random Events by Emotional Expression

RICHARD A BLASBAND

Center for Functional Research2392 Mar East StreetTiburon CA 94920

e-mail RABlasbandaolcom

AbstractmdashThe purpose of this experiment was to see whether any correla-tion could be found between the expression of emotions of patients in Reichi-an biopsychiatric therapy and the output of an electronic random event gen-erator (REG) Videotaping and coding of therapy sessions were conducted insynchronization with the operation of an REG Comparisons were made ofREG output while patients spoke with neutral emotion and during the sponta-neous expression of crying with anxiety frustration or sadness and angerStatistical analysis revealed anomalous REG outputs during periods of emo-tional expression compared to periods of neutral talking Periods of the ex-pression of anger compared to those of crying with sadness andor anxietywere significantly correlated with marked elevations and depression of REGoutput respectively Based on the concepts developed by Jahn and Dunne aswell as Reich it is hypothesized that the observed effects are due to the estab-lishment of resonance between the therapistinvestigator the emotionally ex-panding andor contracting patient and the REG

Keywords REGmdashemotionmdashresonance

Introduction

In their experiments on humanndashmachine interactions Robert Jahn and BrendaDunne (Jahn and Dunne 1987 Jahn et al 1997) demonstrate that the distrib-ution of impulses generated by a random event generator (REG) can be anom-alously marginally shifted from normal either locally or at a distance by activemental intention They also found that many operators appeared to impose asignature on the REG output ie the pattern of output when a particular oper-ator was operating displayed similar directional trends on most runs on theelectronic REG and other experimental REG devices The effect appeared tobe equally strong even if the operator was thousands of miles away from thedevice The experimenters also found that the REG output during baseline(null-intention) runs was anomalous in that the obtained variance of the REGoutput was significantly narrower than the theoretical expectation (Jahn andDunne 1987) Later studies indicated that the baseline anomalies were strong-ly correlated with operator gender (Dunne 1998) These findings indicate thatsomething other than conscious intention can apparently affect the REG anddo so at a distance

Journal of Scientific Exploration Vol 14 No 2 pp 195ndash216 2000 0892-331000copy 2000 Society for Scientific Exploration

195195

196 R Blasband

In their model Jahn and Dunne define consciousness as all that one identi-fies as oneself thought emotions physical substance etc They account fortheir anomalous finding by hypothesizing a nonelectromagnetic field throughwhich a state of resonance is established between the operator and the ma-chine

Given the above findings and assuming that Jahn and Dunne were correct inincluding emotions in their definition of consciousness we reasoned that ifother-than-conscious intentions can order the output of an REG then it waspossible that spontaneous undirected emotional expression might in someway do the same In the form of psychiatric therapy employed by the author(Reichian biopsychiatry) intense emotional expression by the patient occursfairly regularly It was therefore hypothesized that an REG set up in the thera-py office 10 feet distant from a patient would be anomalously affected duringthose moments when the patient would express emotions compared to thosetimes when patients would be emotionally neutral The present study is an ini-tial survey designed to see whether correlations can indeed be found betweenREG output and emotional expression

Literature Review

Other than the quantum mechanical theoretical formulations of Jahn andDunne (1987) there was no reason based upon the findings and theories ofclassical biophysics to expect any influence on the output of an REG by aspontaneously emoting individual many feet distant from the device Al-though it was true as stated above that Jahn and Dunne had amply demon-strated that the output of the REG could be correlated with the conscious in-tention of operators there was nothing in the literature at the time of beginningthe experiments described in this paper that suggested effects of either local ornonlocal emotional output on such a device Since then the only relevant find-ings involve the effects of group expression on the REG (Nelson et al 19961998 Radin Rebman and Cross 1996 Rowe 1998 Schwartz et al 1997)Further a review of the mainstream literature on the biophysical basis of emo-tions shows that although one can demonstrate myriad physiological parame-ters that correlate with feelings and expressed emotions all involved measure-ments are made either within or on the surface of the body (Panksepp 1998)Indeed except for experiments performed by Wilhelm Reich and Harold BurrI could find no research involving biophysical and physiological parameters ofbiological or psychobiological functions where measurements were madenonlocally

Burr observed that an electrical field measured a small distance away fromthe surface of an unfertilized biologically undifferentiated salamander eggappeared to have a determining effect on the establishment of the pattern of thefuture axis of the central nervous system (Burr 1972) On the basis of his ex-perimental observations Burr with F S C Northrop formulated an electro-dynamic theory of life maintaining that an electrical field was a primary prop-

erty of protoplasm sustaining pattern in the organism in the midst of physio-chemical flux (Burr and Northrop 1935)

The work of the contemporary biophysicist Mae-Wan Ho at the Open Uni-versity London complements many of Burrrsquos findings Her analysis of herown and otherrsquos experimental work supports the hypothesis that the ldquoorganiz-ing embryonic field is global in character right down to individual macromol-ecules and that its major axis is electrodynamic in characterrdquo (Ho and Saun-ders 1994)

The radiation effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields generated by the accel-eration of electrically charged inorganic organic and macromolecular ionswithin the body have been investigated experimentally and theoretically Thewaves resulting from the movement of these ions through the body are various-ly emitted decay and are refracted and reflected at organ interfaces producinginterference patterns which combine according to quantum theoryrsquos superpo-sition principle According to C Zhang and F A Popp these interference pat-terns create stable standing waves which may have a great deal to do withholographic effects seen in the global functioning of the organism and its non-local treatment by such modalities as acupuncture (Rubik 1995) But even inthese studies involving EM fields all measurements were made on or beneaththe surface of the body

Thus we see that there is at least some basis for the existence of a biofieldeffect based upon electromagnetism However although it is possible thatemotional expression could affect an REG through perturbing an EM field em-anating from the body or be some component of the elements that generatesuch a field the findings and theory of electromagnetism provide no basis forexpecting that such a field would extend much further than a few inches fromthe body Further and most important as Jahn and Dunne note the experi-mental phenomena documented in their work with the REG and remote view-ing especially those involving anomalies of time cannot be explained by elec-tromagnetic theory (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

A non-EM biophysical basis for the emotions was elucidated by WilhelmReich the Austrian psychoanalyst who devoted the latter part of his life to theinvestigation of the nature of life and life energy In his clinical psychoanalyticand later vegetotherapeutic and orgone-therapeutic work Reich proposed thatemotions were a function of the patient either bioenergetically expanding to-ward or contracting away from the outer world (Reich 1949) This amoeboid-like behavior confirmed an earlier postulate of Freud that never took seriousroot in later psychoanalytic theory When Reich moved from the classical psy-choanalytic technique of free association toward the more confrontive kinds ofintervention of the method he called character analysis he noted that patientsmore readily gave in to the expression of their previously blocked emotionsWhen this happened he observed spontaneous pulsatile (clonisms) movementsof the patientrsquos body which at times included the entire torso These move-ments were greatly amplified when Reich added massage directed at physicalrelease of the patientrsquos chronic muscular tension (muscular armoring) to his

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 197

198 R Blasband

therapeutic armamentarium Reich found that as the characterological andmuscular armoring softened in the course of therapy patients reported feelingelectrical currents and sensations of something streaming through their bod-ies This was usually associated with an increase in general vagotonic toneflushing of the skin brightening of the eyes contraction of the pupils slowingof the heart and an increase in pleasurable sensations at the skin The oppo-site of this state of bioenergetic expansion was one of bioenergetic contrac-tion usually brought on by fear or anxiety and characterized by a general au-tonomic sympathetic tone with pallor of the skin narrowing of the eyesdilatation of the pupils acceleration of heart rate and sensations of inner ten-sion (Reich 1942)

In order to objectify these observations Reich measured bioelectric chargeon the skin surface of subjects in a variety of emotional states He found thatthe subjective perception of anxiety or sadness was directly correlated (ldquofunc-tionally identicalrdquo to use Reichrsquos term) with a contractive movement of bio-electricity away from the skin surface toward the bioenergetic core of the or-ganismmdashautonomic neural plexes deep in the abdomen and pelvis Angerpleasure and longing were correlated with an expansive movement of bioelec-tricity from the core out to the skin surface (Reich 1937) These directions ofmovement were understood by Reich to be mediated by opposing dominationof the two different branches of the autonomic nervous system the parasym-pathetic in bioenergetic expansion and the sympathetic in bioenergetic con-traction A more recent attempt to replicate Reichrsquos study using modern equip-ment confirmed in many respects Reichrsquos findings (Braid and Dew 1988)

Reich found that a bioelectrical interpretation was not however sufficientto explain adequately all the phenomena observed in his bioelectrical studiesHe then undertook a series of experiments on the sources of energy sustaininglife which ultimately suggested a nonelectromagnetic basis for living process-es In the course of his research Reich reported experiments in which he postu-lated a field of bioenergy orgone energy surrounding and interpenetrating allliving things Reichrsquos principle device for detecting this field the orgone ener-gy field meter (Reich 1948 p 125) could apparently detect the energy fieldof a lively human at distances up to 6 feet1 The effects of the spontaneous ex-pression of emotions on the meter were not undertaken as far as I know al-though Reich did report that subjects who were more vegetatively alive (capa-ble of the expression of intense emotions) could more readily affect the metercompared to those who were vegetatively dead a catatonic schizophrenic or aheavily armored obsessive compulsive neurotic

1This device consisted of moveable facing metal plates one of which was connected to the differentpole of the secondary coil of an induction apparatus A 40-watt bulb connected between the plates glowswhen the primary current is at a certain intensity The proximity of something living to the upper plate af-fects the intensity of glow of the bulb The more alive the object the more intense the glow

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 199

Confirmation of Reichrsquos psychiatric biophysical and physical findingshave been reported in those few contemporary journals devoted to his work(The Journal of Orgonomy Annals of The Institute for Orgonomic Science) butnever seriously challenged by reports in the mainstream literature

Methodology

Reichian biopsychiatry is a so-called depth therapy whose aim is to free thepatient from his characterological and muscular armoring or blocks thus per-mitting the free flow of life energy through the organism (Reich 1949) In theprocess emotions are spontaneously released The depth of the emotional re-lease is a function of many things including the layer of the personality orcharacter being addressed at that moment in the therapy the rigidity of thecharacter structure of the patient whether hysterical or compulsive etc andthe energetic charge of the patient in general and on that particular day Pa-tients usually engage in therapy for several to many years motivated by thecontinuing improvement they experience in their sense of internal freedomand well-being their increased capacity to feel pleasure and a growing senseof inner strength personal independence and the capacity to accept greater re-sponsibility for their lives

The technique of therapy involves attention to and interventions in theprocess of verbal and nonverbal interchange between the therapist and the pa-tient plus detailed and consistent attention to the patientrsquos characterologicaland muscular armoring Characterological armoring is treated by the thera-pistrsquos informing the patient through either verbal interventions or mimicry theartificial ways in which the patient appears and behaves Muscular armoring isthe functional somatic counterpart of characterological armoring Chronicspastic tensions in the striated and smooth musculature are released by deepmassage combined with encouraging the patient to express any emotion boundby the armoring

The first part of each session usually involves talking by the patient asheshe describes whatever is on hisher mind and verbal responses and inter-ventions by the therapist This is often but not always followed by having thepatient prone on the therapy couch deeply sigh in order to build up a bioener-getic charge This may by itself without any further interventions be enoughto trigger the overt expression of blocked feelings When the therapist seesthat there is no or little energetic movement he may intervene by describing tothe patient a characterologic attitude or state of bodily constraint or by directsystematic work on the musculature to release armoring

In therapy sessions during the experimental REG periods the therapist in-tentionally took a more passive role than usual in order as much as possibleto avoid adding an unnecessary variable to the experiment This meant fewerverbal interventions relating to the patientsrsquo character and much less workthan usual on the musculature Patients participating as subjects in the experi-ment were rarely physically touched and in the few situations where it was

200 R Blasband

deemed necessary in order to advance therapy not more than once during thesession

Study 1

The experiment was conducted in the therapistrsquos (RABrsquos) office a reno-vated trailer located 30 feet away from his house in a semirural setting inNorthern California at least 18 mile away from the nearest neighbor Patientswere videotaped during each session while a computer time-synched to thecamcorder collected REG data Patients were informed only that the therapistwished to conduct an experiment with a random event generator and that partof the experiment involved videotaping of their sessions All patients gavetheir permission to proceed and accepted the experimental conditions with noobservable inhibition throughout the course of the experiment

Twelve patients ranging in age from 25 to 60 years were initially selectedfrom the therapistrsquos full caseload because they had been coming to treatmentregularly most of them weekly for at least 1 year prior to the study and theirsuperficial resistances including distrust of the therapist and the therapeuticprocess had been well resolved Of the 12 patients three were men Since ithad been the authorrsquos clinical experience that emotional expression by men ismuch more difficult than for women and in view of the fact that only threemen were available for the study it seemed best to limit the current study towomen to optimize the possibilities of seeing some kind of correlation of emo-tional expression with the REG It was anticipated that when the therapistrsquoscaseload included more men who could qualify for the experiment at a latertime that the current experiment would be repeated using only men2 Owing toa technical problem the data from one of the two therapy sessions of a femalepatient was not recorded so she was dropped from the study Of the remainingeight patientsubjects characterological diagnoses included hysterical phal-lic and nonpsychotic catatonic schizophrenic character types using Reichrsquos(1949) and Bakerrsquos (1967) character typology

Videotaping was done with a Sony 8-mm camcorder unobtrusively placedin the office The camcorder was set to record the time and date of the begin-ning of the session and to continuously record elapsed time A portable ran-dom event generator similar to those used in their field REG experiments(Nelson et al 1996 1998) was provided by the Princeton EngineeringAnomalies Laboratory (PEAR) along with software to provide continuousREG recording to hard disk with built-in statistical and graphing capabilitiesAccording to PEAR in this device ldquothe random event sequence is based on alow-level microelectronic white noise source which is amplified limited andultimately compared with a precisely adjusted DC reference level At any in-stant of time the probability of the analog signal equaling or exceeding the ref-

2Dunne (1998 ) later reported gender differences in studies involving conscious intention on the REG

erence threshold is precisely 05 This white noise signal is sampled 1000times per second and the output of a comparator stage is clocked into a digitalflip-flop yielding a stream of binary events 1 or 0 each with probability 05This unpredictable continuous sequence of bits is then compared with an al-ternating template using a logical XOR in hardware and the matches arecounted thus precluding first-order bias of the mean due to short or long-termdrift in any analog component values by inverting every second bit The result-ing sequence is then accumulated as bytes that are transmitted to a serial portof the computer where they are read and converted to REG data by dedicatedsoftwarerdquo (Nelson 1996) Built-in fail-safe and calibration componentsguarantee the devicersquos integrity against technical malfunctions and environ-mental disturbances

Whereas the original PEAR experiments with conscious intention used atripolar protocol the field REG version used in this experiment had a singlenull-intention protocol Data were fed into the computer by the REG in contin-uous 13-minute 1000-trial segments Except for an indication that the com-puter was recording data the screen was blank Thus investigator and patientwere blind to any results emerging during the session The device plus attachedZeos laptop computer was located 10 feet away from the patients out of theirline of sight The camcorder and REG were started within 5 seconds of eachother and within 15 seconds of the beginning of the therapeutic sessions Thispermitted two or three REG segments to be recorded over the course of a 30- or45-minute session Calibration runs were made at intervals during the severalmonths of the experiment when the office was unoccupied during the day andat times through the night

The task of the data analysis was to determine whether any correlation exist-ed between the patientrsquos overt emotional expression and the REG output Forthese purposes we considered an emotionally neutral period of talking as onewhere there was no obvious elation anger anxiety or depression being ex-pressed by the patient as she spoke with the therapist at the beginning of eachsession Segments registered as containing emotional expression were thosewhere emotion was actually expressed by either spontaneous overt cryingscreaming with fear reaching out andor sobbing with longing or yellingandor hitting in anger all of which were seen during the course of the experi-ment That is we distinguished patientsrsquo subjective perceptions of emotionalstates from their overt expression of the state Patients might feel like theywould like to or were going to cry for example but this was distinguished fromthe actual expression of crying with overt sobbing The former was not consid-ered overt expression but the latter was Where the patient was not overtly ex-pressing an emotion such as crying or anger while talking but the therapistcould clearly sense a strong undercurrent of sadness or anger the segment wasexcluded from the data analysis The therapist was highly experienced at mak-ing such estimations having done so for over 25 years of clinical work

Periods of remarkable pleasure or joy were not seen in any patientsubjectduring the experimental periods although most patients reported considerable

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 201

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

196 R Blasband

In their model Jahn and Dunne define consciousness as all that one identi-fies as oneself thought emotions physical substance etc They account fortheir anomalous finding by hypothesizing a nonelectromagnetic field throughwhich a state of resonance is established between the operator and the ma-chine

Given the above findings and assuming that Jahn and Dunne were correct inincluding emotions in their definition of consciousness we reasoned that ifother-than-conscious intentions can order the output of an REG then it waspossible that spontaneous undirected emotional expression might in someway do the same In the form of psychiatric therapy employed by the author(Reichian biopsychiatry) intense emotional expression by the patient occursfairly regularly It was therefore hypothesized that an REG set up in the thera-py office 10 feet distant from a patient would be anomalously affected duringthose moments when the patient would express emotions compared to thosetimes when patients would be emotionally neutral The present study is an ini-tial survey designed to see whether correlations can indeed be found betweenREG output and emotional expression

Literature Review

Other than the quantum mechanical theoretical formulations of Jahn andDunne (1987) there was no reason based upon the findings and theories ofclassical biophysics to expect any influence on the output of an REG by aspontaneously emoting individual many feet distant from the device Al-though it was true as stated above that Jahn and Dunne had amply demon-strated that the output of the REG could be correlated with the conscious in-tention of operators there was nothing in the literature at the time of beginningthe experiments described in this paper that suggested effects of either local ornonlocal emotional output on such a device Since then the only relevant find-ings involve the effects of group expression on the REG (Nelson et al 19961998 Radin Rebman and Cross 1996 Rowe 1998 Schwartz et al 1997)Further a review of the mainstream literature on the biophysical basis of emo-tions shows that although one can demonstrate myriad physiological parame-ters that correlate with feelings and expressed emotions all involved measure-ments are made either within or on the surface of the body (Panksepp 1998)Indeed except for experiments performed by Wilhelm Reich and Harold BurrI could find no research involving biophysical and physiological parameters ofbiological or psychobiological functions where measurements were madenonlocally

Burr observed that an electrical field measured a small distance away fromthe surface of an unfertilized biologically undifferentiated salamander eggappeared to have a determining effect on the establishment of the pattern of thefuture axis of the central nervous system (Burr 1972) On the basis of his ex-perimental observations Burr with F S C Northrop formulated an electro-dynamic theory of life maintaining that an electrical field was a primary prop-

erty of protoplasm sustaining pattern in the organism in the midst of physio-chemical flux (Burr and Northrop 1935)

The work of the contemporary biophysicist Mae-Wan Ho at the Open Uni-versity London complements many of Burrrsquos findings Her analysis of herown and otherrsquos experimental work supports the hypothesis that the ldquoorganiz-ing embryonic field is global in character right down to individual macromol-ecules and that its major axis is electrodynamic in characterrdquo (Ho and Saun-ders 1994)

The radiation effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields generated by the accel-eration of electrically charged inorganic organic and macromolecular ionswithin the body have been investigated experimentally and theoretically Thewaves resulting from the movement of these ions through the body are various-ly emitted decay and are refracted and reflected at organ interfaces producinginterference patterns which combine according to quantum theoryrsquos superpo-sition principle According to C Zhang and F A Popp these interference pat-terns create stable standing waves which may have a great deal to do withholographic effects seen in the global functioning of the organism and its non-local treatment by such modalities as acupuncture (Rubik 1995) But even inthese studies involving EM fields all measurements were made on or beneaththe surface of the body

Thus we see that there is at least some basis for the existence of a biofieldeffect based upon electromagnetism However although it is possible thatemotional expression could affect an REG through perturbing an EM field em-anating from the body or be some component of the elements that generatesuch a field the findings and theory of electromagnetism provide no basis forexpecting that such a field would extend much further than a few inches fromthe body Further and most important as Jahn and Dunne note the experi-mental phenomena documented in their work with the REG and remote view-ing especially those involving anomalies of time cannot be explained by elec-tromagnetic theory (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

A non-EM biophysical basis for the emotions was elucidated by WilhelmReich the Austrian psychoanalyst who devoted the latter part of his life to theinvestigation of the nature of life and life energy In his clinical psychoanalyticand later vegetotherapeutic and orgone-therapeutic work Reich proposed thatemotions were a function of the patient either bioenergetically expanding to-ward or contracting away from the outer world (Reich 1949) This amoeboid-like behavior confirmed an earlier postulate of Freud that never took seriousroot in later psychoanalytic theory When Reich moved from the classical psy-choanalytic technique of free association toward the more confrontive kinds ofintervention of the method he called character analysis he noted that patientsmore readily gave in to the expression of their previously blocked emotionsWhen this happened he observed spontaneous pulsatile (clonisms) movementsof the patientrsquos body which at times included the entire torso These move-ments were greatly amplified when Reich added massage directed at physicalrelease of the patientrsquos chronic muscular tension (muscular armoring) to his

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 197

198 R Blasband

therapeutic armamentarium Reich found that as the characterological andmuscular armoring softened in the course of therapy patients reported feelingelectrical currents and sensations of something streaming through their bod-ies This was usually associated with an increase in general vagotonic toneflushing of the skin brightening of the eyes contraction of the pupils slowingof the heart and an increase in pleasurable sensations at the skin The oppo-site of this state of bioenergetic expansion was one of bioenergetic contrac-tion usually brought on by fear or anxiety and characterized by a general au-tonomic sympathetic tone with pallor of the skin narrowing of the eyesdilatation of the pupils acceleration of heart rate and sensations of inner ten-sion (Reich 1942)

In order to objectify these observations Reich measured bioelectric chargeon the skin surface of subjects in a variety of emotional states He found thatthe subjective perception of anxiety or sadness was directly correlated (ldquofunc-tionally identicalrdquo to use Reichrsquos term) with a contractive movement of bio-electricity away from the skin surface toward the bioenergetic core of the or-ganismmdashautonomic neural plexes deep in the abdomen and pelvis Angerpleasure and longing were correlated with an expansive movement of bioelec-tricity from the core out to the skin surface (Reich 1937) These directions ofmovement were understood by Reich to be mediated by opposing dominationof the two different branches of the autonomic nervous system the parasym-pathetic in bioenergetic expansion and the sympathetic in bioenergetic con-traction A more recent attempt to replicate Reichrsquos study using modern equip-ment confirmed in many respects Reichrsquos findings (Braid and Dew 1988)

Reich found that a bioelectrical interpretation was not however sufficientto explain adequately all the phenomena observed in his bioelectrical studiesHe then undertook a series of experiments on the sources of energy sustaininglife which ultimately suggested a nonelectromagnetic basis for living process-es In the course of his research Reich reported experiments in which he postu-lated a field of bioenergy orgone energy surrounding and interpenetrating allliving things Reichrsquos principle device for detecting this field the orgone ener-gy field meter (Reich 1948 p 125) could apparently detect the energy fieldof a lively human at distances up to 6 feet1 The effects of the spontaneous ex-pression of emotions on the meter were not undertaken as far as I know al-though Reich did report that subjects who were more vegetatively alive (capa-ble of the expression of intense emotions) could more readily affect the metercompared to those who were vegetatively dead a catatonic schizophrenic or aheavily armored obsessive compulsive neurotic

1This device consisted of moveable facing metal plates one of which was connected to the differentpole of the secondary coil of an induction apparatus A 40-watt bulb connected between the plates glowswhen the primary current is at a certain intensity The proximity of something living to the upper plate af-fects the intensity of glow of the bulb The more alive the object the more intense the glow

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 199

Confirmation of Reichrsquos psychiatric biophysical and physical findingshave been reported in those few contemporary journals devoted to his work(The Journal of Orgonomy Annals of The Institute for Orgonomic Science) butnever seriously challenged by reports in the mainstream literature

Methodology

Reichian biopsychiatry is a so-called depth therapy whose aim is to free thepatient from his characterological and muscular armoring or blocks thus per-mitting the free flow of life energy through the organism (Reich 1949) In theprocess emotions are spontaneously released The depth of the emotional re-lease is a function of many things including the layer of the personality orcharacter being addressed at that moment in the therapy the rigidity of thecharacter structure of the patient whether hysterical or compulsive etc andthe energetic charge of the patient in general and on that particular day Pa-tients usually engage in therapy for several to many years motivated by thecontinuing improvement they experience in their sense of internal freedomand well-being their increased capacity to feel pleasure and a growing senseof inner strength personal independence and the capacity to accept greater re-sponsibility for their lives

The technique of therapy involves attention to and interventions in theprocess of verbal and nonverbal interchange between the therapist and the pa-tient plus detailed and consistent attention to the patientrsquos characterologicaland muscular armoring Characterological armoring is treated by the thera-pistrsquos informing the patient through either verbal interventions or mimicry theartificial ways in which the patient appears and behaves Muscular armoring isthe functional somatic counterpart of characterological armoring Chronicspastic tensions in the striated and smooth musculature are released by deepmassage combined with encouraging the patient to express any emotion boundby the armoring

The first part of each session usually involves talking by the patient asheshe describes whatever is on hisher mind and verbal responses and inter-ventions by the therapist This is often but not always followed by having thepatient prone on the therapy couch deeply sigh in order to build up a bioener-getic charge This may by itself without any further interventions be enoughto trigger the overt expression of blocked feelings When the therapist seesthat there is no or little energetic movement he may intervene by describing tothe patient a characterologic attitude or state of bodily constraint or by directsystematic work on the musculature to release armoring

In therapy sessions during the experimental REG periods the therapist in-tentionally took a more passive role than usual in order as much as possibleto avoid adding an unnecessary variable to the experiment This meant fewerverbal interventions relating to the patientsrsquo character and much less workthan usual on the musculature Patients participating as subjects in the experi-ment were rarely physically touched and in the few situations where it was

200 R Blasband

deemed necessary in order to advance therapy not more than once during thesession

Study 1

The experiment was conducted in the therapistrsquos (RABrsquos) office a reno-vated trailer located 30 feet away from his house in a semirural setting inNorthern California at least 18 mile away from the nearest neighbor Patientswere videotaped during each session while a computer time-synched to thecamcorder collected REG data Patients were informed only that the therapistwished to conduct an experiment with a random event generator and that partof the experiment involved videotaping of their sessions All patients gavetheir permission to proceed and accepted the experimental conditions with noobservable inhibition throughout the course of the experiment

Twelve patients ranging in age from 25 to 60 years were initially selectedfrom the therapistrsquos full caseload because they had been coming to treatmentregularly most of them weekly for at least 1 year prior to the study and theirsuperficial resistances including distrust of the therapist and the therapeuticprocess had been well resolved Of the 12 patients three were men Since ithad been the authorrsquos clinical experience that emotional expression by men ismuch more difficult than for women and in view of the fact that only threemen were available for the study it seemed best to limit the current study towomen to optimize the possibilities of seeing some kind of correlation of emo-tional expression with the REG It was anticipated that when the therapistrsquoscaseload included more men who could qualify for the experiment at a latertime that the current experiment would be repeated using only men2 Owing toa technical problem the data from one of the two therapy sessions of a femalepatient was not recorded so she was dropped from the study Of the remainingeight patientsubjects characterological diagnoses included hysterical phal-lic and nonpsychotic catatonic schizophrenic character types using Reichrsquos(1949) and Bakerrsquos (1967) character typology

Videotaping was done with a Sony 8-mm camcorder unobtrusively placedin the office The camcorder was set to record the time and date of the begin-ning of the session and to continuously record elapsed time A portable ran-dom event generator similar to those used in their field REG experiments(Nelson et al 1996 1998) was provided by the Princeton EngineeringAnomalies Laboratory (PEAR) along with software to provide continuousREG recording to hard disk with built-in statistical and graphing capabilitiesAccording to PEAR in this device ldquothe random event sequence is based on alow-level microelectronic white noise source which is amplified limited andultimately compared with a precisely adjusted DC reference level At any in-stant of time the probability of the analog signal equaling or exceeding the ref-

2Dunne (1998 ) later reported gender differences in studies involving conscious intention on the REG

erence threshold is precisely 05 This white noise signal is sampled 1000times per second and the output of a comparator stage is clocked into a digitalflip-flop yielding a stream of binary events 1 or 0 each with probability 05This unpredictable continuous sequence of bits is then compared with an al-ternating template using a logical XOR in hardware and the matches arecounted thus precluding first-order bias of the mean due to short or long-termdrift in any analog component values by inverting every second bit The result-ing sequence is then accumulated as bytes that are transmitted to a serial portof the computer where they are read and converted to REG data by dedicatedsoftwarerdquo (Nelson 1996) Built-in fail-safe and calibration componentsguarantee the devicersquos integrity against technical malfunctions and environ-mental disturbances

Whereas the original PEAR experiments with conscious intention used atripolar protocol the field REG version used in this experiment had a singlenull-intention protocol Data were fed into the computer by the REG in contin-uous 13-minute 1000-trial segments Except for an indication that the com-puter was recording data the screen was blank Thus investigator and patientwere blind to any results emerging during the session The device plus attachedZeos laptop computer was located 10 feet away from the patients out of theirline of sight The camcorder and REG were started within 5 seconds of eachother and within 15 seconds of the beginning of the therapeutic sessions Thispermitted two or three REG segments to be recorded over the course of a 30- or45-minute session Calibration runs were made at intervals during the severalmonths of the experiment when the office was unoccupied during the day andat times through the night

The task of the data analysis was to determine whether any correlation exist-ed between the patientrsquos overt emotional expression and the REG output Forthese purposes we considered an emotionally neutral period of talking as onewhere there was no obvious elation anger anxiety or depression being ex-pressed by the patient as she spoke with the therapist at the beginning of eachsession Segments registered as containing emotional expression were thosewhere emotion was actually expressed by either spontaneous overt cryingscreaming with fear reaching out andor sobbing with longing or yellingandor hitting in anger all of which were seen during the course of the experi-ment That is we distinguished patientsrsquo subjective perceptions of emotionalstates from their overt expression of the state Patients might feel like theywould like to or were going to cry for example but this was distinguished fromthe actual expression of crying with overt sobbing The former was not consid-ered overt expression but the latter was Where the patient was not overtly ex-pressing an emotion such as crying or anger while talking but the therapistcould clearly sense a strong undercurrent of sadness or anger the segment wasexcluded from the data analysis The therapist was highly experienced at mak-ing such estimations having done so for over 25 years of clinical work

Periods of remarkable pleasure or joy were not seen in any patientsubjectduring the experimental periods although most patients reported considerable

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 201

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

erty of protoplasm sustaining pattern in the organism in the midst of physio-chemical flux (Burr and Northrop 1935)

The work of the contemporary biophysicist Mae-Wan Ho at the Open Uni-versity London complements many of Burrrsquos findings Her analysis of herown and otherrsquos experimental work supports the hypothesis that the ldquoorganiz-ing embryonic field is global in character right down to individual macromol-ecules and that its major axis is electrodynamic in characterrdquo (Ho and Saun-ders 1994)

The radiation effects of electromagnetic (EM) fields generated by the accel-eration of electrically charged inorganic organic and macromolecular ionswithin the body have been investigated experimentally and theoretically Thewaves resulting from the movement of these ions through the body are various-ly emitted decay and are refracted and reflected at organ interfaces producinginterference patterns which combine according to quantum theoryrsquos superpo-sition principle According to C Zhang and F A Popp these interference pat-terns create stable standing waves which may have a great deal to do withholographic effects seen in the global functioning of the organism and its non-local treatment by such modalities as acupuncture (Rubik 1995) But even inthese studies involving EM fields all measurements were made on or beneaththe surface of the body

Thus we see that there is at least some basis for the existence of a biofieldeffect based upon electromagnetism However although it is possible thatemotional expression could affect an REG through perturbing an EM field em-anating from the body or be some component of the elements that generatesuch a field the findings and theory of electromagnetism provide no basis forexpecting that such a field would extend much further than a few inches fromthe body Further and most important as Jahn and Dunne note the experi-mental phenomena documented in their work with the REG and remote view-ing especially those involving anomalies of time cannot be explained by elec-tromagnetic theory (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

A non-EM biophysical basis for the emotions was elucidated by WilhelmReich the Austrian psychoanalyst who devoted the latter part of his life to theinvestigation of the nature of life and life energy In his clinical psychoanalyticand later vegetotherapeutic and orgone-therapeutic work Reich proposed thatemotions were a function of the patient either bioenergetically expanding to-ward or contracting away from the outer world (Reich 1949) This amoeboid-like behavior confirmed an earlier postulate of Freud that never took seriousroot in later psychoanalytic theory When Reich moved from the classical psy-choanalytic technique of free association toward the more confrontive kinds ofintervention of the method he called character analysis he noted that patientsmore readily gave in to the expression of their previously blocked emotionsWhen this happened he observed spontaneous pulsatile (clonisms) movementsof the patientrsquos body which at times included the entire torso These move-ments were greatly amplified when Reich added massage directed at physicalrelease of the patientrsquos chronic muscular tension (muscular armoring) to his

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 197

198 R Blasband

therapeutic armamentarium Reich found that as the characterological andmuscular armoring softened in the course of therapy patients reported feelingelectrical currents and sensations of something streaming through their bod-ies This was usually associated with an increase in general vagotonic toneflushing of the skin brightening of the eyes contraction of the pupils slowingof the heart and an increase in pleasurable sensations at the skin The oppo-site of this state of bioenergetic expansion was one of bioenergetic contrac-tion usually brought on by fear or anxiety and characterized by a general au-tonomic sympathetic tone with pallor of the skin narrowing of the eyesdilatation of the pupils acceleration of heart rate and sensations of inner ten-sion (Reich 1942)

In order to objectify these observations Reich measured bioelectric chargeon the skin surface of subjects in a variety of emotional states He found thatthe subjective perception of anxiety or sadness was directly correlated (ldquofunc-tionally identicalrdquo to use Reichrsquos term) with a contractive movement of bio-electricity away from the skin surface toward the bioenergetic core of the or-ganismmdashautonomic neural plexes deep in the abdomen and pelvis Angerpleasure and longing were correlated with an expansive movement of bioelec-tricity from the core out to the skin surface (Reich 1937) These directions ofmovement were understood by Reich to be mediated by opposing dominationof the two different branches of the autonomic nervous system the parasym-pathetic in bioenergetic expansion and the sympathetic in bioenergetic con-traction A more recent attempt to replicate Reichrsquos study using modern equip-ment confirmed in many respects Reichrsquos findings (Braid and Dew 1988)

Reich found that a bioelectrical interpretation was not however sufficientto explain adequately all the phenomena observed in his bioelectrical studiesHe then undertook a series of experiments on the sources of energy sustaininglife which ultimately suggested a nonelectromagnetic basis for living process-es In the course of his research Reich reported experiments in which he postu-lated a field of bioenergy orgone energy surrounding and interpenetrating allliving things Reichrsquos principle device for detecting this field the orgone ener-gy field meter (Reich 1948 p 125) could apparently detect the energy fieldof a lively human at distances up to 6 feet1 The effects of the spontaneous ex-pression of emotions on the meter were not undertaken as far as I know al-though Reich did report that subjects who were more vegetatively alive (capa-ble of the expression of intense emotions) could more readily affect the metercompared to those who were vegetatively dead a catatonic schizophrenic or aheavily armored obsessive compulsive neurotic

1This device consisted of moveable facing metal plates one of which was connected to the differentpole of the secondary coil of an induction apparatus A 40-watt bulb connected between the plates glowswhen the primary current is at a certain intensity The proximity of something living to the upper plate af-fects the intensity of glow of the bulb The more alive the object the more intense the glow

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 199

Confirmation of Reichrsquos psychiatric biophysical and physical findingshave been reported in those few contemporary journals devoted to his work(The Journal of Orgonomy Annals of The Institute for Orgonomic Science) butnever seriously challenged by reports in the mainstream literature

Methodology

Reichian biopsychiatry is a so-called depth therapy whose aim is to free thepatient from his characterological and muscular armoring or blocks thus per-mitting the free flow of life energy through the organism (Reich 1949) In theprocess emotions are spontaneously released The depth of the emotional re-lease is a function of many things including the layer of the personality orcharacter being addressed at that moment in the therapy the rigidity of thecharacter structure of the patient whether hysterical or compulsive etc andthe energetic charge of the patient in general and on that particular day Pa-tients usually engage in therapy for several to many years motivated by thecontinuing improvement they experience in their sense of internal freedomand well-being their increased capacity to feel pleasure and a growing senseof inner strength personal independence and the capacity to accept greater re-sponsibility for their lives

The technique of therapy involves attention to and interventions in theprocess of verbal and nonverbal interchange between the therapist and the pa-tient plus detailed and consistent attention to the patientrsquos characterologicaland muscular armoring Characterological armoring is treated by the thera-pistrsquos informing the patient through either verbal interventions or mimicry theartificial ways in which the patient appears and behaves Muscular armoring isthe functional somatic counterpart of characterological armoring Chronicspastic tensions in the striated and smooth musculature are released by deepmassage combined with encouraging the patient to express any emotion boundby the armoring

The first part of each session usually involves talking by the patient asheshe describes whatever is on hisher mind and verbal responses and inter-ventions by the therapist This is often but not always followed by having thepatient prone on the therapy couch deeply sigh in order to build up a bioener-getic charge This may by itself without any further interventions be enoughto trigger the overt expression of blocked feelings When the therapist seesthat there is no or little energetic movement he may intervene by describing tothe patient a characterologic attitude or state of bodily constraint or by directsystematic work on the musculature to release armoring

In therapy sessions during the experimental REG periods the therapist in-tentionally took a more passive role than usual in order as much as possibleto avoid adding an unnecessary variable to the experiment This meant fewerverbal interventions relating to the patientsrsquo character and much less workthan usual on the musculature Patients participating as subjects in the experi-ment were rarely physically touched and in the few situations where it was

200 R Blasband

deemed necessary in order to advance therapy not more than once during thesession

Study 1

The experiment was conducted in the therapistrsquos (RABrsquos) office a reno-vated trailer located 30 feet away from his house in a semirural setting inNorthern California at least 18 mile away from the nearest neighbor Patientswere videotaped during each session while a computer time-synched to thecamcorder collected REG data Patients were informed only that the therapistwished to conduct an experiment with a random event generator and that partof the experiment involved videotaping of their sessions All patients gavetheir permission to proceed and accepted the experimental conditions with noobservable inhibition throughout the course of the experiment

Twelve patients ranging in age from 25 to 60 years were initially selectedfrom the therapistrsquos full caseload because they had been coming to treatmentregularly most of them weekly for at least 1 year prior to the study and theirsuperficial resistances including distrust of the therapist and the therapeuticprocess had been well resolved Of the 12 patients three were men Since ithad been the authorrsquos clinical experience that emotional expression by men ismuch more difficult than for women and in view of the fact that only threemen were available for the study it seemed best to limit the current study towomen to optimize the possibilities of seeing some kind of correlation of emo-tional expression with the REG It was anticipated that when the therapistrsquoscaseload included more men who could qualify for the experiment at a latertime that the current experiment would be repeated using only men2 Owing toa technical problem the data from one of the two therapy sessions of a femalepatient was not recorded so she was dropped from the study Of the remainingeight patientsubjects characterological diagnoses included hysterical phal-lic and nonpsychotic catatonic schizophrenic character types using Reichrsquos(1949) and Bakerrsquos (1967) character typology

Videotaping was done with a Sony 8-mm camcorder unobtrusively placedin the office The camcorder was set to record the time and date of the begin-ning of the session and to continuously record elapsed time A portable ran-dom event generator similar to those used in their field REG experiments(Nelson et al 1996 1998) was provided by the Princeton EngineeringAnomalies Laboratory (PEAR) along with software to provide continuousREG recording to hard disk with built-in statistical and graphing capabilitiesAccording to PEAR in this device ldquothe random event sequence is based on alow-level microelectronic white noise source which is amplified limited andultimately compared with a precisely adjusted DC reference level At any in-stant of time the probability of the analog signal equaling or exceeding the ref-

2Dunne (1998 ) later reported gender differences in studies involving conscious intention on the REG

erence threshold is precisely 05 This white noise signal is sampled 1000times per second and the output of a comparator stage is clocked into a digitalflip-flop yielding a stream of binary events 1 or 0 each with probability 05This unpredictable continuous sequence of bits is then compared with an al-ternating template using a logical XOR in hardware and the matches arecounted thus precluding first-order bias of the mean due to short or long-termdrift in any analog component values by inverting every second bit The result-ing sequence is then accumulated as bytes that are transmitted to a serial portof the computer where they are read and converted to REG data by dedicatedsoftwarerdquo (Nelson 1996) Built-in fail-safe and calibration componentsguarantee the devicersquos integrity against technical malfunctions and environ-mental disturbances

Whereas the original PEAR experiments with conscious intention used atripolar protocol the field REG version used in this experiment had a singlenull-intention protocol Data were fed into the computer by the REG in contin-uous 13-minute 1000-trial segments Except for an indication that the com-puter was recording data the screen was blank Thus investigator and patientwere blind to any results emerging during the session The device plus attachedZeos laptop computer was located 10 feet away from the patients out of theirline of sight The camcorder and REG were started within 5 seconds of eachother and within 15 seconds of the beginning of the therapeutic sessions Thispermitted two or three REG segments to be recorded over the course of a 30- or45-minute session Calibration runs were made at intervals during the severalmonths of the experiment when the office was unoccupied during the day andat times through the night

The task of the data analysis was to determine whether any correlation exist-ed between the patientrsquos overt emotional expression and the REG output Forthese purposes we considered an emotionally neutral period of talking as onewhere there was no obvious elation anger anxiety or depression being ex-pressed by the patient as she spoke with the therapist at the beginning of eachsession Segments registered as containing emotional expression were thosewhere emotion was actually expressed by either spontaneous overt cryingscreaming with fear reaching out andor sobbing with longing or yellingandor hitting in anger all of which were seen during the course of the experi-ment That is we distinguished patientsrsquo subjective perceptions of emotionalstates from their overt expression of the state Patients might feel like theywould like to or were going to cry for example but this was distinguished fromthe actual expression of crying with overt sobbing The former was not consid-ered overt expression but the latter was Where the patient was not overtly ex-pressing an emotion such as crying or anger while talking but the therapistcould clearly sense a strong undercurrent of sadness or anger the segment wasexcluded from the data analysis The therapist was highly experienced at mak-ing such estimations having done so for over 25 years of clinical work

Periods of remarkable pleasure or joy were not seen in any patientsubjectduring the experimental periods although most patients reported considerable

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 201

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

198 R Blasband

therapeutic armamentarium Reich found that as the characterological andmuscular armoring softened in the course of therapy patients reported feelingelectrical currents and sensations of something streaming through their bod-ies This was usually associated with an increase in general vagotonic toneflushing of the skin brightening of the eyes contraction of the pupils slowingof the heart and an increase in pleasurable sensations at the skin The oppo-site of this state of bioenergetic expansion was one of bioenergetic contrac-tion usually brought on by fear or anxiety and characterized by a general au-tonomic sympathetic tone with pallor of the skin narrowing of the eyesdilatation of the pupils acceleration of heart rate and sensations of inner ten-sion (Reich 1942)

In order to objectify these observations Reich measured bioelectric chargeon the skin surface of subjects in a variety of emotional states He found thatthe subjective perception of anxiety or sadness was directly correlated (ldquofunc-tionally identicalrdquo to use Reichrsquos term) with a contractive movement of bio-electricity away from the skin surface toward the bioenergetic core of the or-ganismmdashautonomic neural plexes deep in the abdomen and pelvis Angerpleasure and longing were correlated with an expansive movement of bioelec-tricity from the core out to the skin surface (Reich 1937) These directions ofmovement were understood by Reich to be mediated by opposing dominationof the two different branches of the autonomic nervous system the parasym-pathetic in bioenergetic expansion and the sympathetic in bioenergetic con-traction A more recent attempt to replicate Reichrsquos study using modern equip-ment confirmed in many respects Reichrsquos findings (Braid and Dew 1988)

Reich found that a bioelectrical interpretation was not however sufficientto explain adequately all the phenomena observed in his bioelectrical studiesHe then undertook a series of experiments on the sources of energy sustaininglife which ultimately suggested a nonelectromagnetic basis for living process-es In the course of his research Reich reported experiments in which he postu-lated a field of bioenergy orgone energy surrounding and interpenetrating allliving things Reichrsquos principle device for detecting this field the orgone ener-gy field meter (Reich 1948 p 125) could apparently detect the energy fieldof a lively human at distances up to 6 feet1 The effects of the spontaneous ex-pression of emotions on the meter were not undertaken as far as I know al-though Reich did report that subjects who were more vegetatively alive (capa-ble of the expression of intense emotions) could more readily affect the metercompared to those who were vegetatively dead a catatonic schizophrenic or aheavily armored obsessive compulsive neurotic

1This device consisted of moveable facing metal plates one of which was connected to the differentpole of the secondary coil of an induction apparatus A 40-watt bulb connected between the plates glowswhen the primary current is at a certain intensity The proximity of something living to the upper plate af-fects the intensity of glow of the bulb The more alive the object the more intense the glow

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 199

Confirmation of Reichrsquos psychiatric biophysical and physical findingshave been reported in those few contemporary journals devoted to his work(The Journal of Orgonomy Annals of The Institute for Orgonomic Science) butnever seriously challenged by reports in the mainstream literature

Methodology

Reichian biopsychiatry is a so-called depth therapy whose aim is to free thepatient from his characterological and muscular armoring or blocks thus per-mitting the free flow of life energy through the organism (Reich 1949) In theprocess emotions are spontaneously released The depth of the emotional re-lease is a function of many things including the layer of the personality orcharacter being addressed at that moment in the therapy the rigidity of thecharacter structure of the patient whether hysterical or compulsive etc andthe energetic charge of the patient in general and on that particular day Pa-tients usually engage in therapy for several to many years motivated by thecontinuing improvement they experience in their sense of internal freedomand well-being their increased capacity to feel pleasure and a growing senseof inner strength personal independence and the capacity to accept greater re-sponsibility for their lives

The technique of therapy involves attention to and interventions in theprocess of verbal and nonverbal interchange between the therapist and the pa-tient plus detailed and consistent attention to the patientrsquos characterologicaland muscular armoring Characterological armoring is treated by the thera-pistrsquos informing the patient through either verbal interventions or mimicry theartificial ways in which the patient appears and behaves Muscular armoring isthe functional somatic counterpart of characterological armoring Chronicspastic tensions in the striated and smooth musculature are released by deepmassage combined with encouraging the patient to express any emotion boundby the armoring

The first part of each session usually involves talking by the patient asheshe describes whatever is on hisher mind and verbal responses and inter-ventions by the therapist This is often but not always followed by having thepatient prone on the therapy couch deeply sigh in order to build up a bioener-getic charge This may by itself without any further interventions be enoughto trigger the overt expression of blocked feelings When the therapist seesthat there is no or little energetic movement he may intervene by describing tothe patient a characterologic attitude or state of bodily constraint or by directsystematic work on the musculature to release armoring

In therapy sessions during the experimental REG periods the therapist in-tentionally took a more passive role than usual in order as much as possibleto avoid adding an unnecessary variable to the experiment This meant fewerverbal interventions relating to the patientsrsquo character and much less workthan usual on the musculature Patients participating as subjects in the experi-ment were rarely physically touched and in the few situations where it was

200 R Blasband

deemed necessary in order to advance therapy not more than once during thesession

Study 1

The experiment was conducted in the therapistrsquos (RABrsquos) office a reno-vated trailer located 30 feet away from his house in a semirural setting inNorthern California at least 18 mile away from the nearest neighbor Patientswere videotaped during each session while a computer time-synched to thecamcorder collected REG data Patients were informed only that the therapistwished to conduct an experiment with a random event generator and that partof the experiment involved videotaping of their sessions All patients gavetheir permission to proceed and accepted the experimental conditions with noobservable inhibition throughout the course of the experiment

Twelve patients ranging in age from 25 to 60 years were initially selectedfrom the therapistrsquos full caseload because they had been coming to treatmentregularly most of them weekly for at least 1 year prior to the study and theirsuperficial resistances including distrust of the therapist and the therapeuticprocess had been well resolved Of the 12 patients three were men Since ithad been the authorrsquos clinical experience that emotional expression by men ismuch more difficult than for women and in view of the fact that only threemen were available for the study it seemed best to limit the current study towomen to optimize the possibilities of seeing some kind of correlation of emo-tional expression with the REG It was anticipated that when the therapistrsquoscaseload included more men who could qualify for the experiment at a latertime that the current experiment would be repeated using only men2 Owing toa technical problem the data from one of the two therapy sessions of a femalepatient was not recorded so she was dropped from the study Of the remainingeight patientsubjects characterological diagnoses included hysterical phal-lic and nonpsychotic catatonic schizophrenic character types using Reichrsquos(1949) and Bakerrsquos (1967) character typology

Videotaping was done with a Sony 8-mm camcorder unobtrusively placedin the office The camcorder was set to record the time and date of the begin-ning of the session and to continuously record elapsed time A portable ran-dom event generator similar to those used in their field REG experiments(Nelson et al 1996 1998) was provided by the Princeton EngineeringAnomalies Laboratory (PEAR) along with software to provide continuousREG recording to hard disk with built-in statistical and graphing capabilitiesAccording to PEAR in this device ldquothe random event sequence is based on alow-level microelectronic white noise source which is amplified limited andultimately compared with a precisely adjusted DC reference level At any in-stant of time the probability of the analog signal equaling or exceeding the ref-

2Dunne (1998 ) later reported gender differences in studies involving conscious intention on the REG

erence threshold is precisely 05 This white noise signal is sampled 1000times per second and the output of a comparator stage is clocked into a digitalflip-flop yielding a stream of binary events 1 or 0 each with probability 05This unpredictable continuous sequence of bits is then compared with an al-ternating template using a logical XOR in hardware and the matches arecounted thus precluding first-order bias of the mean due to short or long-termdrift in any analog component values by inverting every second bit The result-ing sequence is then accumulated as bytes that are transmitted to a serial portof the computer where they are read and converted to REG data by dedicatedsoftwarerdquo (Nelson 1996) Built-in fail-safe and calibration componentsguarantee the devicersquos integrity against technical malfunctions and environ-mental disturbances

Whereas the original PEAR experiments with conscious intention used atripolar protocol the field REG version used in this experiment had a singlenull-intention protocol Data were fed into the computer by the REG in contin-uous 13-minute 1000-trial segments Except for an indication that the com-puter was recording data the screen was blank Thus investigator and patientwere blind to any results emerging during the session The device plus attachedZeos laptop computer was located 10 feet away from the patients out of theirline of sight The camcorder and REG were started within 5 seconds of eachother and within 15 seconds of the beginning of the therapeutic sessions Thispermitted two or three REG segments to be recorded over the course of a 30- or45-minute session Calibration runs were made at intervals during the severalmonths of the experiment when the office was unoccupied during the day andat times through the night

The task of the data analysis was to determine whether any correlation exist-ed between the patientrsquos overt emotional expression and the REG output Forthese purposes we considered an emotionally neutral period of talking as onewhere there was no obvious elation anger anxiety or depression being ex-pressed by the patient as she spoke with the therapist at the beginning of eachsession Segments registered as containing emotional expression were thosewhere emotion was actually expressed by either spontaneous overt cryingscreaming with fear reaching out andor sobbing with longing or yellingandor hitting in anger all of which were seen during the course of the experi-ment That is we distinguished patientsrsquo subjective perceptions of emotionalstates from their overt expression of the state Patients might feel like theywould like to or were going to cry for example but this was distinguished fromthe actual expression of crying with overt sobbing The former was not consid-ered overt expression but the latter was Where the patient was not overtly ex-pressing an emotion such as crying or anger while talking but the therapistcould clearly sense a strong undercurrent of sadness or anger the segment wasexcluded from the data analysis The therapist was highly experienced at mak-ing such estimations having done so for over 25 years of clinical work

Periods of remarkable pleasure or joy were not seen in any patientsubjectduring the experimental periods although most patients reported considerable

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 201

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 199

Confirmation of Reichrsquos psychiatric biophysical and physical findingshave been reported in those few contemporary journals devoted to his work(The Journal of Orgonomy Annals of The Institute for Orgonomic Science) butnever seriously challenged by reports in the mainstream literature

Methodology

Reichian biopsychiatry is a so-called depth therapy whose aim is to free thepatient from his characterological and muscular armoring or blocks thus per-mitting the free flow of life energy through the organism (Reich 1949) In theprocess emotions are spontaneously released The depth of the emotional re-lease is a function of many things including the layer of the personality orcharacter being addressed at that moment in the therapy the rigidity of thecharacter structure of the patient whether hysterical or compulsive etc andthe energetic charge of the patient in general and on that particular day Pa-tients usually engage in therapy for several to many years motivated by thecontinuing improvement they experience in their sense of internal freedomand well-being their increased capacity to feel pleasure and a growing senseof inner strength personal independence and the capacity to accept greater re-sponsibility for their lives

The technique of therapy involves attention to and interventions in theprocess of verbal and nonverbal interchange between the therapist and the pa-tient plus detailed and consistent attention to the patientrsquos characterologicaland muscular armoring Characterological armoring is treated by the thera-pistrsquos informing the patient through either verbal interventions or mimicry theartificial ways in which the patient appears and behaves Muscular armoring isthe functional somatic counterpart of characterological armoring Chronicspastic tensions in the striated and smooth musculature are released by deepmassage combined with encouraging the patient to express any emotion boundby the armoring

The first part of each session usually involves talking by the patient asheshe describes whatever is on hisher mind and verbal responses and inter-ventions by the therapist This is often but not always followed by having thepatient prone on the therapy couch deeply sigh in order to build up a bioener-getic charge This may by itself without any further interventions be enoughto trigger the overt expression of blocked feelings When the therapist seesthat there is no or little energetic movement he may intervene by describing tothe patient a characterologic attitude or state of bodily constraint or by directsystematic work on the musculature to release armoring

In therapy sessions during the experimental REG periods the therapist in-tentionally took a more passive role than usual in order as much as possibleto avoid adding an unnecessary variable to the experiment This meant fewerverbal interventions relating to the patientsrsquo character and much less workthan usual on the musculature Patients participating as subjects in the experi-ment were rarely physically touched and in the few situations where it was

200 R Blasband

deemed necessary in order to advance therapy not more than once during thesession

Study 1

The experiment was conducted in the therapistrsquos (RABrsquos) office a reno-vated trailer located 30 feet away from his house in a semirural setting inNorthern California at least 18 mile away from the nearest neighbor Patientswere videotaped during each session while a computer time-synched to thecamcorder collected REG data Patients were informed only that the therapistwished to conduct an experiment with a random event generator and that partof the experiment involved videotaping of their sessions All patients gavetheir permission to proceed and accepted the experimental conditions with noobservable inhibition throughout the course of the experiment

Twelve patients ranging in age from 25 to 60 years were initially selectedfrom the therapistrsquos full caseload because they had been coming to treatmentregularly most of them weekly for at least 1 year prior to the study and theirsuperficial resistances including distrust of the therapist and the therapeuticprocess had been well resolved Of the 12 patients three were men Since ithad been the authorrsquos clinical experience that emotional expression by men ismuch more difficult than for women and in view of the fact that only threemen were available for the study it seemed best to limit the current study towomen to optimize the possibilities of seeing some kind of correlation of emo-tional expression with the REG It was anticipated that when the therapistrsquoscaseload included more men who could qualify for the experiment at a latertime that the current experiment would be repeated using only men2 Owing toa technical problem the data from one of the two therapy sessions of a femalepatient was not recorded so she was dropped from the study Of the remainingeight patientsubjects characterological diagnoses included hysterical phal-lic and nonpsychotic catatonic schizophrenic character types using Reichrsquos(1949) and Bakerrsquos (1967) character typology

Videotaping was done with a Sony 8-mm camcorder unobtrusively placedin the office The camcorder was set to record the time and date of the begin-ning of the session and to continuously record elapsed time A portable ran-dom event generator similar to those used in their field REG experiments(Nelson et al 1996 1998) was provided by the Princeton EngineeringAnomalies Laboratory (PEAR) along with software to provide continuousREG recording to hard disk with built-in statistical and graphing capabilitiesAccording to PEAR in this device ldquothe random event sequence is based on alow-level microelectronic white noise source which is amplified limited andultimately compared with a precisely adjusted DC reference level At any in-stant of time the probability of the analog signal equaling or exceeding the ref-

2Dunne (1998 ) later reported gender differences in studies involving conscious intention on the REG

erence threshold is precisely 05 This white noise signal is sampled 1000times per second and the output of a comparator stage is clocked into a digitalflip-flop yielding a stream of binary events 1 or 0 each with probability 05This unpredictable continuous sequence of bits is then compared with an al-ternating template using a logical XOR in hardware and the matches arecounted thus precluding first-order bias of the mean due to short or long-termdrift in any analog component values by inverting every second bit The result-ing sequence is then accumulated as bytes that are transmitted to a serial portof the computer where they are read and converted to REG data by dedicatedsoftwarerdquo (Nelson 1996) Built-in fail-safe and calibration componentsguarantee the devicersquos integrity against technical malfunctions and environ-mental disturbances

Whereas the original PEAR experiments with conscious intention used atripolar protocol the field REG version used in this experiment had a singlenull-intention protocol Data were fed into the computer by the REG in contin-uous 13-minute 1000-trial segments Except for an indication that the com-puter was recording data the screen was blank Thus investigator and patientwere blind to any results emerging during the session The device plus attachedZeos laptop computer was located 10 feet away from the patients out of theirline of sight The camcorder and REG were started within 5 seconds of eachother and within 15 seconds of the beginning of the therapeutic sessions Thispermitted two or three REG segments to be recorded over the course of a 30- or45-minute session Calibration runs were made at intervals during the severalmonths of the experiment when the office was unoccupied during the day andat times through the night

The task of the data analysis was to determine whether any correlation exist-ed between the patientrsquos overt emotional expression and the REG output Forthese purposes we considered an emotionally neutral period of talking as onewhere there was no obvious elation anger anxiety or depression being ex-pressed by the patient as she spoke with the therapist at the beginning of eachsession Segments registered as containing emotional expression were thosewhere emotion was actually expressed by either spontaneous overt cryingscreaming with fear reaching out andor sobbing with longing or yellingandor hitting in anger all of which were seen during the course of the experi-ment That is we distinguished patientsrsquo subjective perceptions of emotionalstates from their overt expression of the state Patients might feel like theywould like to or were going to cry for example but this was distinguished fromthe actual expression of crying with overt sobbing The former was not consid-ered overt expression but the latter was Where the patient was not overtly ex-pressing an emotion such as crying or anger while talking but the therapistcould clearly sense a strong undercurrent of sadness or anger the segment wasexcluded from the data analysis The therapist was highly experienced at mak-ing such estimations having done so for over 25 years of clinical work

Periods of remarkable pleasure or joy were not seen in any patientsubjectduring the experimental periods although most patients reported considerable

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 201

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

200 R Blasband

deemed necessary in order to advance therapy not more than once during thesession

Study 1

The experiment was conducted in the therapistrsquos (RABrsquos) office a reno-vated trailer located 30 feet away from his house in a semirural setting inNorthern California at least 18 mile away from the nearest neighbor Patientswere videotaped during each session while a computer time-synched to thecamcorder collected REG data Patients were informed only that the therapistwished to conduct an experiment with a random event generator and that partof the experiment involved videotaping of their sessions All patients gavetheir permission to proceed and accepted the experimental conditions with noobservable inhibition throughout the course of the experiment

Twelve patients ranging in age from 25 to 60 years were initially selectedfrom the therapistrsquos full caseload because they had been coming to treatmentregularly most of them weekly for at least 1 year prior to the study and theirsuperficial resistances including distrust of the therapist and the therapeuticprocess had been well resolved Of the 12 patients three were men Since ithad been the authorrsquos clinical experience that emotional expression by men ismuch more difficult than for women and in view of the fact that only threemen were available for the study it seemed best to limit the current study towomen to optimize the possibilities of seeing some kind of correlation of emo-tional expression with the REG It was anticipated that when the therapistrsquoscaseload included more men who could qualify for the experiment at a latertime that the current experiment would be repeated using only men2 Owing toa technical problem the data from one of the two therapy sessions of a femalepatient was not recorded so she was dropped from the study Of the remainingeight patientsubjects characterological diagnoses included hysterical phal-lic and nonpsychotic catatonic schizophrenic character types using Reichrsquos(1949) and Bakerrsquos (1967) character typology

Videotaping was done with a Sony 8-mm camcorder unobtrusively placedin the office The camcorder was set to record the time and date of the begin-ning of the session and to continuously record elapsed time A portable ran-dom event generator similar to those used in their field REG experiments(Nelson et al 1996 1998) was provided by the Princeton EngineeringAnomalies Laboratory (PEAR) along with software to provide continuousREG recording to hard disk with built-in statistical and graphing capabilitiesAccording to PEAR in this device ldquothe random event sequence is based on alow-level microelectronic white noise source which is amplified limited andultimately compared with a precisely adjusted DC reference level At any in-stant of time the probability of the analog signal equaling or exceeding the ref-

2Dunne (1998 ) later reported gender differences in studies involving conscious intention on the REG

erence threshold is precisely 05 This white noise signal is sampled 1000times per second and the output of a comparator stage is clocked into a digitalflip-flop yielding a stream of binary events 1 or 0 each with probability 05This unpredictable continuous sequence of bits is then compared with an al-ternating template using a logical XOR in hardware and the matches arecounted thus precluding first-order bias of the mean due to short or long-termdrift in any analog component values by inverting every second bit The result-ing sequence is then accumulated as bytes that are transmitted to a serial portof the computer where they are read and converted to REG data by dedicatedsoftwarerdquo (Nelson 1996) Built-in fail-safe and calibration componentsguarantee the devicersquos integrity against technical malfunctions and environ-mental disturbances

Whereas the original PEAR experiments with conscious intention used atripolar protocol the field REG version used in this experiment had a singlenull-intention protocol Data were fed into the computer by the REG in contin-uous 13-minute 1000-trial segments Except for an indication that the com-puter was recording data the screen was blank Thus investigator and patientwere blind to any results emerging during the session The device plus attachedZeos laptop computer was located 10 feet away from the patients out of theirline of sight The camcorder and REG were started within 5 seconds of eachother and within 15 seconds of the beginning of the therapeutic sessions Thispermitted two or three REG segments to be recorded over the course of a 30- or45-minute session Calibration runs were made at intervals during the severalmonths of the experiment when the office was unoccupied during the day andat times through the night

The task of the data analysis was to determine whether any correlation exist-ed between the patientrsquos overt emotional expression and the REG output Forthese purposes we considered an emotionally neutral period of talking as onewhere there was no obvious elation anger anxiety or depression being ex-pressed by the patient as she spoke with the therapist at the beginning of eachsession Segments registered as containing emotional expression were thosewhere emotion was actually expressed by either spontaneous overt cryingscreaming with fear reaching out andor sobbing with longing or yellingandor hitting in anger all of which were seen during the course of the experi-ment That is we distinguished patientsrsquo subjective perceptions of emotionalstates from their overt expression of the state Patients might feel like theywould like to or were going to cry for example but this was distinguished fromthe actual expression of crying with overt sobbing The former was not consid-ered overt expression but the latter was Where the patient was not overtly ex-pressing an emotion such as crying or anger while talking but the therapistcould clearly sense a strong undercurrent of sadness or anger the segment wasexcluded from the data analysis The therapist was highly experienced at mak-ing such estimations having done so for over 25 years of clinical work

Periods of remarkable pleasure or joy were not seen in any patientsubjectduring the experimental periods although most patients reported considerable

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 201

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

erence threshold is precisely 05 This white noise signal is sampled 1000times per second and the output of a comparator stage is clocked into a digitalflip-flop yielding a stream of binary events 1 or 0 each with probability 05This unpredictable continuous sequence of bits is then compared with an al-ternating template using a logical XOR in hardware and the matches arecounted thus precluding first-order bias of the mean due to short or long-termdrift in any analog component values by inverting every second bit The result-ing sequence is then accumulated as bytes that are transmitted to a serial portof the computer where they are read and converted to REG data by dedicatedsoftwarerdquo (Nelson 1996) Built-in fail-safe and calibration componentsguarantee the devicersquos integrity against technical malfunctions and environ-mental disturbances

Whereas the original PEAR experiments with conscious intention used atripolar protocol the field REG version used in this experiment had a singlenull-intention protocol Data were fed into the computer by the REG in contin-uous 13-minute 1000-trial segments Except for an indication that the com-puter was recording data the screen was blank Thus investigator and patientwere blind to any results emerging during the session The device plus attachedZeos laptop computer was located 10 feet away from the patients out of theirline of sight The camcorder and REG were started within 5 seconds of eachother and within 15 seconds of the beginning of the therapeutic sessions Thispermitted two or three REG segments to be recorded over the course of a 30- or45-minute session Calibration runs were made at intervals during the severalmonths of the experiment when the office was unoccupied during the day andat times through the night

The task of the data analysis was to determine whether any correlation exist-ed between the patientrsquos overt emotional expression and the REG output Forthese purposes we considered an emotionally neutral period of talking as onewhere there was no obvious elation anger anxiety or depression being ex-pressed by the patient as she spoke with the therapist at the beginning of eachsession Segments registered as containing emotional expression were thosewhere emotion was actually expressed by either spontaneous overt cryingscreaming with fear reaching out andor sobbing with longing or yellingandor hitting in anger all of which were seen during the course of the experi-ment That is we distinguished patientsrsquo subjective perceptions of emotionalstates from their overt expression of the state Patients might feel like theywould like to or were going to cry for example but this was distinguished fromthe actual expression of crying with overt sobbing The former was not consid-ered overt expression but the latter was Where the patient was not overtly ex-pressing an emotion such as crying or anger while talking but the therapistcould clearly sense a strong undercurrent of sadness or anger the segment wasexcluded from the data analysis The therapist was highly experienced at mak-ing such estimations having done so for over 25 years of clinical work

Periods of remarkable pleasure or joy were not seen in any patientsubjectduring the experimental periods although most patients reported considerable

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 201

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

202 R Blasband

relief following the full expression of a blocked emotion It is usual in this formof therapy for a single emotion to dominate long periods of the session andthis held true for our experimental sessions In nearly all therapy sessions thetime period corresponding to a given 13-minute REG segment was clearlydominated by a single form of expression This made it fairly easy to label theemotional qualities of most segments For example during an initial 5 to 10minutes of discussion a patient might evidence neutral affect then whenlying down and gently sighing might spontaneously begin to cry This is notunusual in women in this kind of therapy Usually sobbing (indeed any emo-tion expressed in therapy) is expressed in pulses that is several periods of twoto three minutes of sobbing separated by one or two minutes of simply sighingor verbalization without overt sobbing Being constrained by the software tocompute in 13-minute segments we labeled the segment as one of crying de-spite the fact that the patient did not cry during every minute of the segmentThe available software at the time of Part 1 of this study provided only cumu-lative results of output for each segment therefore we could not precisely ex-tract that REG output that correlated with each emotional period during seg-ments where mixed emotions were expressed In those segments where mixedemotions such as anger and sorrow were sequentially expressed we countedthe minutes associated with each emotion and labeled the segment accordingto the dominant emotion Such segments were rare during the experimentalperiods

To minimize the possibility of feedback-driven effects on the REG by theinvestigatorrsquos intentionality the data from all subjects were analyzed only atthe completion of the experiment The evaluation and labeling of the kinds ofemotions expressed during each segment were made by the author The proce-dure for matching independent and dependent variables was as follows Thetimes of the beginning and end of each REG segment were noted then thedominant emotional expression corresponding to this interval was paired withthe REG output during that segment By observation we established in Study1 that we were dealing with five main easily differentiated categories of be-havioral expressionmdashemotionally neutral talking talking with emotion sigh-ing without emotional expression overt crying with fear anxiety frustrationor sadness characterized by sobbing with tears and anger characterized byyelling and (often) hitting the couch andor kicking One patient also ex-pressed longing through part of a segment of a session This was characterizedby her crying with reaching out with the arms and verbalizations of ldquowantingmotherrdquo We limited our quantitative analysis to a comparison of REG outputsfor segments of emotional expression that were most prevalent and clear cutmdashcrying with sadness fear or anxiety (all labeled below as anxcry) and angerREG outputs during segments of these emotional expressions were comparedto outputs during neutral talking at the beginning of the sessions and to eachother using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

Results

A Calibration The calibration sample totaled 979 13-minute segmentsover the test period The mean number of counts per 200-sample trial over allthe runs was 9999 with a standard deviation (SD) of 706 indicating that theREG-computer setup was operating within the range expected theoretically(mean = 100 SD = 707) at a probability against chance of 40 consistent withprevious calibrations at PEAR A graph of 10000 calibration trials (10 seg-ments) is shown in Figure 1 The parabolic line above and below the baselineindicates displacement from the mean at the one-tailed 5 level of probabilityOne can see here that the REG takes a ldquorandom walkrdquo about the baseline Notethat the graph crosses the parabolic boundary early on but quickly returns toand remains within the expected boundaries as the trials proceed

B Experimental The eight patientsubjects selected for the study had a totalof 39 therapy sessions during the experimental period in the spring of1993The number of recorded therapy sessions per subject varied consider-ably ranging from one to eight The 39 sessions yielded 76 13-minute REGsegments Of these 33 were during periods of neutral talking that is talkingwithout obvious emotion or emotional expression (neutalk on charts) 13 wereduring periods of anger and 30 were during periods of crying

The following details from a few therapy sessions will give some idea of the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 203

Fig 1 Calibration

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

204 R Blasband

kinds of behavior observed in therapy the REG results and patterns of move-ment in the REG output We will begin with data from two subjects who ex-pressed a single emotion throughout most of their sessions

Subject 6 a woman in her thirties had a relatively unarmored characterstructure and was fluid and open in her expression of emotion During her sixexperimental sessions she expressed essentially two kinds of behavior unemo-tional (neutral) talking and after a few minutes of sighing fear with scream-ing and deep sobbing Figure 2 a cumulative graph of all of her sessionsshows an accumulating downward shift in the trial counts emitted by the REGbreaking through the border of the 5 probability parabola in several placesand terminating outside the envelope

In contrast Subject 8 who was also relatively unarmored spent most of herexperimental sessions spontaneously raging with loud yelling and hitting thecouch Figure 3 shows the REG output for her six test sessions The raging ofsessions 1 to 5 is associated with a cumulative rise in REG output until thesixth session when her anger gave way to crying At this point the REG took asudden drop

The data in Figure 4 are from a subject (11) who expressed mixed emotionsduring the sessions The cumulative graph is for a single segment of 1000 tri-als It is important to note that in the graphical representation we are most

Fig 2 REG output during anxious crying

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

concerned with sharp shifts in direction of movement either up or downrather than where the shift is taking place in relation to baseline Thus a suddenshift upward even though it begins well below the baseline represents agreater than average number of correlation counts generated by the REG Thissubject showed great lability in emotional expression throughout all her ses-sions Talking or the slightest amount of sighing would often spontaneouslylead to the expression of intense crying alternating with anger The REG outputcorrelated well with her emotional lability with strong trends both above andbelow baseline at different times although the final cumulative distribution ofcounts is well within chance Figure 4 shows the first of three 13-minute seg-ments from her session of April 25 1993 She spent the first 8 minutes of thesession talking about recent events without much emotion then when instruct-ed to sigh spontaneously trembled cried and felt fear When talking the REGoutput was nominal wandering above and below baseline in a typical randomwalk When she began to cry however (at 666 trials) the REG output rapidlydropped

All Subjects

The basic unit of analysis for quantitative assessment in this study is the 13-minute segment which consists of 1000 trials where each trial is scored by the

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 205

Fig 3 REG output during anger

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

206 R Blasband

number of counts observed in 200 samples of the 50-50 random process Thetrial counts are averaged for the 1000 trials in the segment For conveniencethese segment means are then converted to z scores using the formula z = (MN- 100)SE where MN is the count mean for the 1000 trials in the segment andSE is the standard error of the mean computed as the SD (trial standard devia-tion) averaged over 1000 trials divided by the square root of 1000 These zscores were used for all the analyses Table 1 shows the average REG scores (zscores) by subject and emotional state

The compounded data revealed in the totals show that the REG output dur-ing the expression of emotion is significantly different from that when patientsare talking with neutral affect Also there is a significant upward shift in REGoutput when anger is expressed and a significant shift downward when the pa-tient is crying

As can be seen in the table this pattern is consistent across all eight subjects

Study 2

The experimental setup was similar to that used in Study 1 except for achange in locale and the use of upgraded software from PEAR The change inlocale consisted of a move of the same trailer-office to a new location a fewmiles away The office was located approximately 50 feet from my home andthe closest other dwelling was at least one-quarter mile away The upgraded

Fig 4 REG output during anxious crying

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

software permitted continuous generation of REG output unconstrained bythe earlier 1000 trial limit the use of computer function keys to mark eventsin real time and much more precise statistical analysis of data segments by tri-als timed to seconds or as marked by function keys Videotaping thereforewas replaced by taking timed notes of events and pressing appropriate functionkeys to mark times of the beginning and end of periods of talking sighingemoting etc

REG data were obtained during the treatment of nine female patients two ofwhom had been subjects in Study 1 The number of therapy sessions per pa-tient ranged from one to 12 The same criteria for the selection of subjects usedin Study 1 were used in Study 2 In the new office the REG was within armrsquosreach of the therapist on the side away from the patient The therapist couldpress the computer function keys and read computer time but the REG read-out was not displayed

Procedure

At the moment the patient entered the office the REG was started As thesession progressed appropriate function keys were pressed to mark the begin-ning and end of events of overt emotional expression These events and thetime as displayed on the computer were simultaneously noted by the therapiston a pad and by pressing a function key The end of the session was marked byturning off the REG

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 207

TABLE 1ANOVA of REG Output vs EmotionmdashIndividual Subjects and Totals

Subject Neutalk Anxcrying Anger F-Test

4 M 0458a - 0306a F(1 11) = 444n 6 7 p = 059

5 M 0015ab - 0723b 1138a F(2 15) = 400n 13 3 2 p = 041

6 M 0606a - 0644b F(1 8) = 550n 3 7 p = 047

7 M 0398a - 1096b 0971a F(2 11) = 1454n 5 6 3 p = 0008

8 M - 1667b 0813a F(1 4) = 1294n 1 5 p = 023

10 M 0979n 2

11 M 0113a - 0445a 0612a F(2 8) = 217n 2 6 3 p = 176

13 M 0335n 2

Total M 0291a - 0658c 0853b F(2 73) = 2697n 33 30 13 p = 0001

Note The n refers to the number of segments M refers to the mean z score for the various con-ditions for each subject Each epoch is 1000 trials and each trial score is the number of hits in 200attempts of a 50ndash50 random process In each row means that share a superscript do not differ sig-nificantly (by Fisherrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

208 R Blasband

The REG data were examined only at the end of the 8-month test periodwhich began in January 1995 To analyze the data notable events were firstlisted for each patient then the REG record was examined for that event timeperiod Calibration runs were conducted during periods throughout the experi-ment when the office was unoccupied A one-way ANOVA was used to ana-lyze the data

Results

The mean of 299514 calibration trials was 100012 with a SD of 7072 wellwithin the parameters for calibration determined by the PEAR laboratory

The 86789 trials produced during all patient sessions yielded 70 notableevents fitting the description given in Study 1 above Thirty events were oftalking with neutral affect 30 were of the expression of anxious frustrated ordepressed crying eight were of the expression of anger and two were of theexpression of longing As in Study 1 the basic unit of analysis is the segmentof REG output associated in time with each notable event In Study 2 howev-er the segments consist of a varying number of trials For each segment a zscore is computed in the same way as in Study 1 and these z scores are used forthe analysis The z scores for the segments associated with the 70 notableevents are listed in Table 2

An analysis of the data in Table 2 is seen in Table 3 It shows a summary ofan overall comparison of REG output during conditions of the expression ofneutral talking anxious crying anger and longing using ANOVA Significantdifferences are seen between all conditions [F (366) = 3956 P = 012] Thiswas due to the anxious crying condition being significantly lower than all ofthe other conditions in pairwise multiple comparison analysis [by Fisherrsquos pro-tected least significant difference (PLSD) statistic]

We can see from Table 3 that in Study 2 there was no significant differencein REG output between periods of neutral talking and the expression of angerbut there was a significant difference between periods of neutral talking andcrying and between anger and anxious crying As in Study 1 the direction ofREG output is upward with the expression of anger and downward with the ex-pression of anxious crying The compounded data reveal highly significantdifferences between all variables Data associated with longing was not in-cluded in this analysis since it was not recorded in Study 1 Longing will how-ever be discussed below

Table 4 shows the results of a 2 2 ANOVA for the combined results ofStudies 1 and 2 using study as the first factor (1 vs 2) and condition as the sec-ond factor (neutral talking anxious crying anger) This analysis shows thatthe two studies did not differ significantly [F(1 138) = 0032 p = 8575] Noris there a significant study by condition interaction [F(2 138) = 0814 p =4453] It is therefore valid to pool the two studies for a combined analysisTable 5 shows a comparison of the REG output for the different states of emo-tional expression using the pooled data from Studies 1 and 2

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 209

TABLE 2Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

Neutral talking1061 99909 7208 - 0421

263 99989 7211 ndash00261399 99976 7118 - 0125

261 99958 6292 - 0096929 100397 7229 1712

1430 99847 7088 - 0819844 100086 7365 0355

1127 99970 7323 - 0143157 99809 6213 - 0339362 100204 7207 0550686 99917 7245 - 0308416 99849 6718 - 0437210 100590 7183 1210255 100333 6807 0753158 99785 8146 - 0383155 98806 6691 - 2101548 99754 7018 - 0816

1428 99971 7044 - 0153391 100228 6791 0637625 100322 7089 1137

62 100903 6585 0157252 99770 7418 - 0517795 99966 7047 - 0135619 100278 6950 0978853 100247 6852 1022185 100357 6653 0686661 100244 7223 0886507 99807 7092 - 0616843 100001 7165 0005300 100253 7275 0621

Anxious crying2234 99509 7233 - 32792263 99885 7106 - 0773

422 99652 6922 - 10121658 99996 7283 - 00241288 99714 7196 - 1450

894 100611 7041 25821643 99912 6754 - 0502

529 99698 7178 - 09841619 99805 7097 - 11071681 100168 7219 0976

929 100076 7251 03291352 99762 6944 - 12501715 99802 7070 - 11581089 100185 7380 08611732 99708 7084 - 17191482 100163 7016 08891007 100002 7211 00093154 100227 7002 1806

328 100857 6800 21941258 99869 6998 - 06582118 99805 6982 - 12971632 99718 7184 - 1610

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

TABLE 2 (continued)Data for 70 Events Study 2

N Mean SD Z

1962 99735 6988 - 1660111 99919 7675 - 0121513 99470 7064 - 1698222 100086 7492 0180865 99869 7186 0865

1595 99788 7290 - 11971184 99973 7082 - 01322283 99862 7046 - 0935

Anger622 100188 7418 0663863 100136 6979 0563683 99848 6761 - 0563607 100476 6687 1659451 100233 6536 0699338 100163 7738 0423162 100488 7144 0878452 100381 6832 1144

Longing463 100620 7007 1886527 100110 7214 0357

210 R Blasband

This analysis shows that when all of the data are considered there are signif-icant differences between all the studied states of emotional expression andthat anxious crying is associated with a downward shift of REG output andanger is associated with an upward shift in REG output This may be illustrat-ed by the graph of cumulative REG output shown in Figure 5

Discussion

Although this study was designed simply to explore the possible relation-ship between emotional expression and REG output and to develop workinghypotheses for future experimentation the results from both studies appear re-markably robust The data indicate that overt emotional expression on the part

TABLE 3Study 2mdashComparison of Four Conditions All Data

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral 30 0137b 0810 0148Anxcry 30 - 0437a 1276 0233Anger 8 0696b 0671 0237Longing 2 1127b 1099 0777

Note The count is the number of separate segments for each condition of emotional expres-sion Means with different superscripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a su-perscript do not differ significantly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

of female patients correlates significantly with shifts in the distribution of trialscores generated by an electronic random event generator

Furthermore we find a highly significant correlation between the directionof the shift and the kind of emotion expressed Periods where the patient wascrying with fear anxiety frustration or sadness were associated with a markeddownward shift in REG output whereas periods where the patient was ex-pressing anger were associated with a marked upward shift

In attempting to understand the basis for this phenomenon we are facedwith several serious problems the first of which is that there is no satisfactoryunderstanding in traditional mechanistic biophysical terms of what an emotion

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 211

TABLE 4ANOVA Combined Results of Studies 1 and 2

Source DF Sum Sq Mean Sq F test P

Study (A) 1 0024 0024 0032 08575Condition (B) 2 32626 16313 21750 00001AB 2 1221 0610 0814 04453Error 138 103506 0750

Fig 5 Combined cumulative deviation of REG output

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

212 R Blasband

is any more than there is an understanding of what the mind is Second even ifwe understood the biophysical basis of emotions in traditionally acceptedterms ie as originating and functioning strictly within the physical bodythere is no known basis for understanding how emotions could influence a ran-dom event generator either locally or at a distance

A tentative but incomplete functional explanation is suggested howeverby combining Jahn and Dunnersquos concept of resonance in manndashmachine inter-actions and Reichrsquos concept of bioenergetic pulsation in emotional expressionJahn and Dunne (1987) hypothesize that consciousness operates primarily ona wave-mechanical basis and that the degree of resonance between the opera-tor and the device is a function of the degree of superposition of the wavelikeproperties of the two When resonance is established they state ldquomolecularexperiential patterns can arise whose observable characteristics differ signifi-cantly from the simple sum of their individual behaviorsrdquo At this point wemust assume that humanndashmachine resonance as Jahn and Dunne have definedit can be established whether or not there is conscious intention of the subject(operator patient) toward the machine Their field REG studies cited aboveindicate that this is possible

As noted earlier Reich proposed that anxiety and pleasure are antitheticalfunctions with respect to the phenomenon of total organismic pulsation Forseveral reasons Reich found that bioelectricity per se could not satisfactorilyaccount for all the phenomena seen in his experiments (Reich 1948) Hisproposition of a vital nonelectromagnetic bioenergetic force called orgoneenergy did however satisfy the necessary requisites for understanding thephenomena and he recast his formulations in its terms According to Reichstates of anxiety or depression were functionally identical to a contractivemovement of orgone energy toward the core pleasure as an expansion of ener-getic excitation toward the skin surface and anger as expansion toward theskin surface but stopping at the musculature

The results of the present studies indicate that with respect to direction ofREG output anger and anxietysadness are antithetical emotional expressionsWe have found that the emotions described by Reich as expansive significant-ly correlate with an upward shift in REG movement corresponding to a posi-tive or constructive correspondence to the binary output with the regularly al-ternating template sequence Those described as contractive are correlated

TABLE 5Comparison of Conditions Studies 1 and 2 Pooled

Group Count Mean SD SE

Neutral talking 63 0218a 0722 0091Anxious crying 60 - 0547b 1039 0134Anger 21 0793c 0658 0144

Note The count is the number of separate segments included Means with different super-scripts differ significantly at the 5 level Means that share a superscript do not differ significant-ly (by Fischerrsquos PLSD multiple comparison test 005 level)

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

with a downward shift in output or a destructive correspondence with the tem-plate Both indicate increased order in the nominally random process Thisfinding is supported by an analysis of the REG output when patients were long-ing an expansive emotion according to Reich We found that longing despitethe fact that its expression in the study involved crying was in all instancescorrelated with marked highly anomalous upward shifts in REG output Al-though there were only two events where longing was expressed (Study 2)their average z score was 127 (SD of 1099) Establishing that the expressedemotions correspond to direction of REG response and that this fits Reichrsquoshypotheses with respect to bioenergetic movement within the physical bound-aries of the organism does not however explain the nonlocal effect on theREG And assuming that many of the same forces are operative in emotionalexpression and conscious intentionality we cannot easily invoke electromag-netism as an explanatory mechanism since Jahn and Dunne found similar re-sults in their local and nonlocal experiments as well as in experiments per-formed atemporally (Jahn and Dunne 1987)

The issue is further complicated by the fact that directionality in REG out-put with the device used in this experiment is completely arbitrary Once theoriginal signal is electronically rectified upward and downward shifts of theREG output do not mean that they are generated by physically greater or fewernoise source pulses So as much as one might be tempted to hypothesize someexpansive physical force being emitted during say the expression of angerwhich then secondarily causes an increased generation of electrical impulsesin the REG such a causal mechanism would be impossible given the lack oflinkage between the original generation of electronic signals by the REG andthe final direction of its output

The fact remains that we simply do not know enough at this time to satisfac-torily explain these phenomena We can however explore the following hy-pothesis for future experimentation

First we must answer the oft-asked question of the role of the experimenterin determining the outcome of the experiment On beginning the first study Iwas aware that I brought to it certain assumptions and intentions These weremy known beliefs related to the subject prior to beginning Study 1

1 Conscious intention and passive participation in an experimentalsetup could effect anomalous changes in the output of machines

2 Information could be anomalously transmitted from one person to an-other independent of time and distance

3 Life processes including the generation and expression of emotionswere not the result of a highly sophisticated mechanical concatenationof dead parts but rather the expression of a spontaneously pulsatilelife energy functioning within a membrane

4 This same energy functioned at large external to living systemswhere it provided a medium from which electromagnetic impulsescould emerge and through which they were transported To my mind it

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 213

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

214 R Blasband

was possible though definitely unproven that it also served as themedium for the transmission of psychokinetic impulses telepathic in-formation and other anomalous manifestations of consciousness

5 If conscious intention and passive attention could anomalously affectan REG so might spontaneous emotional expression There was noconscious belief that opposite directions of REG output would befound to correlate with certain kinds of emotions although I was cer-tainly preconsciously aware of Reichrsquos findings noted above (Bypreconscious I mean information that is accessible to consciousawareness although not necessarily conscious at the time)

6 At the beginning of Study 2 I was consciously aware of the bidirec-tionality of REG performance in correlation with emotional expres-sion

I believe that my knowledge and biases prior to undertaking the investiga-tion may have been a significant factor in obtaining our results My currentworking hypothesis is that the investigator patient and REG cofunction in astate of resonance and that the REG output is a manifestation of the functionalunity of the triad

REG anomalies in group situations where members of the group exerted noconscious intention toward the device were seen in PEAR studies reported byNelson et al (1996 1998) and also independently by Radin Rebman andCross (1996) Schwartz et al (1997) and Rowe (1998) In their discussions ofthe possible causesource of the observed anomalies Nelson Radin andSchwartz postulate that the interacting participants of the group may generatea consciousness field ldquoto which the REG responds via an anomalous decreasein the entropy of its nominally random outputrdquo (Nelson et al 1996) Notingthat the results of their (PEAR) benchmark REG and remote viewing experi-ments indicated a lack of dependence of the effects on time and distance andassuming that the anomalous effects found in the group REG studies derivefrom the same basic phenomenon as the laboratory experiment Nelson et alconclude that ldquono conceptual models based on currently known physical fieldswith their usual 1r 2 dependencies and very limited advanced and retarded sig-nal capabilities are likely to sufficerdquo They go on to suggest that in view ofthese facts and the further finding that ldquothe basic effects are analytically tan-tamount to small changes in the elemental binary probabilities underlying theotherwise random distributionsrdquo that the ldquoanomalies may be more informa-tional than dynamical in their physical characterrdquo 3

3de Quincey states that such concepts as quantum field potentials and field consciousness ldquohave farmore to do with the nature of time and probabilities than with space So-called quantum fields are not ac-tually fields in any spatial sense They are abstract mathematical descriptions of matrices of probabilities(of tendencies for certain events to occur ) It is only the representations of such probabilities that take onthe characteristics of fields Probabilistic events as tendencies of events to occur are temporalmdashperhapseven psychological In the end statements of probability are statements about psychological expecta-tionsrdquo (de Quincey 1999)

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

Our emotREG studies continue with female subjects and we now have asufficient number of men participating in the investigation to warrant a statisti-cal analysis of the data at this time Early results indicate the same kind oftrends with men that were seen in our studies with women In order to unravelpossible dynamic factors in obtaining the results seen in our studies it wouldbe informative to have a therapist with a different theoretical bias than minebut using similar therapeutic emotion-releasing techniques (such as AlexanderLowenrsquos bioenergetic analysis or primal therapy) repeat the experiment

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that the release of intense emotions in a therapeuticsituation is correlated with the anomalous output of a proximate random eventgenerator Given the theoretical bias of the therapist-investigator it is quitepossible that his consciousness possibly cofunctioning with that of the pa-tients and the REG may have influenced the REG output Classical physicaltheory is unable to explain these effects but the concepts of resonance (Jahnand Dunne) and the functional-antithetical nature of emotion (Reich) help ori-ent us in this uncharted territory It is suggested that the concept of a field ofconsciousness be entertained as a working hypothesis to be tested by furtherexperimentation

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to the Fetzer Institute for the funds to carry out Study 1 of thisresearch to the Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Group and the In-ternational Consciousness Research Laboratories (ICRL) for their assistancein instrumentation software and constructive critique and to Jerry Solfvin forhis assistance with data analysis and other suggestions

ReferencesBaker E F (1967) Man in the trap New York MacmillanBraid B amp Dew R (1988) Reichrsquos bioelectric experiments A review with recent data Annals

of the Institute for Orgonomic Science 5 1ndash19Burr H S (1972) Blueprint for immortality London Neville Spearman Burr H S amp Northrop F S C (1935) The electrodynamic theory of life Quarterly Review of

Biology 10 322ndash330de Quincey C (1999) Consciousness Nonlocal or nonlocated IONS Noetic Sciences Review

49 23Dunne B J (1998) Gender differences in humanmachine anomalies Journal of Scientific Ex-

ploration 12 3ndash55Ho M amp Saunders P T (1944) Liquid crystal mesophases in living organisms Bioelectrody-

namics and biocommunication (pp 213ndash227) Ho M Popp F A amp Warnke U (Eds) Sin-gapore World Scientific

Jahn R G amp Dunne B J (1987) Margins of reality New York Harcourt Brace JovanovichJahn R G Dunne B J Nelson R D Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1997) Correlations of

random binary sequences with pre-stated operator intentions Journal of Scientific Explo-ration 11 345ndash369

Nelson R D Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Jahn R G (1996) FieldREG anomalies in groupsituations Journal of Scientific Exploration 10 111ndash143

Ordering Random Events by Emotional Expression 215

216 R Blasband

Nelson R D Jahn R G Dunne B J Dobyns Y H amp Bradish G J (1998) FieldREG IIConsciousness field effects Replications and explorations Journal of Scientific Exploration12 425ndash455

Panksepp J (1998) Affective neuroscience Oxford England Oxford University PressRadin D I Rebman M amp Cross M P (1996) Anomalous organization of random events by

group consciousness Two exploratory experiments Journal of Scientific Exploration 10143ndash169

Reich W (1937) Experimental investigation of the electrical function of sexuality and anxietyRepublished in The Impulsive Character Koopman B G (Trans) New York Meridian 1974

Reich W (1942) The function of the orgasm New York MeridianReich W (1948) The cancer biopathy New York Orgone Institute PressReich W (1949) Character analysis New York Orgone Institute PressRowe W D (1998) Physical measurements of episodes of focused group energy Journal of Sci-

entific Exploration 12 569ndash583Rubik B (1995) Can western science provide a foundation for acupuncture Alternative Thera-

pies 1 41ndash43Schwartz G E R Russek L G S Zhen-Su S Song L Z Y X amp Xin Y (1997) Anomalous

organization of random events during an international quigong meeting Evidence for groupconsciousness or accumulated qi fields Subtle Energies amp Energy Medicine 8 55ndash65